31238854 TESLA True Wireless

7/30/2019 31238854 TESLA True Wireless

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RADIODEPARTMENTTh


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HydraulleAnalog.FIg.3.heliographicandsubje


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ItlofloU't.lloerr.fore,,/outthemeasuredantennacurrentis110indiocation01theeffect.becau,eonlya,malipalt01itiseffective'"adislanee.Thlllimiledactivityofpurelien:reacetran$mi.s.Jionandreceplionisherecfoorlyexplained,bl!lidusllmt"ingdefillildythatin'pilf!ofIhem$e/,;e6,Iheradiaengineen01III(IIIYlireemplo)'i"gIIII'.origil/IllTe$llf,unedoscillutoryly&lem.lie,horCJbyexample,withdiOerelltlorm,ofaerillf$tlou'tloe&igml/.$Ilickedupby,Ioeinstrumen!.fIIU/..SIactualfybei"ducedbyearllocurren/.!-notelheric'I/(jCllwaves.TulaalsodisprovesIheMlleavisidelayer"theoryIromI,ispenonalob'en'ationsand1e&U.powerfnlinductioncoilbutmadenonotableprogrcssuntilahappyinspirationledmetotheinventionoftheoscillationtransformer.Inthelatterpartof18911wasalreadysofaradvancedinthedevelopmentofthisnewprinciplethatIhadatmydisposalmeansvastlysuperior---:JI_*,

-DIagramtheCln:ultConnection.andTunIngD...lcuEmployedbyTeslaInHIsExperimentalDemonltratlonslJefol"1ltheAmer1c;>nInltltuhofElectricalEnglnee...WllhtheHIghFl"1IquencyAltern"orSho.....nInFig.t.FIg.2.tothoseoftheGermanphysicist.Allmyr.reviouseffort,withRhumkorf(Oilshadeftmeunconvinced,andinordertoset-tlemydoubts1wenloverthewholegroundoncemore,verycarefully,withthcseim-

EDITOR.beenlongagoformulated.Itwasaper-feetlywell-establishedfactthatacircuit.traversedbyaperiodiccurrent.emittedsomekindofspacewaves,butwewereinignoranceas10theircharacter.Heap-parellllyga\'eanexperimentalproofthattheywen';transversalvibrationsintheether.Mostpwplelookuponthisasgreataccomplishment.TomylIlinditSeemsthathisimmortalmeritwasnotsomuchinthisasinthefocusingofthein-vestigators'attentionontheprOCessC5tak-

ingplaceintheambientmedium.TheHertz.-wavetheory,byil$fascinatingholdontheimagination,hasstifledcreativeef-fortinthewirelessartandretardeditfortwcntr-five:rears.But,ontheotherhand,itisImpoSSIbletoover-estimatethebene-ficialeffectsofthepowerfulstimulusithasgiveninmanydirections.Asregardssignalingwithoutwires,theduetospectacularfeatures,its


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chiefimportwasinshowingthatallKindsofdevicescouldbeoperatedthmasinglewirewithoutreturn.ThisQ:):':::-=---;r--{'-'--ElectrIcTr:tnsmlulonThruIISIngleWI,..HydraulicAn.log.FIg.4.wastheinitialintheevolutionofillYwirele5ssystem.TheideapreSenteditselftomethatitmightbepossible.underob-May,1919"wIUultratlngTypicalArrlngemenuforCoUectlngEnergyInaSYlumOfTrlnl_ml..lonThruaSlngl"Wire.Fig.5.servanceofproperconditionsofresonance,totransmitelectricenergythrutheearth,thusdispensingwithallartificialconductors.Anyonewhomightwishtoexamineilnpar-tiallythemeritofthatearlrsuggestionmustnot"iewitinthelight0presentdayscience.Ionlyneedtosaythataslateas1893,whenIhadpreparedanelabdr.uechap-teronmywirelesssystem.dwellingonits

variousinstrumentalitiesandfuturepros-pects,Mr.JosephWetzlerandotherfriendsofmineemphaticallyproteSiedagainstitspublicationonthegroundthatsuchidleandfar-fetchedspeculationswouldmeintheopinionofconservativebusmcnmen.SoitcamethatonlyasmallpartofwhatIhadintendedtosaywasembodiedinmyaddressofthatyearbeforetheFranklinInstituteandNationalElectricLilthtAs-sociationunderthechapter"OnElectricalctagrlmElucidatIngEff"ctofLlrgeCapac_ItyonOneEnd.Fig.5.

