3:00 – 4:00 p.m.Welcome to

the P3 History Exam Review

#2 (of 3):

WWII & the Americas,

circa 1933 - 1945

You must have strong topic sentences for each body

paragraph!!

• Note: transitional sentences and topic sentences are not the same.

• What are the four jobs of an effective topic sentence? Each one must:– Transition (w/ just one word or phrase)– Argue (don’t report)– Identify the ONE topic of paragraph– Explicitly connect back to thesis & RQ.

affect vs. effect?

Correct usage:

• Mark’s giggle affected the preacher. Affect is always a verb. It means to

influence.

• The effect of the pinch was a sore leg. Effect is usually a noun. As a noun,

effect means the result.

IB HOA ~ Unit 3, Day 14

• Objectives: students will be able to…– 1. identify the

extent to which FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy contributed to the diplomatic, political, & military unification of the Americas region during WWII.

From the IB HOA Syllabus:• As the world order deteriorated in the late 1930s,

resulting in the outbreak of war in Europe, the countries of the region reacted in different ways to the challenges presented. This section focuses on the changing policies of the countries in the region as a result of growing political and diplomatic tensions preceding and during the Second World War. It also examines the impact of the war upon the Americas.– Hemispheric reactions to the events in Europe: inter-

American diplomacy; cooperation and neutrality; Franklin D Roosevelt’s Good Neighbour policy, its application and effects

– The diplomatic and/or military role of two countries in the Second World War

Relevant Past P3 Exam Questions:

• To what extent were attempts at “hemispheric cooperation” successful before and during WWII?

• To what extent was President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal his greatest achievement?

• “The main aim of Franklin Roosevelt’s policy towards Latin America (1933-45) was to improve relations between the two regions.” Assess the validity of this statement.

Review of some dates…. • Years U.S. President Herbert Hoover

was in office?–1929 - 1933

• Years U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was president?–1933 - 1945

• Years of Good Neighbor Policy?–circa 1929 - 1945

• Years of U.S. involvement in WWII?–1941 - 1945

Some Key Questions & Points of Chronology:

• Why did Japan attack U.S. naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, HI?– Militarily, it sought to wipe out U.S. Pacific fleet in order to

reduce U.S. military power in region.– U.S. oil embargo against Japan (earlier in 1941).

• When did the U.S. declare war on Japan?– December 8, 1941

• When was the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, HI?– December 7, 1941

• When did FDR die…& when did Truman become pres.?– April 1945

• When did WWII end in Europe? – May 1945

• Pacific?– September 1945 (formal Japanese surrender)

Canada in WWII:• Prime Minister during WWII: Mackenzie King• WWII = country's 1st independent declaration

of war • Marked beginning of Canada's participation in

largest combined national effort in its history. • By WWII's end, over 1 million citizens had

served in military uniform (out of a prewar population of 11 million)– Also, Canada had possessed 4th-largest air force

and 3rd-largest naval surface fleet in world. – Approx. 41% of Canadian males (ages 18 – 45)

served in military (25% of Quebec males, 42–48% for other provinces) between 1939 – 45.

Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King

• PM through most of 1920s - 1940s

• Consistently ranked among Canadian historians as Canada’s best PM.

• Liberal Party• longest-serving PM in Canadian

history. • "Help those that cannot help

themselves"– played major role in laying

foundations of Canadian welfare state.

Canadian-U.S. Relations during WWII:

• King & FDR shared concern: if Germany won war, it could invade N. America, making both Canada & U.S. vulnerable to German attack.

• King linked Canada more and more closely to U.S., signing agreement w/ FDR in August 1940 that provided for close cooperation of Canadian & U.S. military forces, despite fact that U.S. remained officially neutral until bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

U.S.-LA Relations During WWII

Lesson’s thesis?

•The Good Neighbor Policy & WWII unified the Americas region (for the most part).

GNP = Pres. Hoover’s brainchild

• Though usually associated only w/ FDR, the GNP originated during Pres. Herbert Hoover's term in late 1920s as a policy of non-intervention in LA.

• FDR promised to end direct US military intervention in the Western Hemisphere - and promised Latin American states that they would enjoy a high level of autonomy.

• FDR continued policy after his election in 1932, which helped U.S. maintain good relations w/ LA & contributed to LA's support of U.S. during WWII – w/ exception of Argentina, which remained neutral

until 1945, the last LA country to join Allies.

1929-1945↓

1929: Hoover elected1945: WWII ended→ era of unprecedented positive relations between U.S. & LA.• Never before – & never since – have relations been this good!

