3IIbar, Saint - Irishman, contemporary of St. Patrick, and was a missionary in County Wexford before Patrick set foot in Ireland. Uncle of St. AbbanIbarra - Diocese in Southern Ecuador, suffragan of Quito, created by Pius IXIbagué - Suffragan of Bogotá, in the Republic of Colombia, South AmericaIbas - Elected Bishop of Edessa in 439 as successor of Rabbulas, one of the most ardent supporters of St. Cyril; d. 457Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d' - Founder of the colony of Louisiana, b. at Villemarie, Montreal, 16 July, 1661; d. at Havana, 9 July, 1706Ibora - A titular see in the Province of Helenopont, suffragan of AmasiaIceland - The island called Iceland, is considered, because of its population and history as forming a part of Europe, is situated in the North Atlantic OceanIchthys (Fish), Symbolism of the - The symbol itself may have been suggested by the miraculous multification of the loaves and fishes or the repast of the seven Disciples, after the Resurrection, on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, but its popularity among Christians was due principally, to the famous acrostic consisting of the initial letters of five Greek words forming the word for fish (Ichthys), which words briefly but clearly described the character of Christ and His claim to the worship of believers: Iesous Christos Theou Yios Soter, i.e. Jesus Christ, Son of God, SaviourIconoclasm - The name of the heresy that in the eighth and ninth centuries disturbed the peace of the Eastern Church, caused the last of the many breaches with Rome that prepared the way for the schism of Photius, and was echoed on a smaller scale in the Frankish kingdom in the WestIconography, Christian - The science of the description, history, and interpretation of the traditional representations of God, the saints and other sacred subjects in artIconium - A titular see of LycaoniaIconostasis - A great screen or partition running from side to side of the apse or across the entire end of the church, which divides the sanctuary from the body of the church, and is built of solid materials such as stone, metal, or wood, and which reaches often (as in Russia) to the very ceiling of the church, thus completely shutting off the altar and the sanctuary from the worshipperIdaho - Probably from an Arapahoe Indian word, 'Gem of the Mountains', the name first suggested for the territory of ColoradoIdatius of Lemica - Chronicler and bishop (d. 468)Idea - The word was originally Greek, but passed without change into Latin. It seems first to have meant form, shape, or appearance, whence, by an easy transition, it acquired the connotation of nature, or kindIdealism - The characteristic of those who regard the ideas of truth and right, goodness and beauty, as standards and directive forcesIdeas, Association of - A principle in psychology to account for the succession of mental statesIdioms, Communication of - A technical expression in the theology of the Incarnation. It means that the properties of the Divine Word can be ascribed to the man Christ, and that the properties of the man Christ can be predicated of the WordIdiota - The nom de plume of an ancient, learned, and pious writer whose identity remained unknown for some centuriesIdolatry - Etymologically denotes divine worship given to an image, but its signification has been extended to all divine worship given to anyone or anything but the true God

Idumea - The country inhabited by the descendants of EdomIglesias, Diocese of - A suffragan of Cagliari in SardiniaIglesias de la Casa, José - A Spanish of the coterie gathered about Meléndez, Valdés, born at Salamanca, 31 October, 1748; died 1791Ignacio de Azevedo, Blessed - Portuguese Jesuit, missionary to Brazil, martyred with thirty-nine companions by Huguenot pirates near the island of Palma in 1570Ignatius Loyola, Saint - Biography of the Spanish founder of the Jesuits, who died in 1556Ignatius of Antioch, Saint - Biography of the bishop and writer. Ignatius was martyred at Rome sometime between 98 and 117Ignatius of Constantinople, Saint - Tells the story of this son of Emperor Michael I, forced into monastic life by a rival. Patriarch of Constantinople, deposed on a wicked pretext. Ignatius died in 877Igneus, Blessed Peter - So-called because he successfully underwent trial by fire. Vallombrosian monk, Cardinal of Albano, d. 1089Ignorance - Lack of knowledge about a thing in a being capable of knowingIHS - A monogram of the name of Jesus ChristIldephonsus, Saint - Archbishop of Toledo, d. 667Illegitimacy - As generally defined, and as understood in this article, illegitimacy denotes the condition of children born out of wedlockIllinois - One of the United States of America, bounded on the north by Wisconsin, on the west by the Mississippi, which separates it from Iowa and Missouri, on the south by the confluent waters of the Mississippi and the Ohio, which separate it from Kentucky, on the east by Indiana and Lake MichiganIllinois Indians - An important confederacy of Algonquian tribes formerly occupying the greater part of the present state of Illinois, together with the adjacent portions of Wisconsin, Iowa, and MissouriIlltyd, Saint - Also known as Iltutus. Late fifth- to early sixth-century Welsh saint. Biographical articleIlluminated Manuscripts - A large number of manuscripts covered with painted ornamentsIlluminati - Secret society founded in 1776Illuminati - False Spanish mysticsIlluminative Way - Stages in the spiritual lifeIllyria - A district of the Balkan Peninsula, which has varied in extent at different periodsIltutus, Saint - Also known as Iltutus. Late fifth- to early sixth-century Welsh saint. Biographical articleImages, Veneration of - It is an uncompromising attitude in the late Jewish history, together with the apparently obvious meaning of the First Commandment, that are responsible for the common idea that Jews had no imagesImagination - The faculty of representing to oneself sensible objects independently of an actual impression of those objects on our sensesImbonati, Carlo Giuseppe - Cistercian of the Reform of St. Bernard, orientalist, biographer, theologian; born at Milan; flourished in the latter half of the seventeenth centuryImhof, Maximus von - German physicist, born 26 July, 1758, at Rissbach, in Bavaria; died 11 April, 1817 at Munich

Imitation of Christ - A work of spiritual devotion, also sometimes called the 'Following of Christ'. Its purpose is to instruct the soul in Christian perfection with Christ as the Divine ModelImmaculate Conception - In the Constitution Ineffabilis Deus of 8 December, 1854, Pius IX pronounced and defined that the Blessed Virgin Mary 'in the first instance of her conception, by a singular privilege and grace granted by God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved exempt from all stain of original sin.'Immaculate Conception, Congregation of the - Article covers several groups of this nameImmanence - Latin, in manere, to remain in. The quality of any action which begins and ends within the agentImmanuel - Signifies 'God with us' (Matthew 1:23), and is the name of the child predicted in Isaias 7:14: 'Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and his name shall be called Emmanuel'Immortality - By immortality is ordinarily understood the doctrine that the human soul will survive death, continuing in the possession of an endless conscious existenceImmunity - An exemption from a legal obligation (munus), imposed on a person or his property by law, custom, or the order of a superiorImola - Diocese; suffragan of BolognaImola, Innocenzo di Pietro Francucci da - Italian painter; b. at Imola, c. 1494; d. at Bologna, c. 1550Impanation - An heretical doctrine according to which Christ is in the Eucharist through His human body substantially united with the substances of bread and wine, and thus is really present as God, made breadImpediments, Canonical - Canon law uses the word impediment in its restricted and technical sense, only in reference to marriage, while impediments to Holy orders are spoken of as irregularitiesImperative, Categorical - A term which originated in Immanuel Kant's ethicsImperfect Contrition - Also called 'imperfect contrition.' Definition, its relation to sacramental penance, and moral considerationsImposition of Hands - A symbolical ceremony by which one intends to communicate to another some favour, quality or excellence (principally of a spiritual kind), or to depute another to some officeImpostors - That there would be hypocrites who would take advantage of a profession of piety to mask their own evil designs had been clearly foretold by Christ in the GospelsImproperia - The reproaches which in the liturgy of the Office of Good Friday the Saviour is made to utter against the Jews, who, in requital for all the Divine favours and particularly for the delivery from the bondage of Egypt and safe conduct into the Promised Land, inflicted on Him the ignominies of the Passion and a cruel deathIn Commendam - A phrase used in canon law to designate a certain manner of collating an ecclesiastical beneficeIncorporation of Church Property, Civil - Christianity at its very beginning, found the concept of the corporation well developed under Roman law and widely and variously organized in Roman society. It was a concept that the early Christians soon adapted to their organization and, as a means of protection in the periods of persecutionIn Partibus Infidelium - A term meaning 'in the lands of the unbelievers,' words added to the name of the see conferred on non-residential or titular Latin bishops

In Petto - An Italian translation of the Latin in pectore, 'in the breast', i.e. in the secret of the heartIncardination and Excardination - In the ecclesiastical sense the words are used to denote that a given person is freed from the jurisdiction of one bishop and is transferred to that of anotherIncarnate Word, Sisters of Charity of the - This congregation, with simple vows, was founded by Rt. Rev. C.M. Dubuis, Bishop of GalvestonIncarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament, Order of the - Founded in the early part of the seventeenth century by Jeanne Chezard de MatelIncarnation, The - The Incarnation is the mystery and the dogma of the Word made FleshIncense - An aromatic substance which is obtained from certain resinous trees and largely employed for purposes of religious worshipIncest - Sexual intercourse between those who are related by blood or marriageInchbald, Elizabeth - Novelist, dramatist, and actress; b. at Staningfield, near Bury St. Edmunds, 15 Oct., 1753; d. at Kensington, London, 1 Aug., 1821In Cœna Domini - A papal Bull, so called from the feast on which it was annually published in Rome, viz, the feast of the Lord's Supper, or Maundy ThursdayIndex of Prohibited Books - The exact list or catalogue of books, the reading of which was once forbidden to Catholics by the highest ecclesiastical authorityIndia - The peninsula is separated on the north from Tibet and Central Asia by the Himalaya, Hindu Kush, and Karakoram mountains, and some lower ranges divide it from Afghanistan and BaluchistanIndiana - One of the United States of America, the nineteenth in point of admissionIndianapolis - Diocese; suffragan of Cincinnati, established as the Diocese of Vincennes in 1834, but by brief dated 28 March, and promulgated 30 April, 1898, the pope changed the see to IndianapolisIndian Missions, Bureau of Catholic - An institution originated (1874) by J. Roosevelt Barley, Archbishop of Baltimore, for the protection and promotion of Catholic Indian mission interests in the United States of AmericaIndians, American - History, customs, and language are covered hereIndies, Patriarchate of the East - In consequence of an agreement between the Holy See and the Portuguese Government in 1886Indifferentism, Religious - The term given, in general, to all those theories, which, for one reason or another, deny that it is the duty of man to worship God by believing and practicing the one true religionIndividualism - The tendency to magnify individual liberty, as against external authority, and individual activity, as against associated activityIndividual, Individuality - An individual being is defined by St. Thomas as 'quod est in se indivisum, ab aliis vero divisum' (a being undivided in itself but separated from other beings)Indo-China - The most easterly of the three great peninsulas of Southern Asia, is bounded on the north by the mountains of Assam, the Plateau of Yun-nan, and the mountains of Kwang-si; on the east by the province of Kwang-si (Canton), the Gulf of Tong-king, and the Sea of China; on the south by the Sea of China, the Gulf of Siam and the Strait of Malacca; on the west by the Gulf of Martaban and the Bay of BengalInduction - Induction is the conscious mental process by which we pass from the perception of particular phenomena (things and events) to the knowledge of general truths

Indulgences - A remission of the temporal punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has been forgivenIndulgences, Apostolic - Those which the Roman pontiff, the successor of the Prince of the Apostles, attaches to the crosses, crucifixes, chaplets, rosaries, images, and medals which he blesses, either with his own hand or by those to whom he has delegated this facultyIndult, Pontifical - General faculties granted by the Holy See to bishops and others, of doing something not permitted by the common lawIne, Saint - King of the West Saxons, d. 728. Also known as Ina or IniInfallibility - In general, exemption or immunity from liability to error or failure; in particular in theological usage, the supernatural prerogative by which the Church of Christ is, by a special Divine assistance, preserved from liability to error in her definitive dogmatic teaching regarding matters of faith and moralsInfamy - Loss of a good nameInfanticide - Child-murder; the killing of an infant before or after birthInfessura, Stefano - Lawyer and antipapal chronicler (1435-1500)Infidels - As in ecclesiastical language those who by baptism have received faith in Jesus Christ and have pledged Him their fidelity and called the faithful, so the name infidel is given to those who have not been baptizedInfinity - The infinite, as the word indicates, is that which has no end, no limit, no boundary, and therefore cannot be measured by a finite standard, however often applied; it is that which cannot be attained by successive addition, not exhausted by successive subtraction of finite quantitiesInfralapsarians - The name given to a party of Dutch Calvinists in the seventeenth century, who sought to mitigate the rigour of Calvin's doctrine concerning absolute predestinationIngen-Housz, Jan - Investigator of the physiology of plants, physicist, and physician (1730-1799)Inghirami, Giovanni - Italian astronomer, b. at Volterra, Tuscany, 16 April, 1779; d. at Florence, 15 August, 1851Ingleby, Venerable Francis - Brief biography of the Yorkshire priest and martyr, who died in 1586Ingolstadt, University of - Founded by Louis the Rich, Duke of BavariaIngram, Venerable John - English priest, tortured and twice imprisoned, martyred in 1594Ingres, Jean-Auguste Dominique - A French painter, b. at Montauban, 29 August, 1780; d. at Paris, 14 January, 1867Ingulf - Abbot of Croyland, Lincolnshire; d. there 17 December 1109Ingworth, Richard of - A Franciscan preacher who flourished about 1225Injustice - The violation of another's strict right against his reasonable will, and the value of the word right is determined to be the moral power of having or doing or exacting something in support or furtherance of one's own advantageInnocent I, Pope - Unanimously chosen to succeed Anastasius. Essay on his writings and some of the more notable events of his pontificate. Innocent died in 417Innocent II, Pope - Reigned 1130-1143Innocent III, Pope - Reigned 1198-1216Innocent IV, Pope - Reigned 1243-1254Innocent V, Blessed Pope - French Dominican, known as 'most famous doctor,' d. 1276Innocent VI, Pope - Reigned 1352-1362

Innocent VII, Pope - Reigned 1406Innocent VIII, Pope - Reigned 1484-1492Innocent IX, Pope - Reigned 1591Innocent X, Pope - Reigned 1644-1655Innocent XI, Pope - Lengthy biography of this pope known for his piety and unselfish devotion to dutyInnocent XII, Pope - Reigned 1691-1700Innocent XIII, Pope - Reigned 1721-24Innsbruck University - Opened at Innsbruck in 1562 by Blessed Peter Canisius, at the request and on the foundation of the Emperor Ferdinand I of AustriaInquisition - By this term is usually meant a special ecclesiastical institutional for combating or suppressing heresyInquisition, Canonical - Either extra-judicial or judicial: the former might be likened to a coroner's inquest in civil law; while the latter is similar to an investigation by the grand juryInsane, Asylums and Care for the - The Church, from the earliest times, arranged for the care of the insaneInsanity - The dividing line between sanity and insanity, like the line that distinguishes a man of average height from a tall man, can be described only in terms of a moral estimateInscriptions, Early Christian - Divided into three main classes: sepulchral inscriptions, epigraphic records, and inscriptions concerning private lifeInspiration of the Bible - Covered in four sections, I. Belief in Inspired books; II. Nature of Inspiration; III. Extent of Inspiration; IV. Protestant Views on the Inspiration of the BibleInstallation - This word, strictly speaking, applies to the solemn induction of a canon into the stall or seat which he is to occupy in the choir of a cathedral or collegiate churchInstinct - The term usually includes the idea of a purposive adaptation of an action or series of actions in an organized being, not governed by consciousness of the end to be attainedInstitute of Mary - The official title of the second congregation founded by Mary WardInstitute of Mission Helpers of the Sacred Heart - There are houses of the institute in New York, Trenton, Porto Rico, and BaltimoreInstitute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Irish - Founded by Frances Mary Teresa Ball, under the direction and episcopal jurisdiction of the Most Rev. D. Murray, Archbishop of DublinInstitute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools - A society of male religious approved by the Church, but not taking Holy orders, and having for its object the personal sanctification of its members and the Christian education of youth, especially of the children of artisans and the poorInstitutes, Roman Historical - Collegiate bodies established at Rome by ecclesiastical or civil authority for the purpose of historical research, notably in the Vatican archivesInstitution, Canonical - In its strictest sense the word denotes the collation of an ecclesiastical benefice by a legitimate authority, on the presentation of a candidate by a third personIntellect - The faculty of thought