Resonance."Thislittlesalvagefromthewreckhasearnedmethetitleof"FatheroftheWire:Jess"frommanywell-disposedfellowworkers,ratherthantheinventionofKoresofapplianceswhichbavebroughtwirelesstrans-missionwithinthereachofeveryyoungamateurandwhich.>inatimenotdis-tant,willlead

toundertak-ingsovershadowinginmag-nitudeandimportanceallpastachieve-menuoftheengineer.Thepopularimpressionis


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thatmywirelessworkwasbegunin1893,butasamat-teroffactIspentthetwoprecedingyearsininves-tigations.em-ployingfonnsofapparatus,someofwhichwerealmostlikethoseoftoday.Itwaseleartomefromtheverystartthatthesuccessfulconsumma-ELECTRICALEXPERIMENTERnumberofradialimprovements_SuitablehighfrequencygeneratorsanddcctricaJos-cillatorshadfirsttobeThe

energyofthesehadtobetransformedintransmittersandcollcctlatadistanceinproperreceivers.Suchasys-temwouldbemanifestlycin:umscriJedmitsusefulnusifallextraneousinlttiu-encewere:nOtpreventedandsecured.Intime,however.1recognUedthatdevicesofthiskind,tobemost..F.::;:Ir-,;,.,.,......lonOfElectricalEnergyThruth"

Eartha.InTnla'iLecture.B".foretheFranl(lInInltltuteandEI"ctriCLightAssociationInandMarch.1893.andMechanicalAnalog0theSame.7.iveandefficient.shouldbede:signedwithdueregardtothephysicalpropertinofthisplanetandtheelectricalconditionsobtaininconthe:same.Iwillbrieflytouchuponthesalientad"ancesasthey....eremadeinthegradualdeve:lopmentofthesystem.Thehighfrequencyalterllatoremployedinmyfirstdellionstrationsisillustratedin

Fig.1.Itcomprisedafieldring,with384poleprojectionsandadiscarmaturewithcoilswoundinonesinglelayerwhichwere:connectedinvariouswaysaccordingtore-quirements.Itwasanexcellentmachineforexperimcntalpurposes,furnishingsinu-soidalcurrentsoffromIO,OClOto20,000cyclespers.econd,Theoutputwascom-parativelylarge,duetothefactthatasmuchas30amperesperSQuaremillimeter


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couldbepastthruthecoilswithoutinjury.ThediagraminFig.2showsthecircuitarrangeme:I\ISasusedillmylecture.Reso-nantconditionsweremaintainedbymeansA,(yarU"aPIr"'Q_..........-00'f:g"18M>dt""""""'"'"29Ta'a'sSya-temofWlrelenTranlmlnlo'"Th",th.EarthasActuallyExposedInHI,LacturetBefor-etheFranklinIn_ItltuteIndElectricLight"'"oclatlonInFebruaryandMlrch,1893,Fig."ofacondensersubdiddedintosmallsections.thefineradju5tmrotsbeingdlected

byamovableironcore:withinanindllctancecoil.Looselylinkedwiththelatterwasahightensionscocmdarywhichwastunedtotheprimary.TheoperationofdevicC$wirewithoutreturnwaspunl;,!"becauseofitsnovelty,explainedbysuitabJi!,:_purposereference';sIntheformertheIconductorsareiiTho

...e"ForerunnerofAudlon-theSensitiveWlteletlDetectorKnown.aeOeICrlbedbyT.IIIInHI,LectureBeforeth.InltltutlonOfElectricalEngl.n.arl.London,February,1892.

Fig.II.seclion,thealternatorbyanoscillatingpistonandthefilamentofanincandescentlampbyaminutechannelconnectingthepipes.Itwillbeclearfromaglanceatthediagramthat"eryslightexcursionsofthepistonwouldcausethefluidtorush'11.10.withhighve-locitythruthe


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smallchannelandthatvirtuallyalltheenergyofmovementwouldbetraIIsfonnedintoheatbyfriction,simi_larlytothatoftheelectriccurrentinthelampfilament.Theseconddiagramwillnowbeself-ex])lanalory,Correspondingtothetermi-nalcapacityoftheeletuintheincandesccntlamp.Thooreticalh-consid-ered,theefficicllcyofconveulonofenergyshouldbethesamcinbothc",_es,

Gralllcd,then,thataneconomicsystemofpowertransmissionthruasinglewireis,.Tcsmtu"ui_,-deuJ,,FourCtn;ultTunedSyltemCon_


