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SAME DAY SERVICE ORIGINAL PARTS ONE YEAR WARRANTY

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THE COMPLETE LIST OF ALL PTS SERVICE CENTERS APPEARS ON THE NEXT PAGE....for more details circle 102 on Reader Sery ce Card

DEALER SHOWCASEDescriptions and specifications of the products in-cluded in this department are provided by the man-ufacturers. For additional information, circle the cor-responding numbers on the Reader Service Card inthis issue.

NOISE SUPPRESSOR DEALERPROGRAM 128

A new counter -top program thatmerchandises 18 different types ofnoise suppressors, filters and capaci-tors for CB and car radios is now beingoffered dealers by GC Electronics. The

AutomotiveNoise Suppressors

products, designed to reduce or elimi-nate interferences with CB and carradios, are available individually, orin kits. Complete instructions forthese easily -installed products are in-cluded. The program is designatedProgram 49-877.

TWO-WAY ALTERNATE TO CB 129

A new line of low -price FM businessradios for use as mobiles or base sta-tions has been introduced byMotorola.Called the Moxy line, and described asa businessman's alternate to CB, thenew radios are priced between CBradios and the current FM businessradios. They feature options such asdigital private -line (DPL) and pri-vate -line (PL) coded squelch systemscapability, an extender circuit (lowband only), an external speaker, gain

antennas, a handset with hang-upcradle, inverted escutcheon and a lock-ing mounting unit. The new Moxyradios are available in UHF, highband and low band. Power outputsrange from 10 to 25 watts.

UNIVERSAL AC ADAPTERS 130

Two models of universal AC adapt-ers for calculators, radios, tape casset-tes, walkie-talkies, and other lowpowered battery operated products arenow available from Dynamic Instru-ments. The two models, which willwork from either 120 volts or 240

940104,

volts, are: the DS 690, which willpower 6, 71/2 and 9 volt products; andthe DS 345, which will power 3 and 41/2volt products. Four interchangeableplug tips accommodate the variousmechanical configurations andpolarities found on the input recepta-cles of different products.

STEREO INTERFERENCE FILTER 131

A newly designed stereo interfer-ence filter that reduces the interfer-ence that might enter a stereo or hi-fisystem through the phono or cassetteinput cables from CB transmissionshas been introduced by Electronic Spe-cialists. Designed to plug directly intothe amplifier input jack, a filter ineach amplifier input will greatly re-duce or eliminate phono-input inter-ference. Priced at $7.95 a pair.

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913031 1222 412.761.7648MINNEAPOLIS. MN 55401 E. PATERSON, NJ 07407815W Lok St P 0 8458 158 Market St. P 0 357

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8456 Page Blvd P 0 24256 993 Sycamore St. P 0 1241314.428.1299 716.891.4935

DETROIT. MI 48235 BOSTON13707 W 8Mile Rd Sommerville. MA 02144

313.862.1783 52 Holland St..Davis So .P.0.187GRAND RAPIDS. MI 49501

1134 Walker NorthwestP 0 1435 418

616 4512754CINCINNATI. OH 43216

8172 Vine St.. P.0 15491513.8212298

MILWAUKEE. WI 532117211 Fond du Lot

414464.0789COLUMBUS, OH 43227

4005A E. Livingston614 237.3820

INDIANAPOLIS. IN 4620228 E. 14th St.317.631.1551

DAVENPORT. IA 028052024 E River Dr.. P O. 187

319.323 3975OMAHA. 111 611325008 Dodge Street

402-558.1800CHICAGO

Berkeley. IL 6016317S6 S. Taft Street

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404753.0007JACKSONVILLE, FL 32210

1918 Blanding Blvd P.0 7923904.389.9952

WASHINGTON. DCSilver Spring. MD 20910

8880 Brookville Rd301.565-0025

CHARLOTTE. NC 2E225724 Seigle Ave., P.O. 5512

704.3328007B1RMINGHAIA, AL 35222

524 -32nd St So.. P.O. 31004205323-2657

MEMPHIS, TN 311111614 Lamar Ave.. P.O. 18053

901.365-1918NORFOLK, VA 23604

3118E Princess Anne Rd.804.6252030

NEW ORLEANSMetairie LA 70004

3920A Airline Hwy., P.O. 303501837-7569

TAMPA. FL 3369027035 Mocchll, P 14301

813-839-5521NASHVILLE. TN 37214

2426 A Lebanon Rd. 8400

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SPRINGFIELD. MA 01103191 Chestnut P 0 3189

413.734 2737PHILADELPHIA

Upper Darby. PA 190821742 44 Slate Rood

215 352 6609

617.666.4770SYRACUSE, NY 13204

Solar St P 0 207 Sohn° Sto315.475 2330

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JUNE 1977, ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER / 1

J.W. PHIPPSEditor1 East First StreetDuluth, Minn. 55802(218) 727-8511

ALFRED A. MENEGUSPublisher757 Third AvenueNew York, N.Y. 10017(212) 754-4382

TOM GRENEYPublishing Director

DONALD W. MASONManaging Editor

JOHN PASZAKGraphic Design

DEBI HARMERProduction Manager

BERNICE GEISERTProduction Supervisor

LILLIE PEARSONCirculation Fulfillment

GENE BAILEYManager, Reader Services

SUSAN HELLERMANClassified Ad Manager

DISTRICT MANAGERS

DAVE HAGELIN43 East Ohio StreetChicago, Ill. 60611(312) 467-0670

CHUCK CUMMINGSAd Space South/West613 North O'ConnorIrving, Texas 75061(214) 253-8678

ROBERT UPTONTokyo, JapanC.P.O., Box 1717

ELECTRONICTECHNICIAN/DEALER

JUNE 1977 VOLUME 99 NUMBER 6

THE COVER: A good example of the use of electronics in industry (see page25) is the centralized electronic control system on a single panel at the newmillion -cubic -foot frozen storage building constructed in Duluth, Minn.. byJeno's Inc., a major packer of pizza products. In our cover photo. FrankFisher, refrigeration supervisor at Jeno's. runs final tests on the controlpanel. which maintains temperatures in the building between zero and-10`F. The new building will accommodate 400.000 cases of frozen pizzaand frozen hot snacks.

16 GE's Solid -State Vertical Sweep SystemThis is an overview of the theory of operation of vertical sweep systemssuch as are used in most GE all -solid-state black -and -white and colorTV chassis. plus a listing of common trouble symptoms. their causes.and troubleshooting procedures. By J. W. Phipps

21 Effective Advertising For the Electronic Sales &Service Dealer - Part OneThis two-part series examines the kinds of advertising available to thetypical sales and service business-when and how to use them-andhow to develop an effective advertising budget. By Don W. Mason

25 Common Discrete Industrial Electronic Semicon-ductors-A review-Part 1In this TAB BOOK condensation of a book by Alfred Haas. the commondiscrete semiconductors are reviewed on the basis of their applicationin the field of industrial electronics.

37 Understanding Characteristic Impedance Of TVTransmission LinesThis detailed description of how the construction of coax cable deter-mines its characteristic impedance provides a guide to the selection ofcable for TV transmission lines. By James E. Kluge

31 TV OEM Replacements Parts Source Directory-Part 2This is the completion of our alphabetical, geographical listing of themajor TV set manufacturers, headquarters offices, and all of theirauthorized OEM replacement parts distributors.

DEPARTMENTS

1 DEALER SHOWCASE

5 NEWS OF THE INDUSTRY

9 TECHNICAL LITERATURE

40 TEST INSTRUMENT REPORT

42 NEW PRODUCTS

50 CLASSIFIED ADS

52 ADVERTISERS INDEX

53 READERS SERVICE

55 TEKFAX

1121A HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH PUBLICATION ':ABP Eu

HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH PUBLICATIONS. Robert L. Edged. President. Lars Fladmark. Senior Vice President. RichardMoeller. Vice President Treasurer. Thomas Greney. Vice President. Ezra Pincus. Vice President. James Gherna Vice PresidentLois Sanders. Vice President: George Glenn. Editorial Director

ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN DEALER is published monthly by Harcourt Brace Joyanovich Publications. Corporate offices. 757Third Avenue. New.York. New York 10017. Advertising offices. 43 East Ohio Street. Chicago. Illinois 60611 and 757 Third Avenue.New York. New York 10017. Editorial. Accounting. Advertising Production and Circulation offices. 1 East First Street. Duluth.Minnesota 55802. Subscription rate: one year. $8: two years. $14. three years. $18 in the United States and Canada Othercountries one year. S15. two years. $24. three years. S30. Single copies: 75 e in the U S. and Canada all other countries $2Second Class postage paid at Duluth. Minnesota 55806 and at additional mailing offices. Copyright c 1977 by Harcourt BraceJovanovich. Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means.electronic or mechanical. including photocopy. recording, or any information storage and retrieval system. without permission inwriting from the publisher.

POSTMASTER Send Form 35 79 to ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN.DEALER. P.O Box 6016 Duluth. Minnesota 55806

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NEWS OF THE INDUSTRY

1977 Looks Good For TV And Radio Product Sales-If 1st Quarter Is Indication

Total U.S. market sales to dealers of television and radio products for the first quarterof 1977 showed an improvement over the same period of last year, according to the reportfrom the Electronic Industries Association (EIA). Total TV sales for the 1st quarter of1977 increased 18.8% with 3,282,208 sets sold. First quarter black -and -white TV sales of1,272,191 sets were up 10.8% and color sales of 2,007,017 units were up 24.5%. Total firstquarter radio sales to dealers increased 10.1%-non-automobile radio sales were up13.4%-and auto radio sales increased 4.7%. Sales for the first quarter of 1977 arecompared with sales for the first quarter of 1976 in the following report from EIA:

Products 1977 1976 % of ChangeB & W TV 1,275,191 1,151,206 +10.8%Color TV 2,007,017 1,611,568 +24.5%TOTAL TELEVISION 3,282,208 2,762,774 +18.8%AM/FM or AM or FM radio 5,700,631 5,027,252 +13.4%Automobile Radio 3,184,880 3,040,739 + 4.7%TOTAL RADIO 8,885,511 8,067,992 +10.1%

Radio's Impact To Be Greater By 1985, Says NAB Report

According to a rather bullish report commissioned by the National Association ofBroadcasters (NAB), radio in 1985 will be bigger, better and more profitable. In a longrange study the NAB found that:

FM stations will attract 51.7% of the total radio audience by 1985 as quadraphonicFM comes into general use.

AM radio will provide stereo reception, possibly by 1980. There will be 560 million radio sets, or 2.4 per person, by 1985, compared to 401.6

million sets, or less than 2 per person, now. CB listening is not expected to have a major impact on radio's importance because

only 1/5 of all radio listening takes place in the car. Satellites will be used more for interconnection of stations and networks, offering

better audio quality. FM stations may add such services as stock market quotations, information for

doctors on drug and medical developments, and commodity prices. These services wouldbe provided through subsidiary communications authorizations such as are now used forbackground music.

Prices on 40 -Channel CBs Dropping To Make Them As AppealingTo Consumers as Existing 23 -Channel Models

The large numbers of 23 -channel CB transceivers still existing in the marketingpipeline are forcing manufacturers to come up with more appealing prices for their40 -channel units.

E.F. Johnson has announced a price cut on five of its 40 -channel models. Four aremobiles and one is base station. The price reduction will amount to as much as $50 insome models.

According to Electronic News, Hy -Gain will also soon offer temporary price reductionson some 40 -channel models. As quoted by Electronic News, Mike Fong, executive vicepresident, Hy -Gain, said, "There are still a million 23 -channel sets out there, and youhave to give customers something to focus their attention on the 40's."

Price reductions on the 40's are also in the wind for Motorola, Pathcom, Royce andBoman.

RCA Promotes Greater Use of Yellow Pages For Authorized Service Centers

According to Arnold T. Valencia, vice president, marketing programs, for RCA, au-thorized RCA service centers are being encouraged to make greater use of the telephonecompany Yellow Pages.

"We hope to substantially increase the number of RCA authorized service centerslisted in the Yellow Pages from the present 1,200 to a level approaching the total 10,000that exist nationwide," Valencia said.

Borlaug, Sylvania National Service Manager, Named NARDA Man -Of -The -Year

The man who engineered the introduction of a single, standard All Industry WarrantyForm for the electronic service industry, John Borlaug, national service manager for

JUNE 1977, ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN DEALER 5

GTE Sylvania, has been named the Time/NARDA Man -of -the -Year. The award is pre-sented annually by Time, the weekly news magazine, and the National Association ofRetail Dealers Of America (NARDA).

As chairman of the Electronic Industries Association sub -committee on warranty,Borlaug brought about industry -wide agreement on a common warranty form.

The award was presented this spring at the NARDA national convention in Atlanta.

NESDA Convention To Include Roundtable Discussion of Electronic Service Needs

An event which was part of the 1973 NESDA convention will be reinstituted duringthis year's convention in Orlando, Florida.

Called the National Electronic Service Conference (NESC), the special program willoccur in the middle of the convention, Saturday morning, August 20th.

Topics for this roundtable conference include: Service Requirements: 1975 through1980 Products; Test Equipment; Technician Training (Where have all the top techsgone?); CB, Its Effect On the Service Industry; and Warranty Legislation For ElectronicsProducts Service. Tom Thomas, CET, president of Certified Electronics, Pueblo, Col-orado, will chair the event.

Number of Electronic Technicians & Firms Increase In 1977

NESDA's 1977 count of electronic service technicians and firms shows an increase inboth categories over comparable 1976 figures. The number of consumer electronics firmsincreased by 4,526, up from 66,000 to 70,526-a 6% gain over 1976 figures. The number oftechnicians also increased; up 10,865 from 196,347 to 207,212; a 5% increase over 1976totals.

The national figures were projected from statistics compiled from official state and cityradio and tv license boards' records of registered businesses and technicians. The U.S.population served by the participating license boards is 58,920,000, or 27.8% of the totalU.S. population.

Demographic features about the electronic service industry revealed by the compila-tion of figures were: 1) nearly 50% of the businesses are owner -operated, one-man shops;2) nearly 75% of the businesses also engage in product sales; 3) many licensed techni-cians spend a majority of their time in sales/management duties; 4) a majority of thebusinesses hire part-time servicers to supplement their technical labor force: 5) many

RCA's SK line -Top of the Linein quality- is getting bigger,and bigger, and bigger!The quality line keeps growing -RCA's comprehensive line of replace-ment transistors, rectifiers, thyristorsand integrated circuits is now grow-ing at the rate of 20 new SKs everymonth. That means there will bearound 580 RCA types available bythe end of the year - bringing thetotal of domestic or foreign semicon-ductors that can be replaced by a highquality RCA SK to over 130,000.

Get your 1977 ReplacementGuide Supplements - As the newSKs become available, we'll issuemonthly supplements to your Re-placement Guide. New applicationswill cover consumer, TV, Hi-Fi, CBand industrial (power control). RCADistributors will be able to offer youmore selective performance and pricechoice. Call-backs are all but elimi-nated because every RCA SK ismanufactured to the original OEMquality.

Stay up-to-date. See your RCADistributor about the new SKs andSupplements. If you don't have the1977 SK Replacement Guide, ask himfor a copy, or write, enclosing $1.50(check or money order) to: RCA Dis-tributor and Special Products Division,PO Box 85, Runnemede, NJ 08078.

RCASK ReplacementSemiconductors

a 10 00 ^

46 ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER, JUNE 1977

businesses are operated by a servicer who holds a full-time job elsewhere; and 6) becausesome license fees are small ($10 in Indiana) many people carry a license rather than let itlapse even though little or no time is devoted to service work.

Japan And U.S. To Negotiate TV Import Limits

Acting in advance-and as a result of-pressure from the U.S. TV manufacturers,unions, and the Electronic Industries Association, Japanese and U.S. officials are en-deavoring to come up with a negotiated agreement for a limitation on the volume ofcolorTV imports from Japan. According to TV Digest, "talks in Tokyo were general-something like an extension of earlier talks between President Carter and Prime Minis-ter Fukuda. Both sides feel there's a wide range of possibilities for settlement in the nextfew weeks. Further negotiations aimed at obviating need for imposition of InternationalTrade Commission recommended 25% duty rate on color imports as protective measurefor U.S. producers, could start in Washington or Tokyo soon."

"With certainty that some restrictions will be placed on color imports," TV Digest'sreport continued, "two more Japanese companies-Mitsubishi & Toshiba-have startedwork on U.S. production facilities."

Electronic School Schedule For Teachers Is Announced

The schedule of the 1977 Summer Consumer Electronic Seminars for high school andvocational instructors has been announced by the Seminar sponsors, the Service commit-tee of the EIA/Consumer Electronics Group. This year sixteen seminars, designed to helpteachers update their curriculum in consumer electronic product service techniques, willbe offered in 14 states.

Emphasis in the seminars will be placed on how to diagnose and repair the latestconsumer electronics products including solid state circuitry. Several schools are alsoemphasizing CB service techniques. College credit is offered for successful completion ofthe session.

The fourteen states in which the seminars will be held are: Alabama, California,Colorado, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina,Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. A free copy of theseminar schedule is available from: EIA/Consumer Electronics Group, 2001 EyeStreet,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006.


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This huge. quality dictionary is a handy reference that will serve mostof your needs-extremely useful in whatever connection you havewith electronics Defines most all of the electronic terms you will runacross in your everyday reading from alpha particles through zoomlens including those found in radio. TV. communications. radar.electronic instrumentation. broadcasting. industrial electronics, etcThe concise but clearly written definitions from all the variousbranches of electronics are of value to technicians. engineers. hob-byists, experimenters. and students It provides full, complete andeasily understandable explanations of thousands of specific elec-tronics terms A unique feature is the cross-indexing, whereby keywords contained in the definitions (words that are defined more fullyelsewhere in the book) are printed in small capitals so the user is notleft in the dark by any definition Appendices provide you withstill more data-an extensive list of units and abbreviations.graphic symbols used in schematics. component color codes. dbconversion tables. data on the electromagnetic spectrum, tube basediagrams etc 420 pps 487 illus

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Facts About Club Membership The 3 introductory books carry a publishers retail price ofS33 85 They are yours for only S1 99 (plus postage andhandling) with your Trial Membership You will receive the Club News describing the currentSelection. Alternates and other offerings, every 4 weeks (13times a year) If you want the Selection, do nothing it will be sent to youautomatically If you do not wish to receive the Selection. or 0you want to order one of the many Alternates offered. yousimply give instructions on the reply form (and in the en-velope) provided. and return it to us by the date specifiedThis date allows you at least 10 days in which to return theform ff. because of late mail delivery. you do not have 10days to make a decision and so receive an unwanted Selec-tion, you may return it at Club expense Personal service for your account-no computers used, To complete your Trial Membership, you need buy onlytour additional monthly selections or alternates during thenext 12 months You may cancel your Membership any timeafter. you purchase these lour books All books --including the Introductory Offer-are tully re-turnable after 10 days d you re not completely satisfied All books are offered at low Member prices plus a smallpostage and handling charge Prepaid orders shippedpostpaid Continuing Bonus If you continue aver this Trial Mem-bership. you will earn a Dividend Certificate for every bookyou purchase Three Certificates, plus payment of thenominal sum of St 99 will entitle you to a valuable BookDividend of your choice which you may choose from a listprovided Members

with a TrialMembership inthe Book Clubthat Saves you25% to 75% ona wide selection ofelectronics books

with the literature published in your areas of in-terest...and to save substantially while so doing. Aspart of your Trial Membership. you need purchase asfew as tour books during the coming 12 months. Youwould probably buy at least this manyanyway...without the savings offered through ClubMembership.