Pan-Americanism?• pan = all→ a movement which - through dip., pol., econ., & soc. means - sought to create & encourage cooperative relationships, promoting common interests in ALL of LA.• 1929-45 → STRONG spirit of Pan-

Americanism in general throughout Americas Region

Good Neighbor Policy:• Def: U.S. FP during this era, which

promoted & established trust, friendship, & sovereign integrity of nations between U.S. & its LA neighbors.– Non- (military) interventionism b/cm est.

policy of U.S. (e.g. last U.S. Marines w/drawn (from Caribbean) in 1936• Amer. diplomat Sumner Welles publically

criticized “bullying & domineering” attitude of U.S. during previous 1/2 century.

• Sig: U.S. relations w/ LA drastically improved; albeit unintentional, by time of WWII, region was unified, which benefited Allied war efforts.

• President Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office determined to improve relations with the nations of Central and South America. Under his leadership the United States emphasized cooperation and trade rather than military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere.

• In his inaugural address on March 4, 1933, Roosevelt stated: "In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor--the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others."

• Roosevelt's Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, participated in the Montevideo Conference of December 1933, where he backed a declaration favored by most nations of the Western Hemisphere: "No state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another." In December Roosevelt stated, "The definite policy of the United States from now on is one opposed to armed intervention." In 1934 at Roosevelt's direction the 1903 treaty with Cuba (based on the Platt amendment) that gave the United States the right to intervene to preserve internal stability or independence was abrogated.

• Although domestic economic problems and WW II diverted attention from Western Hemisphere, FDR's Good Neighbor policy represented an attempt to distance the U.S. from earlier interventionist policies, such as the Roosevelt Corollary and military interventions in the region during the 1910s and 1920s.

• FDR took office determined to improve relations with the nations of LA. Under his leadership the U.S. emphasized cooperation and trade rather than military force to maintain stability in hemisphere.

“The Good Neighbor Policy— A History to Make Us Proud”By Tom Barry, Laura Carlsen, and John Gershman | April 2005

• “Franklin Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy was a more ethical, moral, respectful, and neighborly approach to international relations than that of his predecessors. His mandate that U.S. foreign policy should “give them a share” and “show them respect” was a visionary departure from four decades of imperialism.– Counterclaim → Yet the Good Neighbor Policy was not so idealistic that it

departed from the priorities of U.S. economic interests and national security concerns. In improving U.S. political, economic, and cultural relations, Roosevelt was able to demonstrate that U.S. security and economic interests also benefited.• BUT every country pursues its self-interest in area of FP; U.S. not alone in this!

• The president’s Good Neighbor Policy represented a refreshing realpolitik that departed both from the traditional realist balance-of-power framework of ordering international relations, and from the racist and patriarchal ideology of the master race. Good neighborliness meant that nations of varying incomes, influence, and size could and should live in the same global neighborhood with each receiving respect and each receiving a share.”– For more from this article, visit: http://www.peace.ca/goodneighborpolicy.htm

Aims behind GNP, continued:• Economic:

– GNP sought to reopen hemispheric trade and investment lines throughout the region to generate prosperity, defuse tension, and promote political stability and tranquility.• Free trade benefits all involved.

• A big departure from Smoot-Hawley

– to re-direct U.S. funds from LA to U.S. domestic programs during GD. Simply put, U.S. could not afford to station soldiers in LA anymore.

• Diplomatic: – What – if anything - did FDR foresee re. the need for

allies in WWII…? FDR did support U.S. European allies.

– FDR sought to reduce LA-German relations, too.• FP:

– Americans staunchly isolationist at this time – AND mostly concerned about GD!

Aims continued…a more cynical view:

• some historians, however, have argued that it was just a less hostile way for U.S. to keep an eye on its southern neighbors…

Counterclaim: GNP was merely a smokescreen so that U.S. could

conceal its real intentions: to improve its economy - & reduce Germany’s

influence in the Region.• Brazil was one of Germany’s major trade partners – a

recipient of massive investment in returns for exports of coffee and beef.

• From 1939, the U.S. sought to divert Brazil away from its relationship with Germany. One way in which it could achieve this was through offers of massive investment, aid and loans to support Brazilian President Getulio Vargas in his plans to diversify the Brazilian economy

– In March 1939 Roosevelt extended a package of credit and loans totalling $115 million to fund the Volta Redonda steel mill.

Case Study: Brazil

• One of the main aims of the U.S. economic policy was to turn the Brazilian foreign ministry away from Germany and towards alliance with the USA.

• Vargas maintained neutrality until 1941, when an agreement was formed between Brazil and US. The U.S. would finance Brazilian iron and steel extraction, in exchange for military bases in Natal, in the northeast.

• Vargas signed the Washington Accords in 1942 to supply natural rubber from the Amazon to the Allies,– resulted in the second rubber boom and the forced migration of

many people from the drought-stricken northeast to the heart of Amazonia. These people were known as Soldados da Barrocha, (rubber soldiers).

Case Study: Brazil

• In 1944 the USA gave Brazil $154 million of Lend-Lease funding to modernise its armed forces, especially its navy.