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WiththeContemporanlou,Hertz_WalllSyltem,Fig.11.practicable,thequestionariseshowtocol-letttheenergyinthereceilers.\ViththisobjectattentioniscalledtoFig.5,inwhichaconductorissho\\nexcitedbyanosdl-latort?italoneend.Evidently,asthepenodlcImpulsespanIhrutheuifferellcesofpotentialwillbecreatedalongthesameaswellasatrightanglestoilinthesurroundingmediumandeitherofthesemaybeusefullyapplied.Thusata,acircuitcomprisinganinductanceand(3-padtyisresonantlyexcitedinthetrans-verse,andatb,inthelongitudinalsense.Atc,iscollectedinacircuitparalleltoIheconductorbutnotincontactwilhit,andagainatd,inacircuitwhichispartlysunkintotheconductorandmaybe,ornot,electricallyconnectedtothesame.Itisimportanttokeepthesetypicaldisposi-tionsinmind.forhowel'erthedistantac-ArrangementlQfClrcu1tsDncrlbedInTnla',U.S.PatentNo.

613,801101NOllember8.189l1,on"MethodofandApparatulforCon_lroilingMech.nllmofMovingVu-..IIorVehlclet."Fig.12.lionsoftheoscillatormightbemodifiedtbmthe'immenseextemoftheglobetheprinciplesinvolvedarcthesame.Considernowtheeffectofsuchacon-ductorofvastdimellsiOllsonacircuitex-citingit.TheupperdiagramofFig.6il-lustratesafamiliaroscillating:liystemcom-prisingaslr.lightrodofsclf-mductancc2Lwithsmallterminalcapacities((andanode

inthecenter.InthelowerdiagramofthefigurealargecapacityCisauachedtotherodatoneendwiththeresultofshiftingthenodetotheright.thruadistancecor-respondingtoself-inductanceX.Asbothparuofthes}stemoneithersideofthenodevibrateatthesallierate,v,chavec\i-demly,(L+X)c=(L_X)CfromC-,whichX=LWhentheca-c+,pacilyCbecomestothatoftheearth,XapproximatesL,inother

words,thenoueisclosetothegroundcon-Ilcction.TheI'X(l(/detr'millPliulIofilspo.dliollisf.'Uyimparl/lilt{"tilt(01,../(1-tianofctrloin11"'(,.Ilrilllrlrctrical(llidgeodeticdalaandIhavedevisedspedaJmeanswiththispurposeinview.originalplanoftransmittingenergywithoutwiresisshownintheupjl('rdia-gramofFig.7,whiletheloweroneDlm-tratesitsmechanicalanalog,firstpublisht


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inmyarticleintheA/IJ{jazillt'ofJune,1900.Analternator,preferablyofhightension,hasoneofitsterminalscon-neCledtothegroundandtheothertoanelevatedcapacrtyandimpressesitsoscil-lationsupontheearth.Atadistanlpointareceivingcircuit,likewiseconnectedtogroundandtoanelevatedcapacit)',collectssomeoftheenergyandactuatesasuitabledevice.Isuggestedamultiplicationofsuchunitsinordertointensifytheeffects,anideawhichmayyetprove\'aluable.Intheanalogtwotuningforksarcprovided,oneatthesendingandtheotheratthere-ceivingstation,eachhavingattachedtoitslowerprongapistonfittinginacylinder.Thetwocylinderscommunicatewithalargeelasticresenoirfilledwithanincom-','''/.'/-----'-"--',,-::""'.f!li/I:!'..\\\\'.\\11111',1,1\\\..'\;'1"'1".'\'\'

"::i):!1111.1'-_."",,...:...--.-'--_..,.:;....,-4_au;DiagramExpollngtheFailicy0'theGlidingWalleTheory.1PropoundedInWlrel..1TextBookl.Fig.11.pressiblefluid.Thevibrationstransmittedtoeitherofthetuningforksexcitethembyresonanceand,thruelectricalcontactsorotherwise.bringaboutthedesiredre-sult.This,Imaysay,wasnotameremechanicalillustratiOll,butasimplerep-resentationofmyapparatusforsubmarine

si/{naling.perfectedbfmein1892,butnotappreciatedatthattime,althomoreeffi-cit'ntthantheinstrumentsnowinuse.TheelectricdiagraminFig.7,whichwasreproducedfrommylecture.wasmeantonlyfortheexpositionoftheprin-ciple.Thei'rrangement.asIdescribeditindetail,isshowninFig.8.Inthiscaseanalternatorenergizestheprimaryofatransfonner,thehightensionsecondaryofwhichisconnectedtothegroundandandentedcapacityandtunedtotheimprestoscillations.Thereceivingcircuitconsists

ofaninductanceconnectedtothef,:roundandtoanelevatcdterminalwithoutbreakandisresonantlyresponsivetothetrans-mittedoscillations.Aspecificformofreccivingde"icewasnotmentioned,butIhadinmindtotransformtherecei"edcurrentsandthusmaketheir\'ohlmeandten-sionsuitableforanypurpose,This,insuustance,isthesystemof;andIa!ll.notawareofasinglein-