Intendencia Oriental y Llanos de San Martín - Vicariate Apostolic in the province of Saint Martin, Colombia, South America, created 24 March, 1908, and entrusted to the Society of MaryIntention - An act of the will by which that faculty efficaciously desires to reach an end by employing the meansIntercession - To go or come between two parties, to plead before one of them on behalf of the otherIntercession, Episcopal - The right to intercede for criminals, which was granted by the secular power to the bishops of the Early ChurchInterdict - Originally in Roman law, an interlocutory edict of the praetor, especially in matter affecting the right of possession; it still preserves this meaning in both Roman and canon lawInterest (in Psychology) - Defined as a kind of consciousness accompanying and stimulating attention, a feeling pleasant or painful directing attention, the pleasurable or painful aspect of a process of attention, and as identical with attention itselfInterest (in Economics) - A value exacted or promised over and above the restitution of a borrowed capitalInterims - Temporary settlements in matters of religion, entered into by Emperor Charles V (1519-56) with the ProtestantsInternuncio - The name given in the Roman Curia to a diplomatic agent who, though not belonging to the five highest classes of the papal diplomatic service (legatus a latere, nuncio with full powers of a legatus a latere, legate, nuncio of the first class, and nuncio of the second class), is, nevertheless, chief of a legation (chef de mission)Introduction, Biblical - Designates the part of Scriptural science which is concerned with topics preliminary to the detailed study and correct exposition of Holy Writ, and also, it is given to a work in which these various topics are actually treatedIntroit - The Introit (Introitus) of the Mass is the fragment of a psalm with its antiphon sung while the celebrant and ministers enter the church and approach the altarIntrusion - The act by which unlawful possession of an ecclesiastical benefice is takenIntuition - A psychological and philosophical term which designates the process of immediate apprehension or perception of an actual fact, being, or relation between two terms and its resultsInventory of Church Property - An inventory is to be made at the beginning of a given administration; when the period of management has expired, the out-going official must produce all the things which appear in this inventory or were added later, excepting those which have been consumed or rendered uselessInvestiture, Canonical - The act by which a suzerain granted a fief to his vassal, and the ceremonies which accompanied that grantInvestitures, Conflict of - The terminus technicus for the great struggle between the popes and the German kings Henry IV and Henry V, during the period 1075-1122Invincible Armada, The - A fleet intended to invade England and to put an end to the long series of English aggressions against the colonies and possessions of the Spanish CrownInvitatorium - The invitation addressed to the faithful to come and take part in the Divine OfficeIona, School of - Thorough history of the ancient monasteryIonian Islands - A group of seven islands and a number of islets scattered over the Ionian Sea to the west of GreeceIonian School of Philosophy - Includes the earliest Greek philosophers, who lived at Miletus, an Ionian colony in Asia Minor, during the sixth century B.C., and a group of

philosophers who lived about one hundred years later and modified the doctrines of their predecessors in several respectsIonopolis - A titular see in the province of Paphlagonia, suffragan of GangresIowa - One of the North Central States of the American Union, and is about midway between the Atlantic and the Pacific OceansIpolyi, Arnold - Bishop of Grosswardein (Nagy-Várad), b. at Ipoly-Keszi, 20 Oct., 1823; d. at Grosswardein, 2 December 1886Ippolito Galantini, Blessed - Founder of the Christian Congregation of Florence, d. 1619Ipsus - A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris, suffragan of SynnadaIreland - Ireland lies in the Atlantic Ocean, west of Great Britain . . .Ireland, Ven. William - English Jesuit who was arrested by Titus Oates himself, and martyred along with layman John Grove in 1679Irenaeus, Saint - Article on the bishop of Lyons, Father of the Church, d. late second or early third centuryIrene, Sister - Catherine FitzGibbon, born in London, England, 12 May, 1823; died in New York, 14 August, 1896Irenopolis - A titular see of Isauria, suffragan of SeleuciaIriarte, Ignacio de - Painter, b. at Azcoitia, Guipuzcoa, in 1620; d. at Seville, 1685Irish, The, (in countries other than Ireland) - Includes the United States, Australia, Canada, Great Britain, South Africa, and South AmericaIrish College, in Rome - Towards the close of the sixteenth century, Gregory XIII had sanctioned the foundation of an Irish college in Rome, and had assigned a large sum of money as the nucleus of an endowmentIrish Colleges, on the Continent - The religious persecution under Elizabeth and James I lead to the suppression of the monastic schools in Ireland in which the clergy for the most part received their education. It became necessary, therefore, to seek education abroad, and many colleges for the training of the secular clergy were founded on the Continent, at Rome, in Spain and Portugal, in Belgium, and in FranceIrish Confessors and Martyrs - The period covered by this article embraces that between the years 1540 and (approximately) 1713Irish Literature - It is uncertain at what period and in what manner the Irish discovered the use of letters. It may have been through direct commerce with Gaul, but it is more probable, as McNeill has shown in his study of Irish oghams, that it was from the Romanized Britons that they first learned the art of writingIrnerius - An Italian jurist and founder of the School of Glossators, b. at Bologna about 1050; d. there about 1130Iroquois - A noted confederacy of five, and afterwards six, cognate tribes of Iroquoian stock, and closely cognate languages, formerly occupying central New York, and claiming right of conquest over nearly all the tribes from Hudson Bay to Tennessee River, and westward to Lake Michigan and Illinois RiverIrregularity - A canonical impediment directly impeding the reception of tonsure and Holy orders or preventing the exercise of orders already receivedIrremovability - A quality of certain ecclesiastical offices and dignities. It implies that the incumbent's appointment is, under certain conditions, a perpetual one, or for the term of his natural lifeIrvingites - A religious sect called after Edward Irving (1792-1834), a deposed Presbyterian ministerIsaac - The son of Abraham and SaraIsaac Jogues, Saint - French Jesuit missionary to Canada, martyred in 1646

Isaac of Armenia - Catholicos or Patriarch of Armenia (338-439)Isaac of Nineveh - A Nestorian bishop of that city in the latter half of the seventh century, being consecrated by the Nestorian Patriarch George (660-80)Isaac of Seleucia - Patriarch of the Persian Church, d. 410Isabella I - Queen of Castile (1451-1504)Isabel of France, Saint - Daughter of Blanche of Castille and sister of St. Louis IX. Founded a convent of Poor Clares. Died 1270Isaias - Essay on the Biblical prophet and the book which bears his nameIsaura - Titular see in the Province of Lycaonia, suffragan of IconiumIschia - Diocese, suffragan to NaplesIsernia and Venafro - Diocese in the province of Campobasso in Molise (Southern Italy)Ishmael - Son of Abraham and HagarIsidore of Pelusium, Saint - Born at Alexandria, became a monk, opposed Nestorianism and Eutychianism, d. no later than 449-450Isidore of Seville, Saint - Biographical entry for this bishop, who died in 636Isidore of Thessalonica - Cardinal and sometime Metropolitan of Kiev or Moscow, b. at Thessalonica (Saloniki) towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. at Rome, 27 April, 1463Isidore the Labourer, Saint - Spanish day laborer, married to St. María de la Cabeza. He died in 1130Isionda - A titular see in the province of Pamphylia Secunda; it was a suffragan of PergeIsla, José Francisco de - Spanish preacher and satirist, b. at Villavidantes (Kingdom of Leon), 24 March, 1703; d. at Bologna, 2 November, 1782Islam (Concept) - An Arabic word which, since Mohammed's time, has acquired a religious and technical significance denoting the religion of Mohammed and of the Koran, just as Christianity denotes that of Jesus and of the Gospels, or Judaism that of Moses, the Prophets, and of the Old TestamentIslam (Religion) - Mohammed, 'the Praised One', the prophet of Islam and the founder of Mohammedanism, was born at Mecca (20 August?) A.D. 570Isleta Pueblo - The name of two pueblos of the ancient Tigua tribe, of remote Shoshoncan stockIslip, Simon - An Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Islip, near Oxford; d. at Mayfield, Sussex, 26 April, 1366Ismael - Son of Abraham and HagarIspahan - A Catholic Armenian Latin seeIsraelites - The word designates the descendants of the Patriarch Jacob, or IsraelIssachar - Ninth son of Jacob, and name of the tribe descended from himIssus - Titular see of Cilicia PrimaIta, Saint - The 'Brigid of Munster,' d. 570Italian Literature - The modern language of Italy is naturally derived from Latin, a continuation and development of the Latin actually spoken among the inhabitants of the peninsula after the downfall of the Roman EmpireItalians in the United States - Information on distribution, statistics, and religionItalo-Greeks - The name applied to the Greeks in Italy who observe the Byzantine RiteItaly - In ancient times Italy had several other names: it was called Saturnia, in honour of Saturn; Enotria, wine-producing land; Ausonia, land of the Ausonians; Hesperia, land to the west (of Greece); Tyrrhenia, etc. The name Italy, which seems to have

been taken from vitulus, to signify a land abounding in cattle, was applied at first to a very limited territoryIte Missa Est - This is the versicle chanted in the Roman Rite by the deacon at the end of Mass, after the Post-CommunionsItineraria - Under this term are comprised two kinds of works: travellers' relations describing the places and countries visited by them, together with such incidents of the voyage as are worth noting; and compilations intended to furnish information for the guidance of travellers, i.e. works which we now distinguish as books of travel and guide-booksItinerarium - A form of prayer used by monks and clerics before setting out on a journey, and for that reason usually printed at the end of the Breviary, where it can be conveniently found when requiredIttenbach, Franz - Historical painter; born at Königswinter, at the foot of the Drachenfels, in 1813; died at Düsseldorf, 1879Ives, Saint - Or St. Yves. Patron saint of lawyers, d. 1303Ives, Levi Silliman - Born at Meriden, Connecticut, U.S.A., 16 September, 1797; d. at New York, 13 October, 1867. He was one of the most distinguished converts to the Church made in the United States through the influence of the Tractarian Movement of 1848-49Ivo of Chartres, Saint - Essay on the life and writings of this bishop, who died in 1116Ivory - The tusks of the elephant, hippopotamus, walrus, and other animals: a tough and elastic substance, of a creamy white, taking a high and lasting polish, largely employed in the arts since pre-historic times, and used extensively in making or adorning ecclesiastical objects by the primitive and medieval ChristiansIvrea, Diocese of - Suffragan of Turin, Northern ItalyIxtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alba - Mexican historian (1568-1648)JJaca, Diocese of - Located in the Spanish province of Huesca. Jaca, the chief town of the mountain district of SobrarbeJackson, Henry Moore - Knight, born in Grenada, 1849; died in London, 29 August, 1908Jacob - The son of Isaac and Rebecca, third great patriarch of the chosen people, and the immediate ancestor of the twelve tribes of IsraelJacob of Jüterbogk - Theologian and canonist, born of poor parents near Jüterbogk, Brandenburg, Germany, 1381; died at Erfurt in 1465Jacobus de Teramo - Canonist and bishop, born in 1349 at Teramo in Italy; died in 1417 in PolandJacopo de Voragine, Blessed - Became a Dominican at a very early age, was a renowned preacher, provincial, and then Archbishop of Genoa. He died in about 1298. Biographical articleJacopone da Todi - More properly called Jacopo Benedetti. Biographical article on the lawyer, widower, Franciscan poet sympathetic to the Spirituals, who died about 1306Jacotot, Joseph - French educator, b. at Dijon, March, 1770; d. at Paris, 30 July, 1840Jacques de Vitry - Historian of the crusades, cardinal Bishop of Acre, later of Tusculum, b. at Vitry-sur-Seine, near Paris, probably about 1160; d. at Rome, 1240Jacquier, François - French mathematician and physicist, born at Vitry-le-Francois, 7 June, 1711; died at Rome, 3 July, 1788Jaén - Diocese in Southern SpainJaenbert - Thirteenth Archbishop of Canterbury; died at Canterbury 11 or 12 August, 791

Jaffa - A titular see in the Patriarchate of JerusalemJaffna, Diocese of - Situated in the northern portion of Ceylon, Jaffna comprises the northern and north-central provinces of the islandJainism - A form of religion intermediate between Brahminism and Buddhism, originated in India in pre-Christian timesJamaica - The largest of the British West Indian islands, situated in the Caribbean SeaJamay, Denis - Franciscan, missionary, date and place of birth unknown; died in France, 1625; an important figure in the early history of the Church in CanadaJames, Epistle of Saint - The author is commonly identified with the Lord's brother, the Bishop of Jerusalem; the view that the Lord's brother must be identified with James, the son of Alpheus, is by far the most probableJames of Brescia - Theologian of the fifteenth centuryJames of Edessa - A celebrated Syrian writer, b. most likely in A.D. 633; d. 5 June, 708James of Sarugh - A writer of the Syrian ChurchJames of the Marches, Saint - Surnamed Gangala, civil lawyer, Franciscan priest, d. 1476James Primadicci - Born at Bologna; died in the same city in 1460James the Greater, Saint - What can be known of St. James, son of Zebedee and brother of John, from Scripture. Also discusses the tradition that St. James preached in Spain and that his body was translated to CompostelaJames the Less, Saint - Identifies James the Less with James the Apostle, son of Alpheus, and with James the brother of the LordJames Thompson, Blessed - Also called James Hudson. Priest who was imprisoned and then martyred at York in 1582Janauschek, Leopold - Cistercian, born at Brünn, Moravia, 13 October, 1827; died 23 July, 1898, at Baden, near ViennaJandel, Alexandre Vincent - General of the Dominican order, born at Gerbevilliers (Lorraine), 18 July, 1810; died at Rome, 11 December, 1872Jane Frances de Chantal, Saint - Biography of the widowed baroness, mother, founder of the Congregation of the Visitation, who died in 1641Janner, Ferdinand - Theologian, born at Hirschau, in the Upper Palatinate (Bavaria), 4 Feb., 1836; died 1 November, 1895Janow, Matthew of - A medieval ecclesiastical author, born in the fourteenth century in Bohemia; died at Prague, 30 Nov., 1394Jansen, Cornelius - Exegete, born at Hulst, Flanders, 1510; died at Ghent, 11 April, 1576Jansenius and Jansenism - The subject of this article lived three-quarters of a century later than his namesake. He was born 28 October, 1585, of a Catholic family, in the village of Accoi, near Leerdam, Holland; died at Ypres, 6 May, 1638Janssen, Arnold - Short biography of the founder of the Society of the Divine WordJanssen, Johann - Historian, born 10 April, 1829, at Kanten, Germany; died 24 December, 1891, at Frankfort-on-the-MainJanssens, Abraham - Flemish painter, b. at Antwerp about 1573; d. probably in the same place about 1631Janssens, Johann Hermann - Catholic theologian, b. at Maeseyck, Belgium, 7 Dec., 1783; d. at Engis, 23 May, 1853Januarius, Saint - Bishop of Beneventum, martyr, believed to have died in the Diocletian persecution, c. 305. Article has a lengthy discussion of the liquefaction of the saint's blood

Japan - Called in the language of the country Nihon or Nippon (Land of the Rising Sun), and Dai Nihon or Dai Nippon (Great Japan), situated north-west of the Pacific Ocean and east of the Asiatic continentJapanese Martyrs - The most famous of the Japanese martyrs are the twenty-six who were crucified in Nagasaki in 1597, but thousands of other Japanese died for the faith between 1560 and 1860Jarcke, Karl Ernst - Born 10 November, 1801, at Danzig, Prussia; died 27 December, 1852, at Vienna. He belonged to a Protestant merchant family. He took up the study of jurisprudence, and became at an early age professor of criminal law at Bonn and later in BerlinJaricot, Pauline-Marie - Foundress of the Society of the Propagation of the Faith and the Association of the Living Rosary, born at Lyons, 22 July, 1799; died there, 9 January, 1862Jarlath, Saint - Studied under St. Benen, founded a college at Cloonfush, was noted for his fasting, died about 540Jaro - Diocese in the Philippine Islands, formerly a part of the Diocese of Cebú, was made a separate diocese on 27 May, 1865Jarric, Pierre de - Missionary writer, born at Toulouse in 1566; d. at Saintes, 2 March, 1617Jason - A Greek name adopted by many Jews whose Hebrew designation was Joshua (Jesus). In the Old Testament, it is applied to three or four persons connected with the period of the MachabeesJassus - A titular see of Caria, and suffragan of AphrodisiasJassy - Diocese in RumaniaJáuregui, Juan de - A Spanish painter and poet, born at Seville c. 1570, or, according to some, as late as 1583; died at Madrid c. 1640-1Javouhey, Venerable Anne-Marie - Founder of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny, missionary to Africa and South America, d. 1851Jealousy - Taken to be synonymous with envyJean de La Bruyère - Born at Paris in 1645; died at Chantilly in 1696. He was the son of a comptroller general of municipal revenueJean Eudes, Blessed - French missionary, religious founder, writer, d. 1680Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney, Saint - The Curé of Ars, d. 1869Jean-Gabriel Perboyre, Blessed - Vincentian priest, missionary to China, where he was tortured and martyred in 1840Jeanne de Valois, Saint - Biography of St. Jeanne, also known as Jéhanne de France or Jane of Valois, queen, founder of the Annonciades. She died in 1505Jeaurat, Edmond - French engraver, b. at Vermenton, near Auxerre, 1688; d. at Paris, 1738Jedburgh - Augustinian abbey, in the town of the same name, established as a priory by David I, King of Scots, in 1118, and colonized by Canons Regular of St. Augustine from the Abbey of St-Quentin, at Beauvais, FranceJehoshaphat - Fourth King of Juda after the schism of the Ten TribesJehoshaphat, Valley of - Mentioned in only one passage of the Bible (Joel, iii-Heb. text, iv)Jehovah - Proper name of God in the Old TestamentJehu - The derivation of the name is uncertain. By some it is translated 'Yahweh is he'. Several by this name are noted in the articleJemez Pueblo - An Indian pueblo situated upon the north bank of the river of the same name about twenty miles north-west of Bernalillo, New Mexico