To start your Membership on these attractiveterms. simply fill out and mail the coupon today. Youwill receive the 3 -volume Electronics Library for 10 -day inspection. YOU NEED SEND NO MONEY! Ifyou are not delighted. return them within 10 daysand your Trial Membership will be cancelled withoutcost or obligation.ELECTRONICS BOOK CLUB. P 0 BOX 10. Blue Ridge Summit, Pa 17214

TYPICAL CLUB SELECTIONS rand List/Club prices)Microprocessor 'Microprogramming Handbook S9 9516.95-VHF UHF Fire Police. Ham Scanners Service ManualS9 9S 55 95 Modern Guide To Digital Logic S9 9555.95-CBRadio Schematic Servicing Manuals -3 Volumes 526 85S9 95- Color TV Trouble Factbook S9 95%4.95-C9es Handy -book Ot Simple Hobby Protects 56 95%3.95- Modern E lerironies Math Si: '1558 95-Electronic Music Circuit Guidebook59 95 55 95-Build Your Own Working Robot Si'S5 95-Intro to Medical Electronics 39 9556 95-21 SimpleTransistor Radios You Can Build Sb 96 53.95-Ham Radio Ad-vanced Class License Study Guide SE1 9554 95-Aviation Eketonics Handbook 5" 9557 95-Practical CB Radio RepairSH 9555 95 --Radio Astronomy tor the Amateur SA 9.5 S5 95

rumminsommeilsommmemELECTRONICS BOOK CLUBP 0 Box 10

111 Blue Ridge Summit. Pa 17214

U

Please open my Trial Membership in ELEC-TRONICS BOOK CLUB and send my 3 -volumeElectronics Library, invoicing me for only $1.99plus shipping. If not delighted, I may return thebooks within 10 days and owe nothing, and havemy Trial Membership cancelled. I agree topurchase at least four additional books during thenext 12 months, after which I may cancel myMembership at any time.

Name

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tow niter valid for new Members only Foreign and Canada add 10-,.; ET -67


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TECHNICALLITERATURE

Replacement Batteries For Com-munications Equipment and porta-ble video tape recorders and camerasare illustrated in a new catalog avail-able from Alexander ManufacturingCompany. Shown are batteries formost major hand-held two-way radiosand pagers. Nickel -cadmium, alkaline,mercury and single cell batteries aredescribed. A recently introduced lineof replacement batteries for ENGvideo tape recorders and cameras isalso described and illustrated, plus thefirm's line of automatic battery charg-ers. A copy of the catalog, with pricelist, is available free from AlexanderManufacturing Company, Box 1645,Mason City, Iowa 50401.

Mobile Sound Equipment is out-lined and illustrated in the newestcatalog from Arthur Fulmer. The 12 -page, color catalog contains photo-graphs, general descriptions and spec-ifications on more than 70 car stereo,CB and portable sound products. In-cluded are: in -dash tape player/radioand CB/radio combinations, under -dash tape players, speakers, portables,40 -channel and 23 -channel CBs, CBantennas and accessories. The catalogis free from Arthur Fulmer, 260 Mon-roe, Memphis, Tennessee 38103.

The 1977 Replacement Semicon-ductor Guide from General Electricis now available at GE distributors.The latest edition contains a cross ref-erence guide to the firm's universalreplacement semiconductors, includ-ing over 300 new products that allowservice technicians to make one -stopselection in most cases. The new guidecontains almost twice the amount ofproduct and cross reference informa-tion than the 1976 edition, includingincreased application and technicaldata on devices and outline drawingswith dimensions. Suggested userprices on all devices, accessories, andkits are included. Available for $1.50at GE distributors.

A Catalog On Analog Devices,called Analog Dialogue, is now avail-able from Analog Devices, Inc. Thenew volume features a variety of newproduct articles and applications noteson electronic devices for the measure-ment and control instrumentation andmicrocomputer -based control systems.Included in the 20 -page catalog are ar-ticles on microcomputer interfaces, ICmultipliers, V/F converters, true-RMSdigital panel meters, and both 10 -bitand 18 -bit D/A converters. Applica-tions notes deal with the use of CMOS

converters as I/O devices, use of anisolation amplifier as a current -loopreceiver, and how a programmable -gain multiplier helped create an ul-trasonic sensor for the blind. For a freecopy, write: Analog Devices, Inc., P.O.Box 280, Norwood, Mass. 02062.

Chlorine -free, High TemperatureWiring Duct products are covered in anew bulletin from Panduit Corp. Thebulletin describes the firm's Panductwiring duct made from a thermoplas-tic resin. The product described con-tains no chlorine, and thus will notrelease toxic chlorine gases if exposedto heat and flame. The literature illus-trates the 34 standard, 6 -ft. long sizesavailable. Free copies of the bulletinare available from Panduit Corp..17301 Ridgeland Ave., Tinley Park.Ill. 60477.

SSB Marine Radiotelephone prod-ucts are described in a new bookletfrom Motorola. The literature illus-trates and covers details of the Triton55/75 synthesized radiotelephone andTriton SSB marine radiotelephone.The 55/75 marine unit is the first fullysynthesized model with simplifiedchannel identification and the SSBmarine radiotelephone is said to offerthe reliability of FM at distancesgreater than the 30-40 mile effectiverange of VHF -FM marine radio. Alsodescribed are the VHF -FM marineradiotelephone, the bridge -to -bridgemarine radiotelephone, the VHF -FMlimited coast stations, the Triton FMportable radios, and the accessoriesavailable for each unit. The booklet isfree from Barbara Bennett, MotorolaCommunications Group, LiteratureDistribution Center, 1301 E. Algon-quin Rd., Schaumburg, IL 60196.

A Security Alarm System that issaid to eliminate almost 90% of instal-lation costs in homes, apartments,farms, commercial and industrial sitesis described in a new 6 -page brochurefrom Waldom Electronics. The new se-curity system described uses existingelectrical house wiring to transmit anentry violation signal to a control cen-ter and then to various signal alarmsthat may be plugged into any conve-nient outlet. Violation sensors in thesystem are inconspicuous, reliablemagnetic switches and the alarms in-clude plug-in flashing lamp controls,plus indoor and outdoor horn alarms.The basic kit retails for $199.99, andthe brochure is available free fromWaldom Electronics, Inc., 4625 West53rd St., Chicago, Illinois 60632.

Electronic Test Accessories arecatalogued and illustrated in the new1977 catalog from Pomona ElectronicsITT. New products covered in thecatalog include: IC jumper cables,

5:7 17;.AUTOMATIC

STAPLE GUNSCUT WIRE & CABLE

INSTALLATION COSTS. . without cutting into insulation!

SAFE! Grooved Guide positions wire forproper staple envelopment! Grooved DrivingBlade stops staple at right depth of penetrationto prevent cutting into wire or cable insulation!

No. T-18-Fits wires up to3/16" in diameter.

BELL,TELEPHONE,

THERMOSTAT,INTERCOM,BURGLAR

ALARMand other lowvoltage wiring.

Uses 1.18staples with 3/16" round crownin 3/8" and 7/16" leg lengths.

VJ

No. T-25-Fits wires up to1/4" in diameter.

Same basic constructionand fastens samewires as No. T-18.

Also used forRADIANT

HEAT WIRE

Uses T-25 stapleswith 1/4" round crown in 9/32",-3/8". 7/16" and 9/16" leg lengths

NEW! IntermediateNo. T-37 -Fits wires and cables

p to 5/ 1 6" in diameter.Same basic construction

as Nos. T-18 & 1.25.

AlsousedTvd

IVE RINGS instringing wires.

Uses T-37 staples/.--

with 5/16" round crown in 3/8",and 9/16" leg

lengths.iu..-No. T-75-Fits wires and cables

ptu 1 /2" in diameter.RADIANT HEAT

CABLE,OF CABLE,

WIRE CONDUITCOPPER TUBINGor any non-metallic

sheathed cable.Also used as

DRIVE RINGSin stringing wires.

Uses T-75 staples with 1/2"flat crown in 9/16", 5/8"and 7/8" leg lengths.

JET

) RRROW FASTENER COMPANY INC.

27141layhill Street. Saddle Brook, N. J. 07663

_JOT more aeons circle IUD on meaner berme Lora

JUNE 1977. ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN DEALER 9

black boxes, a dip remover for 14/16pin dual -in -line IC packages, and anumber of test probes, plugs, cables,and patch cords. Of course, the firm'sentire line of electronic test acces-sories such as cable assemblies, adap-tors, leads, and patch cords is coveredalong with a price schedule. The newcatalog is available free from ITTPomona Electronics,1500 E. Ninth St.,Pomona, CA 91766.

Two-way Radio And Scanner An-tenna Replacements are covered in anew brochure available from RussellIndustries. The new 6 -page bookletdescribes the firm's "Rubber Duckie"line of antennas for application andconnection for CB, UHF, VHF, ham,business and scanner bands. Thebrochure is available free fromR ussellIndustries, Inc., 3069 LawsonBoulevard, Oceanside, N. Y. 11572.

Supplies For Soldering are coveredcompletely and illustrated in thelatest catalog from Kester Solder. Thenew publication covers the firm's lineof standard solders, flux core solders,soldering fluxes, vapor degreasingsolvents and special purpose chemi-cals. Descriptions of more than 50 sol-ders and related items are included,such as acid -core, resin core and fluxcore solders, and solid wire and bar

solders. Other solder products include:Metal Mender solder, TV -Radio sol-der, printed circuit solder, aluminumrepair solder and soldering paste flux.The catalog is available free fromKes-ter Solder, 4201 Wrightwood Avenue,Chicago, Ill. 60639, attn: MackHaraburd, vp-marketing.

New Do -It -Yourself Electronic Kitsare described, illustrated, and pricedin the newest catalog from the HeathCompany. Among the new productsfeatured are: a 3 -band UHF/VHFscanner, a matching stereo tuner andamplifier, a five -function aircraftclock timer and a programmable homeheating control which is said to saveup to 10% on home heating bills. Thecatalog also describes nearly 400 otherelectronic kits including automotiveand marine accessories, amateur radioequipment, test instruments, learn -at -home electronics courses, stereoequipment and color TV's. The catalogis free from Heath Company, Dept.350-13, Benton Harbor, Michigan49022.

A Guide To Frequency CounterUse is the subject of a new technicalpublication available now fromHewlett-Packard. Written for thetechnician and repairman, the new8 -page booklet covers the application

of frequency counters below 1.3 GHz,but omits detailed technical designdiscussions of counters. Instead, itzeros in on how to get the signal intothe counter, how to interpret the an-swer, and how to keep from destroyingthe counter. It is well illustrated withtypical counter hookups, and includesexamples, two conversion charts and alist of references. The technical note,"Straight Talk on Frequency Countersin Communications Applications," isavailable free from: Inquiries Man-ager, Hewlett-Packard Company, 1501Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304.

The 1977 Edition Of A Solder Selec-tor Guide is now available from Mul-ticore Solders. It is a reference guideto the firm's line of solders, fluxesand chemicals. In six pages, the bro-chure describes the basic features ofeach category of products and lists intables all products within the catego-ry. The tables include such informa-tion as: characteristics; formulations;uses; variations; alloys where applica-ble; MIL and government approvals;and ordering data. Also included arefull color photographs of 12 visuallyidentifiable soldering problems thatare the most frequent causes of poorjoint quality and rejects. The brochureis free from Multicore Solders, West-bury, N.Y. 11590.

Versatile Gas PoweredTorch & Soldering IronTotal freedom and portability for heating andsoldering without cords or batteries is possiblewith the self-contained, pocket sized Versa Torch.Any of the included Ungar 1/4" Thread -on solderingiron tips may be used with the Versa Torch to repairor install electrical or electronic systems in the field,in plants, in the home, on boats and ships, or in thecar or truck.The Versa Torch also comes equipped with aconventional flame tip for soldering copper tubing,thawing frozen pipes, removing putty, softening orwelding plastics, or performing an endless list of tasks,wherever they may be.The Versa Torch refills quickly with standard propane orMAPP gas cylinder, and will provide up to 30 minutes ofcontinuous heating per filling.See the Versa Torch at your local distributor or write forfurther information.

cirersamTorch

DIVISION OF ELDON INDUSTRIES INCP.O. BOX 6005 COMPTON. CA 90220

...for more aetalls circle 124 on Reader Service Card


40 Gt.fettft;C wsige

*"ey,c

t,nel

nt?et° ect tead°"nPend

fiate"

CHAMP/II. Lil 41 1 UAIL

111MICROVOLT

0OUTPUT

.

CB ANALYZERPUO 0 o GUM REILiOLLSELECTOR

AUDIO OUTPUTDPI man sus

$975All cables included

With Everything You Need for Fast CB Servicein One Lower Priced, Compact Instrument . . .

AVOID TIME -WASTING MULTIPLE INSTRUMENTS

AND CONFUSING CABLE SYSTEMS. GET AT THE

PROBLEM IN A JIFFY WITH THE

1\1 CD 1=t CB42

AUTOMATIC CB ANALYZER

It's a CB Profit Center All inOne Handsome InstrumentThe CB service market is growing and more "on the ball"technicians are getting into the act every day. Compe-tition for the CB business is getting tougher and you'llwant to be sure you can compete. Knowledge alone won'tbe enough. You'll want to get ahead by simplifying yourwork to get the most jobs out with the least effort. You'llwant to concentrate on your troubleshooting and notfiddle with 15 cable connections and 28 knobs on differ-ent instruments. So you will want to get an instrumentthat takes you from antenna input to speaker, and frommike to antenna load in one neat package.

To top that off, the complete CB42 is hundreds of dollarsbelow the nearest competition, and thousands belowmost. We've got our competition beat, and you'll beatyour competition, too, by saving these six ways with thisCB42 Profit Center.

AVE ON REPAIR TIME:One simplified tester in a single case saves time on every test$on any CB that comes in your door, including Single

Sideband sets; you won't even need a scope.

AVE ON READOUT TIME:One direct -reading digital readout saves interpretation time$and reading errors. You'll know the CB's frequency, genera -

:or frequency, Percent Off -Channel, positive/negative modulationand distortion, RF output, and audio output with a simple flick of aswitch. Only the CB42 is this simple and complete.

$AVEON CHANNEL CHECKING:

Simply rotata the CB42 and CB selectors through all 40channels and read "percent off center frequency" on the

direct -reading digital meter (.005% FCC maximum deviation) in lessthan two minutes for all 40 channels.

$AVEON TIME CONSUMING CONNECTIONS:

Three cables, provided with your CB42, do the entire job;audio cable, transmitter cable, and receiver cable.

SAVEON ANNOYING HOWL:

Why get a screwdriver in the back from the guy next to you,when you can substitute for that annoying speaker howl?

Just plug tie bui.t-in, non -grounded speaker sub cable into thetransceiver and quietly monitor the audio output on the meter.

$AVEON BENCH SPACE:

The CB42 takes less than one-third the bench space of otherequipment You can even take it to the field with you, for

on -the -spot mobi'e checks, since it is also 12 Volt battery powered.

4

or

100%MAZERIGHT 3200 Sencore Drive. Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107

r Phone (605)339 0100

VALUE LEADERS IN RADIO-TV, 2 WAY AND MRO INSTRUMENTS..for more details circle 120 on Reader Service Card

JUNE 1977, ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER 11

78Color Sentry.Now in everysize in the line.

And more.Color Sentry.

Now from our smallestto our biggest set.

When we created Color Sentry, we knew it was more than aremarkable improvement in the color picture. We knew it

was the basis of a remarkable retail sales story. "ColorSentry," salesmen could say, "controls the color picture,

corrects the color picture, thirty times a second.Automatically." Now that sales story is going to be even

more effective. Because now Color Sentry comes in selectedmodels of every size in our line. So if someone wants a

little 13 -inch diagonal set for the bedroom, you can sellthem Color Sentry. The same for our 17, 19, 23 and 25 -inch

diagonal sets. Now Color Sentry is going to have broaderappeal-to make Zenith color sales even easier.

L2J

Electronic Tuning.In more models thanany other brand.

The Matisse,Model J1320W. Beautifulsimulated Walnut finish.

The Zenith Electronic Video Guard Tuning system is the mostadvanced, most dependable tuning system in our history. Ordinarymechanical tuners have contact points inside that get dirty andcorrode. And so they cause more service calls than any other part ofthe set. You can get snow, flashing or worse. But our electronic tunerhas no contact points inside to cause problems. Electronic tuning hasmade Zenith color sets even more dependable. And now we've addedit to more sets-more than any other brand. In fact, it is now in 89%of our line. So you'll have even more chances to close a sale.


Remote control with Zoom -only Zenith has it.

NORMAL PICTURE

There's nothing else like it. A TV remote control that doesmore than turn the set on and off. More than change channels -

( in both directions. More than raise and lower the volume.Zenith's Space Command with Zoom lets you push a button

"C3' and get an instant close-up of the action. All from across theroom. It's the most dramatic demonstration the industry has

seen in years. And it's just one more reason so many peopie won't settle foranything less than a Zenith.

ZOOM PICTURE

Zenith'sfine furniture stylinggets even finer.When you already have the best -lookingline of color consoles, what more can youdo? We consulted with leading furnituredesigners. We checked with furnituremakers. And we spotted a new trend infurniture fashion. So we created a newgroup of consoles with more refined,distinguished lines. One with more elegantand subtle detailing. One with a lighter,more delicate look. Many with fine woodand veneers. The result is a line that'selegant, simple and rich from top tobottom. A line designed for increasedsales.

The Gypsy,Model J123W. Richly

grained simulated Walnut finishShown with detachable sunshield.

The Raeburn,Model J2542E. Classic

Transitional -styled credenzawith genuine Oak veneers on top and

ends. Decorative front of simulated woods inmatching finish. Entire cabinet beautifully finished in

Antique Oak color.

More black and whites.And more to them.

To help you sell more black and white sets, we've madethem even more appealing. We've restyled the new12 -inch diagonal models to give them a sleek,contemporary look. But most important, every Zenithblack and white TV - and only Zenith - has these threetop performance features: Power Transformer (forlonger life), 3 -Stage I.F. Amplification (for a strongersignal and less interference) and Perma-Set VHF FineTuning (so you don't have to fine-tune every time you

change channels). There are new sets in 9, 16, 19 and22 -inch diagonal models, too. And new contemporaryand Mediterranean consoles. In short, our new blackand whites give you more models with more stylingand more features. So you can sell more.

The Zenith television line for '78 is going to be toohot not tc handle-with more of everything it takes toclose a sale. Including the famous Zenith quality. Andwho could ask for more than that?

7The0(0-.6111quality goes in before the name goes on:


The new5110 Mini -Wedge.wi And more.

Now there's a Wedgefor every budget.We've just increased your Wedge sales opportunities.Considerably. Because now we have a new Mini -Wedge. It's new in styling - but it's in the same rakish,contemporary tradition of the Wedge itself. And it'salso great in performance-the Mini -Wedge has abig, full-throated sound you just have to hear. But it'sa lot less in price than the big Wedge. And thatshould mean a lot more in sales. Because now youhave two ways to sell the Wedge mystique-whenyou sell the Wedge. And when you sell theMini -Wedge.

The Mini -Wedge,Model J587W.Beautifullysimulated grainedWalnut finish.

More 584 value.For no more.Our 584 has been called the best modularstereo value on the market. So how could wemake it better? First, we added a closed dustcover. And we added bigger speakers. Thenwe reduced the price. No kidding. Newfeatures at a new, low price. And you'll findthese same values in many other newmodels-all with added features and lowerprices for the biggest values ever.

The Model J584W.Handsome simulatedgrained Walnut finish.

THEDartmoor,Model J902P.Charming country -style console withsimulated grained Pecan finish.

New Wedge advances.With no advance in price.The new Wedge is greaterthan ever-with lots of newfeatures-but we've left theprice alone. We've added anew, low filter. We've put in a3 -position speaker switch.We've changed from aceramic to a magneticcartridge. We've included amicrophone with the built-

in tape recording system.We've introduced a new,high performance tuner/amplifier. And we'veintroduced a 4 -pole motorin the changer. Yes, the newWedge is a lot more to sell.And it's a lot easier to sell.Because the one thing wehaven't added to is the price.

Now there's a Billboardthat wakes you up.

StollLIP11114"'""Lk

TheBillboard

Model J465W. Smartsimulated grained Walnutfinish with jet-black trim.