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stanceofsuccessfultransmi,sionateon-distancehydifferentinstrumen_talities.Itmight,vcrhaps,notbeclearto\ql;.......;:'>--,"',,,I/'--,....Q""..v.',.'"'1,/,,-......::.:..."'\'If",'1\\\'.III4qnI,\I\III,'",\IIIII:I1.,-'fCln"IIIt:'i:'!I!Fig.H.DiagramExplainIngtheRe_lationBetweentheEffectilleandtheCurrentIntheAntenna.thosewhohaveperusedmyfirstdescrip-tionof'thcseimprovemcntsthat,besidesmakingknownnewandefficienttypesofapparatus.rgavetotheworldawireksssystemofpotentialitiesfarbeyondany-thingbeforeconceived.Imadeexplicit

Q6Ifufz(}Self/c/oI'ofgrwlt!nO!I,YIneH''''fFig.15.IIIUltraUngOneoftheGeneralEIII_dence.Agaln.ttheSpaceWalleTranlmlulon.andrepeatedstatementsthatIcontem-transmission,absolutelyunlimitedastoterrestrialdistanceandamountofenergy.Bm,altho1haveoveTC{Jmeallob-stackswhichst'emcdinthebeginningunsurmountableandfowldelegantsolutionsofalltheproblemswhichconfrontedme.

yet,e,'enatthisveryday,themajorityofexpertsarestiJIblindtothepossibilitiuwhicharcwithineasvattainment.).IyconfidencethatasignalcouldbeeasilyflashedaroundtheglobewaSstrengthenedthruthediscoveryofthe"ro-tatingbrush."awonderfulphenomenonwhichIhavefullydcscribedinmyaddreubeforetheInstitutionofElectricalEngi-neers.London.in1892,andwhichisillus-tratedinFig.9.Thisisundoubtedlythemostdelicatewirelessdetectorknown,butforalongtimeitwashardtoproduceand

tomaintainintht'sensitivestate.ThesedifficultiesdonotexistnowandIamlook-ingtovaluableapplicat'ionsofthisdevice,particularlyinconnectionwiththehigh-photographicmethod,whichIsug-gested,inwireless,wellasinwire,trans-mission.PossiblyIhemostimportantadvancesdur-ingthefollow';ngthreeorfouryearsweremysystemofconcatenatedtunedcircuia


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Fig.16.ShowlnllUnlmporUnceofRel.;nllePo.ltlonofTran.mlUlngandRecelllingAn_tennaeInDllprollaloftheHertzw.lveTheory.andmethodsofregulation,nowuniver_al_adopted.Theintimatebearingofthe"C:n-l'C'ntionsonthedevelopmentofthewireleartwillappearfromFig.10,whichillu--(COnl;'JUCd0/1page(1)May,1919TheTrueWirelessByNiko{fJTU/fJ(ColllilllUdfrompage30)tratesanarrangementdes


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allthetimeandeversinceIlearnedofthisIhavetreatedtheseBorgia-Medicimethods.....iththecontemptin.....hichtheyarcheldbyallfair-mindedmen.Thewholesaleofmyinventionswas,how-ever,notalwayswithoutadivertingside.Asanexample10thepointImaymentionmyosciilaliontransfonneroperatingwithanairgap.Thiswasinturnreplacedbyacarbonare,quenchedgap.anatmosphereofhydrogen.argonorhelium.byame-chanicalbreak.....ithoppositelyrotatingmembers,amercuryinterrupterorsomekindofavacuumbulbandbysuchtOllrsdeasmanynew"systems"ha"ebeen-produced.IrefertothlSofcourse.with-outtheslightestill-feeling,letusad,'ancebyalltn('ans.ButIcannothelpthinkinghowmuchbetteritwouldha\'ebeeniftheingeniousmen,.....hohaveoriginatedthese"systems,"had4n\'emfiisomethingoftheirowninsteadofonmealtogether.Before19(X)twomost"aluableimprove-mentsweremade.Oneoftbesewasmy