• 1944 the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to Italy to fight with the US army.

Case Study: Brazil

• Summary: The USA used its wealth, and its willingness to invest in the diversification of the Brazilian economy, to turn Getulio Vargas away from the alliance with Germany.

Some background information….

• Year of Monroe Doctrine? –1823

• Def? –European countries told not to

interfere in LA.

• Sig? –1st time U.S. made such a public, bold

claim on territory outside of U.S.– repeatedly & subsequently used by

(esp. 20th c.) U.S. presidents to justify U.S. intervention in LA.

• Year of Roosevelt Corollary (to MD)? –1904

• Def: extension of MD by (U.S. Pres.) TR; justified U.S. military intervention/response in LA by keeping European intervention at bay • Sig: asserted U.S. sphere of

influence/domination in LA, essentially making it a W. hemispheric policeman

Review: U.S. Pd. of Interventionism in LA (review)

• had left a bad taste in mouths of Las!– Big Stick Diplomacy (TR) – indirectly

threatened w/ the “big stick” (i.e. U.S. military) to keep other nations from attacking to end up w/ peace.

–Dollar Diplomacy (Taft) - U.S. FP to further its aims of hegemony over LA – but via economics (e.g. loans)

–Moral Diplomacy (Wilson) – by refusing to support non-democratic LA countries, U.S. hoped to hurt them economically & thus force them into submission

How good was the GNP?• Generally, it was GREAT (!) b/c it: – improved LA – U.S. relations (HUGE

departure from past U.S. FP measures in LA)• (to LAs: TR = the bad Roosevelt; FDR = the good one)

–unified region prior to WWII, which only helped Allies to win• LA only non-combat region in world during WWII, producing extensive amounts of raw materials for war effort (e.g. oil)

Positive Effects of GNP?

• GNP more than paid off for U.S….by time WWII started for U.S. (its attack at Pearl Harbor), U.S. had most LA countries on its side.

• Only a few weeks after Pearl Harbor attack, foreign ministers of LA countries met in Rio de Janierodecided: to break diplomatic relations w/ Axis powers– “Let us stand together as one solid block against those

who would divide and conquer us.” Mexican Foreign Minister Ezequiel Padilla

• Then, only a few weeks after that, LA countries granted U.S. use of strategically-located military bases, & majority of LA countries supported U.S. in WWII.

ACT OF CHAPULTEPEC: Declarations on Reciprocal Assistance and

American Solidarity ~ March 3, 1945

• Def: product of mtg. in Mexico, est. 1st multilateral collective security system in Americas Region –unofficial slogan: “If one of us is attacked

it’s as if we’ve all been attacked.…”)• Sig: further affirmed solidarity of Americas

region & its intention (only ) to remain unified

Light green = countries that joined Allies as a result of attack on Pearl HarborDark green = AlliesBlue = Axis

Its (GNP) End?= era of GNP ended: 1945• due to threat of Cold War (U.S. fear of USSR,

communism), which drastically altered U.S. – LA relations.

• Thus, these changes conflicted w/ GNP's fundamental principle of non-intervention & resulted in new wave of U.S. interference in LA.

• Until end of Cold War, U.S. directly or indirectly attacked all suspected socialist movements in hope of ending spread of communist Soviet influence. – e.g. American intervention during Chilean Coup

(1973).

Brazil’s (big!) role in WWII:• neutral at 1st (just as all other LA countries were

at first)• 1942: declared war against Axis Powers & joined

Allied Powers – (after German U-boats sunk many Brazilian

ships in Atlantic)• Allies (U.S.) built several airfields on Brazilian soil

(& elsewhere in LA)– Natal = largest single American air base

outside U.S., which helped N. African campaign• Brazil: only LA country to send (army)

troops overseas in WWII (mostly to Italy, fought w/ U.S. soldiers) …also: Brazilian Air Force– Also, B navy helped patrol Atlantic to mitigate

German U-boat attacks & interruptions to commerce.

Brazil’s role in WWII:• Brazil was under the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas and maintained its neutrality until August 1942.

There were several German submarine attacks against Brazilian ships between February and August that year in the Atlantic Ocean reaching 1,079 casualties. In response, the Brazilian government, pressured by a population sided with the Allies, declared war against Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942.

• Brazil had to be coaxed to enter the war on the side of the Allies. The Allies (United States) built several airfields on Brazilian soil with the understanding that shortly after the war ended, these same airfields would be turned over to Brazil. Also at the outbreak of the war, only Germany and Italy provided any sort of scheduled airline flights to Brazil. The United States was in the unenviable position of agreeing for these flights to continue until such time as these airfields were constructed and the United States started airline flights to Brazil. This also included supplying the Axis Powers with high octane gasoline so the Axis flights could continue until American flights in and out of Brazil could begin. Brazilian naval forces helped to patrol the South and Central Atlantic Oceans, combating Germany's U-boats and commerce raiders. Northeastern Brazil hosted at Natal the largest single American air base outside of its own territory, and at Recife, the U.S. Fourth Fleet. This air base gave support to the North Africa campaign, and a route for USAAF airplanes to fly to India and China.