Beautiful musicthat's beautiful looking.To a console stereo buyer, nothing's more importantthan styling. So that's the first place we added more toZenith consoles. We consulted the leading furnituredesigners. We scanned the furniture industry trends.We assigned craftsmen and cabinetmakers to sculptand re -sculpt their ideas. And the result was nine newZenith console stereo models that are going to lookright at home in the finest homes. The lines match thefinest furniture. The details are subtle and elegant. Therich finishes glow Inside, we designed a sleek newcontrol deck that integrates both the tape and tuner/amplifier controls in one panel. And we offer a choiceof play or play/record tape systems in selectedmodels. In short, we've made Zenith console stereos alot more. And a lot easier to sell.

We found a simple way to giveyou more clock radio sales -we've come up with one that's alot more visible in your store. It'scalled the Billboard. And withgood reason. The digital read-outpanel across the top looks like aTwenty -First Century, electronicbillboard. Unique in design andbeautifully styled, it should selllike snowshovels in Buffalo. TheBillboard is only the latest in the

ON/TAI

The Wedge,Model JR596W.Richly grained

simulatedWalnut finish.

Zenith line of Power Reserveclock radios. The time keepsgoing (for up to four hours) evenif the power doesn't.

The Zenith audio line for '78is going to be too hot not tohandle. It offers more features,more value and more products.Plus the famous Zenith quality.And you can't ask for morethan that.

The quality goes in before the name goes on'


GE's Solid -State VerticalSweep System By J. W. Phipps

An overview of the theory of operation of a verticalsweep system whose basic design isrepresentative of the vertical sweep systemsemployed in most GE all -solid-state monochromeand color TV chassis, plus a listing of associatedcommon trouble symptoms, their most probablecauses, and procedures for isolating them.

Shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3A/B arethe three functional sectionswhich comprise the vertical sweepsystem employed in GE's 1975model -year XA all -solid-statemonochrome TV chassis. Thesethree sections are: the vertical os-cillator (Fig. 1), a differential am-

plifier (Fig. 2), and the verticaldriver/output section (Figs. 3A/B).

This vertical sweep system,with minor variations, is em-ployed in most GE all -solid-statemonochrome and color TV chassis,including the JA/QA, QA/QB,YA/YC and MB/MC color chassis

and the XB monochrome chassis.

THEORY OF OPERATION

Venice. Oscillator/Sawtooth Generator

The vertical oscillator section ofthe XA chassis (Fig. 1) consists of afree -running complementary rela-tion oscillator (Q205, Q206) and asawtooth generator stage (Q207,called 'VERTICAL DISCHARGE'in Fig. 1).

Vertical oscillator transistorsQ205 and Q206 are connected in aconfiguration which functions likea silicon controlled rectifier (SCR).The emitter of Q206 correspondsto the SCR's cathode, the base ofQ205 corresponds to the SCR'sgate, and the emitter of Q205 cor-responds to the SCR's anode.

Conduction of this SCR -like de-vice is initiated by application of aforward bias across the emitter -base junction of PNP transistorQ205.

Free -running mode-In the ab-sence of a negative -going verticalsync pulse (free -running mode),

1

Vertical Sweet) Troublesha3ting ProceduresGE 1975 -Model -Year E W Chassis

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the base -emitter junction of Q205is forward biased whenever thepositive charge on C205 exceedsthe positive voltage drop acrossR215. (R215 is part of a voltagedivider network tied to the +20and +22 VDC sources.) Q205 thenconducts and its collector current,which flows 'up' forward biasesQ206. The resultant conduction ofQ206 increases the forward -biason the base -emitter junction ofQ205, causing it to conduct evenmore.

Once the combination of Q205and Q206 begins conduction, C205begins discharging throughground and back `up' through theconducting transistors and R215.Consequently, the positive chargeon the 'top' side of C205 rapidlydecreases to a level which nolonger forward biases the base -emitter junction of Q205. Bothtransistors then cease conductionand the 'top' side of C205 beginsrecharging to the positive levelwhich, again, will forward biasQ205 and start the conducting se-

quence over.The length of time it takes C205

to recharge to the level whichagain forward biases Q205 is de-pendent on the setting of VERTHOLD control R211, which variesthe time constant of C205's charg-ing circuit.

Synced mode-Each time thebase of sync inverter Q204 re-ceives a positive 60 -Hi sync pulsefrom the sync separator stage, theresultant current through the col-lector circuit of Q204 decreases thevoltage at the 'bottom' end ofR209, thereby developing anegative -going 20 -volt PP pulsewhich, in turn, 'develops' a lower -amplitude negative -going pulseacross R215, the 'top' of which istied to the base of Q205. This re-duction of the positive potential onthe base of Q205, in conjunctionwith the higher positive potentialon the 'top' of C205, forward biasesthe base -emitter junction of Q205,thereby starting the 'oscillatingcycle' of Q205/Q206.

Because the frequency and

+20V

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Fig. 2-Differential amplifier circuit employedin GE's 1975 model -year XA monochrome chassis.

P -P

#225

FROMVERTOUTPUT

15MHzTriggeredSweepDual TraceScopeUsable to30 MHz

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Normally rated at 15MHz (-3dB),it easily syncs and displays a30MHz signal with sure triggering.

Automatically selects choppedor alternate trace display

Maintains calibration accuracyover 105-130VAC range.

11 sensitivity ranges, 10mV to20V/cm.

19 sweep ranges, 0.5gSEC to0.5SEC/cm.

24nSEC rise time. Front panel X -Y operation with

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phase of the negative -going pulseapplied to the base of Q205 corre-spond to the frequency and phaseof the broadcast vertical syncpulse, the 'start-up time' of the re-ceiver's vertical oscillator corre-sponds to the leading edge of thevertical sync pulse-which meansthat the output of the oscillator isin phase with the received verticalsync pulse. Thus, if the free -running frequency of the oscillator(determined by the setting ofVERT HOLD control R211) is rel-atively close to the vertical syncrate of 60 HZ, a vertically stablepicture should be displayed on thereceiver's screen.

Each time Q205/Q206 conducts,a positive -going 1 -volt PP pulse is

produced across R213, the emitterresistor of Q206. This pulse, inturn, forward biases Q207, thevertical discharge (or sawtoothgenerator) transistor.

Conduction of Q207 creates adischarge path for the positivecharge normally present on the'top' side of C206 when Q207 is notconducting.

When Q207 ceases conduction,the voltage on the 'top' side of C206again begins recharging towardthe value of the +22 -volt source,through resistor R217 and theHEIGHT control, R216. The posi-tive amplitude to which C206 re-charges is dependent on the set-ting of R216, which, along withR217, determines the time con -

+ 20V0203 CONDUCTS BOTTOM OF RASTER- - - - - - - -0202 CONDUCTS TOP OF RASTER

-1-22VRETRACE

0210VERT

DRIVER

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CROSSOVER

C216820

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DIFTERENTIA70 LAMP

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R228,42

TOP OF RASTER

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Fig. 3-Vertical output section of GE's 1975 model -year XA moncchrome TV chassis. A) Current flowduring bottom half of scan. B) Current flow during top half of scan.

18 ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN DEALER. JUNE 1977

stant of C206's charge circuit.Consequently, the setting of R216determines the peak -to -peak am-plitude of the sawtooth waveformproduced by the charge/dischargeof C206 and-because the ampli-tude of this sawtooth ultimatelydetermines the amplitude of thecurrent through the vertical wind-ings of the yoke-the setting ofR216 thus controls the heights ofthe raster.

The 60 -Hz, 3 -volt PP sawtoothproduced on the collector of Q207is coupled to the base of differen-tial amplifier Q208 through an RCwaveshaping network consistingof C207, R233 and R219.

Differential Amplifier

duction of Q209. An increase inthe emitter -collector current ofQ209 increases the positive volt-age developed at the 'top' of R221,which, in turn, reduces the for-ward bias on the emitter -basejunction of Q208, decreasing itsconduction. (Conversely, a de-crease in the emitter -collector cur-rent of Q209 increases the conduc-tion of Q208.)

Emitter -collector currentthrough Q209 is controlled by a`composite' positive -going saw -tooth developed on its base by'negative' feedback pulses fromtwo sources in the vertical outputsection: the collector of verticaloutput transistor Q203, and the'top' of two parallel resistors con -

TABLE 2Vertical Sweep -Related Trouble Symptoms

And Most Probable Defects Associated With Each

oQ e4t. 040 0<t 00 /00

R2118212

R2138214

R220R221

R221 R206 R2268225

R2168228

R2338224

R218[R222

R219R2238225 8225

R2268226C211

C207C208

8227C208

C215C216

8214 R215 C207 C206 C209 C216 R224 8227 C212 C211

R215 C210 0203 0203 C2.0

C205 C313 0210 0210 02 2

0213 0213.....,...i... ...... , --A .4

The purpose of the differentialamplifier (Q208 and Q209 in Fig.2) is to insure linearity of the verti-cal sweep.

Fixed bias for the emitter -basejunction of Q208, the left' half ofthe differential amplifier, is estab-lished by voltage divider R218/R219 and emitter resistor R221.(Note that R221 is 'shared' by bothhalves of the amplifier.)

The positive -going, 3 -volt PPsawtooth coupled to the base ofQ208 from the vertical dischargestage forward biases Q208 intoconduction, decreasing the voltageat the 'bottom' of R220. The resul-tant negative -going pulse isapplied to the base of PNP verticaldriver Q210, which, in turn, in-verts it and applies it to the verti-cal output stages, as will be de-scribed later in this article.

Because emitter resistor R221 isshared by both Q208 and Q209,the bias on the base-emmiter junc-tion of Q208-and therefore thelevel of conduction of Q208-isalso controlled by the level of con-

nected between ground and the'bottom' of the vertical deflectionwindings of the yoke.

Any difference in the shapeand/or amplitude of this 'compos-ite' pulse and the shape and ampli-tude of corresponding points onthe sawtooth applied to the base ofQ208 is representative of nonlin-earity-producing distortion intro-duced into the sweep system by theoscillator output, the vertical out-put stages and/or the yoke. (Thefeedback voltage from the verticaloutput stages is developed acrossR225 and is indicative of differ-ences in the gain of the two outputstages. The feedback sawtoothvoltage from the yoke is developedacross parallel resistors R228A/Bby the yoke current and is repre-sentative of the oscillator outputsawtooth and any distortion in itcaused by the output section, in-cluding the yoke.)

As a worse -case example of howthe differential amplifier elimi-nates distortion which otherwisewould cause noticeable nonlinear-

ity in the raster, assume that aslight positive -going `bulge' ap-pears in the normally linear slopeportion of the sawtooth applied tothe base of Q208 by the sawtoothgenerator. This distortion causes amomentarily abnormal increasein the conduction of Q208, which,in turn is reflected on through theoutput section and, via the feed-back system, back to the base ofQ209. The positive -going bulge inthe sawtooth on the base of Q209increases the conduction of thishalf of the differential amplifier,which in turn increases the posi-tive voltage on the 'top' of theemitter resistor R221. Thus, theabnormal positive -going increasein the base voltage of Q208-which caused an abnormal in-crease in the forward bias appliedacross the base -emitter junction ofQ208-has now been offset by aproportional positive -going in-crease in the voltage on its emitter,which decreases the instantane-ous value of forward bias to a'normal' level. Consequently, theeffect of the bulge in the sawtoothon the base of Q208 is cancelledout of the pulse produced in its col-lector circuit.

Vertical Output Section

A simplified schematic of theoutput section of the GE verticalsweep system is shown in Figs. 3Aand B.

Output transistors Q202 andQ203 are connected in a quasi -complementary configuration-which means that they operatepush-pull, Class -B. Q202 conductson the least positive half of theinput signal (corresponding to thetop half of the raster) and Q203conducts on the most positive half(bottom half of the raster).

Because Q202 and Q203 are thesame type of transistor (NPN),push-pull operation requires thattheir inputs be 180 degrees out ofphase with each other. This provi-sion is met by Q213, which invertsthe phase of the input to Q202 by180 degrees (compared to theinput of Q203).

Forward biasing base -emittercurrent for Q203 is furnished bythe conduction of Q212, and for-ward biasing base -emitter currentfor Q202 is provided by the con-duction of Q213.

The point on the input signal atcontinued on page 47


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Effective Advertising Forthe Electronic Sales & Service Dealer

Part One

A guide to the many advertising methods available-whenand how to use them-and how much to spend

If you operate the one and onlyelectronic sales and/or serviceshop in you town-and you havebuilt a reputation for quality ser-vice at a reasonable price-advertising may not be one of yourmajor concerns. But add one com-petitor for the TV sales and servicebusiness in your community, andyou've got good reason to considersome kind of advertising 'pro-gram'.

In today's competitive mar-ketplace, it really isn't a questionof whether or not to advertise. It :.smore a matter of "which of shemany types of advertising avail-able should I use?"-"How muchshould I spend?"-and "Whatshould I say?"

When you display merchandisefor sale in your front window or theshowroom or at the service coun-ter, it's true that you are adver-tising. And when one of your cus-tomers tells her friends about the

By Don W. Mason

wonderful service you offer, that'sadvertising of the most valuablekind. And when you hang up thesign outside your shop, that's ad-vertising, too.

But, even though word-of-mouth and point -of -sale advertis-ing efforts do produce results,those results are slow in coming,and to a degree, unpredictable.What is needed-if advertising'sgoal of increased sales is to berealized-is a faster, more pre-dictable, more encompassingmeans of motivation. So let's firste*amine the different kinds of ad-vertising that are available.

THE LOCAL NEWSPAPER

Newspapers are the retailer'sprimary medium because, daily orweekly, they reach the greatest,Some of the information and artworkfor this series has been provided by theSmall Business Administration andby Cunningham & Walsh, Inc.

predetermined number of con-sumers. You can be sure, also, thata newspapers readers are three orfour times the announced circula-tion because almost every copy isseen by several readers.

Anyone who subscribes to adaily or weekly newspaper does soto keep up on the news in theircommunity and the shopping in-formation of interest to them. Aswith any of the printed advertis-ing media, a newspaper ad hasmore retention value than, forexample, a one -minute spot on thelocal radio or television station, ora billboard, or even the sign at thefront of your shop. Your newspa-per ad will stay around a consum-ers house for at least a day andsometimes a week. And, as men-tioned, more than one member ofthe household usually reads thepaper each time.

When considering the daily orweekly newspaper for your ad -


vertising, you should compare theareas covered by its circulationwith the market area you want tocover with your products and ser-vices. This is especially true ifyou are located in a relativelylarge city.

If the bulk of your business isdrawn from only a small portion ofthe area covered by the paper, youwill be paying a premium for ad-vertising that does no good. De-pending on the size of the city youare located in, and the marketarea you serve, you might do wellto consider using limited -circula-tion 'neighborhood' or 'shoppingpapers' for your advertising. Butbe sure to check the reader inter-

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est in these smaller papers. Insome areas, well -edited neigh-borhood papers are read withgreat interest, but in others theyare thrown away or regarded asa nuisance.

Newspaper Contract Rates

If you have been advertising inthe local newspaper on a some-what sporadic basis-wheneverthe ad salesman twists your armhard enough, or when you've got alittle extra money-you shouldlook into the possibility of 'con-tract rates'. By using only onenewspaper and by following a pre-arranged advertising schedule,you will probably find it possibleto buy regular advertising at apreferred, or lower, rate. Thiscould save you money, allow youto increase the size of your ad, orgive you extra dollars to investin some other form of advertising.

Positioning of Your Newspaper AdGetting a good spot. for your ad is

desirable, but not always possible.

Only rarely can you get a guaran-tee for a specific location, but youcan usually arrange to have yourad appear on a certain page or in agiven section. Occasionally, youmay find your ad at the bottom ofthe page or next to an ad of yourmajor competitor. It's important,therefore, to depend more on lay-out, design, and copy than +^ relyon a specific location. Always tryto design your ad so that it won't belost in the maze of an advertisingpage. Usually, your newspaper'sadvertising department will bewell equipped to aid you in layout,design, and copy preparation.

Here are some hints that mayhelp you get better space treat-ment for your newspaper advertis-ing: Don't quibble about insignifi-cant details Write or type your copy plainlyand without mistakes Hand in your copy well beforepublication deadlines Don't ask for last-minutechanges-except in rare emergen-cies Pay your bill promptly. (Fre-quently, newspapers offer a dis-count for immediate payment ofthe bill.)

Classified Newspaper AdsUp to now, in our discussion of

newspaper advertising, we've re-ferred to 'display' advertising, i.e.,ads appearing on the regular newspages. The classified advertisingsection of the newspaper shouldalso be considered as a possibilityfor the average electronic salesand/or service operation, for thefollowing reasons: Because classified ads are lessexpensive than display ads, gen-erally, they can provide an adver-

GUIDES TO RADIO/TV ADVERTISING:

CONSIDER SMALL STATIONS

© TEST LISTENER APPEAL

Q OIECK FREQUENCY AND SPACING OF COMMERCIALS

STUDY PROGRAMMING

o MAKE ANNOUNCEMENTS SHORT AND INTERESTING

tising means for service shopswith extremely limited advertis-ing budgets. Many newspapers include intheir classified section a sepa-

rately designated area for just`service' agencies-businesseswhich provide servicing of every-thing from appliance repair towoodworking. Readers get into thehabit of referring to that sectionwhen they are in need of service. The classified section is an idealplace to announce the close-out ofdiscontinued lines and used items,such as rebuilt TVs.

RADIO & TV ADVERTISING

In that the existence of radioand television broadcasting sta-tions provides us with the reasonfor being in the electronic salesand service business, it mightseem natural to include them in aprogram of advertising. Thatwould be an invalid reason, how-ever.

Before you buy radio or TV ad-vertising, consider several factorsjust as you would in newspaperadvertising. It is possible to buycoverage that does you no good.For example, if you buy time froma broadcasting company that hasan effective range of 100 miles inevery direction, you are charged arate calculated on the entirebroadcast range-even thoughyour own trade area may extendonly 10 miles in any direction fromyour business location.

Again, the answer here is ananalysis on your part of how widean area you wish to cover in yoursales and service efforts. If you arelocated in a city up to, say, 100,000in population, it is likely you pro-


vide service in all parts of the city.Thus, radio, and even television,advertising could be a worthwhileinvestment in terms of increasedsales volume. On the other hand, ifyou are located in a city of 500,000or more population, your radio andTV advertising dollars would bespent on a lot of people you wouldnever be able to serve. That is, un-less you are serving the whole citywith a fleet of service vehicles anda staff of technicians.

Some Guidelines To Radio & TV Adver-tising

The advertising sales office andprogram department of most radioand TV stations will provide muchhelp in the preparation of yourbroadcast advertising copy, andwe'll pass along some ideas on thesubject later in this article. How-ever, here are some broad guidesto more effective radio and TV ad-vertising: If you are located in a smallertown (10,000-25,000 population),radio advertising can be worth-while because of lower rates andgreater ease at reaching thetargeted audience. Where possible, choose the sta-tion projecting the strongest lis-tener appeal. If several stationsare available, test all of them overa period of time to determine iftheir usual programs are the kindyour potential customers wouldfind appealing. For instance, if youare directing your advertising tothe teenage crowd (for radio &stereo service & sales), youwouldn't select a station that playssymphonic music most of the time.Or, you wouldn't choose a hardrock station, exclusively, forpromoting TV sales and service, asyou'd miss most of the grown-upsales prospects. Check the number of commer-cials that are broadcast on the dif-ferent stations. Just as you don'twant your newspaper ad to get loston a page, you don't want yourradio -TV announcements crowdedin with scores of others, maybeback-to-back. Find out if an-nouncements are run together orare separated by interesting pro-gram material that will hold audi-

continued on page 24

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ence attention. Study a station's programmingschedule. Try to get time just be-fore, just after, or in the middle of aprogram having strong listener, orviewer, interest, such as sportsevents and news programs. Tele-vision advertising in these periodsand the prime evening viewinghours, however, will probably bepriced far beyond the average ser-vice dealers budget. Make your announcementsshort and interesting. Prices andvalues should be featured in spotannouncements. If you decide touse prestige and institutional ad-vertising, sponsored programm-ing is better.