Jeningen, Venerable Philipp - Born at Eichstätt, Bavaria, 5 January, 1642;d, at Ellwangen, 8 February, 1704. Entering the Society of Jesus, 19 January, 1663, he became a most successful popular missionary at the shrine of Our Lady of Schönenberg, near Ellwangen in SwabiaJenks, Silvester - Theologian, born in Shropshire, c. 1656; died in December, 1714Jennings, Sir Patrick Alfred - An Australian statesman, b. at Newry, Ireland, 1831; d. July, 1897Jephte - One of the judges of Israel. The story of Jephte is narrated in chapters xi and xii of the Book of JudgesJeremias - Name of several Old Testament figuresJeremias the Prophet - Background information on his era. His life and mission. Analysis of the Biblical book which bears his nameJericho - Three cities of this name have successively occupied sites in the same neighbourhoodJeroboam - Name of two Israelitish kingsJerome, Saint - Lengthy article on the life and works of St. JeromeJerome Emiliani, Saint - Soldier, priest, founder of the Order of Somascha, d. 1537Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71) - This article deals with the destruction by the Romans after it had become the scene of the RedemptionJerusalem (71-1099) - History in several periods to the first crusadeJerusalem, Latin Kingdom of (1099-1291) - Founded as a result of the First Crusade, in 1099. Destroyed a first time by Saladin in 1187, it was re-established around Saint-Jean d'Acre and maintained until the capture of that city in 1291Jerusalem (After 1291) - The Latin dominion over Jerusalem really came to an end on 2 October, 1187, when the city opened its gates to Saladin (Yusuf ibn Ayyub, Salah-ed-din, Emir of Egypt, 1169-93); although fragments of the Latin kingdom in Palestine lasted into another centuryJerusalem, Assizes of - The code of laws enacted by the Crusaders for the government of the Kingdom of JerusalemJerusalem, Liturgy of - The Rite of Jerusalem is that of AntiochJesi - Diocese in the Province of Ancona, Italy, immediately subject to the Holy SeeJesu Dulcis Memoria - A poem ranging from forty two to fifty three stanzas (in various manuscripts), to form the three hymns of the Office of the Holy NameJesuits, The - Comprehensive information about the past of the Jesuit orderJesuit Apologetic - The accusations brought against the Society have been exceptional for their frequency and fiercenessJesuit Generals Prior to the Suppression - Details of several who held the positionJesuits, Distinguished - A list without details of the Jesuits. Does include links to articles when there is one about the personJesuits, History of the (pre-1750) - Includes details of activities in various countriesJesuits, Suppression of the (1750-1773) - The most difficult part of the history of the SocietyJesuits, History of the (1773-1814) - The execution of the Brief of Suppression having been largely left to local bishops, there was room for a good deal of variety in the treatment the Jesuits might receive in different placesJesuits, History of the (1814-1912) - Pius VII had resolved to restore the Society during his captivity in France; and after his return to Rome he did so with little delayJesuit's Bark - On account of its alkaloids, is the most celebrated specific remedy for all forms of malariaJesus Christ - The incarnate Son of God and the redeemer of the human race

Jesus Christ, Character of - The surpassing eminence of the character of Jesus has been acknowledged by men of the most varied typeJesus Christ, Chronology of the Life of - Includes absolute and relative chronologiesJesus Christ, Devotion to the Heart of - Description, spiritual significance, and historical background of devotion to the Sacred HeartJesus Christ, Early Historical Documents on - Divided into three classes: pagan sources, Jewish sources, and Christian sourcesJesus Christ, Genealogy of - Offers the genealogy according to Saint Matthew and Saint LukeJesus Christ, Holy Name of - Reverence for the name of Jesus is not optional for believers. Article highlights the Scriptural reasons, and describes some customary ways of showing reverenceJesus Christ, Knowledge of - 'Knowledge of Jesus Christ,' as used in this article, does not mean a summary of what we know about Jesus Christ, but a survey of the intellectual endowment of ChristJesus Christ, Origin of the Name of - Article examines the name Jesus and Christ separatelyJesus Christ, Resurrection of - Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of lifeJesus, Daughters of - Founded at Kermaria, in the Diocese of Vannes, France, in 1834, for the care of the sick poor, and the education of girlsJesus and Mary, Sisters of the Holy Childhood of - Several groups detailedJesus Mary, Religious of - Founded at Lyons, France, in October, 1818, by Claudine Thevenet, in religion, Mother St. IgnatiusJesus, The Society of - Comprehensive information about the past of the Jesuit orderJewish Calendar - Details include days, weeks, months, years, and erasJewish Tribe - The earlier Hebrew term rendered in English versions by the word 'tribe' is shebet, while the term matteh, prevails in the post-exilic writingsJews (as a Religion) - Judaism designates the religious communion which survived the destruction of the Jewish nation by the Assyrians and the BabyloniansJews, History of the - Of the two terms, Jews and Judaism, the former denotes usually the Israelites or descendants of Jacob (Israel) in contrast to Gentile races; the latter, the creed and worship of the Jews in contrast to Christianity and othersJezabel - Wife of Achab, King of IsraelJíbaro Indians - An important tribal group of Ecuador, comprising a great number of small subtribes speaking a common language with dialectic variants, and together constituting a distinct linguistic stockJoachim, Saint - According to apocryphal literature, the father of MaryJoachim of Flora - Article on this Cistercian abbot, mystic, regarded as a prophet, d. 1202Joan, Popess - The fable about a female pope, who afterwards bore the name of Johanna (Joan), is first noticed in the middle of the thirteenth centuryJoanna of Portugal, Blessed - Princess, Dominican, d. 1490Joannes de Sacrobosco - John Holywood, a monk of English origin, lived in the first half of the thirteenth century as professor of astronomy at Paris; died in that city, 1256Joan of Arc, Saint - Her brief life, her trial and death, swift rehabilitation, and her beatification in 1909Job - One of the books of the Old Testament, and the chief personage in itJocelin - Cistercian monk and Bishop of Glasgow; d. at Melrose Abbey in 1199Jocelin de Brakelond - An English chronicler, of the late twelfth century

Jocelin of Wells - Bishop of Bath and Wells, d. 19 Nov., 1242Joel - Profile of the Old Testament prophet and analysis of the book bearing his nameJoest, Jan - Dutch painter, b. at Calcker, or Calcar, about 1460; d. at Haarlem in 1519Jogues, Saint Isaac - French Jesuit missionary to Canada, martyred in 1646John I, Pope Saint - A Tuscan, was warmly received in Constantinople, but upon his return to Rome, was imprisoned by King Theodoric. Pope John died in prison in 526John II, Pope - A Roman and the son of Projectus; if not born in the second region (Coelimontium) he had at least been a priest of St. Clement's BasilicaJohn III, Pope - A Roman surnamed Catelinus, d. 13 July, 574John IV, Pope - A native of Dalmatia, and the son of the scholasticus (advocate) VenantiusJohn V, Pope - A Syrian whose father was one Cyriacus; when he was born is not known; d. 2 August, 686John VI, Pope - A Greek, the date of whose birth is unknown; d. 11 January, 705John VII, Pope - Reigned 705-707John VIII, Pope - Reigned 872-82John IX, Pope - Reigned 898-900John X, Pope - Born at Tossignano, Romagna; enthroned, 914; died at Rome, 928John XI, Pope - Reigned 931-935John XII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; reigned 955-64John XIII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; enthroned on 1 Oct., 965; d. 6 Sept., 972John XIV, Pope - After the death of Benedict VII, Bishop Peter Campanora of Pavia, earlier imperial chancellor of Italy, was elected pope with the consent of Emperor Otto II, and took the name of JohnJohn XV (XVI), Pope - Enthroned 985; d. April, 996John XVI (XVII) - Antipope 997-998; d. probably in 1013John XVII (XVIII), Pope - Date of birth unknown; d. 6 Nov., 1003John XVIII (XIX), Pope - Successor of John XVII, consecrated Christmas, 1003; d. June, 1009John XIX (XX), Pope - Enthroned in 1024; d. 1032John XXI (XX), Pope - Born at Lisbon between 1210 and 1220; enthroned, 1276; died at Viterbo, 20 May, 1277John XXII, Pope - Born at Cahors in 1249; enthroned, 5 September, 1316; died at Avignon, 4 December, 1334John XXIII - Antipope (1370-1419)John, Epistles of - Three canonical books of the New Testament written by the Apostle St. JohnJohn, Gospel of - According to the traditional order, the Gospel of St. John occupies the last place among the four canonical GospelsJohn and Cyrus, Saints - Companions in life and in martyrdom. Beheaded in the Diocletian persecutionJohn and Paul, Saints - Roman martyrs, c. 362John Baptist de la Salle, Saint - Essay on the founder of the Christian BrothersJohn Baptist de Rossi, Saint - Priest, canon, preacher, d. 1764John Beche, Blessed - Benedictine abbot. When Beche refused to grant that the king had any authority to confiscate St. John's Abbey, Colchester, he was thrown in the Tower on charges of treason. Though weak, he gained the crown of martyrdom in 1539John Berchmans, Saint - Biography of this Jesuit, always pious, who died in 1621 at the age of 22

John Bosco, Saint - Commonly called Don Bosco or John Bosco. Founder of the Salesians, d. 1888John Boste, Saint - Or John Boast. Priest, martyred at Durham in 1594. One of the Forty Martyrs of England and WalesJohn Britton, Venerable - Also called John Bretton. Short biography of the layman and martyrJohn Buckley, Venerable - Alias John Jones. Welsh Franciscan priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1598John Cantius, Saint - Polish priest, professor of Sacred Scripture, d. 1473John Capistran, Saint - Lawyer, governor, ambassador, became a Franciscan priest and a renowned preacher, died in 1456John Chrysostom, Saint - Long biographical article on this bishop and Doctor of the ChurchJohn Climacus, Saint - Sometimes called Scholasticus or the Sinaita. Article on the sixth-century Syrian abbot of Mt. Sinai. He is called 'Climacus' because he wrote the spiritual classic 'The Ladder of Divine Ascent,' 'Klimax' being the Greek for 'ladder.'John Colombini, Blessed - Sienese husband and father whose life was transformed by reading the life of St. Mary of Egypt. Founder of the Jesuati. He died in 1367John Cornelius and Companions, Venerable - Cornelius, born of Irish parents in Cornwall, studied for the priesthood at Reims. For 10 years he worked as a missionary in England till he was martyred in 1594 for being a Catholic priest, and three companions were also martyred for aiding himJohn Damascene, Saint - Lengthy biographical article on the last of the Greek FathersJohn de Britto, Blessed - Portuguese Jesuit missionary to India, martyr, d. 1693John Felton, Blessed - Arrested, imprisoned, and tortured for having attached a copy of the papal bull excommunicating the queen to the Bishop of London's door. He died a martyr in 1570John Fisher, Saint - Cardinal, Bishop of Rochester, martyr, d. 1535John Forest, Blessed - English Franciscan, served as confessor to Queen Catherine, was burned at the stake at Smithfield in 1538John Francis Regis, Saint - Jesuit priest and missionary, d. 1640John Hambley, Venerable - More than once this priest offered to conform to the state-mandated religion, but at last he died a martyrJohn Ingram, Venerable - English priest, tortured and twice imprisoned, martyred in 1594John Joseph of the Cross, Saint - Italian Franciscan priest, had the gift of miracles, d. 1739John Larke, Blessed - Parish priest and friend of St. Thomas More. Martyred at Tyburn in 1543 or 1544, along with another priest (Bl. John Ireland) and the layman Bl. German GardinerJohn Malalas - A Monophysite Byzantine chronicler of the sixth centuryJohn Nelson, Blessed - Jesuit priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1577 or 1578John Nepomucene, Saint - Biography of the vicar general of the Archdiocese of Prague, who was tortured and then thrown into the Moldau and drowned, by order of King Wenceslaus IV, in 1393John of Antioch - There are four persons commonly known by this nameJohn of Avila, Blessed - Priest, preacher, author, d. 1569John of Beverley, Saint - Benedictine bishop of Hexham and later of York, monastic founder, d. 721

John of Biclaro - Chronicler, born in Portugal, probably about the middle of the sixth century; died after 621John of Cornwall - Lived about 1176. Author of a treatise written against the doctrine of AbelardJohn of Ephesus - Syriac historian, born at Amida (Diarbekir, on the upper Tigris), about 505; d. about 585John of Falkenberg - Author, b. at Falkenberg, Pomerania, Prussia, date unknown; d. about 1418 in ItalyJohn of Fécamp - Ascetic writer, b. near Ravenna about the beginning of the eleventh century; d. at Fécamp, Normandy, 22 February, 1079John of Fermo, Blessed - Also known as John of La Verna. Franciscan, a friend of Jacopone of Todi. John died in 1322John of Genoa - Grammarian; born at Genoa, date unknown; died there about 1298John of God, Saint - Portuguese shepherd, soldier, bookseller, finally found his niche caring for the health of the poor in Granada, became de facto founder of a religious order, d. 1550John of Hauteville - Moralist and satirical poet of the twelfth century (flourished about 1184)John of Janduno - An Averroistic philosopher, theologian, and political writer of the fourteenth centuryJohn of Montecorvino - A Franciscan and founder of the Catholic mission in China, b. at Montecorvino in Southern Italy, in 1246; d. at Peking, in 1328John of Montesono - Theologian and controversialist, born at Monzón, Spain; dates of birth and death unknownJohn of Nikiû - An Egyptian chronicler who flourished in the latter part of the seventh centuryJohn of Paris - Theologian and controversialist; born at Paris, date unknown; died at Bordeaux, 22 September, 1306John of Parma, Blessed - Franciscan, professor of theology, Minister General, peacemaker, d. 1289John of Ragusa - Dominican theologian (1380-1443)John of Roquetaillade (de Rupescissa) - Franciscan alchemist, date of birth unknown; d. probably at Avignon, 1362John of Rupella - Franciscan theologian, b. at La Rochelle (Rupella), towards the end of the twelfth centuryJohn of Sahagun, Saint - Spanish canon, became an Augustinian hermit, d. 1479John of Saint Thomas - Theologian, born at Lisbon, 9 June, 1589; died at Fraga, Spain, 17 June, 1644John of Salisbury - Article on the life and thought of this medieval philosopher, by P. CoffeyJohn of Segovia - A Spanish theologian, b. at Segovia towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. probably in 1458John of the Cross, Saint - Article on the life and teaching of this Discalced Carmelite associated with St. Teresa of Avila. Mystic, Doctor of the Church, d. 1591John of Victring - Chronicler, b. probably between 1270 and 1280; d. at Victring, Austria, 12 November, 1347John of Winterthur - Historian, born about 1300 atWinterthur (Switzerland); died subsequently to 1348, probably at Zurich

John Parvus - A French theologian and professor in the University of Paris; b. most likely at Brachy, Caux, in Normandy, and certainly in the Diocese of Rouen, about 1360; d. 15 July, 1411John Payne, Blessed - English priest, tortured and martyred on completely fabricated charges of conspiracy to murder the queen. Executed in 1582John Rigby, Saint - Rigby, an unmarried layman, appeared in court on behalf of his employer's daughter and admitted that he was himself a Catholic. He was martyred in 1600John Roberts, Saint - A Welsh Benedictine, the first prior of Downside, was arrested six times, exiled four times, and finally martyred at Tyburn in 1610John Rochester, Blessed - Brief biography of this English Carthusian priest and martyr, d. 1537John Sarkander, Blessed - This priest was tortured for refusing to break the seal of confession, and died in prison in 1620John Scholasticus - Patriarch of Constantinople, the author of an important collection of ecclesiastical laws; b. at Sirimis near Antioch; d. 577John Shert, Blessed - Very brief biographical profile of the English priest, martyred in 1581Johnston, Richard Malcolm - Educator, author, b. 8 March, 1822, at Powellton, Georgia, U.S.A.; d. at Baltimore, Maryland, 23 September, 1898John Stone, Blessed - English Augustinian friar, martyred probably in 1539John Story, Blessed - Or Storey. Member of Parliament, was arrested but escaped and became a Spanish subject. Kidnapped in Flanders, he was carried to the Tower, where he was tortured repeatedly. Died a martyr in 1571John Talaia - Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria (481-482) at the time of the Monophysite troublesJohn the Almsgiver, Saint - Also called John Eleemosynarius. Patriarch of Alexandria, d. 616John the Baptist, Saint - Lengthy article on the PrecursorJohn the Deacon - Article about four historians of the Middle Ages who bear this nameJohn the Evangelist, Saint - Brother of James and son of ZebedeeJohn the Faster - Patriarch of Constantinople (John IV, 582-595), famous chiefly through his assumption of the title 'eœcumenical patriarch'; d. 2 September, 595John the Silent, Saint - Or John Hesychastes. Monk, runaway bishop of Colonia, hermit, d. 558John Twenge, Saint - Canon regular, prior of St. Mary's, Bridlington. Miracle-worker, d. 1379Johnson, Lionel Pigot - Born at Broadstairs on the Kentish coast, 15 Mar., 1867; died 4 Oct., 1902Johnson, Blessed Robert - English priest and martyr (d. 1581)Johnson, Blessed Thomas - The last of nine London Carthusians to die of starvation in prison in 1537. He died 20 September, after nearly 5 months of barbaric treatmentJoinville, Jean, Sire de - Seneschal of Champagne, historian, b in 1225; d. at Joinville, 1317Joliet, Louis - A discoverer and the son of a wagon-maker, was born at Quebec, Canada, on 21 September 1645; d. in Canada, May 1700Joliette - Diocese created by Pius X, 27 January, 1904 by division of the Archdiocese of Montreal; comprises three counties, Joliette, Berthier, and Montcalm, with four parishes of L'Assomption County

Jolly, Philipp Johann Gustav von - German physicist, born at Mannheim, 26 September, 1809; died at Munich, 24 December, 1884Jonah - The fifth of the Minor Prophets. Article takes a look at the Book of JonahJonas - The fifth of the Minor Prophets. Article takes a look at the Book of JonahJonas of Bobbio - Monk and hagiographer, b. about the close of the sixth century at Sigusia (Susa) in Piedmont; d. after 659Jonas of Orléans - Bishop and ecclesiastical writer, born in Aquitaine; died in 843 or 844Jonathan - Name of several persons mentioned in the Old TestamentJones, Venerable Edward - Welsh convert to Catholicism. Became a priest. He was martyred in 1590. Article also has some information on his fellow martyr Anthony MiddletonJones, Inigo - A biography with references of the London-born architect who drew his inspiration from the Classical forms of ItalyJordan, The - Formed at a point about five and a half miles below Banias, by the junction of three streams, the Jordan enters Lake Hûleh about nine and a third miles lower downJordanis - Historian, lived about the middle of the sixth century in the Eastern Roman EmpireJordanus of Giano - Italian Minorite, b. at Giano in the Valley of Spoleto, c. 1195; d. after 1262Jörg, Joseph Edmund - Historian and politician, b. 23 Dec., 1819 at Immenstadt (Ahgau); d. at Landshut, 18 Nov., 1901Jornandes - Historian, lived about the middle of the sixth century in the Eastern Roman EmpireJosaphat - Fourth King of Juda after the schism of the Ten TribesJosaphat, Valley of - Mentioned in only one passage of the Bible (Joel, iii-Heb. text, iv)Josaphat and Barlaam - Main characters of a seventh-century Christian legend. Barlaam, a hermit, converted the prince Josaphat to Christianity, despite the efforts of Josaphat's father Abenner to prevent such a thing. Although Barlaam and Josaphat are included in the Roman Martyrology and in the Greek calendar, the story is actually a Christianized version of a legend about BuddhaJosaphat Kuncevyc, Saint - Lithuanian-born Basilian monk and Ruthenian Rite archbishop of Polotsk, writer. He loved to make profound bows while reciting the Jesus Prayer. Martyred in 1623Joseph, Saint - Information on the entire life of St. JosephJoseph - The eleventh son of Jacob, the firstborn of Rachel, and the immediate ancestor of the tribes of Manasses and EphraimJoseph Calasanctius, Saint - Priest, founder of the Piarists, d. 1648Joseph Calasanctius of the Mother of God, Pious Workers of Saint - Founded at Vienna, 24 November, 1889, by Father Anton Maria Schwartz for all works of charity, but especially the apostolate among workingmenJoseph of Arimathea - All that is known for certain concerning him is derived from the canonical GospelsJoseph of Cupertino, Saint - Mystic from a very young age, priest, d. 1663. Biographical articleJoseph of Exeter - A twelfth-century Lain poet; b. at Exeter, England