• In 1944, Brazil sent the 25,700-man Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB) to fight in Europe, thus becoming the only South American nation (and, along with Mexico, one of two Latin American nations) to send troops overseas. This force joined the U.S. Fifth Army under American general Mark Clark in Italy, and it participated in the Italian campaign until the end of war. In the Italian city of Pistoia (Tuscany) there is a cemetery dedicated exclusively for the Brazilian soldiers who died in WW II. Altogether, over 14,000 Germans soldiers were captured or surrendered to Brazilian Expeditionary Forces. Brazil also sent two Brazilian Air Force groups (one of them a fighter group flying American-built Thunderbolts P-47's to Italy, becoming the only South American country to send air force units to fight overseas.

• The Brazilian Navy as well as the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) were also engaged in searching and destroying German U-boats in the South Atlantic waters. This was necessary, due to the fact that after declaring war on the Axis, Brazil lost over 65 ships to German U-boats torpedoes. On July 31, 1943, the German U-boat U-199 was sunk by two Brazilian aircraft off the coast of Rio de Janeiro. In the same year, the following German U-boats were also sunk at different places off the coast of Brazil, U-662, U-590, U-164, U-598, U-591, U-128, U-161, and the U-513. After these intense campaigns of 1943, the Brazilian coast became off limits to German U-boats.– Read this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force (Wikipedia...gasp!!)

1. Thesis from “Defense of the Hemisphere” reading:

WWII unified the Americas Region through the Good Neighbor Policy, which facilitated cooperation, stability, and security (in the Americas Region).

2. The U.S. gave $154 million in Lend-Lease Act funding to Brazil. What is one way this money was spent by/in Brazil? It modernized its military, especially its

navy.

IB HOA ~ Unit 5, Day 7 – from Historian David M. Kennedy

Objective: Students will be able to…1. explain the extent to which WWII (1941-1945) transformed American society.2. assess whether these changes/effects were mostly positive or negative.

Historian David Kennedy’s (& today’s) thesis:

Overall, WWII’s highly-

transformative effects were good

for American society

(economically, politically, &

socially)!

“Never before have we had so little time to do so

much.”

–President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1942

“The United States stand at this

moment at the summit of the

world.”

- British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1945)

WWII’s Economic Effects on U.S. were strong:

Introduction/overview:U.S. experienced huge transformation!

• 1940 (last year of Great Depression): – U.S. economically ↓ (1 of every 7 Americans

unemployed; 45% of white households & 90% of black households lived below poverty line; U.S. = isolationist w/ a small military• …1930s = economic, psychological PARALYSIS!

• but by 1945 (last year of WWII)?:• MOVEMENT!

– Entire U.S. mobilized for war – in varying capacities.

– 1940: 1/3 middle class; by 1960: 2/3 middle class– Post-WWII economy saw unprecedented

prosperity!

1940-1945: HUGE demographic changes!

• Approx. 1 in every 5 Americans moved!

• Why?– Many who served in WWII and had

seen the world chose not to return to home towns.

– African Americans moved for factory jobs in W and N.

– Indian reservations saw mass exodus…nearly 25 thousand served in armed forces – w/ thousands more who worked in factories – and did not return to reservations• In 1940: nearly 90% of Indians

lived on reservations• By 2000: over 50% lived in

cities

+) Unprecedented Economic Boom!• WWII ended Great Depression!

– (due to Keynesian spending/economics)• Following attack on Pearl Harbor, U.S. mobilized for

war, providing unprecedented military & industrial support – & causing drooping Depression-era economy to snap to attention.–massive military orders (over $100 billion in

1942 alone)

– American factories produced an avalanche of weaponry:• e.g. 40 billion bullets; 300,000 aircraft; 76,000 ships;

86,000 tanks; 2.6 million machine guns– The War Production Board halted the

manufacturing of non-essential items • (e.g. passenger cars – so no such thing as a 1943

Chevrolet). Auto factories were used to manufacture war products instead.

+) Historian Alan Brinkley:

• “The vast productive power of the U.S. supplied its own armed forces and those of its allies with airplanes, ships, tanks, and ammunition….

• It fed, clothed, and housed the American people, and it helped feed, clothe, and house much of the rest of the world as well.

• (Economic) abundance created a striking buoyancy in American life. Suddenly, people had $ to spend again….”