HANDBILLS AND DIRECT MAIL

The use of handbills and directmail in advertising, in some ways,fits the needs of the average elec-tronic sales and service businessbetter than other methods. Thecost is generally lower and can becontrolled, and there is a greateropportunity to pinpoint specifi-cally the desired market coverage.

Handbills

The handbill was at one time themost used medium in retail adver-tising. It is still an important toolfor many small retail and servicebusinesses and the most econom-ical means of small -volume adver-tising, if well handled. Handbilladvertising is more readily con-trolled than other forms of promo-tion because it is distributed di-rectly by the business doing theadvertising, and it is usuallycheap to produce-by mimeo-graph, multilith, or silk screenprinting. (Whichever method isused, the handbill must be neat,legible, and attractive or the ad-vantage is lost.) The hand -billscan be distributed over the spe-cific area that is expected to givethe greatest return, and they canalso be passed out in the shop orlaid out on counters for custom-ers. Another technique is to insertthem in packages and monthlybills.

Remember, though, that hand-bills can be costly and worthless if

not properly distributed. Thepeople you hire to distribute themmust be trustworthy, or else youare apt to find your message in thenearest creek or garbage dump.

Also to be considered is commu-nity reaction to handbills. Somepeople resent finding unsolici-tated materials on their porch orin their mailbox.

Direct Mail Advertising

Direct mail advertising hasmany of the advantages of hand-bills, and it is also a bit more dig-nified and personal because it canbe directed to an individual cus-tomer.

Direct mail is more selectivethan newspaper, radio -TV, orhandbills. To insure adequate butcontrolled coverage, use a selec-tive mailing list compiled fromyour own business records, or fromvarious sources in the community,such as telephone and city di-rectories. In most medium citiesthere is also a least one mailingservice (often associated with aprinter) that maintains an up-to-date list and address labels of cityand rural residents.

Direct mail is somewhat moreexpensive than handbill advertis-ing, mainly because of the postage,but it will give you greaterlatitude because:1. You can say more.2. You can try novel ideas onselected clients.3. You have a better chance to getacross your business "personal-ity."4. You can use a more personalapproach and appeal.5. It can be used as an effectivefollow-up on past customers.

ADVERTISING IN THE YELLOW PAGES

In one way, "Yellow Page" ad-vertising should have appeared atthe beginning of our list of adver-tising methods because it usuallyis the very first kind of advertisingthat is offered to a beginning retailbusiness. And at least a listing inthe Yellow Pages, and preferablyan ad, is especially worthwhile forthe electronic service shop becauseusually the first thing people head

for when their television set failsis the telephone directory.

However, in comparison to thenewspaper, TV, radio, handbillsand direct mail, telephone direc-tory advertising offers a 'long-term' advertising message. It re-mains in homes and offices for anentire year. For this same reason,however, a good deal of thoughtand care should go into the prepa-ration of the Yellow Page ad.

The information you include inyour directory ad should be infor-mation that will, to your knowl-edge remain valid for the life of thedirectory, or for at least one year.

Aim for a strong Yellow Pagesad, one that leaps from the pageand distinguishes you from yourcompetition. Be precise, but giveall the facts about your businessthat prospects for your serviceswill want to know. You should in-clude all basic information aboutyour operation-the location,brands you service and/or sell, ifyou do warranty service, whichkinds of electronic products youservice and/or sell, hours of opera-tion, and your policy on housecalls.

Also, be sure to explore some ofthe advertising options the YellowPages has to offer. By advertisingunder different headings, forexample, you can promote differ-ent products and services. Forexample, you could have one list-ing under Television & RadioDealers, one under Television &Radio Service, and still anotherunder Radio CommunicationEquipment & Systems, if you han-dle sales and service for CB andother two-way radio equipment.

Here, again, the Yellow Pageadvertising representative is usu-ally equipped and ready to helpyou in the preparation of your adwith artwork and copy ideas.

NEXT MONTH...

We'll examine typical advertis-ing budgets for electronics sales &service dealers-offer ideas for ef-fective advertising copy-and out-line the qualities required and ef-fects realized from a good advertis-ing program.


Common Discrete IndustrialElectronics Semiconductors

A Review Part 1

Fig. 1-Structuraldiagram and

schematic symbolof an NPN transistor.

Fig. 2-A transistor behaves like two opposing diodes.

Fig. 3-Schematics of the three basic transistor configurat ons

Fig. 4-Structural diagram and schematicsymbol of a PNP transis'or.

By Alfred Haas

The discrete semiconductors commonly employedin industrial electronic applications are basically thesame as those employed in other electronic applica-tions. These include bipolar transistors, field-effecttransistors, thyristors (SCRs, LASCRs and Triacs),discs, UJTs, and zener diodes.

The fundamentals of these devices are reviewedfrom an industrial electronics viewpoint in the fol-lowing paragraphs.

BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR FUNDAMENTALS

A transistor (NPN-type junction) is shown cutlengthwise in Fig. 1A, while Fig. 1B indicates thecorresponding symbol. The tiny semiconductor bar,generally made of germanium or silicon, is shownmuch enlarged here. By introducing an impuritysuch as arsenic, antimony or phosphorus, the non-conducting pure semiconductor can be made conduct-ing by (negative) electrons. In the center of the barhas been arranged a small P region of positive holdconduction, the holes being vacancies left by the de-parture of electrons.

The electrodes placed at the ends of the bar arecalled emitter (E) and collector (C), and the centerelectrode is the base (B). The name and symbol of thebase are reminiscent of the early transistors wheretwo point contacts (cat whiskers) touched a semicon-ductor chip used as a base.

Because of its two junctions NP and PN, this tran-sistor behaves just like two opposing diodes with acommon cathode, B (Fig. 2). With E grounded, let usapply positive potentials to B and C and look at themeter scales to see what happens. If B were uncon-nected, collector current Ic would be zero whateverthe polarity of collector battery B1, for if one of thediodes were conducting, the other would be reversebiased and block any current. For the polarity shown,the upper diode (BC) is cutoff. If now we made Bpositive regarding E by means of potentiometer P,shunting battery B2, the lower diode (EB) is therebybiased to conduct and will pass the electrons providedby emitter E (hence, its name), and since the baseregion is made extremely thin by design, the elec-trons attracted by the positive collector potential willeasily traverse the base to penetrate the collectorregion. The collector thus absorbs practically from 95to 99 percent of the emitter current, with only 1 to 5percent of it taken by the base.

Each of its three electrodes can be made the com-mon input-output electrode as deemed convenient,

(From Chapter 3, "Industrial Electronics Principles &Practices," by Alfred Haas, TAB BOOKS, Copyright

1977. A review of the complete book follows this article.)

JUNE 1977, ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER 125

Fig. 5-This diagram illustrates the main parameters of an amplifier

0

0

111111

Fig. 6-Amplifier with an inverse voltage feedback loop

Fig. 7-Basic common -emitter (CE) transistor amplifier circuit

Fig. 8-CE amplifier with thermal stabilization

resulting in the three basic configurations-commonemitter (CE), common collector (CC) and commonbase (CB) diagrammed in Fig. 3. Most amplifyingtransistors are CE -connected, yielding an input-output current gain of 20 and more.

The transistor input resistance is lower than itsoutput resistance, making for high voltage and powergains. The voltage gain of the CC configuration is alittle less than one, but there actually is current andpower gain; this connection is used as a stepdownimpedance converter, especially for low input impe-dance CE amplifier transistors. The CB connectionoffers no current gain because of its low input andhigh output resistances; a voltage or power gain ispossible. This configuration is principally used inhigh -frequency oscillators.

On the other hand, if instead of the N -type bar witha P region, we take a P -type bar with an N region, weget a PNP transistor complementary to the formerNPN type (Fig. 4). With similar characteristics pro-vided, the PNP transistor behaves exactly as theNPN type does, except for the fact that the polaritiesof all voltage sources used are reversed. This singularproperty, which has no counterpart in electron tubetechnology, based on electron rather than hole con-duction, allows for interesting possibilities in circuitdesign, since it offers additional flexibility.

TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER FUNDAMENTALS

To begin with, consider the "black box" labeledamplifier (Fig. 5) presenting two input posts a, b andtwo output posts c, d. (Posts b and d are convenientlytied together and grounded whenever possible.) Ap-plying an input voltage or signal Vi at the inputresults in an output voltage Vo at the amplifier out-put. Both voltages are of similar waveform, but theiramplitude and phase may differ. (Control amplifiersgenerally do not require the perfect linearity charac-teristic sported by hi -fl equipment, especially so ifthey are pulse operated.)

If Vo is greater than Vi, there is voltage amplifica-tion, and the actual gain is:

G = Vo/Vi

Though less evident, there may still be amplificationif Vo is less than Vi. Suppose the black box inputresistance, Ri, is 1 meg and load RL is 100 ohms; Vi is100v and Vo is 10v. While the voltage gain of 0.1actually is a loss, the input and outpiit powers, re-spectively, are

Pi = = 0.01wand

Po = Vo2/RL = 1wHence, there is a power gain of:

Po/Pi = 100Similarly, a current gain of 1,000 is obtained.

Power amplifiers (one stage often will do) providethe power necessary to energize motors, electromag-nets and other kinds of loads. A voltage or currentdriver amplifier generally is required to sufficientlyamplify the low-level signal for controlling a poweramplifier. The gain required determines the numberof driver amplifier stages needed.

The transmitted frequency band is another funda-mental amplifier characteristic. In industrial elec-

26 ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN DEALER, JUNE 1977

tronics, mostly low and very low frequencies are used,and 100 kHz can be considered as an upper limit.(This does not include special HF gear not "interfac-ing" with conventional control equipment.)

On the other hand, phase distortion -free amplifica-tion of signal frequencies lower than 60 Hz is noteasy, for the use of RC -coupled AC amplifiers maylead to excessive time delay and instability. Thereare so-called DC amplifiers (i.e., amplifiers for slowlyvarying voltages or currents.) that are either direct -coupled or chopper amplifiers.

Inverse Feedback

Consider the black -box type of amplifier in Fig. 6. Itproduces an output voltage, Vo, upon applying aninput voltage Vi. By means of output -fed voltage di-vider R1, R2, a portion (13) of Vo is reinjected into theoutput ("feedback") in a way to oppose the initialsignal Vs (inverse feedback). Without any feedback,the amplifier gain was:

G = Vo/ViAmplifier input Vi is identical with signal input Vs.By injecting feedback voltage 13Vo, in series with Vi,the overall gain reduces to:

Go = Vo/Vs = Vo/(Vi - (3Vo.)Hence:

Go = G/(1 -PG)Assuming the factor 13 G is far greater than unity,this reduces to 1 divided by 13. This means that theoverall gain of that amplifier practically depends on:

13 = R2/(Ri + 2)and is independent of its original gain G. Supplyvoltage variations, aging and other factors do notinfluence Go. Using a high feedback factor, the ap-parently varying device becomes a stable and accu-rate amplification standard, at the price, however, ofa somewhat lower gain.

The collector current (Ic) of a transistor is con-trolled by its emitter -base current (Ieb). This makesfor a low input resistance-a few hundreds to somethousands of ohms. The preceding stage has to matchthis load. If it is a similar transistor stage, its outputresistance is comparatively high, 50,000 ohms, forinstance. There evidently is a problem.

On the other hand, the emitter -base junction ofresistance re is common to base and collector circuits.This results in an internal feedback between inputand output, greatly complicating the calculation oftransistor circuitry. A number of equivalent quad-ripoles describe transistor operation in a given set ofconditions.

The simplest possible transistor amplifier is pre-sented in Fig. 7. A PNP transistor is CE -connected;for an NPN, reverse the supply battery as well as thepolarity of the electrolytic capacitors. The base isbiased to the same polarity as the collector by seriesresistor Rb. To obtain a base bias current of 0.1 mafrom a 6v battery, Rb is 60K. (Regarding Rb, re isnegligibly small.) The output voltage develops acrosscollector Re. Coupling capacitors are provided toavoid shorting out the electrode voltages.

This simple biasing method is seldom used. Tran-sistors are mgrked with some allowance on the cur-rent amplification factor 13, so that Rb should bematched to the transistor used. Still more important,

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Fig. 9-Direct-coupled 3 -stage amplifier using complementary transistors. Only one passive component is used (RL)

Fig. 10-Schematic of a Darlington -connected current amplifier.

Fig. 11-Direct-coupled transistor amplifier with improved thermal compensation.

S(SOURCE)

P.DIFFUSEDREGIONS

S

G(GATE)

SILICON

4r 0111111

1110

D

D(DRAIN)

N CHANNEL

Fig. 12-Structural diagram of a junction -type field-effect transistor.

the internal transistor resistances are largelytemperature -variable and may lead to thermalrunaway and eventually to destruction of the device.Consequently, it is necessary to choose a bias methodthat compensates for thermal effects. In the amplifierstage in Fig. 8, an excessive base current is providedby voltage divider R1R2, and an opposing bias isdeveloped by emitter resistor Re, bypassed by a suit-able capacitor (C) to avoid a loss of AC signal compo-nents. This circuit yields a gain of about 172; a highload impedance, however, is required to make use ofit.

To get a higher gain, a number of stages of this typecan be cascaded. Taking advantage of the peculiarproprieties of transistors, the 3 -stage amplifier usingcomplementary transistors in Fig. 9 uses the fewestpossible passive components (only one resistor and nocapacitor) and thus is a natural for microelectronics.The base currents of Q2 and Q3 equal the collectorcurrent of the preceding transistor, and the overallcurrent gain equals the product of the individualgains of the transistors used. The voltage gain of thisamplifier is given by the product of the mutual con-ductance of Q1 the current gain of Q2 and Q3 and thevalue of RL.

While a power tube is driven by a voltage amplifier,power transistors require a current amplifier drive.The so-called Darlington connection is frequentlyused for this purpose. As shown in Fig. 10, CC stageQ1 directly drives, from the emitter, the base of CE -connected output stage Q2. The overall current gain,again, equals the product of the current gains of Q1and Q2, while the voltage gain of Q2 makes up theentire voltage gain. The input resistance is that of Q2multiplied by the current gain of Ql, an increase to bewelcomed.

Unlike a tube, the transistor will directly (trans-formerless) drive a low -impedance load (severalohms).

THERMAL COMPENSATION OF DE -COUPLEDTRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS

Because of the low supply voltages involved, gen-erally between 1.5 and 24v, direct -coupled amplifiersare easier to design with transistors than with tubes.But on the other hand, the effects of thermal varia-tions in transistors (more pronounced in germaniumthan in silicon) may well add and lead to a thermalrunaway unknown in tube circuits. Therefore, it isdetermined first if the thermal effects tend to ac-cumulate or cancel. Thermistors and reverse -biaseddiodes, in which the resistance varies with tempera-ture, are often used to compensate for thermal effects.

The two direct -coupled CE amplifier stages in Fig.11 feature a built-in thermal compensation tendency,for an increase of T1 collector current results in alower collector -emitter voltage of the same transis-tor, thereby lowering the base -emitter voltage of T2,counteracting the increase in its collector current.Diode D, used as load for T1, still improves this com-pensation by its negative temperature coefficient.

FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR FUNDAMENTALS

We know that tubes are voltage -controlled andtransistors are current -operated. This is true for con -

28 ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN DEALER, JUNE 1977

ventional, so-called bipolar transistors, but not forunipolar or field-effect transistors (FET).

JFETs

A junction -type FET is composed of an N -type sili-con chip with electrodes on the two opposite ends,called source S and drain D. On the central part ofthis chip, P -type regions are diffused into the upperand lower sides; metallic contacts are made and tiedtogether to make up the gate (G) electrode (Fig. 12). Ifthe drain -source resistance of the device is connectedacross battery B1 through resistor RL (Fig. 13), thereappears (proper polarity provided) a depletion regionextending more toward the center of the chip with anincreasingly higher negative gate potential referredto source. The result is a "pinch" of the drain -sourcecurrent, due to the electrostatic gate field. The gate,therefore, acts to control current in a way somewhatsimilar to the grid control of an electron tube, thoughthe operating principles are entirely different.

The likeness is even more disconcerting when ex-amining the drain current in terms of the drain-dource voltage (LD over VDs) characteristic for a set ofgate potentials UG; these curves (Fig. 14) are remi-niscent of the Ia Va characteristics of a pentode. Thegate forms, with the chip material, a reverse -biasedPN junction, and the input impedance of the FET is atleast as great as that of a pentode tube. For a numberof models, manufacturers specify a typical leakagecurrent of 1 na (one nanoampere, of 10-9 ampere)!Therefore, FETs are a natural for various circuitsrequiring a very high input impedance, far exceedingthe possibilities of conventional semiconductor de-vices. Remember, however, that this junction is noth-ing more than a reverse -biased silicon diode, and thatit is serviceable only at low levels.

MOSFETs

The MOSFET gate acts by its electrostatic fieldthrough the dielectric on the space between the two Nregions; its control action is strongest with the thin-nest dielectric film, and a comparatively small poten-tial difference may be enough to puncture this layer,resulting in device destruction. Particular measures,therefore, are to be taken to protect the MOSFETagainst any voltage transients and static charges ajunction FET will stand. Thanks to this dielectric, theMOSFET input resistance is even higher than that ofthe junction FET-from 1012 to 1015 ohms againstabout 1010 ohms, this leakage actually is that of theinsulated feedthroughs of the sealed casing. Thisdielectric layer between the gate electrode and thesemiconductor material is depicted in the MOSFETsymbol.

If the MOSFET is connected like the FET in Fig.13, an N channel (called an inversion channel) formsbetween S and D so that a current can pass. Thethickness of the inversion layer, and also the chargecarrier concentration, can be controlled by the gatepotential. Actually, characteristics such as shown inFig. 15 are obtained. While there still is a similarityto pentode curves, the rising segment is less steepthan that of FETs.

If the P -type slice is suitably doped, a conductionchannel already forms for UG equals 0. Then, it is

Fig. 14-Crain current (IC) drain -source voltage (VDS) characteristics of atypical FET for various gate voltages.

ID

(MA,

20

15

10

5

UG=+sv

+isv

+4v-+2v

/F.ov -2v

4v

10 15 20

VDS (V)

Fig. 15-MOSFET drain current ID) drain -source voltage (VDS) charac-teristic.

Fig. 15 -With any switching device, there are two possible states.


necessary to make UG negative for ID cutoff. (This isthe case in Fig. 15.) MOSFETS with gate and drainvoltages of the same polarity are said to be enrich-ment types, while depletion types require opposite Gand D polarities for ID cutoff. Besides our N -channeltype, there are P -channel devices, too; they are justcomplementary. FETs being symmetrical by design,S and D can be inverted.

SWITCHING BEHAVIOR OF THE TRANSISTOR

Another important consideration is the ratedpower dissipation limit specified by the transistormanufacturer, shown traced on the characteristic. Tothe right of the dotted line, the power dissipatedwithin the device would be excessive, leading toexaggerated heating and eventually destruction.Notice that N and P are situated within the permittedregion where the transistor can operate indefinitely;but passing from N to P or from P to N, the operatingpoint crosses the interdicted region inside theparabola. This is harmless if done quickly enough toavoid heating effects. Therefore, the transistor has tobe fed a control signal of sufficient amplitude tosweep base current lb at least from 2.5 ma to 0;furthermore, a steep -slope switching wave (prefera-bly a square wave) must be used to achieve a rapidcrossing of the dangerous region.

Transistors generally are more stressed duringswitching than in their steady state. Where largecapacitors are used in the circuit, potentially adangerous current transient appears, and when ahigh inductance is disconnected, it may produce avoltage spike leading to junction breakdown. Vac-uum tubes are less vulnerable to damage from suchtransients.

Before a slowly -varying control voltage can beapplied to a switch circuit, it must be transformedinto a steep -front wave for well-defined switchingconditions. This is done by the Schmitt trigger, thatyields a square -wave output for any input waveformof at least 4.5v of amplitude. This step voltage istransmitted to output transistor T3, by zener diode D,which is conductive only for inverse voltages over-coming some voltage threshold, the so-called zenervoltage. This signal is transmitted to T3 only whenthe zener is in the conducting state; thus, there is noneed to care for residual current in T2 when it isnonconducting.