Joseph of Issachar - A man of the tribe of Issachar, and the father of Igal who was one of the spies sent by Moses to traverse Chanaan and report on the country (Numbers 13:8)Joseph of Leonessa, Saint - Capuchin missionary, confessor, d. 1612Joseph II - German Emperor (reigned 1765-90), of the House of Hapsburg-Lorraine, son and successor of Maria Theresa and Francis IJoseph, Sisters of Saint - Founded at Le Puy, in Velay, France, by the Rev. Jean-Paul Médaille of the Society of JesusJosephites - A congregation devoted to the Christian education of youth, founded in the Diocese of Ghent (Belgium) by Canon van Crombrugghe, in 1817Joseph's Society for Colored Missions, Saint - This organization began its labours in 1871, when four young priests from Mill Hill were put in charge of St. Francis Xavier's church, with a large congregation of black Catholics, in Baltimore. Other black missions were soon begun at Louisville, Charleston, Washington, Richmond, Norfolk, and other places in the SouthJoseph's Society for Foreign Missions, Saint - A society of priests and laymen whose object is to labour for the conversion of heathens in foreign countriesJosephus, Flavius - Jewish historian, born A.D. 37, at Jerusalem; died about 101Joshua - The name of eight persons in the Old Testament, and of one of the Sacred BooksJosias - A pious King of Juda (639-608 B.C.), who ascended the throne when he was only eight years of age. He was the son of Amon and the grandson of ManassesJosue - The name of eight persons in the Old Testament, and of one of the Sacred BooksJoubert, Joseph - French philosopher; b. at Martignac (Dordogne), 7 May, 1754, d. at Villeneuve-le-Roi (Yonne), 4 May 1824Jouffroy, Claude-François-Dorothée de - Mechanician, b. at Abbans, near Besançon, 30 Sept., 1751; d. at Paris, 18 July, 1832Jouffroy, Jean de - French prelate and statesman; b. at Luxeuil (Franche-Comté) about 1412; d. at the priory of Rulli, in the Diocese of Bourges, 24 November, 1473Jouin, Louis - Linguist, philosopher, author, b. at Berlin, 14 June, 1818, d. at New York, 10 June, 1899Jouvancy, Joseph de - Poet, pedagogue, philologist, and historian, b. at Paris, 14 September, 1643; d. at Rome, 29 May, 1719Jouvenet, Jean - French painter, b. at Rouen in 1644, d. at Paris, 5 April, 1717Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de - Spanish statesman and man of letters, at Gijon, Asturias, 5 Jan., 1744, d. at Puerto de Vega on the borders of Asturias, 27 Nov., 1811Jovinianus - An opponent of Christian asceticism in the fourth century, condemned as a heretic (390)Jovianus, Flavius Claudius - Roman Emperor, 363-4Jovius, Paulus - Historian, b. at Como, Italy, 9 April, 1483, d. at Florence, 11 Dec., 1552Joyeuse, Henri, Duc de - Born in 1563 and not, as is mistakenly stated in the 'Biographic Michaud', in 1567; died at Rivoli, 28 Sept., 1608. He was the third son of Maréchal Guillaume de Joyeuse, and was a brother of the Admiral Anne de Joyeuse and of the prelate François de JoyeuseJuan Bautista de Toledo - An eminent Spanish sculptor and architect; b. at Madrid (date not known); d. there 19 May, 1567Jubilate Sunday - The third Sunday after EasterJubilee, Holy Year of - Background information relating to the Jubilee

Jubilee, Year of (Hebrew) - According to the Pentateuchal legislation contained in Leviticus, a Jubilee year is the year that follows immediately seven successive Sabbatic years (the Sabbatic year being the seventh year of a seven-year cycle)Jubilees, Book of - An apocryphal writing, so called from the fact that the narratives and stories contained in it are arranged throughout in a fanciful chronological system of jubilee-periods of forty-nine years each; each event is recorded as having taken place in such a week of such a month of such a Jubilee yearJuda - The name of one of the Patriarchs, the name of the tribe reputed to be descended from him, the name of the territory occupied by the same, and also the name of several persons mentioned in the Old TestamentJudaism - Judaism designates the religious communion which survived the destruction of the Jewish nation by the Assyrians and the BabyloniansJudaizers - A party of Jewish Christians in the Early Church, who either held that circumcision and the observance of the Mosaic Law were necessary for salvation and in consequence wished to impose them on the Gentile converts, or who at least considered them as still obligatory on the Jewish ChristiansJudas Iscariot - The Apostle who betrayed JesusJudas Machabeus - Third son of the priest Mathathias who with his family was the centre and soul of the patriotic and religious revolt of the Jews against the King of Syria (I Mach., ii, 4)Judde, Claude - French preacher and spiritual father; born at Rouen, about 20 December, 1661; died at Paris, 11 March, 1735Jude, Epistle of Saint - One of the so-called antilegomena; but, although its canonicity has been questioned in several Churches, its genuineness has never been deniedJudea - It designates the part of Palestine adjacent to Jerusalem and inhabited by the Jewish community after their return from captivityJudge, Ecclesiastical - An ecclesiastical person who possesses ecclesiastical jurisdiction either in general or in the strict senseJudges, The Book of - The seventh book of the Old Testament, second of the Early Prophets of the Hebrew canonJudgment, Divine - Divine judgment (judicium divinum), as an immanent act of God, denotes the action of God's retributive justice by which the destiny of rational creatures is decided according to their merits and demeritsJudgment, General - To it the prophets of the Old Testament refer when they speak of the 'Day of the Lord' (Joel 2:31; Ezekiel 13:5; Isaiah 2:12), in which the nations will be summoned to judgment. In the New Testament the second Parusia, or coming of Christ as Judge of the world, is an oft-repeated doctrineJudgment, Last - To it the prophets of the Old Testament refer when they speak of the 'Day of the Lord' (Joel 2:31; Ezekiel 13:5; Isaiah 2:12), in which the nations will be summoned to judgment. In the New Testament the second Parusia, or coming of Christ as Judge of the world, is an oft-repeated doctrineJudgment, Particular - The Catholic doctrine of the particular judgment is this: that immediately after death the eternal destiny of each separated soul is decided by the just judgment of GodJudica Sunday - Name given to the fifth Sunday of Lent, and derived from the first words of the Introit of that dayJudith, Book of - The book exists in distinct Greek and Latin versions, of which the former contains at least eighty-four verses more than the later

Julian and Basilissa, Saints - Husband and wife, of whom little is known except that he was martyred in the Diocletian persecution. According to later legend, Basilissa was the founder of a monasteryJulian of Eclanum - Born about 386; died in Sicily, 454; the most learned among the leaders of the Pelagian movement and Bishop of Eclanum near BeneventumJulian of Speyer - A famous composer, poet, and historian of the thirteenth century, b. at Speyer, d. at Paris about 1250Juliana, Saint - Martyred in the Diocletian persecution. The oldest notice says that she died near Naples; the notion that she lived in Nicomedia is strictly legendaryJuliana Falconieri, Saint - Niece of St. Alexis Falconieri. She founded the Servite Third Order, and died in 1341Juliana of Liège, Saint - Devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, lobbied for the institution of the feast of Corpus Christi, d. 1258Juliana of Norwich - Biographical article on this fourteenth-century English anchoress, mystic, author. By Edmund GardnerJulian the Apostate - Roman emperor 361-63, b. at Constantinople in 331, d. 26 June, 363, son of Julius Constantius, the half-brother of Constantine the GreatJulia Billiart, Saint - Biographical article on the founder of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. She died in 1816Julie Billiart, Saint - Biographical article on the founder of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. She died in 1816Juliopolis - Titular see in the province of Bithynia Secunda, suffragan of NicaeaJulitta and Quiricus - Martyrs in the Diocletian persecutionJulius I, Pope Saint - A Roman, anti-Arian, supporter of St. Athanasius. Julius died in 352Julius II, Pope - Born on 5 December, 1443, at Albissola near Savona; crowned on 28 November, 1503; died at Rome, in the night of 20-21 February, 1513Julius III, Pope - Born at Rome, 10 September, 1487; died there, 23 March, 1555Julius Africanus - The father of Christian chronographyJumièges, Abbey of - Founded in 634 by St. Philibert, who had been the companion of Sts. Ouen and Wandrille at the Merovingian courtJungmann, Bernard - A dogmatic theologian and ecclesiastical historian, born at Münster in Westphalia, 1 March, 1833; died at Louvain, 12 Jan., 1895Jungmann, Josef - In 1850 he entered the German College at Rome, and was ordained priest in 1855. He afterwards joined the Society of JesusJunípero Serra - Biography of the famed Franciscan priest, missionary to Mexico and California, who died in 1784Jurisdiction, Ecclesiastical - The right to guide and rule the Church of GodJussieu, De - Name of five French botanistsJus Spolii - A claim, exercised in the Middle Ages, of succession to the property of deceased clerics, at least such as they had derived from their ecclesiastical beneficesJuste - The name conventionally applied to a family of Italian sculptors, whose real name was Betti, originally from San Martino a Mensola, near FlorenceJustice - In its ordinary and proper sense, signifiies the most important of the cardinal virtuesJustification - A biblio-ecclesiastical term; which denotes the transforming of the sinner from the state of unrighteousness to the state of holiness and sonship of GodJustin de Jacobis, Blessed - Italian, a Lazarist priest, titular bishop of Nilopolis, d. 1860Justinian I - Roman Emperor (527-65)

Justin Martyr, Saint - Lengthy article on the life and teachings of the apologistJustina and Cyprian, Saints - Christians of Antioch martyred at Nicomedia, 26 September, 304. Already in the same century, quite a colorful legend arose about themJustiniani, Benedetto - Theological and Biblical writer (1550-1622)Justiniani, Nicholas - Benedictine monk, dispensed from his vows, never formally beatifiedJustinianopolis - A titular see of Armenia Prima, suffragan of SebasteJustus, Saint - The first bishop of Rochester, and later the fourth archbishop of Canterbury, died possibly in 627Juvencus, C. Vettius Aquilinus - Fourth-century Christian Latin poetJuvenile Courts - Tribunals for the trial of children charged with crimes or offences

KKabbala - It primarily signifies reception, and, secondarily, a doctrine received by oral traditionKadlubek, Blessed Vincent - Bishop of Cracow, resigned his office and became the first Pole to join the Cistercians. He died in 1223Kafiristan and Kashmir, Prefecture Apostolic of - Created (1887) by Leo XIII in the extreme North of IndiaKafirs - A term popularly to nearly all the natives of South Africa. It was originally imposed by the Arab traders of the East coast, and means 'unbeliever'Kager, Johann Matthias - German historical painter, born at Munich, 1566; died at Augsburg, 1634Kaiser, Kajetan Georg von - Chemist, born at Kelheim on the Danube (Bavaria), 5 January, 1803; died at Munich, 28 August, 1871Kaiserchronik - A German epic poem of the twelfth centuryKaiserwilhelmsland - Prefecture Apostolic, comprises the German part of the island of New GuineaKalands Brethren - The name given to religious and charitable associations of priests and laymen especially numerous in Northern and Central Germany, which held regular meetings for religious edification and instruction, and also to encourage works of charity and prayers for the deadKalcker, Jan Stephanus van - Flemish painter, native of the Duchy of Cleves; b. between 1499 and 1510; d. at Naples, 1546Kalinka, Valerian - Polish historian, born near Cracow in 1826; died at Jaroslaw in 1886Kalispel Indians - Popularly known under the French name of Pend d'Oreilles, 'ear pendants', an important tribe of Salishan stock originally residing about Pend d Oreille lake and river, in northern Idaho and northeast WashingtonKalocsa-Bacs, Archdiocese of - This archdiocese embraces within its territories an archdiocese and a diocese founded by St. Stephen of Hungary in 1010Kamerun, Vicariate Apostolic of - Located in German West Africa, between British Nigeria and French CongoKandy, Diocese of - Formerly part of the Vicariate of Southern Colombo, Ceylon, India, from which it was cut off as a vicariate Apostolic on 16 April, 1883, and erected into a diocese on 1 September, 1886Kansas - One of the United States of America, is the central state of the Union, to which it was admitted 29 January, 1861

Kansas City, Diocese of - Established 10 September, 1880Kan-Su, Prefecture Apostolic of Southern - Separated from the Northern Kan-su mission in 1905, and committed to the Belgian Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Scheutveld, Brussels)Kan-Su, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern - This vicariate includes the territory of Ku-ku-nor, northern part of Tibet, and the five northern prefectures of the Chinese province of Kan-su: Lan-chou-fu, Si-ning-fu, Liang-chou-fu, Kan-chou-fu, and Su-chouKant, Philosophy of - A detailed evaluation by William TurnerKarinthia - A former crownland of the Austrian EmpireKarnkowski, Stanislaw - Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate of Poland, born about 1526; died at Lowicz,in the Government of Warsaw, 25 May (al., 8 June), 1603Kaskaskia Indians - Formerly chief tribe of the confederacy of Illinois IndiansKassai, Upper - Erected as a simple mission in 1901, and detached, as a prefecture Apostolic, from the Vicariate of Belgian Congo since 20 August, 1901Kauffmann, Angelica - Artist's biography with bibliographyKaufmann, Alexander - Poet and folklorist, born at Bonn, 14 May, 1817; died at Wertheim, 1 May, 1893Kaufmann, Leopold - Chief Burgomaster of Bonn, brother of the poet and folklorist Alexander Kaufmann, born 13 March, 1821; died 27 Feb., 1898Kaulen, Franz Philip - Scriptural scholar, born 20 March, 1827, at Düsseldorf; died at Bonn, 11 July, 1907Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton - An Austrian prince and statesman, born at Vienna 2 February, 1711; died there 27 June, 1794Kateri Tekakwitha, Blessed - Biographical article on the 'Lily of the Mohawks,' who died in 1680. Also known as Catherine Tegakwitha or TakwitaKavanagh, Edward - American statesman and diplomat, born at Newcastle, Maine, 27 April, 1795; died there, 21 Jan., 1844Kavanagh, Julia - Novelist and biographer, born 7 Jan., 1824, at Thurles, Ireland; died 28 October, 1877, at Nice, FranceKearney, Diocese of - By Decree of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation of 8 March, 1912, Pius X divided into two parts the territory of the Diocese of Omaha, erecting the western part into a new and distinct diocese with its see at KearneyKeating, Geoffrey - Irish theologian, historian, and poet, b. at Burgess in the parish of Tubbrid, Co. Tipperary, about 1569; d. at Tubbrid about 1644Keewatin, Vicariate Apostolic of - Includes the northern half of the Province of SaskatchewanKehrein, Joseph - Educator, philologist, and historian of German literature, born at Heidesheim, near Mainz, 20 October, 1808; died at Montabaur, Hesse-Nassau, 25 March, 1876Keller, Jacob - Controversialist, born at Sackingen, Baden, Germany, in 1568; died at Munich, Bavaria, 23 February, 1631Kellner, Lorenz - Educationist, born at Kalteneber in the district of Eichsfeld, 29 January, 1811; died at Trier, 18 August, 1892Kells, Book of - An Irish manuscript containing the Four Gospels, a fragment of Hebrew names, and the Eusebian canons, known also as the 'Book of Columba'Kells, School of - Kells (in Gaelic Cenannus) was the chief of the Irish Columban monasteriesKemble, Ven. John - Biography of the priest and martyr, who died in 1679