+) Postwar Prosperity!• Stimuli to consumer goods industry

– Baby boom – Population shift to suburbia

• Increased defense spending• Increase in capital investments made in

U.S.• Increase in employment rate• Circa 1940-1970 → rapid economic growth!• Unlike its allies in Europe, U.S. faced its

future in 1945 w/ an intact, industrialized economy

+) Birthrate: 1940-1970 → Baby Boomer generation born!

+) This Economic boom heightened morale/confidence among

Americans for most of next 30 years w/ just a few small interruptions (due to natural downturns in

business cycle):

– Americans in the 1940s, 50s, and 60s had a record # of babies, aspired and lived at an even higher standard of living than their predecessors, expanded the welfare state (especially for the elderly), built infrastructure (e.g. freeways, suburban housing developments)

– Unprecedented prosperity nourished a robust sense of national self-confidence and optimism!• Americans felt invigorated…!

+) Economic Effects:

• Historian David Kennedy:–U.S. had nearly 50% of world’s

manufacturing capacity.–U.S. had 2/3 of world’s monetary

reserves.–Average U.S. civilian standard of

living increased by 15% (from before to after WWII).

+) Manhattan Project & the development of the A-Bomb:

• Strength of U.S. wartime economy made it possible for U.S. to be the…

• 1st country to develop A-Bomb b/c it was only country that could afford it.– It cost $2 billion for U.S. gov. to develop (due to WWII

economic boom), which was same amount as Herbert Hoover’s entire fed. budget in 1929• U.S. also had raw materials, electricity, & infrastructure

– & country not in danger of being bombed.

• Other countries also working on it, but they had to move slowly b/c they needed $ to support other military efforts (e.g. Germany, Japan, Soviets).

-) Negative Economic Effects: U.S. gov. oppressed labor/union efforts:

• Full employment and scarce consumer goods caused rationing and caps on wages.

• Labor unions, whose memberships grew from 10 million workers before the war to 13 million during the war, fiercely resented the government-dictated wage limitations.– Some labor walkouts followed…• Prominent example: United Mine Workers who

were called off their jobs several times by their chieftain: John L. Lewis.

– Threats of lost production became so worrisome that Congress passed the Smith-Connally Anti-strike Act in 1943, not only making strikes a criminal offense, but also, enabling federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries. • Under this act the federal government took control

of the coal mines, and for a brief period, the railroads.

• However, this problem accounted for less than 1% of the total working hours of the U.S. wartime laboring force.

• It should be well-understood that American workers, on the whole, were commendable in their commitment to the war effort, and the vast majority put off striking until war had ended….

WWII’s Social Effects on U.S.:= effects on society (e.g. ideology/ideas, culture, minorities, e.g.):-women-AAs-Native Americans-Latinos-Japanese Americans-German Americans -Italian Americans

+) “Greatest Generation” culture/values solidified:

• For those who endured WWII, a specific value system was aspired to - and celebrated: duty, honor, conservation, sacrifice, courage, love of family and country, personal responsibility

• “World War II did not create these virtues. They are as old as the nation itself. But the American experience in the conflict, and the radically enhanced international stature and responsibility of the United States in the aftermath of the war, gave them new strength. Bringing American values and institutions to the world became, for some, a crusade -- as vital to the future as the war itself.”

• Historian Alan Brinkley: Mindset of the time: This belief among nations was that the U.S. had something worth sharing with all nations, a unique commitment to freedom and justice that could serve as a model for the rest of the world.

Positive Social (Ideological) Effects (from Historian Alan Brinkley):

• Good vs. evil: WWII had revealed a “human capacity for evil and destruction” that surpassed the worst of all prior eras in history.

• To the U.S., it fought to oppose tyrannical dictatorships, expansionism, genocide - & to avenge the attack on Pearl Harbor.

• Only time in U.S. History that nation’s citizens have shared the experience of working together so collaboratively & collectively.– It engaged the nation’s energies of nearly

everyone. In short, Americans were unified….

Historian Alan Brinkley (continued):

• The U.S. believed it had a postwar mission and special virtues worth sharing with the world, which made U.S. embrace its newly-established international role….

+) Historian Alan Brinkley (continued):

• Also, post-WWII U.S. widened opportunities for women, welcomed immigrants, and began to mitigate racial injustice.

+/-) “Prosperity transformed the economic circumstances of many African American men & women; the war -- and its democratic rationale -- transformed their expectations.”

Positive effects:• post-war

desegregation of military (1948)

• mixing up of ethnic and racial groups in the U.S. (due to all the movement)

• founding of civil rights organizations, planting more seeds for civil rights movement of 50s/60s

Negative effects:• de facto

segregation remained

• ongoing discrimination– causing race riots (e.g.

