301013 - Neurotransmitter - Prof. Rondang
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Transcript of 301013 - Neurotransmitter - Prof. Rondang
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Rondang Soegianto
2009
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The nervous system controls and
regulatesevery mental and physical activity
* Movement
* thought (concrete & abstract)
* Feeling
* reasoning
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Alertness = Function of CNS
Coma = Inability to respond to stimulusIncluding pain
Coma >< Alertness
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Relation of brain function to
- rational thought
- individual personality
Until now still unexplainable
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Brain functions at 2 levels
* Macroprocessor for all sensory inputand motor function
* Contains human characteristics:memory, emotion, rationality
Personality:Interface between those 2 functions
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LIMBIC System plays a key role in
EMOTION
Limbic system = Ring of forebrainstructures surrounding brain stem
interconnected by neuronal pathwaysFunctionally related with higher cortex
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Cortex provides neural mechanism forskeletal muscle activity to displayemotional expression (smiling)
Capable of consciously suppressingExternal manifestation of emotionalbehavior
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Norepinephrine !! Neurotransmitters
Dopamine ! for! Emotion &Serotonin ! Behavior
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Some neurotransmitters (NT) function thru
intracellular second-messenger system
Example:Effect of epinephrine on thesynthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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Neurotransmitters (NT)and
Neuromodulators (NM)
Synthesized in neurons.
Metabolic center of neurons called:Cell body, cyton, perikaryon
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A. Typical neuron. Transmitter releasedacross synaptic gap
B. Typical neurosecretory cell.Neurosecretion released into bloodvessel
Found in hypothalamus andpituitary cell
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No sharp distinction between NT and NM
Distinction based on synaptic activity
NT has direct effect on synaptic membrane
NM modulates or regulates action of NT
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Acetylcholine
Synthesized in synaptic terminals from
Asetyl-CoA + Phosphatidylcholine(or circulating choline)
Enzyme: Choline acetyltransferase (CAT)
CAT = marker for cholinergic synapses
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Acetil-CoA produced in mitochondria from
- Piruvate oxidative decarboxylation
- - Oxidation of fatty acids
Phosphatidylcholine abundant in biomembranes Alanine Etanolamine CholinePhosphatidyletanolamine Phosph.choline
= Lecithin
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Nicotinic ACh (nACh)- Ionotropic- Found in synapses at muscular junctions
Also present in brain
Muscarinic Ach (mACh)- Metabotropic- In brain synapses: mACh >> nACh- Coupled to G-protein- Stimulates adenilyl cyclase- Controls K+-channel
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Myasthenia Gravis
Autoimmune disease Antibodies synthesized against own
nAChReceptor complex destroyed Ach released by motor neuron terminals on
motor end plate not taken up by nAChRsMuscular weakness
Treatment: Neostigmine, inhibits AChEsterase
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AMINO ACIDS
Excitatory Amino Acids- Glutamic acid- Aspartic acid
Inhibitory Amino Acids- -Amino-butyric acid (GABA)- Glycine
Control of body movements need balancedBetween excitatory and inhibitory synapses.
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Glutamic acid and Aspartic acid =Non-essential amino acids
Synthesized in synaptic mitochondriafrom Krebs cycle componentsoxaloacetate (Asp) and -ketoglutarate (Glu)
GABA formed by decarboxylation of Glu byGlutamic acid decarboxylase
Glycine = smallest amino acidMostly restricted to spinal cord and brain stem
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Serotonin = 5-hydroxytryptamine
Formed from tryptophan- Tryptophan hydroxylase- Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
Stored in vesiclesSequestration blocked by reserpine
Free serotonin 5- HIAA (5-OH indole ac.acic)Enzyme: MAO (monoamine oxidase)
Inhibited by Iproniazid
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CatecholaminesDopamineNorepinephrine
PurinesExternally applied ATP can cause
vasodilation, esp. coronary vasodltn
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Cannabis ( Marijuana, Hashish)Psychoactive compound extracted fromCannabis sativa Effect in brain memory loss
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Nitric oxide (NO)Formed from arginine by NO synthaseNot sequestered into vesiclesNo subsynaptic receptors
No reuptake system into presynapticreceptorsSmall molecules diffuse from site of production
Volume transmission >