Kemp, John - Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury, Chancellor of England (1380-1454)Kenia - Vicariate Apostolic in AfricaKenites - A tribe or family often mentioned in the Old Testament, personified as Qayin from which the nomen gentilicium Qeni is derivedKennedy, James - Bishop of St. Andrews, Scotland. Born about 1406; died 10 May, 1466Kenneth, Saint - Irish priest, monastic founder, missionary to Scotland, d. 600Kenny, Saint - Irish priest, monastic founder, missionary to Scotland, d. 600Kenosis - A term derived from the discussion as to the real meaning of Phil. 2:6Kenraghty - Irish priest, d. 30 April, 1585, at Clonmel, Co. TipperaryKenrick, Francis Patrick and Peter Richard - Archbishops of Baltimore, Maryland, and of St. Louis, MissouriKent, Nun of - Born probably in 1506; executed at Tyburn, 20 April, 1534; called the 'Nun of Kent'Kentigern, Saint - Also known as Mungo. First bishop of Glasgow, died in 603. BiographyKentucky - A state situated between the parallels of latitude 36° 30 and 39°6' N., and between the meridians 82° and 89°38' WKeon, Miles Gerard - Irish journalist (1821-1875)Kerkuk - Chaldean Catholic dioceseKernan, Francis - Lawyer, statesman; born in Steuben County, New York, 14 January, 1816; d. at Utica, New York, 7 September, 1892Kerry and Aghadoe - The Diocese of Kerry and Aghadoe (Kerriensis Et Aghadoensis), suffragan of Cashel, Ireland, is sixty-six miles in length, and sixty-one in breadth, containing a superficial area of 983,400 acres, and extending over the whole County of Kerry and a portion of that of Cork; in 1901 the Catholic population was 187,346Kerssenbroch, Hermann von - A teacher and historian, b. at Monchshof, near Barntrup (Lippe), about 1520; d. at Osnabruck, 5 July, 1585Kervyn de Lettenhove, Joseph-Marie-Bruno-Constantin, Baron - Belgian statesman and historian, b. at Saint-Michel-lez-Bruges, 17 August, 1817; d. there, 3 April, 1891Kessels, Matthias - Sculptor, b. at Maastricht, 1784; d. at Rome, 3 March, 1836Ketteler, Wilhelm Emmanuel, Baron von - Bishop of Mainz, b. at Münster, in Westphalia, 25 Dec., 1811; d. at Burghausen, 13 July, 1877Kevin of Glendalough, Saint - Abbot of Glendalough, d. 618Keyes, Erasmus Darwin - Soldier, convert, b. at Brimfield, Massuchusetts, U.S.A., 29 May, 1810; d. at Nice, France, 14 October, 1895Keys, Power of the - The expression 'power of the keys' is derived from Christ's words to St. Peter (in Matthew 16:19)Kharput - Armenian Uniat diocese created in 1850Kiang-nan - The Vicariate comprises the two provinces of Kiang-su and Ngan-hweiKiang-si, Eastern - The mission of Eastern Kiang-si was separated from the mission of Northern Kiang-si in 1885Kiang-si, Northern - Father Matteo Ricci of the Society of Jesus was the first missionary who entered the province of Kiang-si at the end of the sixteenth centuryKiang-si, Southern - Separated from the mission of Northern Kiang-si in 1879, and organized into an independent Vicariate Apostolic

Kickapoo Indians - Apparently corrupted from a longer term signifying 'roamers', a tribe of Algonquian stock, closely related dialectically to the Sauk and Foxes, and living when first known in south central WisconsinKickham, Charles Joseph - Patriot, novelist, and poet, b. at Mullinahone, Co. Tipperary, Ireland, 1828; d. at Blackrock, Co. Dublin, 22 Aug., 1882Kielce - Diocese in the sourthern part of Russian PolandKieran, Saints - Of the many Irish saints of this name, the most famous is St. Kieran of Clonmacnoise. SS. Kieran of Seir-Kieran and Kieran of Disert-Kieran are fairly well-known. There is also a St. Kieran, patron of Clonsost, and a St. Kieran, son of ColgaKildare, School of - Situated in Magh Liffe, or the Plain of the Liffey, came to be known as Cill-Dara, or the Church of the Oak, from the stately oak-tree so much loved by St. Brigid, who under its branches laid the foundations of what in process of time became a monastic cityKildare and Leighlin - One of the four suffragans of Dublin, IrelandKilian, Saint - Missionary, bishop of Würzburg, martyred with his companions Colman and Totnan in about 689Killala - Diocese, one of the five suffragan sees of the ecclesiastical Province of TuamKillaloe - A suffragan diocese of CashelKilmore - Diocese in Ireland, includes almost all Cavan and about half of LeitrimKilwardby, Robert - Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1279)Kilwinning, Benedictine Abbey of - Located in Ayrshire, Scotland, in the town of the same name, where a church was said to have been founded early in the eighth century by St. WinningKimberley - Vicariate apostolic; suffragan of Adelaide, erected by Leo XIII, 5 May, 1887Kimberley in Orange - The portion of South Africa which at the present day forms the Vicariate of Kimberley in Orange became in the division of the Vicariate of Good Hope part of the Eastern District, and later on part of the Vicariate of NatalKingdom of God - In this expression the innermost teaching of the Old Testament is summed up, but it should be noted that the word kingdom means ruling as well; thus it signifies not so much the actual kingdom as the sway of the kingKingisel - The name of two abbots who ruled Glastonbury in the seventh and eighth centuries respectivelyKings - The 'wise men from the East' who came to adore Jesus in Bethlehem (Matthew 2)Kings, First and Second Books of - Known as the First and Second Books of Kings in the Authorized Version, in the Hebrew editions and the Protestant versions these are known as 1st and 2nd Samuel, with the Third and Fourth Books of Kings being styled First and Second Books of KingsKings, Third and Fourth Books of - The historical book called in the Hebrew Melakhim, i.e. Kings, is in the Vulgate, in imitation of the Septuagint, styled the Third and Fourth Book of KingsKings, Chronology of the - Offers a table with the kings from the BibleKingston - The Archdiocese of Kingston comprises the territory from the eastern line of Dundas County to the western boundary of Hastings County in the Province of Ontario, CanadaKinloss - Cistercian abbey on the coast of Morayshire, Scotland, founded in 1150 or 1151 (authorities differ) by King David I, in gratitude, according to the popular

legend, for having been guided into safety by a white dove when he had lost his way hunting in the adjacent forestKino, Eusebius - A famous Jesuit missionary of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; b. 10 August, 1644, in Welschtirol (Anauniensis); d. 15 March, 1711Kiowa Indians - An important Plains tribe, constituting a distinct linguistic stockKirby, Blessed Luke - English priest, martyred in 1582. Article also has details on Bl. Laurence Richardson and St. Luke Kirby, his companions in martyrdomKircher, Athanasius - Celebrated for the versatility of his knowledge and particularly distinguished for his knowledge of the natural sciences, b. 2 May, 1601, at Geisa, a small town on the northern bank of the Upper Rhone (Buchonia); d. at Rome, 28 Nov., 1680Kirkwall - A parish, also a royal and parliamentary burgh and chief or county town of Orkney, in the north of ScotlandKisfaludy - Born at Suemeg, Hungary, 27 Sept., 1772; died at Suemeg, 28 October, 1844Kiss - Four times in the Epistles of St. Paul is met the injunction, used as a sort of formula of farewell, 'Salute one another in a holy kiss' (en philemati hagio), for which St. Peter (1 Pet., v, 14) substitutes 'in a kiss of love' (en philemati agapes)

Klaczko, Julian - Polish author, b. at Vilna, 6 November, 1825, of Jewish parents; d. at Cracow, 26 November, 1906Klee, Heinrich - German theologian and exegete, b. at Münstermaifeld, in the Rhine province, 20 April, 1800; d. at Munich, 28 July, 1840Klesl, Melchior - A cardinal and Austrian statesman, b. at Vienna, 19 February, 1552; d. at Wiener-Neustadt, 18 September, 1630Kleutgen, Josef Wilhelm Karl - German theologian and philosopher, b. at Dortmund, Westphalia, 9 April, 1811; d. at St. Anton near Kaltern, Tyrol, 13 Jan., 1883Klinkowström - Artist, author and teacher; b. at Ludwigsburg in Swedish Pomerania on 31 August, 1778; d. at Vienna, 4 April, 1835Klopp, Onno - Historian, b. on 9 October, 1822, at Leer (East Friesland); d. at Vienna, 9 August 1903Knabl, Joseph - A master of religious plastic art, b. at Fliess, Tyrol, in 1819; d. at Munich in 1881Kneeling - To genuflect, to bend the kneeKneipp, Sebastian - Bavarian priest and hydrotherapist, b. at Stephansreid, Bavaria, 17 May, 1821; d. at Wörishofen, 17 June, 1897Knight, Venerable William - Put to death for the Faith at York, on 29 November, 1596; with him also suffered Venerables George Errington of Herst, William Gibson of Ripon, and William Abbot of Howden, in YorkshireKnighton, Henry - A fourteenth-century chroniclerKnighthood - Considered from three points of view: the military, the social, and the religiousKnights of Christ, Order of the - A military order which sprang out of the famous Order of the TempleKnights of Columbus - Brief explanation and history of the organizationKnights of the Cross - A religious order famous in the history of Bohemia, and accustomed from the beginning to the use of arms, a custom which was confirmed in 1292 by an ambassador of Pope Nicholas IVKnights of Malta - The most important of all the military orders, both for the extent of its area and for its duration

Knights Templars, The - The earliest founders of the military ordersKnoblecher, Ignatius - Catholic missionary in Central Africa, born 6 July, 1819, at St. Cantian in Lower Carniola; died 13 April, 1858, at NaplesKnoll, Albert (Joseph) - Dogmatic theologian of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchins, born at Bruneck in northern Tyrol, 12 July, 1796; died at Bozen, 30 March, 1863Knowledge - Knowledge, being a primitive fact of consciousness, cannot, strictly speaking, be defined; but the direct and spontaneous consciousness of knowing may be made clearer by pointing out its essential and distinctive characteristicsKnowledge of Jesus Christ - 'Knowledge of Jesus Christ,' as used in this article, does not mean a summary of what we know about Jesus Christ, but a survey of the intellectual endowment of ChristKnownothingism - Article on this 1850s United States anti-immigrant movementKnox, John - Scotch Protestant leader, b. at Haddington, Scotland, between 1505 and 1515; d. at Edinburgh, 24 November, 1572Kober, Franz Quirin von - German canonist and pedagogist, b. of simple countryfolk on 6 March, 1821, at Warthausen, Biberach, Würtemberg; d. at Tübingen, 25 January, 1897Koberger, Anthony - German printer, publisher, and bookseller, b. about 1445; d. at Nuremberg, 3 October, 1513Kobler, Andreas - An historian, b. at Muhldorf in Bavaria, 22 June, 1816; d. at Klagenfurt, 15 November, 1892Kochanowski, Jan - Born at Sycyna, 1530, died at Lublin, 22 August, 1584Kochowski, Vespasian - Born at Sandomir?, 1633; died at Krakow, 1699. He received his education at the Jesuit College, Sandomir, served in the army, and then spent the rest of his life on his estateKögler, Ignaz - Jesuit missionary to China (1680-1746)Kohlmann, Anthony - Educator and missionary (1771-1836)Koller, Marian Wolfgang - Scientist and educator (1792-1866)Konarski, Stanislaus - Born in 1700; died in 1773. This great reformer of Polish schools was a Piarist who, during a visit to Rome after his ordination, received there the first idea of his life's missionKönig, Joseph - Theologian and exegete (1819-1900)Königgrätz - Diocese in BohemiaKönigshofen, Jacob - Medieval chronicler (1346-1420)Konings, Anthony - Born at Helmond, Diocese of Bois-1e-Duc, Holland, 24 August, 1821; died 30 June, 1884Konrad ("der Pfaffe") - A German epic poet of the twelfth centuryKonrad of Lichtenau - Medieval German chronicler (d. 1240)Konrad of Megenberg - Scholar and writer, b. probably at Mainberg, near Schweinfurt, Bavaria, 2 February, 1309; d. at Ratisbon, 11 April, 1374Konrad of Würzburg - A Middle High German poet, b. about 1230; d. at Basle, 1287Konsag, Ferdinand - A German missionary of the eighteenth century, b. 2 December, 1703, at Warasdin, Croatia; d. 10 September, 1758Koran, The - The sacred book of the Muslims, by whom it is regarded as the revelation of GodKosciuszko, Tadeusz - Polish patriot and soldier, b. near Novogrudok, Lithuania, Poland, 12 February, 1752; d. at Solothurn, Switzerland, 15 October, 1817Kostka, Saint Stanislas - Polish Jesuit, died in 1568 at the age of 17, less than a year after entering the SocietyKottayam, Vicariate Apostolic of - Located on the Malabar Coast, India

Kozmian, Stanislaus and John - Two brothers who took part in the Polish insurrection of 1831, and subsequently fled the countryKrafft, Adam - Sculptor, b. about 1440 at Nuremberg; d. Jan., 1509 at SchwabachKrain - A duchy and crownland in the Austrian Empire, bounded on the north by Karinthia, on the north-east by Styria, on the south-east and south by Croatia, and on the west by Trieste, Goritza, and IstriaKrämer, John - Born about the end of the fourteenth century, he must have died between 1437 and 1440, as a manuscript of the Carthusian monastery of Memmingen speaks of the gift made to it by Krämer in 1437, and the general chapter of the Carthusian Order held in 1440 mentions his deathKrasicki, Ignatius - Born in 1735; died at Berlin, 1801. He took orders in early youth, and soon after became a canon, travelled abroad, preached the coronation sermon for King Stanislaus Poniatowski, by whose favour he shortly got a bishopric in what was soon to become Prussian PolandKrasinski, Sigismund - Count, son of a Polish general, b. at Paris, 19 Feb., 1812; d. there, 23 Feb., 1859Kraus, Franz Xaver - An ecclesiastical and art historian, b. at Trier, 18 September, 1840; d. at San Remo, 28 December, 1901Kreil, Karl - Austrian meteorologist and astronomer, b. at Ried, Upper Austria, 4 Nov., 1798; d. at Vienna, 21 Dec., 1862Kreiten, William - Literary critic and poet, b. 21 June, 1847, at Gangelt near Aschen; d. 6 June, 1902, at Kerkrade (Kirchrath) in Dutch LimburgKremsmünster - A Benedictine abbey in Austria, on the little river Krems, about twenty miles south of Linz, founded A.D. 777 by Tassilo II Duke of Bavaria, who richly endowed it, as did subsequently Charlemagne and his successorsKromer, Martin - A distinguished Polish bishop and historian; b. at Biecz in Galicia in 1512; d. at Heilsberg, Ermland (now East Prussia), on 23 March, 1589Krzycki, Andrew - A typical humanistic poet, a most supple courtier for whom poetry was to be a source of renown and profit, Krzycki was well-read in Latin poetry and knew the language to perfection. Date of birth uncertain; d. in 1535Kuhn, Johannes von - Theologian, b. at Waeschenbeuren in Wuertemberg, 19 Feb., 1806; d. at Tübingen, 8 May, 1887Kulturkampf - The name given to the political struggle for the rights and self-government of the Catholic Church, carried out chiefly in Prussia and afterwards in Baden, Hesse, and BavariaKumbakonam - Kumbakonam, signifying in English the 'Jug's Corner,' is a town of 60,000 inhabitants, and is situated in the fertile plain of the Tanjore District about half-way on the railroad which connects Madras with TuticorinKuncevyc, Saint Josaphat - Lithuanian-born Basilian monk and Ruthenian Rite archbishop of Polotsk, writer. He loved to make profound bows while reciting the Jesus Prayer. Martyred in 1623Kutenai Indians - An important tribe of south-eastern British Columbia and the adjacent portions of Montana and IdahoKwango - The name of a river which flows into the Kassai, which itself is a tributary of the River CongoKwang-si - The mission of Kwang-si comprises the entire province of that nameKwang-tung - This prefecture comprises the whole province of that name except the civil prefecture of Shin-hing, the three districts of Heung-shan, Yan-ping, and Yeung-tsun, which belong to the Diocese of Macao, and the three districts of San-on, Kwei-shin, and Hoi-fung, which belong to the Vicariate Apostolic of Hong-Kong

Kwei-chou - The mission of Kwei-chou embraces the entire province of that nameKyrie Eleison - Greek for 'Lord have mercy'; the Latin transliteration supposes a pronunciation as in Modern Greek, is a very old, even pre-Christian, expression used constantly in all Christian liturgies

LLa Chaise, François d'Aix de - Confessor of King Louis XIV, born at the mansion of Aix, in Forez, Department of Loire, 25 August, 1624; died at Paris, 20 January, 1709La Crosse - Diocese erected in 1868; included that part of the State of Wisconsin, U.S.A., lying north and west of the Wisconsin RiverLa Richardie, Armand de - Born at Perigueux, 7 June, 1686; died at Quebec, 17 March, 1758. He entered the Society of Jesus at Bordeaux, 4 Oct., 1703, and in 1725 was sent to the Canada missionLa Roche Daillon, Joseph de - Recollect, one of the most zealous missionaries of the Huron tribe, d. in France, 1656La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, The Duke of - Opposed during the last years of the reign of Louis XV to the government of Maupeou, and the friend of all the reformers who surrounded Louis XVI, he owed to the influence of these economists the favour of the kingLa Rochejacquelein, Henri-Auguste-Georges du Vergier, Comte de - French politician, b. at the château of Citran (Fironde), on 28 September, 1805; d. on 7 January, 1867La Rochelle - The Diocese of La Rochelle (Rupellensis), suffragan of Bordeaux, comprises the entire Department of Charente-InférieureLarrey, Dominique-Jean - Baron, French military surgeon, b. at Baudéan, Hautes-Pyrénées, July, 1766; d. at Lyons, 25 July, 1842La Rue, Charles de - French Jesuit orator (1643-1725)La Salette - Located in the commune and parish of La Salette-Fallavaux, Canton of Corps, Department of Isere, and Diocese of GrenobleLa Salette, Missionaries of - Founded in 1852, at the shrine of Our Lady of La Salette, where some priests banded together to care for the numerous pilgrims frequenting the mountainLa Salle, John Baptist de, Saint - Essay on the founder of the Christian BrothersLa Salle, René-Robert-Cavelier, Sieur de - Explorer, born at Rouen, 1643; died in Texas, 1687La Serena, Diocese of - Embracing Atacama and Coquimbo provinces (Chile), suffragan of Santiago, erected 1 July, 1840La Verna - An isolated mountain hallowed by association with St. Francis of Assisi, situated in the centre of the Tuscan AppeninesLabadists - A pietist sect of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries founded by Jean de Labadie, who was born at Bourg, near Bordeaux, 13 February, 1610, and died at Altonia, 13 February, 1674Laban - Son of Bathuel, the SyrianLabarum (Chi-Rho) - The name by which the military standard adopted by Constantine the Great after his celebrated vision (Lactantius, 'De mortibus persecutorum', 44), was known in antiquityLabat, Jean-Baptiste - Dominican missionary, born at Paris, 1664; died there, 1738Labbe, Philippe - Born at Borges, 10 July, 1607; died at Paris, at the College of Clermont, 17 (16) March, 1667; a distinguished Jesuit writer on historical, geographical, and philological questions