Detroit, Los Angeles)

• internment of Japanese Americans et al during WWII

+) Desegregation of the American military (1948):

•Despite a high enlistment rate in the U.S. Army, minorities were not treated equally. Racial tensions existed. At parades, church services, in transportation and canteens the races were kept separate.•Many soldiers of color served their country with distinction during World War II. There were 125,000 African Americans who were overseas in WWII. • Famous segregated units, such as

the Tuskegee Airmen and 761st Tank Battalion proved their value in combat…• …leading to the desegregation of

all U.S. Armed Forces by order of President Harry S. Truman in July 1948 via Executive Order 9981.

Effects on African Americans:

• See WWII “effects” chart in which Howard Zinn’s thesis has been summarized for you…. His perspective highlights the negative about discrimination etc.

• Also review your homework assignment, the chart in your HOA binder: “The Effects of WWII on Minorities in the U.S.”

+) Opportunities for women increased:

• A certain amount of male workers were exempt from draft in order to keep the mighty industrial and food-producing industries humming, but with 15 million men enlisted in WWII, a demand for personnel still existed.

•

• 216,000 women enlisted for non-combat duties

• Also, even though most women did not work for wages in WWII, 6 million women did by taking factory jobs...– …many of whom were

mothers, so the U.S. govnt created 3,000 day care centers to care for “Rosie the Riveter’s” children.

Riveting = a metal pin that passes through holes in two or more plates to

secure/hold them together

+) Who was “Rosie the Riveter”?• a cultural (and feminist) icon of the

United States, representing American women who worked in factories during World War II (e.g. manufacturing plants that produced armament materials).

• encouraged women to work outside of the home

• Yet another example of how societal gender roles are excused during war time.– caused women to question their

place/status in American society– the number of females in the paid

work force never declined to its prewar levels, and it continued to grow throughout the 1950s & beyond

– & transforming American life…

+) WASP

• = Women Air Force Service Pilots

• 1,074 WASP pilots

• non-combat flights (e.g. delivered planes to combat pilots, flew cargo (e.g. food, supplies, etc.)

-) Internment of Japanese Americans• = relocation and internment by the US govt in 1942 of

about 110,000 Japanese Americans & Japanese who lived along the Pacific Coast after Pearl Harbor attack

• applied unequally throughout US. All who lived on W. Coast were interned, while in Hawaii, where 150Kplus Japanese Americans composed over 1/3 of the population, only approx 1,200 to 1,800 were interned. Of those interned, 62% were American citizens.

• Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized this w/ Executive Order 9066, issued February 19, 1942, which allowed local military commanders to designate military areas as exclusion zones

• This power used to declare that all people of Japanese ancestry were excluded from the entire Pacific Coast, including all of CA & much of OR, WA, & AZ, except for those in internment camps.

• In 1944, Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality• In 1988, Congress passed - and President Ronald

Reagan signed - legislation which apologized for the internment on behalf of the U.S. government. The legislation said that government actions were based on "race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership". The U.S. government eventually disbursed more than $1.6 billion in reparations to Japanese Americans who had been interned and their heirs

-) Japanese-Canadian Internmen

t:

• After start of war w/ Japan in December 1941 Canadian gov. oversaw Japanese-Canadian internment on Canada’s west coast, which sent 22,000 British Columbia residents of Japanese descent to relocation camps far from West Coast.

• Reason? intense public demand for removal & fears of espionage or sabotage. 

• King & his Cabinet ignored reports from RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police) & Canadian military that most of Japanese were law-abiding & not a threat.

-) Differences between U.S. & Canadian internment of their citizens

of Japanese decent?• motivations the same• Conditions tended to be harsher in Canada, often due

to lack of infrastructure & organization – not due to maliciousness. The following happened in C, but not the U.S., due to these issues:– JC families often separated.– Sometimes not enough food for them (Canadian Red

Cross had to bring in food at times).– In Hastings Park, Vancouver (BC), JCs kept in animal

stalls for months, awaiting deportation– Some JC personal property (i.e. that which they had

been allowed to bring with them to the internment camps) sold at auction to raise money for the camps.

– Approx. 4,000 JCs deported to Japan, following WWII.

WWII’s Political/Diplomatic Effects for U.S. were

strong:

+/-)WWII paved way for more liberalism in post-WWII years:

• Interestingly, with the exception of Dwight D. Eisenhower’s presidency (1953-61), U.S. elected liberal democrats to the white house: HST (‘48), JFK (‘60), LBJ (‘64)– But even Eisenhower was a moderate republican.

• More from historian Alan Brinkley: Wartime abundance had vindicated Keynesian economics….– “And it was manifest in the way it excited, and then frustrated, a

generation of American liberals imagining new forms of progress and social justice. For out of the war they brought, and sustained for 20 years, a commitment to a new political order. Wartime abundance, they believed, had vindicated Keynesian economics -- the alluring conviction that governments could sustain prosperity and economic growth indefinitely through enlightened use of their fiscal powers (spending and taxation) rather than by intervening directly in the affairs of capitalist institutions….