For on -off control of relays and other power devices,thyratrons and thyristors may be more convenient touse, especially for all but very low power applica-tions.

In its closed state, a good switch offers a negligiblevoltage drop Vk so that voltage V across load RLdiffers the least possible from supply voltage E (Fig.16A). In its open state, the circuit current (I) has to bezero for V to be zero, (Fig. 16B). In electronic controls,transistors and other semiconductor devices are usedwhenever possible, instead of relays, because staticswitches do not wear out and, therefore, require verylittle maintenance; and then, static devices may ac-commodate extremely high switching speeds such asrequired by computer techniques, while moving -contact devices have a limited operating speed bynature.

But while moving -contact devices have perfect

Fig. 17-The diagonal load line shows the best switching points of atransistor. The dashed line defines the dissipation limit.

switching characteristics, transistors are not suchgood switches. In the heavily conducting state(switch closed), there is a residual voltage Vk of sometenth of a volt, and in the cutoff state (open switch),there is a low, though not negligible, residual cur-rent. Furthermore, this current is temperature -dependent, especially in germanium transistorswhere the residual collector current increases abouttwofold for a temperature increase of 10 degrees C, or18 degrees F. Silicon transistors and integrated cir-cuits, however, offer low residual currents and re-duced thermal variations thereof.

To understand the switching behavior of a transis-tor, consider its Ic equal to the f (Vce) characteristicshown in Fig. 17, where MQ represents the load linefor definite operating conditions. Points M and Qdefine the "ideal" switch. At M, Vce (or voltage dropVk) is zero, and at Q, Ic is 0. The actual operatingpoints N (conduction) and P (nonconduction) have tocome as close as possible to M and Q, respectively, foracceptable switch characteristics.

In part 2, next month, we'll complete Chapter 3,which covers Thyristors, the Unijunction Transis-tors, and Nonlinear Devices such as thermistors, var-istors and zeners.

TECH BOOK REVIEW

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This is a comprehensive text on the electronic sys-tems used in modern control and processing applica-tions, including information on all the up-to-date,sophisticated solid-state digital techniques.

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Manufacturer

RCA-RCA Consumer Electronics600 North Sherman DriveIndianapolis, Indiana 46201

Authorized Parts Distributors (al-phabetically by states)

R.P. McDavid Company, Inc.Irondale Industrial ParkP.O. Box 524Birmingham, Alabama 35201

R.P. McDavid Company, Inc.418 North Royal StreetP.O. Box 1248Mobile, Alabama 36601

Arizona Wholesale Supply Co.2020 E. University Dr.P.O. Box 2979Phoenix, Arizona 35036

Frank Lyon Company65th & Scott Hamilton DriveP.O. Box 4408 Asher Ave. StationLittle Rock, Arkansas 72204

RCA Distributing Corp.6051 Telegraph RoadLos Angeles, California 90040

RCA Distributing Corp.233 East Harris AvenueP.O. 2727South San Francisco, California 94080

SDC, Inc.70 Rio Grande BoulevardP.O. Box 9387Denver, Colorado 80209

Sea Coast Appliance Distributors, Inc.101 Ellis RoadP.O. Box 6793Jacksonville, Florida 33205

Sea Coast Appliance Distributors, Inc.3575 N.W. 60th St.Miami, Florida 33142

Raybro Electric Supplies, Inc.907 Ellamae StreetP.O. Box 1351Tampa, Florida 33602

King's Appliance & Electronics, Inc.410 Hodges AvenueP.O. Drawer "B"Albany, Georgia 31702

SouthCo Sales Corp.1500 Marietta Boulevard, N.W.Atlanta, Georgia 30318

King's Appliance & Electronics, Inc.1701 Louisville RoadP.O. Box 548Savannah, Georgia 31402

R.W. Tully Co., Inc.2310 Kamehameha Highway

TV OEMReplacementParts Source

Directory-Part 2

The completion of analphabetical,

geographical listing of themajor TV set

manufacturers,headquarters, and all oftheir authorized OEM

replacement partsdistributors.

P.O. Box 4087Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

R & A Distributing Corp.424 E. Howard AvenueDes Plaines, Illinois 60018

Klaus Radio, Inc.8400 North Pioneer ParkwayPeoria, Illinois 61614

ADI Appliances, Inc.8399 Zionsville RoadP.O. Box 68000Indianapolis, Indiana 46268

Klaus Radio, Inc.322 East Fourth StreetDavenport, Iowa 52801

Sidles Distributing Co., Ltd.2205 Bell AvenueDes Moines, Iowa 50321

Frank Lyons Co.Old Santa Fe Trail at 102nd St.Lenexa, Kansas 66215

The Collins Company, Inc.1040 New Grade LaneP.O. Box 1977Louisville, Kentucky 40201

McDonald Sales Corporation5000 River RoadP.O. Box 23507New Orleans, Louisiana 70183

Interstate Electric Co.

1419 Culpepper StreetP.O. Box 1094Shreveport, Louisiana 71102

Commercial Distributors8 Somerset StreetPortland, Maine 04101

D & H Distributing Co.8220 Wellmoor CourtSavage, Maryland 20863

Eastco1165 Page Blvd.Springfield, Mass 01104

Eastco26 Darmouth StreetWestwood Industrial ParkWestwood, Massachusetts 02090

RCA Distributing Corp.27000 Trolley DriveTaylor, Michigan 48180

F.C. Hayer Company701 Washington Avenue NorthMinneapolis, Minn. 55401

McDonald Sales Corporation105 N. Gallatin StreetP.O. Box 3669Jackson, Mississippi 39207

Interstate Supply Company4445 Gustine AvenueSt. Louis, Missouri 63116

Interstate Distributing Co.457 Daniels StreetP.O. Box 2523Billings, Montana 59102

Sidles Distributing Company, Ltd.7302 Pacific StreetP.O. Box 145000Omaha, Nebraska 68114

SDC, Inc.1517 Broadway, N.E.P.O. Box 25145Albuquerque, New Mexico 87125

R.T.A. CorporationR.T.A. Building991 BroadwayAlbany, New York 12204

Morris Distributing Co., Inc.305 Court StreetBinghamton, N.Y. 13904

Morris Distributing Co., Inc.1680 Walden AvenueBuffalo, New York 14225

Bruno -New York, Inc.460 West 34th St.New York, N.Y. 10001

Morris Distributing, Inc.75 Stillson St.Rochester, N.Y. 14605

JUNE 1977, ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN DEALER / 31

Morris Distributing Company, Inc.1153 West Fayette St.Syracuse, N.Y. 13201

Southern Radio Corporation1625 West Morehead St.P.O. Box 8309Charlotte, North Carolina 28208

F.C. Hayer Co.505 BroadwayFargo, North Dakota 58102

Ohio Appliances, Inc.7624 Reinhold DriveCincinnati, Ohio 45202

Hamburg Brothers1260 East 38th St.Cleveland, Ohio 44114

Ohio Appliances, Inc.1171 West Goodale Blvd.Columbus, Ohio 43212

Ohio Appliances, Inc.1611 Troy StreetP.O. Box 137, North Dayton StationDayton, Ohio 45404

ADI Appliances, Inc.Willis Day Industrial ParkP.O. 954Toledo, Ohio 43601

Dulaneys, Inc.100 N.W. 44th St.P.O. Box 1292Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73101

North Pacific Supply Co., Inc.2950 N.W. 29th AvenueP.O. Box 3766Portland, Oregon 97208

D & H Distributing Co.2525 N. Seventh St.P.O. Box 1967Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17106

Raymond Rosen & Co., Inc.Parkside Ave. at 51st St.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131

Hamburg Brothers, Inc.24th St. & A.V.R.R.Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222

Morris Distributing Co., Inc.(Shelborne Corp.)169 No. Pennsylvania Ave.Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania 18701

Southern Radio CorporationStadium RoadP.O. Box 467Columbia, South Carolina 29202

Warren Supply Co.196 East Sixth St.P.O. Box 1128Sioux Falls, S.D. 57102

Radio & Appliance Distributors, Inc.2515 Cannon AvenueP.O. Box 1747Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401

Radio & Appliance Distributors, Inc.500 McGhee Ave., N.W.P.O. Box 2031Knoxville, Tennessee 37901

McDonald Brothers, Inc.994 South BellevueP.O. Box 60Memphis, Tennessee 38101

Keith -Simmons Co., Inc.620 Crutcher St.Nashville, Tennessee 37213

Nunn Electric Supply Corporation119 Polk StreetP.O. Box 791Amarillo, Texas 79105

Interstate Electric Co.4500 Alpha RoadP.O. Box 34929Dallas, Texas 75234

Nunn Electric Supply Corp.2137 Mills AvenueEl Paso, Texas 79901

Art Jones & Co., Inc.1415 West Loop NorthP.O. Box 27Houston, Texas 77055

Nunn Electric Supply Corporation1814 Fourth StreetP.O. Box 1947Lubbock, Texas 79408

Interstate Electric1903 Hormel DriveP.O. Box 2170San Antonio, Texas 78219

Oscar E. Chytraus Co., Inc.175 West 2700 SouthP.O. Box 119Salt Lake City, Utah 84110

Goldberg Company, Inc.Vernon Rd. at Impala Dr.P.O. Box 9607Richmond, Virginia 23228

Fidelity Northwest, Inc.5301 Shilshole AvenueSeattle, Washington 98107

Prudential Distributors, Inc.3303 East Ferry AvenueP.O. Box 3088 Term. AnnexSpokane, Washington 99220

Van Zandt Supply Co.1123 Fourth AvenueP.O. Box 760Huntington, West Virginia 25711

Taylor Electric Co.1000 W. Donges Bay RoadMequon, Wisconsin 53092

Manufacturer

Sharp-Sharp Electronics Corp.Eastern Parts Center2 Keystone PlaceParamus, N.J. 07652(201) 265-5600

Western Region Parts Distributor21580 Wilmington AvenueLong Beach, California 90810(213) 830-4470

Manufacturer

SONY-Sony Corporation ofAmerica47-47 Van Dam StreetLong Island City, N.Y.11101(212) 361-8600

Authorized Parts Distributors (al-phabetically by State)

So. Alabama Distributors, Inc.P.O. Box 27664552 Baldwin AvenueMontgomery, Alabama 36105(205) 288-5100

Arizona Wholesale2020 E. UniversityPhoenix, Arizona 85062(602) 258-7901

Capin's Mercantile109 Nelson AvenueNogales, Arizona 85621(602) 287-5841

Electronic Parts Co.4021 N. 31st AvenuePhoenix, Arizona 85017(602) 277-7281

Larriva'sTerrace at CrawfordNogales, Arizona 85621(602) 287-5815

David White Electronic1222 Main St.Little Rock, Arkansas 72202(501) 376-1391

Andrews Electronics1500 W. Burbank Blvd.Box 6336Burbank, Ca. 91505(213) 849-6014

Audio -Video Parts Co.1601 S. Orange DriveLos Angeles, Ca. 90119(213) 933-2141

Hurley Electronics

32 / ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN; DEALER, JUNE 1977

318 -16th StreetSan Diego, Ca. 92101(714) 235-6245

Hurley Electronics2101 N. FairviewSanta Ana, Ca. 92706(714) 638-7220

Imperial Sales3101 West Olympic Blvd.Los Angeles, Ca. 90006(213) 382-6384

Millers Electronic Supply530 East 8th StreetOakland, Ca. 94606(415) 834-9185

Norcal Electronics1800 -6th Street at RSacramento, Ca. 95814(916) 442-9041

Wresco1116 Folsom StreetSan Francisco, Ca. 94103(415) 431-3680

Boyd Distributing, Inc.1400 W. 3rd AvenueDenver, Colorado 80223(303) 629-7701

Electronic Parts Co.1212 S. BroadwayDenver, Colorado 80210(303) 744-1992

United Appliance Distributors94 John StreetNew Britain, Ct. 06051(203) 223-2731

Herman Electronics1365 N. W. 23rd St.Miami, Florida 33142(305) 634-6591

Joseph Electronics8830 N. Milwaukee Ave.Niles, Illinois 60648(312) 297-4200

Associated Distributors, Inc.8399 Zionville RoadIndianapolis, Indiana 46268(317) 299-8000

McCaffery Distributors760 W. Cotter StreetSouth Bend, Indiana 46601(219) 232-4821

Consumer Product Distr. Co.1365 Sadlier Circle S. DriveIndianapolis, Indiana 46239

(317) 353-9393

Delecap2214 U.S. Highway 41NEvansville, Indiana 47727(812) 425-6173

Gunning Wholesale137 North WacoWichita, Kansas(316) 265-1627

G.W. Ryan Distributing Co.2000 WalnutKansas City, Missouri 64108(816' 471-2552

P.I. Burks Co., Inc.842 S. Seventh StreetLouisville, Kentucky 40203(502) 589-3960

Corenswet, Inc.P.O. Box 19737400 North Cortez St.New Orleans, Louisiana 70179(504) 488-7705

East Coast Distributors200 Anderson StreetPortland, Me. 04101(207) 772-5665

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Fairway Electronics4210 Howard AvenueKensington, Md. 20745(301) 933-4420

Petricca ElectronicsEight Marblehead StreetNorth Andover, Mass. 01845(617) 687-7171

Television & Electronic Supply2303 Montana AvenueP.O. Box 1817Billings, Montana 59103(406) 252-7193

Bursma Radio1030 Scribner Avenue, N.W.Grand Rapids, Michigan 49504(616) 459-4328

Fulton Radio2707 Alpha StreetLansing, Michigan 48908(517) 489-6519

Saginaw Distributors, Inc.1761 East GeneseeSaginaw, Michigan 48601(517) 754-0441

Larsen Olson Company900 Turners Crossroads So.Minneapolis, Minnesota 55416(612) 544-8921

Ness Electronics3743 NicolletMinneapolis, Minnesota 55409(612) 824-2646

Olive Electronics6662 Olive Blvd.St. Louis, Missouri 63130(314) 863-7800

Wilson Distributing Co.4815 Dodge StreetOmaha, Nebraska 68132(402) 558-1300

Hurley Electronics1112 S. Casino Center Blvd.Las Vegas, Nevada 89104(702) 384-5666

Aaron Lippman Company99-107 Newark StreetNewark, N.J. 07103(201) 621-9300

Electronic Parts Co.2620 Rhode Island St. N.E.Albuquerque, New Mexico 87110(505) 293-6161

Taryn Electronic Parts2188 Pitkin AvenueBrooklyn, N.Y. 11207(212) 385-7200

Dale Electronics

244 West 14th StreetNew York, N.Y. 10011(212) 255-3660

Pan Son, Incorporated28-14 Steinway StreetAstoria, N.Y. 11103(212) 545-8888

United Teletronic Parts3860 Tenth AvenueNew York, N.Y. 10034(212) 569-2330

Standard Electronics3521 Union RoadCheektowaga, New York 14225(716) 685-4330

Carolina Sales Corporation101 West 14th St.Greenville, North Carolina 27834(919) 752-3143

C. D. Franke & Company, Inc.675 North Main StreetWinston-Salem, North Carolina27102(919) 722-1112

United RadioSummit & Reinhold DriveCincinnati, Ohio 45237(513) 761-4030

Miller Jackson Co., Inc.121 East CaliforniaOklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104(405) 235-8426

The Moore Company800 -12th AvenuePortland, Oregon 97209(503) 221-1600

Radio & Motors Service, Inc.810 -28th StreetAltoona, Pennsylvania 16602(814) 944-7178

Steinberg Electronics2520 North Broad StreetPhiladelphia, Pa. 19132(215) 223-9400

M. Leff Radio225 Braddock AvenueBraddock, Pa. 15104(412) 351-5000

Max Pasley, Inc.506 S. Cliff StreetSioux Falls, South Dakota 57103(605) 336-3760

Bluff City Distributors379 Cumberland St.Memphis, Tennessee 38112(901) 725-9500

Bondurant Brothers Company901 Sevier Avenue

Knoxville, Tennessee 37901(615) 573-9151

Electrotex Electronics10838 No. Central ExpresswayDallas, Texas 75231(214) 234-0433

Electrotex Electronics2300 Richmond AvenueHouston, Texas 77024(713) 526-3456

Electrotex Electronics3417 E. Carpenter Fwy.Irving, Texas 75062

A. B. Company209-219 South Oregon St.El Paso, Texas 79901(915) 532-2411

Rio Radio SupplyP.O. Box 1808McAllen, Texas 78501(512) 682-5224

Teresco of West Texas701 East 44th StreetLubbock, Texas 79408(806) 747-3581

Vision Electronics3419 East Commerce St.San Antonio, Texas 78297(512) 224-5801

Graybar Electric Co., Inc.336 N. 400 W. StreetP. 0. Box 2190Salt Lake City, Utah 84110(801) 359-8771

Kimball Electronics350 Pierpont AvenueSalt Lake City, Utah 84101(801) 328-2075

H & H Distributors4621 Airport Way SouthSeattle, Washington 98108(206) 524-8786

Northwest ElectronicsEast 730 -1st AvenueSpokane, Washington 99210(509) 535-7652

Dixie Appliances232 Bluefield AvenueBluefield, West Virginia 24701(304) 327-7191

Taylor Electronics1000 W. Donges Bay RoadMequon, Wisconsin 53092(414) 241-4321

Manufacturer

GTE SYLVANIA-Entertainment Products Group

34 / ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER. JUNE 1977

Group Headquarters700 Ellicott StreetBatavia, New York 14020(716) 343-3470

Service Parts Depots

GTE Sylvania, Inc.608 Dubuque AvenueSouth San Francisco, California 94080(415) 583-0787

GTE Sylvania, Inc.2508 Hickory AvenueMetairie, Louisiana 70003(504) 737-1770

GTE Sylvania, Inc.815 Second AvenueNew Hyde Park, New York 11040(516) 437-0100

GTE Sylvania, Inc.13701 Enterprise AvenueCleveland, Ohio 44135(216) 433-4720

GTE Sylvania, Inc.3306 West Bloomingdale AvenueMelrose Park, Illinois 60160(312) 344-5200

Franchised Set & Parts Distributors

(Alphabetically by state)

Electric Constructors of Alabama, Inc.131 South 25th Street, Box 6939Irondale, Alabama 35210(205) 591-8010

Mack Electric Supply Company412 North Foster StreetDothan, Alabama 36301(205) 792-2115

Noble Distributors, Inc.201 South 28th StreetPhoenix, Arizona 85034(602) 273-7178

Arkansas Air, Inc.1805 East Fifth StreetNorth Little Rock, Arkansas 72114(501) 945-0113

J.B.N. Corp.1390 West EvansDenver, Colorado 80223(303) 934-2411

W.D. Alexander CompanyP.O. Box 19818Atlanta, Georgia 30325(404) 351-8200

Nylen Brothers and Company, Ltd.

820 South Beretania Street, Box 2958Honolulu, Hawaii 96813(808)538-1171

Midwest Sales and Service917 South Chapin StreetSouth Bend, Indiana 46621(2191 287-3365

Cooper -Company, Inc.1302 North Meridian AvenueIndianapolis, Indiana 46202(317) 639-5661

Gifford -Brown, Inc.1400 Walnut StreetDes Moines, Iowa 50309(515) 243-1257

Meyerson Distributing Company3425 West BroadwayCouncil Bluffs, Iowa 51501(712) 328-2351

Finn Distributing Company430 South Commerce StreetWichita, Kansas 67202(316) 265-1624

Cooper -Louisville Company, Inc.118-122 East Main StreetLouisville, Kentucky 40402(502) 582-1686

PEIents

13 ue'gue feature.

Why use the ATC-10General Television Servicer?Because for an investment of $299.95, the ATC-10provides most of the combined features of a con-ventioral color bar pattern generator, an Analyst an Ia substitute tuner. You get time saving bonusfeatures too, like the RED RASTER, 3.58 MONITOR,GRAY QUAD, and multi -purpose HATCHDOTS patterns.

Al Flynn, proprietor of Al Flynn Radio TV RepairService, Inglewood, California, says . .