individualizedsystemwilhtr.lnsmittersemit-tingawave-.::omplexandrecei\'erscompris-ings('paratetunedelementseoOperatn'el,yassociated.Theunderlyingprinciplecanbeexplainedinafewwords.SupposethatthereareIIsimplevibrationsswtableforuseinwirelesstransmission,theprobabil-itythatanyonetnne'l\'ilIbestruckbyan1extraneousdisturbanceis-.Therewill"thenremain11-1vibrationsandthechance1thatoneoftlleSewillbeexcitedis__,

II-Ihencetheprobabilitythattwotune$would[E..bestrllckatthesametimeis.Sim-/IHarly,foracombinationofthreethechance1willbeandsoon.Itwillben(n-I)(11-2)readilyseenthatinthismanneranydesired

degreeofsafetyagainstthestaticsorotherkindofdisturbancecanbeattainedpro-videdtheTe1:eivingapparatusissodesignedthatitsoper.ttiollispossibleonlyIhruthejointaCiionofallthetutledelcmcnL.ThiswasadifficultproblemwhichIhavesuc-cessfullysolvedsothatnowauydesiredmUllb..rofsimultalli'ousmessagesisprac-!icableintheInmsmi.uiollIIrrutheeorlhaswi'llasthrrlartificialrOllductol's.


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Theotherinvention.ofstillgreater1m-partance,isapeculiaroscillatorenablingthetransmissionofenergywithoutwiresinanyquantitythatmayeverberequire!1forilluustrialuse,toanydistance,andwithveryhiGheconomy.ltwastheoutcomeofyearsofsystematicstudyandinvestiga-tionandwonderswillbeachievedbyitsmeans.Theprevailingmisconceptionofthemech-anisminvolvedinthewirelesstransmis-sionhasbeenresp-onsibleforvariousunwarranted;lIlnO\lncementswhichhavemisledthepublicandworkedhann.BvkeerJingsteadilyillmindthatthetransmii-thrutheearthisineveryrespectidenticaltothatthmastraightwire,onewillgainaclearunderstandingofthephe-nomellaandwi!!beabletocorrectlylhemeritsofanewscheme.\Vlthoutv.";sh-ingtodetractfromthevalueofanyplanthathasbeenputforward1maysaythattheyaredevoidofllOvelty.Soforinstan,einFig.12arrangementsoftransmittin"and

re


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rents,whentheycanpropagateinallotherdirectionsunimpeded?Thefactisthattheradiationsofthetransmitterpassingalongtheearth'ssurfacearesoonextinguished.Iheheight.of.theinactivezoneindicatedinthediagram.beingsomefunctionofthewavelength.thebulkofthewavestravers-ingfreelytheatmosphere.Terrestrialphe-nomenawhichIhavenotedconclusivelyshowthatthereisnoHtavisidrlayer.,orifitexists,itisofnoeffect.Itcertain!)'wouldbeunfortunateifthehumanracewerethus


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has!x-enreducedabillionfold?tcaninviteanyeXp!'rttoperfonnant'xperimentsuchasisillustratedillFig.IS,showstheclassicalHt'rtzoscillatorandmygroundedtransmittingcircuit.ItafactwhichIhavedemonstratedthat,althowemayhaveintheHertzosciJIatora-'activitythousandsoftimesgreater.theeffectontherecei,:erisnottobecomparedtothatofthegroundedcircuit.Thoisshowsthatinthetr(lnsmissiollfroma>lIlirp/oue11'eoremerelyworking/hrllacotldenur,thecapacityofwhichisafunctionof3IO,R'ar1thmicratiobetweenthelengthoftheconductorandthedistancefromtheThereceiverisaffC(:led1nt'xactlythe!3memannerasfromanordinarytransmitter,theonlydifferencebeingthatthere,sacer-modificationofthe-actionwhichcanbepredeterminedfromtheelectricalconstants.Itisnotatalldifficulttomaintaincom-municationbetweenanairplaneandastationontheground,ontht'contrary,thefeatisvcryeasy.'