– Liberals also envisioned an abundant nation expanding and perfecting a generous welfare state to redeem the blighted lives of those cast aside by capitalism's imperfections. Such visions found only limited popular sympathy in the turbulent and divisive years immediately following the war. But they survived to become the basis of some of the great, and now controversial, liberal crusades of the 1960s.”• Harry Truman 1st U.S. pres. ever t.o propose universal healthcare

+) Strengthened America’s global diplomatic status:

• U. S. became the world's preeminent economic and military power (e.g. even sphere of influence in Asia increased, too)

• During WWII, the U.S. assumed a leading role in world affairs that continues today. … -)?

+) WWII’s Diplomatic Effects:

–WWII opened the U.S. up to the world!•U.S. took lead in founding & funding UN; creating/funding new international institutions

(IMF, World Bank, WTO; spent $17 billion on Marshall Plan; implemented Truman Doctrine, and joined NATO)

-) Counterclaim:

• Historian Howard Zinn:–U.S. involved itself in WWII to

quench its imperialistic thirst - & to make money!• Just look at the rise of the Military Industrial Complex.

-) Est. of Military Industrial Complex:

• Term coined by President Eisenhower (1961), who warned Americans of this during his Farewell Address.

• Pre WWII? U.S. had no armament industry– Post WWII? MIC!

• Def: The cooperative relationship among the U.S. military, Congress, and contractors of military equipment in lobbying for increased spending on military programs – with an emphasis on profit, not necessity (of war).

• Listen to this:

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8y06NSBBRtY

Military Industrial Complex → + or – effect?

– On a + note, some argue that U.S. values of democracy, economic & social freedom, etc. – and the optimistic belief that a better/new world order was possible - could be sent around world and sustained via its vast military/military presence.

– On a – note (according to historian Howard Zinn) this made the U.S. imperialistic, arrogant, & reckless.• As it interfered in civil wars and carried out

coups in the name of democracy via the Cold War (e.g. Iran, Guatemala, Chile, etc.).

Professor of U.S. History: David M. Kennedy

http://www.gilderlehrman.org/multimedia#!

3324

-(approx. 40 mins.)

Atomic Bombs:

• Hiroshima: August 6, 1945• Nagasaki: August 9, 1945

U.S. President Harry Truman’s motivations for dropping bombs?

• Some historians: To end war – & save lives of hundreds of thousands of U.S. soldiers.

• Other historians: ending war & saving U.S. soldiers’ lives really a smokescreen for “atomic diplomacy” → i.e. the U.S. flexed its atomic bomb muscles & tried to intimidate Soviets– Soviet intervention in Japan seemed imminent….– Soviets had already flexed its muscles in Germany by

this point.

• Review Atomic Bomb debate preparation notes, especially debate ? Based on…– Past P3 question: To what extent was the use of the atomic

bombs necessary to end WWII?

Unconditional Surrender?

How region responded to Holocaust:

• If asked about this, it will pertain to 1 or 2 countries in region (no more).

IB HOA ~ Unit 3, Day 16

• Objectives: Students will be able to…

1. describe the Americas Region’s response to the Jewish European Holocaust (specifically that of the U.S., Canada, & Argentina).

Bottom line?

• No country handled it perfectly.–Argentina: the best.–U.S.: mixed record.• Admitted more European Jewish

refugees than any other country in world, yet….

• Privately, FDR did a lot.• Publically, FDR did not do a lot.

–Canada: the worst.

Milestones in Jewish-American Political History:

• David Yulee → 1st Jewish U.S. Senator, elected 1845 (FL)• TR appointed 1st Jewish member of cabinet (Oscar Straus,

Sec. of Commerce & Labor), 1906• Woodrow Wilson appointed 1st Jewish justice to U.S.

Supreme Court (Louis Brandeis), 1916namesake for Brandeis University (in MA)

• FDR → appointed more Jewish Americans to govnt posts than any of his predecessors (e.g. Henry Morgenthau: 1st Jewish-American Secretary of the Treasury)– 15% of his high-level executive appointments were Jewish • This says a lot, esp. considering Jewish-Americans

comprised just 3% of U.S. population at time)

Voyage of the SS St. Louis, May 1939

• Close to 1,000 (mostly Jewish Germans) sought political asylum in Americas Region.– Turned away from Cuba; then turned away from U.S.

• Passengers cabled FDR who never responded…but the U.S. State Dept. did, saying that passengers must apply for visas if they wished to immigrate to U.S. Since the Visa application takes more time than they had…

• passengers forced to return to Belgium, where they dispersed to various N. European countries (Only about 1/3 of these passengers survived Nazi Holocaust)

• signaled that the Americas region not willing to take Jewish refugees

• partial impetus for Final Solution…b/c:– Nazis received message(s) that: 1) emigration from Europe had

not worked; 2) no one wanted Jewish people → …3) who were, therefore, considered expendable…so death next option…(i.e. Nazis didn’t believe they’d be challenged).