"Versatility makes the ATC-10 generator a moneymaker. The ATO10 is what TV repairmen have neededfor ten years."

VV-ite for more information on the ATC-10 GeneralTelevision Servicer, or try it at our risk.

- 30 DAY SHOP TRIAL -(If not 1000/0 satisfied in every way, return for

instant refund in full.)

American Technology Corporation225 Main Street, Dept 6B, Canon City. CO 81212

For your convenience, we acceptMaster Charge, Visa and COD phone orders

SAME DAY SHIPMENT!1303) 275-8991

Survival of the FITT NGEST

THORDARSON FITSThordarson replacements fit exactly. And they are designedand built better than the original. Thordarson gives you theindustry's widest selection of replacement flame retardantflybacks and yokes. Accurate, constantly updated cross-reference data makes replacement selection fast and easy.These solid reasons, and more, are why Thordarson hassurvived when most others have failed.The next time you need a flyback or yoke for any brandsee your independent electronic parts distributor for aThordarson replacement. You'll be dollars and hours ahead!

TORDARsowTHORDARSON MEISSNER, INC.Electronic CenterMt. Carmel, Illinois 62863

Support your independent parts distributor . we do' NEDA ma' Associate Member

...for more details circle 105 on Reader Service Card ...for more details circle 122 on Reader Remise Card


Glindmeyer Distributing Company,Inc.P.O. Box 19003New Orleans, Louisiana 70179(504) 486-6646

Brown Distributing Company, Inc.1251 Dalzell AvenueShreveport, Louisiana 71103(318) 227-8850

Lark Distributing Company21500 Trolley Industrial DriveTaylor, Michigan 48180(313) 292-0350

L&O Distributors, Inc.800 Xenia Avenue SouthMinneapolis, Minnesota 55416(612) 546-8800

Stuart C. Irby Company, Inc.815 South State StreetJackson, Mississippi 39205(601) 969-1811

Universal Supply, Inc.801 Mulberry StreetKansas City, Missouri 64101(816) 474-9400

Schermer, Inc.1000 Spruce StreetSt. Louis, Missouri 63102(314) 421-6700

M.V.P. Distributing2802 Montana Avenue, Box 1654Billings, Montana 59103(406) 252-5622

Empire State Wholesalers, Inc.5 Avis DriveLatham, New York 12110(518) 783-5511

Graybar Electric Company, Inc.180 Perry Street, Box 909Buffalo, New York 14204(716) 854-3700

Graybar Electric Company, Inc.420 Lexington AvenueNew York, New York 10017(212) 532-4000(INFORMATION ONLY)

National Sales Company56 Rutter Street, Box 1372Rochester, New York 14603(716) 254-2882

Carolina Sales Corp.101 West 14th Street, Box 404Greenville, North Carolina 27834(919) 752-3143

Piedmont Home ProductsBox 1089Charlotte, North Carolina 28231(704) 375-5731

Rott-Keller Supply Company

1620 First Avenue NorthFargo, North Dakota 58102(701) 235-0563

G and W Distributing Company, Inc.3201 Vestal RoadYoungstown, Ohio 44509(216) 792-1437

Toledo Appliances, Inc.5000 Angola Road, Box 7005Toledo, Ohio 43615(419) 385-7405

Gas and Electrical EquipmentCompany, Inc. P.O. Box 26771Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73216(405) 528-3551

Fowler Distributing CompanyP.O. Box 42098Portland, Oregon 97242(503) 234-0461

Power Electric Supply CompanyAirport RoadHaze1ton, Pennsylvania 18201(717) 455-4951

Graybar Electric Company, Inc.900 Ridge AvenuePittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212(412) 323-0600

Choquette and Company, Inc.One Washington AvenueProvidence, Rhode Island 02905(401) 781-5700

Burghardt Supply Company621 Fourth Street SoutheastBox 1660Watertown, South Dakota 57201(605) 886-5754

Creswell and Company, Inc.3910 Papermill RoadKnoxville, Tennessee 37919(615) 584-9171

Branch WarehouseCreswell and Company, Inc.153 Warehouse MartChattanooga, Tennessee 37421(615) 899-1290

Mitchell -Powers Hardware CompanyFifth Street ExtensionBristol, Tennessee 37623(615) 764-1153

Hart -Greer, Inc.900 North 24th StreetBirmingham, Alabama 35201(205) 252-3182

W.L. Roberts, Inc.3791 Air Park Street, Box 18541Airport Industrial ParkMemphis, Tennessee 38106(901) 362-2080

Harper Distributing, Inc.

1201 Empire CentralDallas, Texas 75427ALL MAIL(214) 637-5050

United Distributors of Texas, Inc.8818 Carpenter FreewayDallas, Texas 75247(214) 631-3980

R and R Electronics SupplyBox 1860-1607 Avenue GLubbock, Texas 79408(806) 765-5733

Harry Sugerman, Inc.3419 East Commerce Street, Box 2078San Antonio, Texas 78297(512) 224-5801

Huish Distributing Company2525 South 900 West, Box 25057Salt Lake City, Utah 84125(801) 972-8611

AVEC Electronics Corp.2002 Staples Mill RoadRichmond, Virginia 23230(804) 359-6071

AVEC Electronics, Inc.711 Granby StreetNorfolk, Virginia 23510(703) 627-3502

J.W. Phillips Distributing Company1170 Andover Park West, Box 3743Seattle, Washington 98124(206) 575-0660

Tri-State DistributorsSouth 110 Sheridan StreetSpokane, Washington 99202(509) 455-8300

Mason-Dixon Distributors820 Bluefield AvenueBluefield, West Virginia 24701(304) 325-8106

Mason-Dixon Distributors, Inc.1749 7th AvenueHuntington, West Virginia 25703(304) 529-3244

Mason-Dixon Distributors2428 Patterson Avenue SouthwestRoanoke, Virginia 24016(703) 342-4219

Graybar Electric Company, Inc.32nd and Wood Street, Box 6420Wheeling, West Virginia 26003

Roth Distributing Company, Inc.11925 West Carmen AvenueMilwaukee, Wisconsin 53225(414) 353-9000

William Van Domelen, Inc.314 North Monroe Avenue, Box 606Green Bay, Wisconsin 54305(414) 435-7529


Understanding characteristicimpedance of TV transmission lines

CATV and MATV systems arealmost exclusively interconnectedwith 75 -ohm coaxial cable. Thefunction of the coax cable is totransmit signal voltages from theantenna to the TV set.

The '75 -ohm' designation refersto its characteristic impedance,which corresponds to an imagi-nary 75 -ohm resistance at RF fre-quencies.

In a typical system, the cable in-terconnects numerous 75 -ohmamplifiers, filters, equalizers,splitters and/or taps, inserted be-tween the antenna and the TV set(Fig. 1). These devices, either ac-tive or passive, require an inputand an output impedance that isalso nominally 75 ohms. Whenthis condition is met, the inter-connected system is considered'properly matched'.

Matching assures that maxi-mum RF power is transferred fromthe source (antenna) to the load(TV set), and that VSWR is unity,and picture reproduction, as deliv-ered from the antenna, is clear andsharp.

`Characteristic Impedance' Defined

The characteristic impedance ofa transmission line is the ratio ofthe applied voltage to the steady-state current which flows whenthe line is terminated in a pureresistance that is equal to thecharacteristic impedance value ofthe cable. It also is defined as thatvalue of pure resistance which,when connected to the output ter-minals of the transmission line,makes the cable appear infinitelylong. In other words, no signal isreflected back up the cable towardthe source.

Effects of characteristic impe-dance are meaningful only when aline is more than a wavelengthlong; i.e., at RF frequencies andreasonable line lengths of severalfeet. At power line frequencies theline simply behaves like two cop-per conductors; at RF, it behaves

By James E. Kluge*

ALL CHANNELVHF -UHF -FM RECEPTION

r

L

CS -380 FOR 300 ohmOR CS 387 FOR75 ohm SYSTEM

SC -SERIES ORCW-SERIESALL C-IANNEL ANT

'CARTRIDGE TERMINALI BOARD ACCEPTS 300 ohm

j or 75 ohmDOWNLEAD

300 ohm OR 75 ohmDOWNLEAC

VHF -FM RECEPTION

SC -SERIES ORCW-SERIESVHF FM ANTENNA

rI I 'CARTRIDGE TERMINALL J BOARD

75 ohm DOWNLEAD

T-28 MATCHINGTRANSFORMER (NOTREQUIRED FOR 300 ohmSYSTEMI.

CA7-FMB TV -FM BANDSEPARATOR COUPLERUSE CA -FMB FOR 300 ohmINSTALLATIONS. OR DELETEENTIRELY FOR VHF ONLYRECEPTION

A relatively simple MATV system.

82 CHANNEL96 OUTLETS

10 FOOT CL 2800BETWEEN ALLLINE TAP -OFFS

ALL LINE -TAPSMODEL VTF-77

.4515.......CW 1001

AC -8958Fig. 1-An illustrated

comparison between a simpleMATV system and a more

complex MATV system used inapartment installations.

POWER SUPPLY

DA -8880'NOTESWITCH SELECTABLEFM TRAP

_S 475C

a aLS275C

a a a 4111a a a 411aa Soaa aa 411

a SO a a So 461

INO a a 411a a a 411

a a C> a So

a C> a 411

a a C>C>

aaMO, 40

SLTB TERMINATOR

I7 7--

A more complex MATV system for apartments.*The author is a technical editor for

the Winegard company

JUNE 1977. ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER 37

like a complex network. At 60 Hz,for example, one wavelength isabout 3100 miles long-while atTV Channel 14, it is merely a littleover 2 feet.

Coaxial Cable

Although it involves an electri-cal parameter, the characteristicimpedance of a coaxial cable is de-termined by the physical geome-try of the cables cross section. Thesurfaces of the two conductorsform two plates of a capacitor withthe dielectric material betweenthem. The geometry of the con-ductors and the dielectric constantof the material determines thecapacitance of the cable.

In addition, the inner conductorof the cable also acts as a one -turninductor linked by flux lines thatare created by current flowingthrough the conductor. Thus, thegeometry of the conductors deter-mines the self-inductance of thecable.

The distributed capacitancealong a typical coaxial line iscommonly expressed in picofaradsper foot-and the distributed in-ductance is expressed in mi-crohenries per foot. For example, a75 -ohm coaxial line insulated withsolid polyethylene typically has acapacitance of 21 pF/ft., (17 pF/ftfor foam) and an inductance of ap-proximately 0.1 µH/ft.

The capacitance in a coaxialcable increases as: 1) the diameterof the inner conductor increases, 2)the diameter of the outer shielddecreases, and/or, 3) the dielectricconstant (or capacitivity) of the in-sulating material between themincreases.

Like capacitance, the induc-tance is also a function of the di-ameters, but from a practicalstandpoint, it is not affected by theconstant of the dielectric material.The permeability of the insulatingspace (or dielectric material) is, for

all practical purposes, equal to which, in turn, decreases theshunt capacitance.that of air.

Transmission LinesTransmission lines for televi-

sion and MATV signals are com-monly one of two types; 1) a 300 -ohm, balanced two -wire line (flattwin lead), or 2) a 75 -ohm, unbal-anced coaxial cable in varioussizes. The most commonly usedcoax types for MATV, in order ofpopularity and increasing size,are: RG-59/U, RG-6/U, and RG-11/U.

The Equivalent Circuit Of Coax Line

The equivalent circuit for a co-axial transmission line (Fig. 2)consists of series inductance (L)and shunt capacitance (C), both ofwhich are virtually constant withfrequency. In the line there is alsoseries resistance (R), which is in-herent in copper conductors, andsome shunt conductance (G), rep-resenting the dialectric loss of theimperfect dialectric materialwhich insulates the two conduc-tors. Both R and G, which increasewith frequency, contribute to TVsignal attenuation on the line.

Series inductance and shuntcapacitance determine the valueof the transmission line's charac-teristic impedance, Zo. An increasein shunt capacitance decreases Zo,while an increase in series induc-tance increases Zo.

Inductance And Capacitance

Series inductance in a coaxialcable is directly proportional to theratio of the diameters of the twoconductors, D/d (Fig. 3). As theratio D/d gets larger, so does thespacing(s) between the conduc-tors, causing an increase in theseries inductance.

Shunt capacitance in a coaxialcable is inversely proportional tothe ratio D/d. As the ratio getslarger, so does the spacing(s)

Calculating Characteristic Impedance

The mathematical expressionfor characteristic impedance is:

Zo = L/CNote that Zo is a function of the

ratio of inductance to capacitance,L/C, and is not affected by fre-quency. Because both L and C areaffected by the ratio D/d, Zo is prin-cipally determined by that ratioalso.

Coaxial -cable inductance andcapacitance may be calculatedfrom the following expressions:

L = 0.140 pr log (D/d in 1111/ft.)(pr = 1 for permeability ofmost dielectric materials)

C = 7.36er in pF/ft.log (D/d)

where er = dielectric constant ofinsulating material relative tothat of vacuum.

Dividing the expression for L bythat of C and taking the squareroot yields:

Zo = L/C = 138 log (D/d) in ohmser

Dielectric Material

As we have seen, the charac-teristic impedance of a cable orconnector is determined by thesize and spacing of the conductorsand, to a lesser degree, by the rela-tive dielectric constant of the in-sulating material separatingthem. The dielectric or insulatingmaterial may be air, or it may beeither solid or cellular (foam) ma-terial. Polyethylene is used almostexclusively as the dielectric mate-rial in flexible transmission lines,such as twinlead and coaxial ca-ble. It has a relative dielectric con-stant (er) of 2.3.

Dielectric Constants

The term 'dielectric constant' re -

Fig. 2-A simple schematic drawing of an equivalent circuit of an antenna transmission line.


fers to the ratio of the capacitanceof a capacitor with the givendielectric to the capacitance of acapacitor having air for its dielec-tric but otherwise identical to thefirst capacitor.

Vacuum, or dry air, has a rela-tive dielectric constant of unity (Er= 1). Other dielectric materials,such as solid polystyrene, poly-ethylene, or Teflon, have dielectricconstants relative to vacuum of2.6, 2.3 and 2.1, respectively. Fre-quently the space between conduc-tors consists of foamed polyeth-ylene (i.e., air cells in the materi-al). The air cells reduce the rela-tive dielectric constant to somevalue nearer to that of air, Sim-ply replacing solid polyethylenewith foam and keeping the geome-try the same reduces the shuntcapacitance by about 30 percentand increases the characteristicimpedance by about 20 percent.Foamed or cellular polyethylenedielectric also is commonly em-ployed to reduce dielectric loss,because air has a lower dielectricloss than that experienced withpolyethylene.

Some larger, semi -rigid alumi-num -sheathstyrene discs to support the centerconductor and enable the cable'sdielectric constant to closely ap-proach a dielectric constant of air.This construction not only reducesthe size of the cable for a givencharacteristic impedance, but also

significantly reduces dielectricloss.

Loss and Attenuation

Transmitted energy is lost in atransmission line through: 1) theresistance in the conductors, and2), the dielectric loss representingthe electrical work done by thevoltage stressing the dielectricmaterial.

Signal voltage along the line isattenuated by the preceding twofactors, as well as by the combinedshunt capacitive reactance andseries inductive reactance. At-tenuation is commonly expressedin dB per 100 ft. of line, and itincreases with frequency.

Skin effect, which also increaseswith frequency, results in an in-creasing voltage drop along theconductors. Dielectric loss be-haves like a high shunt resistanceacross the shunt capacitance. Skineffect and dielectric loss generateheat, which establishes the powerrating of a cable. Because theselosses increase with frequency, thecable power rating must be de-rated as the frequency increases.However, with MATV signals,negligible power is dissipated.

Variables and Their Effect

As the conductors come closertogether, the capacitance betweenthem increases; this lowers thecharacteristic impedance and in-creases signal attenuation. Like -

Table I100 Mliz

Type Zo Jacket Shield Dielectric Center Attenuation CapacitanceCable Ohms 0.0. I.D. Material Conductor dB.100 't. pF ft.

1. RG-11/1J 75 0.405 0.285 Solid #18 AWG 20 20.5Polyethylene

2. RG-11tU 75 0.405 0.285 Cellular #14 AWG 1 5 17.3Polyethylene

3. RG-213/U 50 0.405 0.285 Solid #13 AWG 2.0 30.8Polyethylene

4. RG-59/U 0.242 0.146 Solid #22 AWG 3 -1 21.0Polyethylene

5. RG-59/U 0.242 0.146 Cellular #20 AWG 2C 17.3Polyethylene

6. RG-6A/U .0332 ,.0185 Solid #21 AWG 2 CI 20.5Polyethylene

7. RG-61U 75 0.270 0.185 Cellular #18 AWG 21 17.3Polyethylene

Table I-Specifications Chart of Coaxial Cables For TV Transmission Lines.

wise, an increase in the dielectricconstant of the insulating mate-rial increases the shunt capaci-tance and lowers the characteris-tic impedance.

If we were to vary the dielectricmaterial in a coaxial cable of fixeddimensions to effect a change incharacteristic impedance, wewould find that an air dielectricwould provide the highest value ofcharacteristic impedance and low-est loss. Foam polyethylene wouldbe next, and solid polyethylenewould offer the smallest Zo and thehighest loss.

If we were to vary only the con-ductor spacing in the coaxial ca-ble, we would find that the largestconductor separation would pro-vide the largest characteristic im-pedance.

Thus, the characteristic impe-dance of a coaxial cable is alteredby: 1) changing the size of theinner conductor, 2) changing thedielectric material composition, or3) the inner diameter of the shield.

For example, let us consider thethree larger coaxial cables shownin Table I -75 -ohm RG-11/U, withsolid polyethylene; 75 -ohmRG-11/U with cellular polyethyl-ene; and 50 -ohm RG-213/U withsolid polyethylene. All have anoutside diameter of 0.405 inchesand an inside shield diameter of0.285. The sizes of the center con-ductors of these cables are: #18AWG, #14 AWG, and #13 AWG,respectively. Because the secondcable uses cellular -polyethylenedielectric, the capacitance and losswill normally be less than the firstcable.

Since both cables are 75 ohms, alarger center conductor (#14 AWG


InnerConductor

DielectricMaterial

Fig. 3-Drawing of the cross-section of a typicalcoaxial cable.

JUNE 1977, ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN DEALER , 39

TEST INSTRUMENT REPORT

Fig. 1-For more information about this test instrument, circle 127 on the Reader Service Card in this issue.

Data Precision's Model 1455 DMM The Model 1455 is an AC/DC-powered 4-1/2 digit multimeterwhich is capable of performing thefollowing measurements: DC volts, from 100 µV to 1000 V,in four manually -selected ranges(1, 10, 100, 1000) AC volts, from 100 µV to 500V(RMS), in four manually -selectedranges (1, 10, 100, 500) Current, both AC and DC, fromWA to 2A, in four manually -selected ranges (1, 10, 100, 1000) Resistance, from 100 milliohmsto 20 megohms, in five manually -selected ranges (1, 10, 100, 1000,lOmeg).

The 0.5 -inch -high, 4-1/2 digitdisplay of the 1455 is equippedwith 7 -segment plasma planarreadouts. Display -related operat-ing features of the 1455 include: Automatic positioning of the de-cimal point by the range swith Automatic polarity indication(both +' and '-'indicators are

provided) Overrange indication (when thequantity being measured exceedsthe 100% overrange capability ofthe selected range, all digits areblanked and only the decimalpoint and polarity indicators re-main illuminated).

The Model 1455 may be oper-ated either from AC or from itsown built-in rechargeable batterypack, which, when fully re-charged, provides a minimum of 6hours of in -spec operation. The1455's built-in battery rechargerfunctions continuously when theremovable power cord of the 1455is plugged into an AC source, evenwhen the FUNCTION switch is inthe 'OFF' position. (Recharging ofthe built-in NiCad battery packfrom a fully discharged to a fully -charged condition requires 12hours of continuous charge.) The1455 is automatically powered byits battery pack whenever the line

cord is not plugged into an ACsource.

The 1455 can be AC -poweredfrom either 105-125VAC or 210-250VAC. Selection of either ofthese two AC power ranges is ac-complished by an internally -mounted switch.