Labour and Labour Legislation - Labour is work done by mind or body either partly or wholly for the purpose of producing utilitiesLabour Unions, Moral Aspects of - Since a labour union is a society, its moral aspects are determined by its constitution, its end, its results, and the means employed in pursuit of the endLa Bruyère, Jean de - Born at Paris in 1645; died at Chantilly in 1696. He was the son of a comptroller general of municipal revenueLabyrinth - A complicated arrangement of paths and passages; or a place, usually subterraneous, full of windings, corridors, rooms, etc., so intricately arranged as to render the getting out of it a very difficult matterLac, Stanislaus du - Jesuit educationist and social work, b. at Paris, 21 November, 1835; d. there, 30 August, 1909Lace - The two earliest known specimens of lace-worked linen albs are that of St. Francis, preserved at St. Clare's convent, Assisi, and the alb of Pope Boniface VIII, now in the treasury of the Sistine ChapelLacedonia, Diocese of - Located in the province of Avellino, Southern ItalyLacordaire, Jean-Baptiste-Henri-Dominique - Dominican orator (1802-1861)Lactantius, Lucius Cæcilius Firmianus - Fourth-century Christian apologistLacy, Blessed William - English widower, became a priest. He was martyred at York in 1582Laderchi, James - An Italian Oratorian and ecclesiastical historian, born about 1678, at Faenza near Ravenna; died 25 April, 1738, at RomeLadislaus, Saint - King of Hungary, d. 1095Laennec, René-Théophile-Hyacinthe - Born at Quimper, in Brittany, France, 17 February, 1781; died at Kerlouanec, 13 August, 1826, a French physician, discoverer of auscultation, and father of modern knowledge of pulmonary diseasesLaetare Sunday - The fourth, or middle, Sunday of Lent, so called from the first words of the Introit at MassLaetus, Pomponius - Humanist, b. in Calabria in 1425; d. at Rome in 1497La Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, Comtesse de - Author of memoirs and novels, born in Paris, 1634; died there, 1693LaFarge, John - Painter, decorator, and writer (1835-1910)Lafitau, Joseph-Françs - Jesuit missionary and writer, born at Bordeaux, France, 1 January, 1681; died there, 1746Laflèche, Louis-François Richer - French-Canadian bishop, b. 4 Sept., 1818, at Ste-Anne de la Perade, Province of Quebec; d. 14 July, 1898La Fontaine, Jean de - French poet, b. at Chateau-Thierry, 8 July, 1621; d. at Paris, 13 April, 1695Laforêt, Nicholas-Joseph - Belgian philosopher and theologian, born at Graide, 23 January, 1823; died at Louvain, 26 January, 1872La Fosse, Charles de - Painter, b. in Paris, 15 June, 1636; d. in Paris, 13 December, 1716, and buried in the church of Saint EustacheLafuente y Zamalloa, Modesto - Spanish critic and historian, d. 1866Lagania - A titular see in Galatia PrimaLagrené, Pierre - A missionary in New France, b. at Paris, 12 Nov (al. 28 Oct.), 1659; d. at Quebec in 1736La Harpe, Jean-François - A French critic and poet, b. at Paris, 20 November, 1739; d. February, 1803La Haye, Jean de - Franciscan Biblical scholar, b. at Paris, 20 March, 1593; d. there 15 Oct., 1661

La Hire, Philippe de - Mathematician, astronomer, physicist, naturalist, and painter, b. in Paris, 18 March, 1640; d. in Paris, 21 April, 1718Lahore - Diocese in northern India, part of the ecclesiastical Province of AgraLaibach - Austrian bishopric and suffragan of Görz, embraces the territory of the Austrian crown-land of Carniola (Krain)Laicization - The term laity signifies the aggregation of those Christians who do not form part of the clergy. Consequently the word lay does not strictly connote any idea of hostility towards the clergy or the Church much less towards religion. Laicization, therefore, considered etymologically, simply means the reducing of persons or things having an ecclesiastical character to a lay conditionLainez, James - Second general of the Society of Jesus, theologian, b. in 1512, at Almazan, Castille, in 1512; d. at Rome, 19 January, 1565Laity - The body of the faithful, outside of the ranks of the clergyLake Indians - A small tribe of Salishan stock, originally ranging along Columbia River in northeast Washington from about Kettle Falls to the British lineLalemant, Charles - Born at Paris, 17 November, 1587; died there, 18 November, 1674. He was the first superior of the Jesuit missions in Canada, and his letter to his brother dated 1 August, 1626, inaugurated the series of 'Relations' about the missionary work in that countryLalemant, Gabriel - Short biography of this Jesuit missionaryLalemant, Jerome - Jesuit missionary, b. at Paris, 27 April, 1593, d. at Quebec, 16 November, 1665Lallemant, Jacques-Philippe - French Jesuit, b. at St-Valéry-sur-Somme about 1660; d. at Paris 1748Lallemant, Louis - French Jesuit, b. at Châlons-sur-Marne, 1588; d. at Bourges, 5 April, 1635Lalor, Teresa - Co-foundress, with Bishop Neale of Baltimore, of the Visitation Order in the United States, b. in Ireland; d. 9 Sept., 1846La Luzerne, César-Guillaume - French cardinal b. at Paris, 1738; d. there, l821Lamarck, Chevalier de - Distinguished botanist, zoologist, and natural philosopher, b. at Bazentin in Picardy (department of Somme), France, 1 August, 1744; d. at Paris, 18 December, 1829Lamartine, Alphonse de - Poet, b. at Macon Saône-et-Loire, France, 21 Oct., 1790; d. at Paris, l March, 1869Lamb, Paschal - A lamb which the Israelites were commanded to eat with peculiar rites as a part of the Passover celebrationLamb (in Early Christian Symbolism) - One of the few Christian symbols dating from the first century is that of the Good Shepherd carrying on His shoulders a lamb or a sheep, with two other sheep at his sideLambeck, Peter - Historian and librarian, b. at Hamburg, 13 April 1628; d. at Vienna, 4 April, 1680Lambert, Saint - Bishop of Maestricht, martyred between 698 and 701 for defending the sanctity of marriage. Also called St. LandebertusLambert, Louis A. - Priest and journalist (1835-1910)Lambert Le Bègue - Priest and reformer, lived at Liège, Belgium, about the middle of the twelfth centuryLambert of Hersfeld - A medieval historian; b. in Franconia or Thuringia, c. 1024; d. after 1077Lambert of St-Bertin - Benedictine chronicler and abbot, b. about 1060; d. 22 June, 1125, at St-Bertin, France

Lamberville, Jacques and Jean de - Seventeenth-century Jesuit missionariesLambillotte, Louis - Belgian Jesuit and composer (1796-1855)Lambin, Denis - French philologist (1520-1572)Lambruschini, Luigi - Cardinal, b. at Sestri Levante, near Genoa, 6 March, 1776, d. at Rome, 12 May, 1854Lambton, Ven. Joseph - Yorkshire man, a priest, martyred at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1592Lamego - Diocese situated in the district of Vizeu, province of Beira, PortugalLamennais, Félicité Robert de - Born at Saint-Malo, 29 June, 1782; died at Paris, 27 February, 1854Lamennais, Jean-Marie-Robert de - French priest, brother of Félicité Robert de Lamennais, b. at St-Malo in 1780; d. at Ploërmel, Brittany, in 1860Lamoignon, Family of - Illustrious in the history of the old magistracy, originally from NivernaisLamont, Johann von - Astronomer and physicist, b. 13 Dec., 1805, at Braemar in Scotland, near Balmoral Castle; d.. 6 Aug., 1879, at Bogenhausen near Munich, BavariaLa Moricière, Louis-Christophe-Leon Juchault de - French general and commander-in-chief of the papal army, b. at Nantes, 5 February, 1806; d. at the château of Prouzel, near Amiens, 11 September, 1865Lamormaini, Wilhelm - Confessor of Emperor Ferdinand II, b. 29 December, 1570, at Dochamps, Luxemburg; d. at Vienna, 22 February, 1648Lampa - A titular see in Crete, suffragan of Gortyna, was probably a colony of TarrhaLamp, Altar - In the Old Testament God commanded that a lamp filled with the purest oil of olives should always burn in the Tabernacle of the Testimony without the veilLamp and Lampadarii - There is very little evidence that any strictly liturgical use was made of lamps in the early centuries of Christianity. The fact that many of the services took place at night, and that after the lapse of a generation or two the meetings of the Christians for purposes of worship were held, at Rome and elsewhere, in the subterranean chambers of the Catacombs, make it clear that lamps must have been used to provide the necessary means of illuminationLamprecht - German poet of the twelfth century, of whom practically nothing personal is known but his name and the fact that he was a clericLamps, Early Christian - Of the various classes of remains from Christian antiquity there is probably none so numerously represented as that of small clay lamps adorned with Christian symbolsLampsacus - A titular see of Hellespont, suffragan of CyzicusLamuel - Name of a king mentioned in Prov., xxxi, 1 and 4, but otherwise unknownLamus - A titular see of Isauria, suffragan of SeleuciaLamy, Bernard - Oratorian, b. at Le Mans, France, in June, 1640; d. at Rouen, 29 Jan., 1715Lamy, François - An ascetical and apologetic writer of the Congregation of St-Maur, b. in 1636 at Montireau in the Department of Eure-et-Loir; d. 11 April, 1711, at the Abbey of St-Denis near ParisLamy, Thomas Joseph - Biblical scholar end orientalist, b. at Ohey, in Belgium, 27 Jan., 1827, d. at Louvain, 30 July, 1907Lana, Francesco - Born 10 Dec., 1631, at Brescia in Italy; died in the same place, 22 Feb., 1687. Mathematician and naturalist, he was also the scientific founder of aeronautics

Lance, The Holy - In the Gospel of St. John (xix, 34), that, after our Saviour's death, 'one of the soldiers with a spear [lancea] opened his side and immediately there came out blood and water'Lancelotti, Giovanni Paolo - Canonist, b. at Perugia in 1522; d. there, 23 September, 1590Lanciano and Ortona - Lanciano is a small city in the province of Chieti, in the Abruzzi, Central Italy, between the Pescara and the Trigni, with a majestic view of Mount MaiellaLand-Tenure in the Christian Era - The way in which land has been held or owned during the nineteen hundred years which have seen in Europe the rise and establishment of the Church is a matter for historical inquiry. Strictly speaking, the way in which such ownership or tenure was not only legally arranged, but ethically regarded, is a matter for historical inquiry alsoLando, Pope - Reigned 913-914Landriot, Jean-François-Anne - French bishop, b. at Couches-les-Mines near Autun, 1816, d. at Reims, 1874Lanfranc - Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Pavia c.1005; d. at Canterbury, 24 May, 1089Lanfranco, Giovanni - Decorative painter, b. at Parma, 1581, d. in Rome, 1647Lang, Matthew - Cardinal, Bishop of Gurk and Archbishop of Salzburg, b. at Augsburg in 1468; d. at Salzburg, 30 March, 1540Langen, Rudolph von - Humanist and divine, b. at the village of Everswinkel, near Munster, Westphalia, 1438 or 1439; d. at Munster, 25 Dec., 1519Langénieux, Benoit-Marie - Cardinal, Archbishop of Reims, b. at Villefranche-sur-Saône, Department of Rhône, 1824; d. at Reims, 1 Jan., 1905Langham, Simon - Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of England, b. at Langham in Rutland; d. at Avignon, France, 22 July, 1376Langheim - A celebrated Cistercian abbey situated in Upper Franconia (Bavaria), not far from Mein, in the Diocese of BambergLanghorne, Ven. Richard - Married Englishman, lawyer, martyred in 1679Langley, Richard - Biographical portrait of the Yorkshire layman who refused to compromise his faith, and who paid the price for it. He was martyred in 1586Langres - Diocese comprising the Department of the Haute-MarneLanigan, John - Irish Church historian (1758-1825)Lanspergius - Carthusian monk and ascetical writer, b. at Landsberg in Bavaria 1489, d. at Cologne, 11 Aug., 1539Lantern - In Italian or modern architecture, a small structure on the top of a dome, for the purpose of admitting light, for promoting ventilation, and for ornamentLanterns, Altar - Used in churches to protect the altar candles and lamp, if the latter for any reason, such as a draught, cannot be kept litLanzi, Luigi - An Italian archeologist, b. at Mont Olmo, near Macerata, in 1732; d. at Florence in 1810Laodicea - A titular see, of Asia Minor, metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana, said to have been originally called Diospolis and Rhoas; Antiochus II colonized it between 261 and 246 B.C., and gave it the name of his wife, LaodiceLaos - Separated from the Vicariate Apostolic of Siam by a decree of 4 May, 1899La Paz - Diocese in BoliviaLaplace, Pierre-Simon - Mathematician and astronomer (1749-1827)Lapland and Lapps - This singular race is divided into three different groups: mountain, forest, and fisher Lapps

La Plata - The city of La Plata, capital of the Argentine Province of Buenos Aires, is situated on the right bank of the Rio de la Plata, about 35 miles south-east of the city of Buenos AiresLa Plata - The metropolitan see of BoliviaLapparent, Albert Auguste de - French geologist, b. at Bourges, 30 Dec., 1839; d. at Paris, 12 May, 1908Laprade, Victor de - French poet and critic, b. at Montbrison in 1812; d. at Lyons in 1883Lapsi - The regular designation in the third century for Christians who relapsed into heathenism, especially for those who during the persecutions displayed weakness in the face of torture, and denied the Faith by sacrificing to the heathen gods or by any other actsLapuente, Venerable Luis de - Born at Valladolid, 11 November, 1554; died there, 16 February 1624. Having entered the Society of Jesus, he studied under the celebrated Suarez, and professed philosophy at SalamancaLaranda - A titular see of Isauria, afterwards of LycaoniaLares - Formerly a titular archiepiscopal see in pro-consular AfricaLarino - Diocese in the province of Capmobasso, Southern ItalyLarissa - The seat of a titular archbishopric of ThessalyLarke, Blessed John - Parish priest and friend of St. Thomas More. Martyred at Tyburn in 1543 or 1544, along with another priest (Bl. John Ireland) and the layman Bl. German GardinerLarrey, Dominique-Jean - Baron, French military surgeon, b. at Baudéan, Hautes-Pyrénées, July, 1766; d. at Lyons, 25 July, 1842Larue, Charles de - He took the habit of St. Benedict in the Abbey of St. Faro at Meaux, and made his religious profession on 21 Nov., 1703Lasaulx, Ernst von - Scholar and philosopher, born at Coblenz, 16 March, 1805; died at Munich, 9 May, 1861Lascaris, Constantine - Greek scholar from Constantinople; born 1434; died at Messina in 1501Lascaris, Janus - A noted Greek scholar, born about 1445; died at Rome in 1535Laski, John - Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate of Poland, b. at Lask, 1456; d. at Gnesen, 19 May, 1531Lassberg, Baron Joseph Maria Christoph von - A distinguished German antiquary, born at Donaueschingen, 10 April, 1770; died 15 March, 1855Lassus, Orlandus de - Biography emphasizing his religious compositionsLast Judgment, The - To it the prophets of the Old Testament refer when they speak of the 'Day of the Lord' (Joel 2:31; Ezekiel 13:5; Isaiah 2:12), in which the nations will be summoned to judgment. In the New Testament the second Parusia, or coming of Christ as Judge of the world, is an oft-repeated doctrineLast Supper, The - The Evangelists and critics generally agree that the Last Supper was on a Thursday, that Christ suffered and died on Friday, and that He arose from the dead on SundayLataste, Marie - Born at Mimbaste near Dax, France, 21 February, 1822; died at Rennes, 10 May, 1847; was the youngest child of simple pious peasantsLatera, Flaminius Annibali de - Historian, born at Latera, near Viterbo, 23 November, 1733; died at Viterbo, 27 February, 1813Lateran, Christian Museum of - Established by Pius IX in 1854, in the Palazzo del Laterano erected by Sixtus V on the part of the site of the ancient Lateran palace destroyed by fire in 1308. In 1843 the 'profane' Museum of the Lateran was founded

by Gregory XVI, in whose pontificate also was mooted the idea of establishing a museum of Christian antiquities in the same edificeLateran, Saint John - This is the oldest, and ranks first among the four great 'patriarchal' basilicas of RomeLateran Councils - A series of five important councils held at Rome from the twelfth to the sixteen centuryLateran Council, First - It put a stop to the arbitrary conferring of ecclesiastical benefices by laymen, reestablished freedom of episcopal and abbatial elections, separated spiritual from temporal affairs, and ratified the principle that spiritual authority can emanate only from the Church; lastly it tacitly abolished the exorbitant claim of the emperors to interfere in papal electionsLateran Council, Second - To efface the last vestiges of the schism, to condemn various errors and reform abuses among clergy and people Innocent, in the month of April, 1139, convoked, at the Lateran, the tenth ecumenical councilLateran Council, Third - In September, 1178, the pope in agreement with an article of the Peace of Venice, convoked an ecumenical council at the Lateran for Lent of the following year and, with that object, sent legates to different countriesLateran Council, Fourth - From the commencement of his reign Innocent III had purposed to assemble an ecumenical council, but only towards the end of his pontificate could he realize this project, by the Bull of 19 April, 1213. The assembly was to take place in November, 1215Lateran Council, Fifth - Convoked, by the Bull of 18 July, 1511, to assemble 19 April, 1512, in the church of St. John LateranLathrop, George Parsons - Poet, novelist (1851-1898)Latin, Ecclesiastical - The Latin in the official textbooks of the Church (the Bible and the Liturgy), as well as in the works of those Christian writers of the West who have undertaken to expound or defend Christian beliefsLatin Church - The Latin Church is simply that vast portion of the Catholic body which obeys the Latin patriarch, which submits to the pope, not only in papal, but also in patriarchal mattersLatin Kingdom of Jerusalem - Founded as a result of the First Crusade, in 1099. Destroyed a first time by Saladin in 1187, it was re-established around Saint-Jean d'Acre and maintained until the capture of that city in 1291Latin Literature in Christianity (Before the Sixth Century) - The Latin language was not at first the literary and official organ of the Christian Church in the West. The Gospel was announced by preachers whose language was Greek, and these continued to use Greek, if not in their discourses, at least in their most important actsLatin Literature in Christianity (Sixth to Twentieth Century) - During the Middle Ages the so-called church Latin was to a great extent the language of poetry, and it was only on the advent of the Renaissance that classical Latin revived and flourished in the writings of the neo-Latinists as it does even today though to a more modest extentClassical Latin Literature in the Church - This article deals only with the relations of the classical literature, chiefly Latin, to the Catholic ChurchLatini, Brunetto - Florentine philosopher and statesman, born at Florence, c. 1210; the son of Buonaccorso Latini, died 1294La Trappe - Abbey of the Order of Reformed CisterciansLatreille, Pierre-André - A prominent French zoologist; born at Brives, 29 November, 1762; died in Paris, 6 February, 1833