Tomentionanotherexperimentinsup-portofmyview.Irna)'refertoFig.16inwhichtwOgroundedcircuilSarcShowilexcitedbyoscillationsoftheorder.I!willbefoundthattheantennasC;1Ilbepm0\11ofparatlelismwithoutnoticeablechangeiiitheactionontherecei"er,thisthatitisductocnrrentspropagatedthru.thegroundandnottospacewaves.Partkularlysi!Zllifieantarctheresultsob-tainedincasesillustrated;1117and18.Inthefonneranobstacleisshowninthepathofthewave,butlmlesstherc-

cciveriswithinthceffectivet!ulroJllllirinfluenceofthemountainrange.tbt"SiglHllsarc1I0tappreciablyweakenedbythepre,enceofthelatter,becansethecurrentspassI:nderitandexcitethccircuitinIhesamewayasifitwereattachedtoanenergizedwire.If.asinFig.18,aleeondranJ.!'ehap-\>enstobebeyondthereceiver.itcouldonlystrengthentheHertzwaveeliectbyreflection,butasamatteroffactitdetracts(COli/bUildOilpllge87)May,1919TheTrueWireless

ByNiko/a1'


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AgaininFig.19twotransmittingcircuits.onegroundeddirecllyandIheotherthruanairgap,areshow1l.Itisacom-mOilobsen'ationthattheformerisfarFig.18.ShowingEffectofTwoHili,asFurtherProofAgainsttheHertz_waveTheory.moreefiedive,whichc011ldnotbethecaseinatransmissionwithHertzradiations.!nlikemannerifIwogroundedcircuitsare..sq>arakdfmmgrovndlysparkgapFig.19.Comp"rlngtheAction.ofTwoForm.ofTransmittera$eearlngOuttheFallacyoftheHertzwaveTheory.observedfromday10daylheeffectisfoundtoincreasegreatlywiththedamp-nessoftheground,andforthesamereasonT"ransmi/fu"..ilflsmallterminalcopoci!JELECTRICALEXPERIMENTER

alsothetransmissionIhrusea_v,aterismoreefficient.AnilluminacingexperimentisindicatedinFig.20inwhichtwogroundedtrans-mittersareshown,onewithalargealldtheotherwilhasmaliterminalcapacity.Sup-posethatthelatterbe1/10oftheformerbutthatitischargedto10timesthepo-tentialandletthefrequencyofIhetwocircuitsandthereforethecurrenlSinbothautetlnasbet.'{act!vthesame.Thecircuitwiththesmallercapacitywillthenhave10timestheenergyoftheotherbuttheeffects

onthereceiverwillheinnowisepropor-tionate.Thesameconclusionswi!!bercachedhytransmittingandreceivingcircuitswithwiresburiedunderground.Ineachcasetheactionscarefu!!yi1l\'esligatedwillbefoundtobeduetoearthCllrrCII:S.Numer-ousolherproofsmightbecitedwhichcanbeeasilyverified.Soforexampleoscillo-liollsotloU!jrl!qU(II(Yareeversomuc.hmoreeffecliveinthetransmissionwhichISinconsistentwiththeprevailingidca.)Iyobsen'ationsin19lX)andtherecenttrans-

missionsofsignalstoverygreatdistancesareanotheremphaticdisprova1.TheHertzwa,'etheoryofwirelessIrans-missionilia),bekeptupforawhile.butIdonothesitaletosaythatinashorttimeitwillberecognizedasoneofthemostremarkableandinexplicableaberrationsofthescientificmindwhichhaseverbeenre-cordedinhistory.


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OilTOALLRAD!OAMATEURSaWeha"ereceh'edmanythOU!3.mhofcomlllunicationsfromradioamaiteursforthepastfewmonthsaskingusaboutdiestatusoftheirradiolions,andwhentheywillbealloweddtooperatethemagain.=asthcrehasbeenuoom-c:i:alinformationastothereopening._ofamateur,lations,duringthe:armi...tice,wecanonlysaytlmtinalllikelihood,amateurswil!notbeallowedto>--.operateuntilactualpeaeehasbeen=5igned.InhisexecutiveorderofjAllrilthe6t1I,1917,PresidentWilson'3closedallradiostationsintheUnitedStatesbvanIIctal,prol'edintileRadioLowof13,1912.

Iiii'"!'lSuchameasure,accordingtolaw,Stherebeingatpresent110legislation=1isonl)'forthedurationofthewar,

whichprevenBanI'slation,amateurorotlierwi5e,fromol,eralingafterpeacehosactuallybeendeclared.Therefore,tbeminuteneWSllapenannouncetllat

Ii:!p.eaeebet..'eentileUnitedStalesand-theCentralPoweuhasbeensigned.E!j6fta",olellrsl

31238854 TESLA True Wireless

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