The Model 1455 is 3.5 incheshigh, 8.5 inches wide, and 7.25inches deep. (A built-in handle,which also functions as avariable -tilt stand, increases theoverall width to 9.75 inches andadds 2 inches to the overall depthwhen in the carrying position, orto the overall height when in thestand position.)

Price of Data Precision's Model1455 DMM-including a pair oftest probes, a detachable line cord,a set ofNiCad batteries, and a com-prehensive instruction manual-is $355. (A 30-KV high voltageprobe, Model V-50, is availableon an optional basis for $25.)


\ 1455 RANG

( . n ....

d,or. OPE,S.CN

Fig. 2-Principal operating controls and physical features of DataPrecision's Model 1455 DMM.

Fig.Item Name Description/Function

1 Display 4 Decimal digits and MSD "1";range -selected decimal point dis-play; automatic polarity 1+ and -)indication. 7 -segment plasma'planar display units.

2 Function Rotary 6 -position switch. Selectsone of 5 measuring functions andOFF.

3 Range Rotary 5 -position switch. Selectsone of four full-scale ranges forvoltage or current measurements,or one of five full-scale ranges forresistance measurements. Decimalpoint location is located by sameselection.

4 Inputs Receptacles for probe terminals.HI and COM COM designation for reference

lead of DC measurements. HI in-put polarity with respect to COMinput is displayed automat,cally.

5 Handle/Support Carrying handle; also sued as tilt -up support for bench use.

6 Line cord receptacle For 110 or 220 VAC inputs. (Sourceselection switch internally mounted.)

7 Fuse; 1/10 Slow Blow Power -protect fuse; protects againsteffects of excessive drain by a mal-functioning instrument.

8 Fuse 2A Input -protect fuse; protects in-strument circuits against excessivecurrent (>2A) inputs. When inDCmA or ACmA functions.

9 Calibration Table Calibration InstructionsProcedural Sequence

10 Adjustments 6 calibrating adjustments forrange scales.

11 Test Point To check battery charge

Speed TV repairswith the latestGeneral Electric

Symptom Repair ManualThe 1977 SymptomRepair Manual lists avariety of symptomsfor individual GeneralElectric television chassisand tells you what tocheck and in what order.These symptoms andrepairs were developedfrom thousands of servicetechnician invoices andrepresent the combinedexperience of hundredsof technicians.

GENERAL ELECTRICTELEVISION

SYMPTOMREPAIRMANUAL

PROFESSIONALTE-OHNICIANS

a-ECK UST

GENERAL *ELECTRIC

The 67 -page manualis 51/2" by 81/2" and fits neatly in your tool caddy.

Free to subscribers cf GE Technical Data, theSymptom Repair Manual is offered to every non -subscribing technician for $1.00 handling charge(four copies - $3.00). Effective use of the manualsaves time, money and aggravation and helps tobuild your reputation for fast, reliable service.Send the coupon to order yours today.

"DUTCH" MEYERGENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANYCOLLEGE BOULEVARDPORTSMOUTH, VA. 23705

PLEASE CHECK ITEMS DESIRED: ONE SYMPTOM REPAIR MANUAL ($1.00 Enclosed) FOUR COPIES OF ABOVE MANUAL ($3.00 Enclosed)

ENCLOSED IS ( ) CHECK ( ) CASH OR( ) MONEY ORDER. (NO C.O.D. PLEASE)

Please send details on GE Technical Data SubscriptionPlans which include all updatings of the SymptomRepair Manual.

NAME

SERVICE COMPANY

ADDRESS

CITY STATE ZIP

It's our business to makeyour business easier.

GENERALO ELECTRIC

J


NEW PRODUCTSDescriptions and specifications of the products in-cluded in this department are provided by the man-ufacturers. For additional information, circle the cor-responding numbers on the Reader Service Card inthis issue.

SOLDERING STATION 132

A new soldering station that fea-tures stepless dialing through a tem-perature range of 175° to 910° is nowavailable from American Beauty.Solid-state circuitry in the new stationmaintains the desired temperature,with a dial that indicates bothFahrenheit and Celsius. Work is pro-tected from voltage -leak damage bygrounded, low -voltage, line -isolating

transformer and grounded solderingtip. The handpiece of the iron is light-weight with a four -foot super -flexible,oil -resistant cord. Heating element isbuilt into the soldering tip, close to thepoint, which is pure iron and pre -tinned. Two replacement tips areavailable: needle point and chisel.Both may be filed to special shapes bythe user to fit the job.

POWERED HAND TRUCK 133

A new powered hand truck, calledManhandler Supreme, has been intro-duced by Escalera, Inc. The new unit

features a 20% weight reduction withno decrease in payload and a provisionto change climbing speed for variousloads. It is said to be designed so thatone person can move heavy, bulkyitems up and down stairs with safetyand efficiency. Aluminum portablesteps are used to load or unload de-livery vehicles, saving the installationand cost of a power lift gate. The re-chargeable battery power source andlifting mechanism are self-containedwithin a basic aluminum hand truck.The new device is available with a ca-pacity of 700 or 1200 pounds andcomes complete with battery and au-tomatic chargers.

WIRE -WRAPPING TOOL 134

A new double -ended wire wrappingand unwrapping tool has been intro-duced by Vector Electronic. CalledModel P160-9, the new device has awire -wrapping bit on one end and anunwrapping bit on the other end forfast, single -tool wrapped -wire termi-nations. It can be used with a powertool or manually, and is said to make

gas -tight terminations on 0.025 inchsquare posts, using 26 to 30 AWGwire. To remove a wire, the tool is sim-ply turned end for end. The wrappingbit has an 0.070 inch radius which al-lows wire termination of 0.025 inchsquare posts on 0.100 inch centers. Abit depth of 0.56 inches permits threewrap levels. The unwrapping bit has aspring -loaded sleeve that retains andejects the wire after removal, prevent-ing loose wire from falling into the in-terconnections. The manual version ispriced at $18.40, and the power toolsells for $45.68.

MEGOHM INSULATION TESTER 135

A new combination megohm insula-tion tester -ohmmeter -AC voltmeter isnow available from Sperry Instru-ments. Called the Meg -O -Volt, thenew instrument is available in twomodels, the 510, featuring a 100megohm scale with a 2 megohm

midscale, and the 520, which has a1,000 megohm scale with a 20 megohmmidscale. Both models have Rx 1 andRx100 resistance scales, as well as a0-300 AC voltage scale. They featurekeyboard push-button controls,threaded test leads, and a shock -resistant plastic housing. Powered by8 AA batteries, the meter is portable.It develops a 500 VDC test voltage forinsulation testing.

CB & FM TRAPS 136

A new trap that can be added to theantenna terminals of any TV set tofilter out CB interference has been in-troduced by Jerrold Electronics. Des-ignated CBT-300, the new trap filtersout all CB frequencies (26.99 MHz to27.3 MHz) from the TV tuner input.The CBT-300 reduces CB signals ar-riving at the tuner to about 10%(-20dB) of the strength at antennaterminals. Also introduced by Jerroldis the model RFT-300, a tunable FMtrap that can be tuned to attenuate

JERROLD 0 - -

111111111

r--


D

AIM

:4KPRECISION

JjBESTBUYS

OSCILLOSCOPESDual -Trace 5"-15MHz Triggered Sweep 24nSEC rise time permits display of fIgh-speed square wave pulses Dual trace display Individual vertical sensitivity and positioningcontrols Large 8 x 10cm rectargular viewing area Front -panelVectorscope operation with matctied-sensitivity inputs 19 calibratedsweep ranges Intensity modulation (Z-axis) input for time or frequencymarkers Internal calibration source 100% solid state (except CRT) Compact, lightweight and rugged Protective carryi-ig case andaccessory probes optionalModel 1472C

3"-5MHzSolid State

Oscilloscope High sensitivity CB modulation monitor Ultra

compact and lightweight (weighs only 81/2 Ibs); goes anywhere Vertical sensitivity 10mV/divisior New high brightness CRTand smoked -glass graticule Can be externally triggered Protective carrying case and accessory probes optional

Model 1403A

Dual -Trace 5"-10MHz Triggered Sweep Usable deflection to 15MHz 35nSEC rise time permits accurate display ofhigh-speed square wave pulses Large 8 a 10cm rectangular viewing area Front -panel Vectorscope operation with matched -sensitivity inputs TTL compatible intensity modulation (Z-axis) input for time or frequencymarkers and character displays Internal calibration source 100% solid state (except CRT) Compact, light -weight and rugged Protective carrying case andaccessory probes optionalModel 1471B

Dual -Trace 5"-30 MHz Triggered Scope 11.7 nS rise time 30 MHz dual trace operation Internalsignal delay line 21 position sweep switch Intensity modulationcompatible for 5V p -p Illuminated graticule Interna0.5 V p -p t 1% calibration source 100% solid state (except CRT X -Y Vectorscope capability High performance/cost ratio Protective carrying case and accessory probes optional

Model 1474

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any FM signal (88 to 108 MHz), or anyindustrial radio station frequency.Both models are priced at $4.75.

LONG-RANGE DETECTIONSYSTEM 137

A new electric eye detection systemfor use at long range, indoor and out-door, is available now from MountainWest Alarm. The device has been de-signed to protect buildings havinglong interior or exterior spans. If the

beam is interrupted on the unit for aslittle as 50 milliseconds, an outputrelay triggers the alarm, sounder ordialer. It automatically resets 1 to 2seconds after the alarm. Standby bat -

Save design, troubleshootingand evaluation time with the

Fluke Temperature Probe.

The 80T-150 Temperature Probe can be used with any voltmeter to quickly locate malfunction-ing and overstressed components, or to confirm difficult thermal calculations.

The Fluke 80T-150Temperature Probe eas-ily converts any DVM toa direct reading ther-mometer (1mV/degree).Range is -50°C to +150°C(or -58°F to +302°F)and the probe can be usedin surface, air or liquid

applications. Additionally,a 350V standoff allowsmeasurement of live cir-cuits. It is fast respond-ing and battery powered.$125.*

Call today -800-426-0361 toll-free-and askfor Application Bulletin

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teries guarantee operation for up to 10hours in case of power failure. It comeswith beam source, receiver, recharge-able batteries, one transformer, andinstallation instructions. Priced at$349.

AM/FM STEREO RECEIVERS 138

A new line of AM/FM stereo receiv-ers that feature a dual gate MOSFETfront end for sensitivity and selectiv-ity has been introduced by Marantz.The three models in the line produce26 watts, 38 watts and 52 watts, re-spectively, minimum continuouspower per channel, with both channelsdriven, covering a power band of 20 Hz

to 20,000 Hz. The 26 watt model israted at no more than 0.2'7( total har-monic distortion with an 8 ohm load,and the 38 watt and 52 watt modelsare rated at no more than 0.1% totalharmonic distortion. All three areequipped with zone detented tone con-trols for variation of bass, mid -rangeand treble frequencies for tone en-hancement. A phase lock loop multi-plex demodulator produces stereo sep-aration with lower harmonic distor-tion and maximum noise rejection.

LOW -VOLTAGESOLDERING STATION 139

A new low -voltage miniature solderstation designed for soldering compo-nents which are sensitive to heat,voltage and current has been intro-duced by Weller-Xcelite. The newproduct features a "closed loop" sys-tem with a grounded tip and automat-ic control of maximum tip tempera-ture. The unit is complete with achoice of 650° or 750° F lightweightpencil -type iron with a "freeze -proof"tip assembly, a quick connect/discon-nect receptacle for attaching eitheriron, an on/of switch and red indicatorlight, receptacle and sponge, non -heat


44 I ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER, JUNE 1977

sinking pencil holder, and three -wirenon -burning cord. The power unit op-erates from line voltage with a step-down transformer. A 1/64 inch conicaltip is provided, and seven other typesand sizes are available.

CB/AM/FM DISGUISE ANTENNA 140

A new cowl -mounted CB -AM -FMdisguise antenna for 40 channels isnow available from Antenna Incorpo-rated. Called the Model 11004, thenew antenna is identical in appear-ance to most standard replacement

AM -FM receiving antennas, and ispretuned at the factory for a standingwave ratio of 1.5:1 or less across all 40channels. Model 11004 includes anin -line coaxial cable connector for easyinstallation, and 18 feet of low lossRG-58/U coaxial cable.

LOW -DISTORTIONOSCILLATOR KIT 141

A new low -distortion oscillator foraudio testing is now avialable in kitform and already -wired from theHeath Company. In kit form, the in-strument is designated IG-1272, andfully -assembled, SG -1272. The newoscillator features a low -distortionsine wave output over a frequencyrange from less than 5 Hz to 100kHz. It has both pushbutton andvariable -frequency operation, and aflat output across the entire frequencyrange. Attenuation accuracy is ± 0.2dB. Hum and noise are rated at 0.01%or less. The kit form is priced at$129.95 and the assembled oscillatorat $190.

r:-77114- a"s W

IND. SEMICONDUCTORScontinued from page 30ing applications, including manyof the latest innovations broughtabout by advances in solid-stateelectronics technology.

The book begins with a look athow electronics is used in variousindustrial applications, and thenproceeds to describe the varioustypes of transducers used to con -

Triad KeepsYou Covered

The only time we can't give youan exact replacement is when we

give you one better.Triad gives you maximum coverage on replacement flybacks and yokes

for all major television receivers- as well as sets that are less known. The TriadTV Replacement Guide cross-references the original manufacturer's part num-bers to the correct Triad part. And you'll almost always find an exact replacement- not a part that's "nearly like" the original.

In fact, if you don't find an exact replacement, chances are you'll find arugged ized version of the original, designed and built to give a higher degree ofperformance and longer life. But Triad doesn't expect you to re -construct orre -engineer a television chassis to accommodate a replacement part. Triadflybacks and yokes are all mechanically and electrically correct.

For 25 years, Triad replacement parts have been listed in Sams Photo -fact folders, Counterfacts and other Sams publications. So see your Triad dis-tributor when you need the right replacement. Ask him for a copy of the TriadTV Replacement Guide. Or write us direct.

TRIAD-UTRADLitton Distributor Services305 North Bnant Street. Huntington. Indiana 46750

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FREE CATALOG

vert the physical qualities intoelectrical signals which can bemeasured or monitored. This leadsto a thorough discussion of systemcomponents-the "buildingblocks" used to put together anysystem.

The reader will learn about themethods and devices used to au-tomatically inspect, sort, andcount, and about digital processcontrol techniques that have beendeveloped to "tell" machines howto perform repetitive operations.The book also provides in-depthcoverage of electronic heating,welding and machining devices,plus ultrasonic cleaning, liquidprocessing, and laser applications.Electronic safety devices are cov-ered, too, along with the powerconversion and control equipmentused between sensitive transduc-ers and amplifiers, and the circuits

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that control the operation of heavymachine -type equipment.

CONTENTS: Industrial Elec-tronics: Purpose & Means-Transducers-System BuildingBlocks-Automatic Inspection,Sorting & Counting-Digital Pro-cess Control-Electronic Heating,Welding & Machining-Electron-ic Safety Devices-Power Conver-sion & Control

CHAR. IMPEDANCEcontinued from page 39

compared to #18 AWG) is used inthe second cable to reduce thespace between conductors and re-store the capacitance from 20.5 to17.3 pF/ft to maintain the 75 -ohmcharacteristic impedance. Be-cause of the larger center conduc-tor, the inductance has also beenreduced. This results in cable No. 2having a smaller capacitance,smaller inductance, lower loss andhigher current -carrying capabil-ity, or lower voltage drop, thancable No. 1.

Cable No. 3 is the same as cableNo. 1, except that it uses a still

MULTI -PURPOSE TOOLDOES 4 ELECTRICALJOBS.

It grips with plier-like jaws. It crimpsall types of terminals. It cuts a variety of

wire sizes. It strips wires 12 gauge to 22gauge. It has a sturdy Self -Opening Spring. Save

space and tool costs by using a handy HunterPlike, sturdily made with high carbon steel andcushioned vinyl grip. Free Catalog of our Plikeand other hand tools, write to Hunter Tools, le9674 Telstar Ave.,El Monte, Ca. 91731. Hinter Tools

From the Group Called Marshall


46 ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN,DEALER, JUNE 1977

larger center conductor, #13AWG, to decrease the inductanceand increase the power rating andthe capacitance. This reduces thecharacteristic impedance from 75to 50 ohms and maintains the sig-nal attenuation at about 2.0dB/100 ft. Cable No. 2, on the otherhand, employs cellular polyethyl-ene, and thus has a loss of only 1.5dB/100 ft. at 100 MHz.

75 -OHM Coax For MATV

Generally speaking, 75 -ohmcable has lower loss and attenua-tion, while 50 -ohm cable has ahigher power -handling capability.For this reason, MATV/CATV ap-plications use 75 -ohm cable be-cause runs are long and loss is crit-ical. On the other hand, two-wayradio or broadcasting systems use50 -ohm cable because it musthandle large amounts of RFpower.

Considering only 75 -ohmMATV/CATV cable, there arethree common sizes of flexible co-axial cable, and three sizes ofsemi -rigid aluminum sheath ca-ble. In increasing size, they areRG-59/U, RG-6/U, RG-11/U, in theflexible, and 0.412, 0.500 and

O.D.minum sheath.

The primary reason for using alarger cable is the lower power lossand attenuation. In applicationswhere line amplifiers and antennapreamps must be remotely pow-ered, a larger center conductormight be necessary to avoid an ex-cessive DC voltage drop. If the cen-ter conductor diameter is in-creased to accommodate highercurrent and the characteristic im-pedance and the dielectric mate-rial remains the same, the shieldinside diameter then must in-crease to maintain the same D/d.This results in a larger overall -size cable having a smaller powerloss and less signal attenuation.

If all system components arenominally 75 -ohms input and out-put, the cable used to interconnectthem, for proper matching, shouldbe 75 ohms.

So-how does one know thenominal characteristic impedanceof a coaxial cable? Actually, thereis no easy way to measure it. Youcan't just look at it and tell, andyou can't measure it with anohmmeter as you would discreteresistors. If you can carefully mea-

sure the conductor diameters anddetermine the type of dielectric,you can calculate the Zo. Or, if youhave suitable instruments, youcan measure the VSWR with sev-eral known loads and, thus, ap-proximate the Zo. But the best ad-vice we can give is to buy cablemade, marked and specified by awell-known, reputable cablemanufacturer.

Don't Shop For Bargains

Because of the many manufac-turing variations, don't buy sur-plus, unmarked 'bargain' cable forTV. Manufacturing variations af-fect characteristic impedance andsignal loss, and may result instanding waves at certain fre-quencies. So buy only cable madeexpressly for VHF/UHF-TV.

Look for manufacturers whosweep -test their MATV/CATV ca-ble. Such tests offer you the high-est assurance of uniform qualityand characteristic impedance, andthus, virtually eliminate potentialcable problems. Trouble -shootingand call-backs on problems causedby 'cheap' cable will cost manytimes more than the savings real-ized from a 'bargain'.

VERTICAL SWEEPcontInuecl /rum page 19

which the conduction of one outputtransistor ceases and the conduc-tion of the other begins is con-trolled by vertical crossover tran-sistor Q212 and the RC combina-tion of R222 and C213.

Input to the vertical output sec-tion is from the collector of Class -Adriver transistor Q210, which ef-fectively acts as a linearly varyingresistance between the +22 -voltsource on its emitter and the volt-age divider connected to its collec-tor (R224, R223 and R222).