German Jews fled Nazi-occupied Europe: 1930s

• Hitler took power: 1933• Jewish emigration from Nazi-occupied Germany

occurred between 1933-1939 but became increasingly difficult over time.

• Jewish families who could afford exit fees, were able to leave more easily than those who could not.

Argentina?• received high # of Jewish immigrants: 1930s

today? has largest Jewish community in LA• Jewish Europeans have been settling in A. from as early as

1490s Jewish people from Spain – fleeing the Spanish Inquisition –

were the first…they practiced their religion secretly and largely assimilated into Argentine society.

• A. gained independence from Spain: 1810…A.’s very 1st president (Bernardino Rivadavia) supported policies supporting human rights and immigration freedom, marking the beginning of decades of open immigration for European Jewish immigrants. …during which Jewish-Argentinians were able to practice Judaism openly. However, JAs have experienced some waves of antisemitism in Argentine

history…

• A. has also harbored Nazis (war criminals) – why? dictator Juan Peron (1946-55 & 1973-74) was sympathetic to the Axis

Powers, had admired Fascist leader Benito Mussolini of Italy, etc.

Canada?• One of the world’s most inhospitable countries

for admitting Jewish Europeans in 1930s – and possibly the worst in the Americas region!One Canadian official → “None is too many.”

• antisemitism most notable in Quebec w/ Catholic-led govnt, whose political leaders & Roman Catholic Church made many disparaging comments against Jewish community.

• Like most world leaders/countries, Anti-semitism mixed w/ a lack of awareness about Hitler’s /the Nazi agenda plagued PM Mackenzie King, who met w/ Hitler in 1930s: King about Hitler → “simple sort of peasant, not very

intelligent, and no serious danger to anyone.”

Canadian antisemitism contd:

• 1943 Gallup Poll asked Canadians to rank order the least desirable immigrant groups.– Answer → Jewish people were put in 1st place

- even below other hated groups: Japanese & German immigrants.

• Why?Canadians – who were in their own Great

Depression - made foreigners scapegoats.A western climate of antisemitism made this

acceptable.

Examples of antisemetic attacks against Jewish Canadians:

• Christie Pits Riot (1933) → 6 hrs. of violent conflict between Jewish & Christian youths in Toronto, Ontario– local synagogues set ablaze– not everywhere but in some places: swastikas

& Nazi slogans appeared on the beaches where Jewish people were attacked.

1930s Antisemitism in U.S.• 1939 public opinion poll indicated 42.3% of Americans

believed German violence against its Jewish population was due to their “unfavorable characteristics.”

• In a poll held 7 months later, majority of Americans ranked Jewish people as one of worst groups of citizens.

• American antisemitism one reason American public lacked interest in plight of Europe’s vulnerable Jewish population.

• Jan. 1943: after Allied Powers issued declaration, condemning Nazi atrocities against Jewish Europeans, more than 1/2 of Americans polled didn’t believe Nazis were deliberately killing them.

• 1944 public opinion poll → indicated majority of Americans were aware that Hitler had been cruel to the Jewish population, but few fathomed extent of the killing. 12% believed the stories of mass murder of Jews to be totally untrue;

27% believed the mass murder was true but that only 100,000 were killed, and only 4% believed the truth: that millions of Jewish people had been put to death.

The average American mindset, 1930s:

• Most Americans → isolationist!Americans about

Germany → “that’s their business”

Americans (& western world) → fearful of another world war

• Americans about immigration → “we can’t even feed and employ all of our own; how are we supposed to care for more immigrants?”

American political

response to this

Holocaust?

• Not much response at all… The U.S. could have helped much more than it

did.

• U.S. Congress had been restricting immigration quotas strictly ever since the start of Great Dep.

• When Congress learned of the plight of European Jews, exceptions were still not made for them.

• Congressional attitudes mirrored those of the American public:1938: 71-85% of Americans opposed

increasing immigration quotas (for anyone), and 67% wanted all political refugees (mostly Jewish) kept out.

early 1939: 66% of Americans objected to a one-time exception for 10,000 Jewish orphans to enter U.S.

FDR’s position on Nazi treatment of Jewish Europeans?

• FDR → appalled & aware of discrimination & violence perpetuated against them

• YET he refrained from issuing any direct statement of condemnation

• WHY?...The sad reality that:– FDR did not want to spend what

little political capital he had on a minority of people about whom most did not care.

– FDR felt he had larger concerns at the time, such as the Great Depression

American Ambassador to Germany William Dodd with his family in Berlin, circa 1933

Source of these lecture notes – fabulous book!