Latria - In classical Greek originally meant 'the state of a hired servant' (Aesch., 'Prom.', 966), and so service generally. It is used especially for Divine service (Plato, 'Apol.', 23 B). In Christian literature it came to have a technical sense for the supreme honour due to His servants, the angels and saintsLatrocinium - The Acts of the first session of this synod were read at the Council of Chalcedon, 451, and have thus been preserved. The remainder of the Acts are known only through a Syriac translation by a Monophysite monk, published from the British Museum MS. Addit. 14,530, written in the year 535Latter-Day Saints, The Church of Jesus Christ of - Also called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. This religious body had its origin during the early part of the nineteenth century. Joseph Smith, the founder and first president of the sect, was the son of a Vermont farmer, and was born in Sharon township, Windsor County, in that state, on 23 December, 1805Lauda Sion - The opening words (used as a title of the sequence composed by St. Thomas Aquinas, about the year 1264, for the Mass of Corpus ChristiLauds - Article on the canonical hour once known as Matins, then as Lauds, now as Morning Prayer. One of the two principal hoursLaura - The Greek word laura is employed by writers from the end of the fifth century to distinguish the monasteries of Palestine of the semi-eremitical type. The word signifies a narrow way or passage, and in later times the quarter of a townLaurence O'Toole, Saint - Confessor, abbot, and the first Irish-born bishop of Dublin, d. 1180Laurentie, Pierre-Sébastien - French publicist (1793-1876)Lausanne and Geneva - Diocese in Switzerland, immediately subject to the Holy SeeLauzon, Jean de - Fourth governor of Canada, b. at Paris, 1583; d. there, 16 Feb., 1666Lauzon, Pierre de - A noted missionary of New France in the eighteenth century, born at Poitiers, 26 September, 1687; died at Quebec, 5 September, 1742Lavabo - The first word of that portion of Psalm 25 said by the celebrant at Mass while he washes his hands after the Offertory, from which word the whole ceremony is namedLaval, François de Montmorency - First bishop of Canada, b. at Montigny-sur-Avre, 30 April, 1623, of Hughes de Laval and Michelle de Péricard; d. at Quebec on 6 May, 1708La Valette, Jean Parisot de - Forty-eighth Grand Master of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem; b. in 1494; d. in Malta, 21 Aug., 1568Laval University of Quebec - Founded in 1852 by the Seminary of Quebec; the royal charter granted to it by Queen Victoria was signed at Westminster, 8 December, 1852Lavant - An Austrian bishopric in the southern part of Styria, suffragan of SalzburgLaverdière, Charles-Honoré - French-Canadian historian, born Chateau-Richer, Province of Quebec, 1826; died at Quebec, 1873Lavérendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de - Discoverer of the Canadian West, born at Three Rivers, Quebec, 17 November, 1685; died at Montreal, 6 December, 1749Laverlochère, Jean-Nicolas - Missionary, born at St. Georges d'Espérance, Grenoble, France, 6 December, 1812; died at Temiscaming, Canada, 4 October, 1884Lavigerie, Charles-Martial-Allemand - French cardinal, b. at Huire near Bayonne, 13 Oct., 1825; d. at Algiers, 27 Nov., 1892Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent - Chemist, philosopher, economist (1743-1794)

Law - By law in the widest sense is understood that exact guide, rule, or authoritative standard by which a being is moved to action or held back from itLaw, Canon - Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by or adopted by ecclesiastical authority, for the government of the Christian organization and its membersLaw, Cemeteries in - Includes information concerning the laws in the United States and CanadaLaw, Civil (Influence of the Church on) - Christianity is essentially an ethical religion; and, although its moral principles were meant directly for the elevation of the individual, still they could not fail to exercise a powerful influence on such a public institution as law, the crystallized rule of human conductLaw, Common - The term is of English origin and is used to describe the juridical principles and general rules regulating the possession, use and inheritance of property and the conduct of individuals, the origin of which is not definitely known, which have been observed since a remote period of antiquity, and which are based upon immemorial usages and the decisions of the law courts as distinct from the lex scripta; the latter consisting of imperial or kingly edicts or express acts of legislationLaw, Divine (Moral Aspect of) - That which is enacted by God and made known to man through revelationLaw, International - Defined to be 'the rules which determine the conduct of the general body of civilized states in their dealings with each other' (American and English Encycl. of Law)Law, Mosaic - The body of juridical, moral, and ceremonial institutions, laws, and decisions comprised in the last four books of the Pentateuch, and ascribed by Christian and Hebrew tradition to MosesLaw, Natural - In English this term is frequently employed as equivalent to the laws of nature, meaning the order which governs the activities of the material universe. Among the Roman jurists natural law designated those instincts and emotions common to man and the lower animals, such as the instinct of self-preservation and love of offspringLaw, Roman - This subject is briefly treated under the two heads of; I. Principles; II. HistoryLawrence, Saint - Deacon, martyr, d. 258Lawrence, Saint - Successor of St. Augustine of Canterbury as archbishop of that see, and died in 619Lawrence Justinian, Saint - Bishop and first Patriarch of Venice. He died in 1456Lawrence of Brindisi, Saint - An Italian Capuchin with a talent for languages, much in demand as a preacher, was chaplain of the Imperial army. Doctor of the Church. He died in 1619Lawrence O'Toole, Saint - Confessor, abbot, and the first Irish-born bishop of Dublin, d. 1180Laws, Penal - Treats of the penal legislation affecting Catholics in English-speaking countries since the Reformation.Lay Abbot - A name used to designate a layman on whom a king or someone in authority bestowed an abbey as a reward for services renderedLay Brothers - Religious occupied solely with manual labour and with the secular affairs of a monastery or friaryLay Communion - Speaking generally, the expression 'lay communion' does not necessarily imply the idea of the Eucharist, but only the condition of a layman in communion with the Church

Lay Confession - This article does not deal with confession by laymen but with that made to laymen, for the purpose of obtaining the remission of sins by GodLay Tithes - Ecclesiastical tithes, which in the course of time became alienated from the Church to lay proprietorsLaymann, Paul - A famous Jesuit moralist, b. in 1574 at Arzl, near Innsbruck; d. of the plague on 13 November, 1635, at ConstanceLazarites - A congregation of secular priests with religious vows founded by St. Vincent de PaulLazarus - The name of two persons in the N.T.; a character in one of Christ's parables, and the brother of Martha and Mary of BethaniaLazarus of Bethany, Saint - Reputed first Bishop of Marseilles, died in the second half of the first centuryLazarus of Jerusalem, Order of Saint - The military order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem originated in a leper hospital founded in the twelfth century by the crusaders of the Latin KingdomLead, Diocese of - Established on 6 August, 1902League, The - From a religious point of view it aimed at supporting Catholicism in France politically at restoring the 'ancient franchises and liberties' against the royal powerLeague, German - Early in 1608 Duke Maximilian started negotiations with the spiritual electors and some of the Catholic states of the empire, with a view to the formation of a union of the Catholic statesLeague of the Cross - A Catholic total abstinence confraternity founded in London in 1873 by Cardinal Manning to unite Catholics, both clergy and laity, in the warfare against intemperance, and thus improve religious, social, and domestic conditions, especially among the working classesLeander of Seville, Saint - Bishop, d. 601Leavenworth - Suffragan to St. Louis, established, 22 May, 1877Lebanon - So called from the snow which covers the highest peaks during almost the entire year, or from the limestone which glistens white in the distanceLebedus - Titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of EphesusLe Blant, Edmond-Frederic - French archeologist and historian, born 12 August, 1818; died 5 July, 1897 at ParisLebrun, Charles - French historical painter, born in Paris, 1619; died at the Gobelin tapestry works, 1690Lebwin, Saint - Also called Lebuinus or Liafwin. English-born missionary to the Frisians, died at Deventer around 770. BiographyLe Camus, Emile-Paul-Constant-Ange - Preacher, theologian, scripturist, Bishop of La Rochelle and Saintes, b. at Paraza, France, 24 August, 1839; d. at Malvisade, near Castelnaudary, France, 28 September, 1906Le Camus, Etienne - French cardinal, b. at Paris, 1632; d. at Grenoble, 1707Le Caron, Joseph - One of the four pioneer missionaries of Canada and first missionary to the Hurons, b. near Paris in 1586; d. in France, 29 March, 1632Lecce - Diocese; suffragan of OtrantoLeclerc du Tremblay, François - A Capuchin, better known as Pere Joseph, b. in Paris, 4 Nov., 1577; d. at Rueil, 18 Dec., 1638Leclercq, Chrestien - A Franciscan Récollet and one of the most zealous missionaries to the Micmac of Canada, also a distinguished historiographer of Nouvelle FranceLecoy de La Marche - French historian; b. at Nemours, 1839; d. at Paris, 1897

Le Coz, Claude - French bishop, b. at Plouévez-Parzay (Finistère), 1740; d. at Villevieux (Jura), 1813Lectern - Support for a book, reading-desk, or bookstand, a solid and permanent structure upon which the Sacred Books, which were generally large and heavy, were placed when used by the ministers of the altar in liturgical functionsLectionary - A term of somewhat vague significance, used with a good deal of latitude by liturgical writersLector - A lector (reader) in the West is a clerk having the second of the four minor orders. In all Eastern Churches also, readers are ordained to a minor order preparatory to the diaconateLedge, Altar - A step behind the altar, raised slightly above it, for candlesticks, flowers, reliquaries, and other ornamentsLedochowski, Miecislas Halka - Polish cardinal (1822-1902)Leeds - Diocese embracing the West Riding of Yorkshire, and that part of the city of York to the south of the River OuseLefebvre, Camille - Apostle of the Acadians, b. at St. Philippe, P. Q., 1831; d. at St. Joseph, N. B., 1895Lefèvre, Family of - A family engaged in tapestry weaving in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuriesLe Fèvre, Jacques - A French theologian and controversialist, b. at Lisieux towards the middle of the seventeenth century; d. 1 July, 1716, at ParisLefèvre de la Boderie, Guy - French Orientalist and poet; b. near Falaise in Normandy, 9 August, 1541; d. in 1598 in the house in which he was bornLefèvre d'Etaples, Jacques - A French philosopher, biblical and patristic scholar; b. at Etaples in Picardy, about 1455; d. at Nérac, 1536Legacies - In its most restricted sense, by a pious legacy or bequest (legatum pium) is understood, the assigning, by a last will, of a particular thing forming part of an estate, to a church or an ecclesiastical institutionLegate - In its broad signification, means that person who is sent by another for some representative office. In the ecclesiastical sense it means one whom the pope sends to sovereigns or governments or only to the members of the episcopate and faithful of a country, as his representative, to treat of church matters or even on a mission of honourLegends, Literary or Profane - In the period of national origins history and legend are inextricably mingled. In the course of oral transmission historic narrative necessarily becomes more or less legendaryLegends of the Saints - The legenda are stories about the saints, and often include a mix of historical fact and unhistorical embellishmentsLeghorn - City in Italy. Suffragan of PisaLegio - Titular see of Palestina SecundaLegipont, Oliver - Benedictine bibliographer (1698-1758)Legists - Teachers of civil or Roman law, who, besides expounding sources, explaining terms, elucidating texts, summarizing the contents of chapters, etc., illustrated by cases, real or imaginary, the numerous questions and distinctions arising out of the 'Corpus Juris' enactments of the ancient Roman codeLegitimation - The canonical term for the act by which the irregularity contracted by being born out of lawful wedlock is removedLe Gobien, Charles - French Jesuit and founder of the famous collection of 'Lettres édifiantes et curieuses', one of the most important sources of information for the

history of Catholic missions, b. at StMalo, Brittany, 25 November, 1671; d. at Paris, 5 March, 1708Legrand, Louis - French theologian and noted doctor of the Sorbonne, b. in Burgundy at Lusigny-sur-Ouche, 12 June, 1711, d. at Issy (Paris), 21 July, 1780Le Gras, Venerable Louise de Marillac - Founder of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, d. 1660Le Hir, Arthur-Marie - Biblical scholar and Orientalist; b. at Morlaix (Finisterre), in the Diocese of Quimper, France, 5 Dec., 1811; d. at Paris, 13 Jan., 1868Lehnin, Abbey of - Founded in 1180 by Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg, for Cistercian monksLeibniz, System of - A thorough overview of the life and views of LeibnizLeigh, Venerable Richard - Article on this English priest and missionary to his native land, martyred in 1588Leipzig - Chief town in the Kingdom of Saxony, situated at the junction of the Pleisse, Parthe, and Weisse ElsterLeipzig, University of - Next to Heidelberg, the oldest university in the German EmpireLeitmeritz - In Austria, embraces the northern part of the Kingdom of BohemiaLejeune, Jean - Born at Poligny in 1592; died at Limoges, 19 Aug., 1672; member of the Oratory of Jesus, founded by de Berulle in 1611Lelong, Jacques - A French bibliographer, b. at Paris, 19 April, 1665 d. there, 13 Aug., 1721Le Loutre, Louis-Joseph - A missionary to the Micmac Indians and Vicar-General of Acadia under the Bishop of Quebec, b. in France about 1690: d. there about 1770Le Mans - Comprises the entire Department of SartheLemberg - Seat of a Latin, a Uniat Ruthenian, and a Uniat Armenian archbishopricLemcke, Henry - Missionary in the United States, b. at Rhena, Mecklenburg, 27 July, 1796; d. at Carrolltown, Pennsylvania, 29 November, 1882Le Mercier, François - One of the early missionaries of New France, b. at Paris, 4 October, 1604; d. in the island of Martinique, 12 June, 1690Lemercier, Jacques - Born at Pontoise, about 1585; died at Paris, 1654. Lemercier shares with Mansart and Le Muet the glory of representing French architecture most brilliantly under Louis XIII and RichelieuLemos, Thomas de - Spanish theologian and controversialist, b. at Rivadavia, Spain, 1555, d. at Rome 23 Aug., 1629Le Moyne - The name of one of the most illustrious families of the New World, whose deeds adorn the pages of Canadian historyLe Moyne, Simon - A Jesuit missionary, b. at Beauvais, 1604; d. in 1665 at Cap de la Madeleine, near Three RiversL'Enfant, Pierre-Charles - French engineer (1755-1833)Lennig, Adam Franz - Theologian, b. 3 Dec., 1803, at Mainz; d. there, 22 Nov., 1866Lenormant, Charles - French archæologist, b. in Paris, 1 June, 1802; d. at Athens, 24 November, 1859Lenormant, François - Archaeologist; son of Charles Lenormant, b. at Paris, 17 January, 1837; d. there, 9 December, 1883Le Nourry, Denis-Nicolas - Ecclesiastical writer, b. at Dieppe in Normandy, 18 Feb., 1647; d. at the Abbey of St-Germain in Paris, 24 March, 1724Lent - An article on the origins of Lenten fastingLentulus, Publius - A fictitious person, said to have been Governor of Judea before Pontius