During the bottom half of verti-cal scan, the following circuit ac-tions occur in the output section: Q210 is approaching maximumconduction and the resultant cur-rent through divider R224/R223/R222 has developed a sufficientlypositive voltage on the 'top' ofR222 (the emitter of PNP Q212) toforward bias the emitter -basejunction of Q212, causing it to con-duct. Conduction of Q212 shortsacross R222, increasing the posi-tive voltage applied to the base of

MEETOUR Imlay of

ELECTRONIC TESTACCESSORIES

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POMONA ELECTRONICS ITT

The 1977 edition of our family album of electronic test acces-sories (illustrated above) is yours for the asking.Our new general catalog has grown to 82 pages. It describesand illustrates every one of the 600 -plus members of the ITTPomona Electronics family, including 28 new items that havebeen added for the first time this year.You'll find this comprehensive catalog will be your best singlesource for high quality test accessories in every phase ofelectronic testing. For your free copy, circle the reader ser-vice number listed below, or write:

ITT POMONA ELECTRONICS1500 East Ninth St., Pomona, Calif. 91766

Telephone (714) 623-3463. TWX. 910-581-3822


JUNE 1977. ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER / 47

PNP Q213, keeping it in cutoff andprevents the conduction of Q202. Simultaneously, the base -emit-ter current of Q212 turns on Q203,whose emitter -collector currentflows through the vertical deflec-tion coils in the direction shown inFig. 3A. This causes the CRT beamto scan from the center of thescreen to the bottom and, in theprocess, charges capacitorsC211A/B to the polarity indicatedin Fig. 3A.

When the conduction of Q210reaches its maximum level andabruptly decreases ('BOTTOM OF

RASTER') in the waveform inFigs. 3A and B), the following cir-cuit actions occur: The positive voltage on the lop'of R222 (the emitter of Q212)abruptly decreases to a levelwhich no longer provides forwardbiasing of the emitter -base junc-tion of Q212 and, consequently,Q212 ceases conduction. As a result of the cut off of theemitter -base current of Q212,Q203 also abruptly ceases conduc-tion and the magnetic field of thedeflection coils collapses, deflect-ing the CRT beam to the top of the

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screen (retrace). Simultaneously, as a result ofthe abrupt cut off of Q210, thepositive voltage across the R224/R223/R222 divider suddenly de-creases, effectively creating anegative -going pulse at the lop' ofR223. This forward biases thebase -emitter junction of PNPQ213, causing it to conduct. The resultant current in thecollector -emitter junction of Q213creates sufficient base -emittercurrent in Q202 to turn it on. (Thepositive charges previously builtup on the '+' sides of capacitorsC211A/B and C209 during thebottom -scan sequence providesthe collector -base junction reversebias necessary for the forwardconduction of Q202.) Conduction of Q202 provides adischarge path for capacitorsC211A/B, which, as shown in Fig.3B, is from the plate of the ca-pacitors to ground through thevertical deflection coils andR228A/B, and `up' from groundthrough the emitter -collectorjunction of Q202 to the '+' plates ofthe capacitors. The resultant yokecurrent, which produces scan of

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the top half of the CRT screen,flows in a direction opposite to thatwhich produced scan of the bottomhalf of the screen.

The conduction of Q210 beginslinearly increasing again at theend of retrace (`TOP OF RASTER'in Figs. 3A and B). Consequently,the voltage developed across di-vider R224/R223/R222 also beginsincreasing, toward a level of +20volts. At a scan time correspond-ing to a point near the center of theraster (dotted line in the waveformin Figs. 3A and B) the voltage de-veloped at the `top' of R222 be-comes sufficiently positive to onceagain forward bias the base -emitter of Q212. The resultantconduction of Q212 starts a repeatof the previously described se-quence of circuit actions.

TROUBLES & TROUBLESHOOTINGPROCEDURES

Trouble symptoms related toabnormal operation of the XA ver-tical sweep system (and of varia-tions of it employed in other chas-sis) fall into the following two gen-eral categories and related sub-categories:

Sync -Related Symptoms

From a troubleshooting view-point, sync -related trouble symp-toms can be divided into the fol-lowing two subcategories:

Vertical and horizontal syncboth missing or erratic-In suchcases the cause is usually in one ofthe stages preceding the pointwhere the horizontal and verticalsync are removed from the com-posite video signal and routedseparately to their respectivesweep systems. In the XA chassis,this point is the base of the syncinverter (Q204 in Fig. 1).

Only vertical sync missing or er-ratic (horizontal sync normal)-When only vertical sync is af-fected, the source of the defectusually is in either the 'vertical'portion of the sync separator cir-cuit or the frequency -determiningcomponents of the vertical oscil-lator. In the XA type of verticalsweep system, the most probablecauses of missing or erratic syncare: R208, Q204, R209, R210 (all ofwhich are shown in Fig.1, exceptR08, which is in the base circuit ofQ204), or the following frequen-cy -affecting components in the os-cillator circuit (Fig. 1): R211,

R212, R214, R215 and C205.

Height -and VerticalLinearity -Related Symptoms

The three general subcategoriesinto which most height- and/orlinearity -related trouble symp-toms fall are: no vertical sweep(only horizontal line on screen),insufficient height, and nonlinear-ity.

Because of the interdependentoperation of the vertical oscillator,differential amplifier and verticaloutput section, any one of thesefunctional sections can cause any

of the preceding three sub-categories of symptoms.

Consequently, to facilitate iso-lation of the cause of height -and/or linearity -related troublesymptoms, GE has developed andrecommends the use of the logicaltroubleshooting sequence outlinedin Table 1. Additionally, as a sup-plemental aid to the procedures inTable 1, GE also has prepared across-reference of common verticalsweep -related trouble symptomsand their most likely causes in theXA chassis. This cross-reference isreproduced in Table 2.

Intervoxminiaturesspeak quality atunheard ofprices.

The Intervox LS Seriesincludes nine popular 8 ohmmodels for original and replace-ment use in alarm devices, inter-coms, portable radios, tape re-corders.1V3V games and CB Radios.Other impedances including 3.2. 4, 16. 40 &100 ohms are also available.

Choose from 13/47 27 21/27 21/27 23A ',' 3 & 31/2"round frames plus 3" & 31/2" square frames. Allwith a fully enclosed 0.34 oz. Alnico V magnet.

Cone material is weatherproof paper withthe frame of cadmium plated steel.

MINIATURESPEAKERS

Rated power is between 0.1 and 0.8watts. Frequency response is from 520

Hz -4 KHz in the 13A " model to 230 Hzto 5 KHz in the 31/2" model. Sensitivity isapproximately 90 dB/watt in all models.

Each speaker is attractively housed in asecure, shrink-wrapped package. And theirversatile shipping container, which holdstwenty speakers, can be used as a colorfulcounter display or stock bin carton.

We don't know of any other miniaturespeaker series of this quality that is pricedbetter. We'd be happy to give you all the facts.Write or call us today.

International CInternational Components Corporation

105 Maxess Road. Melville. New York 11746 (516) 293-1500/TELEX # 143130MINIATURE, GENERAL REPLACEMENT & PROFESSIONAL AUTO SPEAKERS


CLASSIFIEDRATES: 40 cents per word (minimum charge. $10).Bold face words or words in all capital letterscharged at 50 cents per word. Boxed or display adscharged at $46 per column inch(one inch minimum).For ads using blind box number, add $3 to total costof ad. Send ad copy with payment to: Susan Heller -man. ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER, 757Third Avenue, N.Y., N.Y. 10017.

BOX NUMBER REPLIES: Mail box number repliesto: ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER, Clas-sified Ad Department, One East First Street, Duluth,MN 55802. Please include box number in address.

Business Opportunities

TV and CB SERVICE STATION FORSALE. Eastern New York State, rural areanear large cities. 52 year old business.Owner must sell, health reasons. Littlecompetition. Plenty of work for two goodtechnicians. Apartment over shop avail-able. Also appliance sales/service in adjoin-ing building available. Good TV CB andappliance franchises. For more informationwrite Box 107, ELECTRONIC TECHNI-CIAN/DEALER, 1 East First St., Duluth,MN 55802. 7 77

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ELECTRONICS/AVIONICS EM-PLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES. Re-port on jobs now open. Details FREE. Avi-ation Employment Information Service,Box 240 Y, Northport, New York 11768. 6/77

TV SALES & SERVICE business ingrowing community in Colorado. Re-quires $8,000 cash down and assumptionof low interest loan. Send inquiries toELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER,Box 108, 1 East First St., Duluth, MN55802. 677

TV Picture tube rebuilding operation, in-cludes four position, automatic oven. Onlyone going in area. $12,000. Building avail-able. Details: 2333 Compton, St. Louis, MO63104. 6 77

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Wanted

RIDERS MANUALS WANTED. Vol-umes I, H, III, IV and V or I -V in one vol-ume. Please send price and condition. C.Kirsten, 1659 Kenwood Ave., Alexandria,VA 22302. 7:77

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CALL THE POLICE (or anyone else)AUTOMATICALLY. Model 672 dialingunit $29.95. Send today for your freecatalog of high quality burglar and firealarm equipment at low prices. S&S Sys-tems, 5619 E St. John, Kansas City, MO64123. 6 77

Construction Plans

REPAIR TV TUNERS -High earnings,Complete Course Details, 12 Repair Tricks,Many Plans, Two Lessons, all for $2. Re-fundable. Frank Bocek, Box 3236, Ent.,Redding, CA 96001. TF

send a message......write here.

1. Number of insertions: (circle) 1 2 3 6 12

2. Start with (month) issue (Copy must be in by 1st of month preceding)3. Amount enclosed' $

PAYMENT MUST ACCOMPANY ORDER. WE'LL BILL RATED FIRMS. NO AGENCY COMMISSION.

NAME COMPANY

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MAIL AD COPY TO: SUSAN HELLERMAN, ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER, 757 THIRDAVENUE, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017.

RATES: 40 cents per word(minimum charge, $10). Bold face words or words in all capital lettersI charged at 50 cents per word. Boxed or display ads charged at $46 per column inch (one inch

minimum). For ads using blind box number, add $3 to tota' cost of ad.L _J

ELECTRONIC classifiedTECHNICIAN/DEALER w.1


PICTURE TUBE MACHINEWe buy and sell NEW AND USED CRT re-building machinery. COMPLETE TRAINING.Buy with CONFIDENCE from the ORIGINALMFGR. For complete details, send name, ad-dress and zip code to.

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FOR SALE: UHF TUNERS. Completeline of solid state plus some RCAKRK66AM and Philco UT -51. $10.00 pluspostage and handling. Metropolitan TV,3341 Kensington Ave., Philadelphia, PA19134. Phone 215 423-2502. 10/77

Speaker Recoiling. 20 years experience.Send for price list. Extra discount on 10 ormore. Sorensen TV, Box 38, Plymouth,Iowa 50464. 7/77

TV AND RADIO TUBES .360 EA!! Send forfree color parts catalog. Your order free ifnot shipped in 24 hours. Cornell Elec-tronics 4215-17 University San DiegoCalifornia 92105. TF

Japanese Transistors, I.C's Parts, Orig-inal parts for less. Examples: 2SC1678Transistor 2.50, 2SC1306 3.30, 2SA699 .85,TA7205P 3.00, 2SC828 .50. Free list, OraElectronics, Box 7548, Van Nuys, CA91409. 7177

FOR

SERVICE DEALERS ONLYNow you can buy directly-at substan-tial savings-Top-Line PR brand pro-fessional Solid -State replacements forall entertainment and industrial types.These are professional devices whichreplace over 130,000 industry types,and you buy them at savings of ap-proximately 40% below regular dealercost. To order: Send us the ECG, SK,or GE numbers that you need and wewill promptly ship you the premium PRdirect replacements-plus a free PRReplacement Guide. Remember,these are all premium, 2 -year warrantydevices-No Culls, No Seconds-only professional Top -Line quality.Orders over $10.00 shipped free; or-ders up to $10.00 add 750 for UPS.Orders over $100.00 receive 5% dis-count. To approximate amount of yourorder, deduct 40% from dealer cost ofthe ECG, SK, or GE types.Send your order in now to:

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For Sale -100 new RCA, SYL, GE Radio.TV tubes, 85% off list plus shipping for all.C. Shaw, 321 Dawn, Ridgecrest, CA93555. i3 77

REPLACEMENT COLOR YOKES -DEALERS ONLY. Zenith 95-2501-2532-2638-2667-S89633 etc. $16.95. Magnavox361380-1 $18.95 etc. Sylvania, G.E. etc.$14.95 to $19.95. Request for price list onyour letterhead. David Sims Enterprises,Inc., 665 Jerricho Turnpike, HuntingtonStation, N.Y. 11746. TF

LINEAR AMPLIFIER for C.B., 2 -meter,walkie-talkie. Tiny Solid -State PortableUnit produces 100 Watt PEP from Milli -watts and can be inserted inside existingunit. Build for about $20. Send $5.00 forplans to: J. Martin Peter, P. 0. Box 07071.Milwaukee, WI 53207.

SEEKING ORIGINAL JAPANESETRANSISTORS, IC, FET AND DI-ODES FOR CB REPAIR USE? Write orcall for our list and compare prices. Fuji-Svea Enterprise, Dept. ET, P.O. Box40325, Cincinnati, OH 45240. (513) 874-0220. 7/77

BRADFORD PARTS!!TUNERS-MODULES-KNOBSALL TV & APPLIANCE PARTS

FOR BRADFORD

Bradford Service Manuals $8.00

VDR/Therm Kits $1.25 ea. Lots 20Identical to WKM FRT-2 Why pay $3.25?

Send $1.50 For CatalogRefuidable On First OrderMany Other Unbelievable

Bargains On Brand New Parts

PARTST M C

57 Enfield St.

Enfield, CT 06082

1-203-745-6898

Perform adeath -defying act.

Have regularmedical check-ups.

Give Heart Fund (tAmerican Heart Association

JUNE 1977, ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN,DEALER 51

#1:00oso

EICO 390 SWEEP/FUNCTIONGENERATOR .2 Hz to 200 KHz Sine, Square, Triangle Linear & Log SweepNow you can afford a Function Gen-erator that will meet all your signalrequirements! The 390 generates dis-crete sine, square, and triangle wave-forms over a very broad frequency rangeYou have a choice of either linear orlogarithmic sweep with slow, medium,or fast rates. The 390 also allows forexternal frequency control through arear panel input. With its 50 -ohm outputimpedance and calibrated attenuator,the 390 can handle everything fromchecking the response of an audioamplifier to driving digital circuits.

Model 390 assembled $169.95

EICO 388 PORTABLE COLOR BARPATTERN GENERATOR Battery Operated with LED Indicator IC Digital Circuit Design RF Adjustable, Channels 2, 3, 4The 388 is truly the most advancedpocket-size portable color generator inthe field today. A single MOS LSI ICprovides 9 digitally controlled, stablepatterns. The 388 operates by simplyconnecting its output cable to the TV'sVHF terminals. Two matrix slide switchesselect any one of the 9 patterns.Crystal controlled chroma and timingoscillators assure precision, accuracyand stability. The 388 is powered by two9 -volt transistor batteries.

Model 388 assembled $89.95

FREE EICO CATALOGFor latest EICO Catalog and name ofnearest EICO Distributor, check readerservice card or send 50 for fast first classmail service.EICO-283 Malta Street, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11207Leadership in creative electronics since 1945.

READER SERVICE INDEXADVERTISER'S INDEX

105 American Technology Corp. .35

106 Arrow Fastener Co.. Inc. 9

107 B & K Div..Dynascan Corp. 17

108 Castle Electronics 23

109 Cornell Electronics 48

110 Eico ElectronicInstruments Co 52

101 Electronic Book Club 8

111 Fluke Mfg., John 44

112 Fordham Radio SupplyCo. Inc 43

GTE Sylvania, EGC ConsumerRenewal Cover 3, 3-4

General Electric Co ,

Tube Div. 27

General Electric Co.,TV Dealer 41

113 Hunter Tools 46

114 International ComponentsCorp. 49

115 Lampkin Laboratories,Inc 33

116 MTI 44

20

46

117 Mallory DistributorProduct Co.

118 Mountain West AlarmSupply Co

102 PTS Electronics,Inc. Cover 2, 1

119 Pomona Electronics 47

RCA -SK's 6-7

120 Sencore, Inc .11

121 Sentry Manufacturing 18

122 Thordarson Meissner, Inc. 35

123 Triad/Utrad 45

103 Triplett Corp.(for demo.) Cover 4

104 Triplett Corp.(for info.) Cover 4

124 Ungar, Div. ofEldon Ind. 10

125 Utility Tool Corp 52

126 VIZ Manufacturing Co. 48

Zenith Radio Corp. 12-15

This irides is furnished for the readers' conversance.

However, the publisher can not guarantee its accuracy

due to circumstances beyond our control.

An" t

forfast,f

Pe g!moootl"

Now you can cuttime and cost inthe installation ofpermanent mountmobile antennas.This new design cutsfaster and requires no bladeresharpening. Limits depth of hole to1/8" to prevent damage to underlyingheadliner of cars. Special guide drillbit restricts walking of saw. Tool isavailable in 3/4" and 15/18" sizes anddesigned for 3/8" or larger electric drill.Low-cost replaceable blades available.For fast, professional mounting jobs, thistool is indispensable. Write or call forliterature and prices.

44=kUTILITY TOOL CORPORATIONA Subsidiary of Ripley Company, Inc.Cromwell, CT 06416 / Tel. (203) 635-2200




ELECTRONICTECHNICIAN/DEALER

"7-#17rC,COMPLETE MANUFACTURERS' CIRCUIT DIAGRAMSAND TECHNICAL INFORMATION FOR 5 NEW SETS

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RELIABILITY AND PERFORMANCEFOR CONTINUED RELIABILITY AND PERFORMANCE, EXACT FACTORY REPLACEMENTSARE RECOMMENDED FOR ALL OTHER PARTS REPLACED. IF A SUBSTITUTE MUSTBE USED, BE SURE ITS QUALITY AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE IDENTICAL TO THEORIGINAL PART.

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1700GTESYLVANIAB/W TV ChassisAl 6-7

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COPYRIGHT 1977 BY ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER 1 EAST FIRST STREET. DULUTH. MINNESOTA 55802

Suddenly, you're the most versatileshop in town.

With this little 25 -pound test jig, youcan adapt to over 10,000 color sets, 59different brands. Delta 70' and 90° tube,

precision in -line chassis, including RCA,Magnavox, Admiral and Sears. (We'rethe first test -jig manufacturer to offer akit like this.)

CK3000 comes to you fully assem.hybrid, transis- bled, pretested

AnodevoltagesThe Sylvania CK3000 Just plug it in,

tor, SCR sweep. and ready to use.

and you're in business. See it now, atto 30kV and more. Regular 4.5kV and7.1kV focus voltages.

And our new optional In -Line Test Kitlets you handlemore than 100

your Sylvania distributor.GTE Sylvania, Electrcnic Components

Group, 100 First Avenu, Waltham, Mas-sachusetts 02154.

Simply the most versatile test jigyou can buy.

OD SYLVANIA

How to tell a SuperVOM from justthe everyday gardensvariety Brand X.ONLY THE SUPER-VOM (Triplett's New 60) HAS ALL THESE FEATURES:

gele6g.CON

acTION

( For an Xciden,e1dor

up -Iv a fire- fa't- neer

BUII:fleaViONCOSTfor periodic

melerreassurance

checksafter ororload

/dropc.

ova'pgarerg,

raritli3-fasearrange ion fment includi;19

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use)

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Nobody else offers these features in a VOM at any price. So for only $99, the Model 60 isthe safest, most versatile, most honestly priced quality VOM you can buy. And, for just $7more, you can have the Model 60-A that has 11/2% DC accuracy, plus a mirrored scale.

That's the kind of Triplett one-upmanship appreciated the world over by value con-scious users in industrial production and maintenance. TV - Radio - Hi-Fi shops, vocationaltraining and hobbyists, airconditioning, appliance arid automotive service, R & D, andapplication engineering . .. anyone who wants to be more productive with the latest inVOM technology. Model 60 Type 2 Approved by MESA, Approval 2G-2880.

Drop in on your nearest Triplett distributor or Mod Center and drop the new Model 60.Ask for a no -obligation demonstration of every featwe. Compare it wth any other VOM.You'll know why Triplett Models 60 and 60-A eliminate over 90% of the costly repairs fromVOM misuses. Cultivate a profitable habit for selecting Triplett design -firsts.

SAFOYPES16,40

FOR YOU

0,,,,pleielyinsiv13/.d;

new Safetyeads;

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