Leo I (the Great), Pope - Article on his pontificate, in Christian antiquity second only to that of Gregory the Great in importance. Leo died in 461Leo II, Pope Saint - Biographical article on this pontiff, who died in 683Leo III, Pope Saint - Biography of this pope, who died in 816Leo IV, Pope - Biographical article on this Roman, who died in 855Leo V, Pope - Very little is known of him. No certainty either as to when he was elected or as to exactly how long he reignedLeo VI, Pope - The exact dates of the election and death of Leo VI are uncertain, but it is clear that he was pope during the latter half of 928Leo VII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; d. 13 July, 939. A Roman and priest of St. Sixtus, and probably a Benedictine monk, he was elected pope 3 January, 936Leo VIII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; d. between 20 February and 13 April, 965Leo IX, Pope - Hagiographical article on this reformer pope, who died in 1054Leo X, Pope - Reigned 1513-1521Leo XI, Pope - Reigned 1605Leo XII, Pope - Born at the Castello della Genga in the territory of Spoleto, 22 August, 1760; died in Rome, 10 February, 1829Leo XIII, Pope - Lengthy biographical article on the author of 'Rerum novarum.'Leo, Brother - Companion of St. Francis of Assisi (d. 1271)Leocadia, Saint - Virgin and martyr, d. probably in 304Leodegar, Saint - Bishop of Autun, martyred in 678. Also known as St. LegerLeo Diaconus - Byzantine historian; b. at Kaloe, at the foot of Mount Tmolos, in Ionia, about the year 950; the year of his death is unknownLeon - Provides history and geography of the areaLeón - Suffragan of Michoacan in Mexico, erected in 1863León, Luis de - Spanish poet and theologian, b. at Belmonte, Aragon, in 1528; d. at Madrigal, 23 August, 1591Leonard of Chios - Born at an uncertain date on the Island of Chios, then under Genoese domination; died in Chios or in Italy, 1842Leonard of Limousin, Saint - According to eleventh-century legend, he was a sixth-century Frankish noblemanLeonard of Port Maurice, Saint - Franciscan preacher and ascetic writer, d. 1751Leonardo da Vinci - Florentine painter, sculptor, architect, engineer and scholar (1452-1519)Leonidas, Saint - The Roman Martyrology mentions at least six martyrs named Leonidas or Leonides, the most famous being St. Leonidas of Alexandria, the father of OrigenLeontius, Saint - Bishop of Fréjus, d. 488. On good terms with Honoratus, who founded the famous monastery of Lérins, and with John Cassian and Pope St. Leo ILeontius Byzantinus - An important theologian of the sixth centuryLeontopolis - A titular archiepiscopal see of Augustamnica SecundaLeopoldine Society, The - Established at Vienna for the purpose of aiding the Catholic missions in North AmericaLepanto - Italian name for Naupactos (Naupactus) a titular metropolitan see of ancient EpirusLeprosy - A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacillus leprœ, characterized by the formation of growths in the skin, mucous membranes, peripheral nerves, bones, and internal viscera, producing various deformities and mutilations of the human body, and usually terminating in deathLeptis Magna - A titular see of Tripolitana

Le Puy - Diocese in FranceLe Quien, Michel - French historian and theologian, b. at Boulogne-sur-Mer, department of Pas-de-Calais, 8 Oct., 1661; d. at Paris, 12 March, 1733Lérida - Diocese; suffragan of TarragonaLérins, Abbey of - Situated on an island of the same name, now known as that of Saint-Honorat, about a league from the coast of Provence, in the Department of the Maritime Alps, now included in the Diocese of Nice, formerly in that of Grasse or of Antibes

Leros - Titular see of the Cyclades, suffragan of RhodesLeroy-Beaulieu, Anatole - French publicist (1842-1912)Le Sage, Alain-René - Writer, b. at Sarzeau (Morbihan), 1668; d. at Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1747Lesbi - A titular see in Mauretania Sitifensis, suffragan of Sitifis, or Sétif, in AlgeriaLescarbot, Marc - French lawyer, writer, and historian, b. at Vervins, between 1565 and 1570; d. about 1629Lescot, Pierre - One of the greatest architects of France in the pure Renaissance style, b. at Paris about 1510; d. there, 1571Lesina - Diocese in Dalmatia; includes the three islands of Hvar (Lesina), the ancient Pharia colonized by the Greeks in 385 B.C.; Brac, formerly Brattia or Brachia, also colonized by the Greeks; and Lissa, formerly IssaLeslie, John - Bishop of Ross, Scotland, born 29 September, 1527, died at Guirtenburg, near Brussels 30 May, 1596Lesbi - A titular see in Mauretania Sitifensis, suffragan of Sitifis, or Sétif, in AlgeriaLescarbot, Marc - French lawyer, writer, and historian, b. at Vervins, between 1565 and 1570; d. about 1629Lescot, Pierre - One of the greatest architects of France in the pure Renaissance style, b. at Paris about 1510; d. there, 1571Lessius, Leonard - A Flemish Jesuit and a theologian of high reputation, born at Brecht, in the province of Antwerp, 1 October, 1554; died at Louvain, 15 January, 1623Lessons in the Liturgy - The reading of lessons from the Bible, Acts of Martyrs, or approved Fathers of the Church, forms an important element of Christian services in all rites since the beginningLestrange, Louis-Henri de - Born in 1754, in the Château de Colombier-le-Vieux, Ardèche, France; died at Lyons, 16 July, 1827Lesueur, François Eustache - Jesuit missionary and philologist, of the Abnaki mission in Canada; born (according to notes given by Thwaites, apparently from official sources) near Coutances, Normandy, 22 July, 1685 or 1686, though Maurault gives his birthplace as Lunel, in Languedoc; died at Montreal, 28 or 26 April, 1760, or (according to Maurault) at Quebec, in 1755Lesueur, Jean-François - Detailed biography emphasizing religious works of this composer, with links to related materialLete - A titular see of MacedoniaLe Tellier, Charles-Maurice - Archbishop of Reims, b. at Turin, 1642; d. at Reims, 1710Le Tellier, Michel - Born 16 October, 1643, of a peasant family, not at Vire as has so often been said, but at Vast near Cherbourg; died at La Flèche, 2 September, 1719

Letourneux, Nicolas - A well-known French preacher and ascetical writer of Jansenistic tendencies, born at Rouen, 30 April, 1640; died at Paris, 28 November, 1686Letters, Ecclesiastical - Publications or announcements of the organs of ecclesiastical authority, e.g. the synods, more particularly, however, of popes and bishops, addressed to the faithful in the form of lettersLeubus - A celebrated ancient Cistercian abbey, situated on the Oder, northwest of Breslau, in the Prussian Province of SilesiaLeuce - A titular see of Thrace, not mentioned by any ancient historian or geographerLevadoux, Michael - One of the first band of Sulpicians who, owing to the distressed state of religion in France, went to the United States and founded St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore; born at Clermont-Ferrand, in Auvergne, France, 1 April, 1746; died at Le-Puy-en-Velay, 13 Jan., 1815Levau, Louis - A contemporary of Jacques Lemercier and the two Mansarts, and the chief architect of the first decade of Louis XIV's independent reign, born 1612; died at Paris, 10 Oct., 1670Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph - An astronomer and director of the observatory at Paris, born at Saint Lô, the ancient Briodurum later called Saint-Laudifanum, in north-western France, 11 May, 1811; died at Paris, 25 September, 1877Levites - The subordinate ministers appointed in the Mosaic Law for the service of the Tabernacle and of the TempleLeviticus - The third book of the Pentateuch, so called because it treats of the offices, ministries, rites, and ceremonies of the priests and LevitesLex - While official or private collections of Roman Law made under the Empire are called codices, e. g. 'Codex Theodosianus', probably because they were written on parchment sheets bound together in book form, the title lex was given to collections of Roman Law made by order of the barbarian kings for such of their subjects as followed that legislationLezana, Juan Bautista de - Theologian, born at Madrid, 23 Nov., 1586; died in Rome, 29 March, 1659L'Hospital, Michael de - Born at Aigueperse, about 1504; d. at Courdimanche, 13 March, 1573. While very young he went to Italy to join his father, who had been a follower of the traitor, the Constable of Bourbon, in the camp of Charles VLibel - A malicious publication by writing, printing, picture, effigy, sign, or otherwise than by mere speech, which exposes any living person, or the memory of any person deceased, to hatred, contempt, ridicule, or obloquy, or which causes or tends to cause any person to be ashamed or avoided, or which has a tendency to injure any person, corporation, or association of persons, in his, her, or its business or occupationLibellatici, Libelli - The libelli were certificates issued to Christians of the third centuryLiber Pontificalis - A history of the popes beginning with St. Peter and continued down to the fifteenth century, in the form of biographiesLiber Septimus - Three canonical collections of quite different value from a legal standpoint are known by this titleLibera Me - The responsory sung at funeralsLibera Nos - The first words of the Embolism of the Lord's Prayer in the Roman RiteLiberal Arts, The Seven - Chiefly used during the Middle Ages. Doesn't mean arts as the word is understood today, but those branches of knowledge which were taught in the schools of that timeLiberalism - A free way of thinking and acting in private and public life

Liberatore, Matteo - A philosopher, theologian, and writer, born at Salerno, Italy, 14 August, 1810; died at Rome, 18 October, 1892Liberatus of Carthage - Archdeacon author of an important history of the Nestorian and Monophysite troublesLiber Diurnus Romanorum Pontificum - A miscellaneous collection of ecclesiastical formularies used in the papal chancery until the eleventh centuryLiberia - A republic on the west coast of AfricaLiberius, Pope - Reigned 352-366Libermann, Ven. Francis Mary Paul - Founder of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, which was afterwards merged in the Congregation of the Holy GhostLibraries - Collections of books accumulated and made accessible for public or private useLibri Carolini - A work in four books (120 or 121 chapters), purporting to be the composition of Charlemagne, and written about 790-92Lichfield - This diocese took its rise in the conversion of Mercia by St. Cedd and his three companions in 652 and subsequent yearsLidwina, Saint - Biography of this Dutch woman who died in 1433Lieber, Ernst Maria - Born at Camberg in the Duchy of Nassau, 16 Nov., 1838; died 31 March, 1902Lieber, Moriz - Politician and publicist, b. at the castle of Blankenheim in the Eifel, 1 Oct., 1790, d. at Kamberg, in Hesse-Nassau, 29 Dec., 1860Liebermann, Bruno Franz Leopold - Catholic theologian, b., at Molsheim in Alsace 12 Oct., 1759; 4. at Strasburg, 11 Nov., 1844Liège - The first capital of this diocese was Tongres, northeast of Liège; its territory originally belonged to the Diocese of Trier, then to Cologne; but after the first half of the fourth century Tongres received autonomous organizationLiesborn - A former noted Benedictine Abbey in Westphalia, Germany, founded in 815; suppressed in 1803Liesborn, Master of - A Westphalian painter, who in 1465 executed an altar-piece of note in the Benedictine monastery of Liesborn, founded by CharlemagneLiessies - A Benedictine monastery near Avesnes, in the Diocese of Cambrai, France (Nord), founded about the middle of eighth century and dedicated to St. LambertLife - The enigma of life is still one of the two or three most difficult problems that face both scientist and philosopherLigamen - The existing marriage tie which constitutes in canon law a public impediment to the contracting of a second marriageLights - Article concerned with the general aspects and in particular with the charge so often levelled against Catholicism of adopting wholesale the ceremonial practices of the pagan worldLigugé - A Benedictine Abbey, in the Diocese of Poitiers, France, was founded about the year A.D. 360, by St. Martin of ToursLiguori, Saint Alphonsus - Long biographical article on the founder of the Redemptorists and devotional writerLilienfeld - A Cistercian Abbey south of St. Polten, Lower Austria, founded in 1202 by Leopold the Glorious, Margrave of Austria, the first monks being supplied from the monastery of Heiligen Kreus near ViennaLilius, Aloisius - Principal author of the Gregorian Calendar, was a native of Cirò or Zirò in CalabriaLille - The ancient capital of Flanders, now the chief town of the Département du Nord in France

Lillooet Indians - An important tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, in southern British ColumbiaLima - Capital of PeruLimbo - A word of Teutonic derivation, meaning literally 'hem' or 'border,' as of a garment, or anything joined onLimbourg, Pol de - A French miniaturist. With his two brothers, he flourished at Paris at the end of the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuryLimburg - Diocese in the Kingdom of Prussia, suffragan of FreiburgLimerick - Diocese in Ireland; includes the greater part of the County of Limerick and a small portion of ClareLimoges - Diocese comprising the Departments of Haute Vienne and Creuse in FranceLimyra - A titular see of Lycia, and was a small city on the southern coast of Lycia, on the Limyrus, and twenty stadia from the mouth of this riverLinacre, Thomas - English physician and clergyman, founder of the Royal College of Physicians, London, b. at Canterbury about 1460; d. in London, 20 October, 1524Linares - In 1777, at the request of Charles III of Spain, Pius VII erected the episcopal See of Linares as suffragan of the Archdiocese of MexicoLincoln - Suffragan of Dubuque, erected 2 August, 1887, to include that part of the State of Nebraska, U.S.A., south of the Platte RiverLincoln - This see was founded by St. Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 678, when he removed the Lindiswaras of Lincolnshire from the Diocese of LindisfarneLindanus, William Damasus - Bishop of Ruremonde and of Ghent, b. at Dordrecht, in 1525; d. at Ghent, 2 November, 1588; he was the son of Damasus van der LintLinde, Justin Timotheus Balthasar, Freiherr von - Hessian jurist and stateman, b. in the village of Brilon, Westphalia, 7 Aug., 1797; d. at Bonn during the night of 8-9 June, 1870Lindemann, Wilhelm - A Catholic historian of German literature, b. at Schonnebeck near Essen, 17 December, 1828; d. at Niederkruechten near Erkelenz (Rhine Province) 20 December, 1879Lindisfarne, Ancient Diocese and Monastery of - The island of Lindisfarne lies some two miles off the Northumberland coast, nine and one-half miles southeast of the border-town of BerwickLindores, Benedictine Abbey of - On the River Tay, near Newburgh, Fifeshire, Scotland, founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon, younger brother of King William the Lion, about 1191Line, Saint Anne - A convert to Catholicism, hanged in 1601 for the (unproven) crime of harboring a priest. She is one of the Forty Martyrs of England and WalesLinens, Altar - The corporal, pall, purificator, and finger towelsLingard, John - English priest and prominent historianLinköping, Ancient See of - Located in Sweden; originally included Östergötland, the Islands of Gotland and Öland, and SmaalandLinoe - A titular see of Bithynia Secunda, known only from the 'Notitiae Episcopatuum' which mention it as late as the twelfth and thirteenth centuries as a suffragan of NicaeaLinus, Pope Saint - Reigned about A.D. 64 or 67 to 76 or 79Linz - Suffragan of the Archdiocese of ViennaLippe - One of the Confederate States of the German EmpireLippi, Filippino - Italian painter, d. 1515. Artist's biography with bibliographyLippi, Filippo - Biography of the Italian painter (1406-1469)

Lippomano, Luigi - A cardinal, hagiographer, b. in 1500; d. 15 August, 1559. Of a noble Venetian family, he devoted himself from his youth to the study of the classical languages and later to the pursuit of the sacred sciencesLipsanotheca - A term sometimes used synonymously with reliquary, but signifying, more correctly, the little box containing the relics, which is placed inside the reliquaryLipsius, Justus - Biographical article on the humanist by Paul LejayLisbon - Patriarchate of Lisbon (Lisbonensis)Lismore - The Diocese of Lismore extends over a territory of 21,000 squire miles in the nort-east of New South Wales (Australia)Lismore, School of - Founded in the year 635 by St. Carthach the YoungerLismore and Waterford - Suffragan of CashelLister, Thomas - Jesuit writer, b. in Lancashire, about 1559; d. in England, probably before 1628; was the son of Christopher Lister, of Midhope, YorksLiszt, Franz - Article follows the pianist and composer's life and career, showing how his religious expression waned during his middle years, then increased toward the end of his lifeLitany - A form of responsive prayer, used in public liturgical services and private devotionsLitany of Loreto - Long article examines the somewhat murky history of the Litany of Loreto. Also information on Marian litanies in generalLitany of the Holy Name - Does not give the text of the litany itself, but mentions many of the titles of Jesus ChristLitany of the Saints - The model of all other litanies, of great antiquityLiterature, English - Latin, French, Italian, Greek, and Spanish literatures are a few of the influencesLithuania - An ancient grandy-duchy united with Poland in the fourteenth centuryLithuanians in the United States - Includes information about immigration, religion, schools, and periodicalsLitta - A noble Milanese family which gave two distinguished cardinals to the ChurchLittle Flowers of St. Francis of Assissi - Little Flowers of Francis of Assisi, the name given to a classic collection of popular legends about the life of St. Francis of Assisi and his early companions as they appeared to the Italian people at the beginning of the fourteenth centuryLittle Office of Our Lady - Historical article on the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary, modeled on the Divine OfficeLittle Rock - The State of Arkansas and the Indian Territory, parts of the Louisiana Purchase, were formed, 1843, into the Diocese of Little RockLittré, Paul-Maximilien-Emile - A French lexicographer and philosopher; born at Paris, 1 February, 1801; died there, 2 June, 1881Liturgical Books - All the books, published by the authority of any church, that contain the text and directions for her official (liturgical) servicesLiturgical Chant - A chant, if its style, composition, and execution prove it suitable for liturgical use, may properly be called liturgical chantLiturgy - A Greek composite word meaning originally a public duty, a service to the state undertaken by a citizenLiturgy of the Hours - Brief essay on the historical development of the Liturgy of the HoursLiturgy of Jerusalem - The Rite of Jerusalem is that of AntiochLiutprand of Cremona - Bishop and historian, b. at the beginning of the tenth century; d. after 970

Liverpool - One of the thirteen dioceses into which Pius IX divided Catholic England, 29 September, 1850, when he re-established the Catholic hierarchyLivias - A titular see in Palestina Prima, suffragan of CæsareaLivorno - City in Italy. Suffragan of PisaLlancarvan - Llancarvan, Glamorganshire, Wales, was a college and monastery founded apparently about the middle of the fifth centuryLlandaff - The origins of this see are to be found in the sixth century monastic movement initiated by St. Dubricius, who presided over the monastery of MochrosLlanthony Priory - A monastery of Augustinian Canons, situated amongst the Black Mountains of South Wales, nine miles north-east of AbergavennyLloyd, Saint John - Welsh priest and martyr, executed at Cardiff in 1679. Article also has information on his fellow martyr the Jesuit Philip EvansLoaisa, Garcia de - Cardinal and Archbishop of Seville, b. in Talavera, Spain, c. 1479; d. at Madrid, 21 April, 1546Loango - Formerly included in the great Kingdom of Congo, Loango became independent towards the end of the sixteenth century, at which time it extended from the mouth of the Kwilou to that of the River CongoLoaves of Proposition - Heb. 'bread of the faces', i.e. 'bread of the presence (of Yahweh)' (Ex., xxxv, 13; xxxix, 35, etc.), also called 'holy bread'Lobbes, Benedictine Abbey of - Located in Hainault, Belgium, founded about 650, by St. Landelin, a converted brigand, so that the place where his crimes had been committed might benefit by his conversionLobera, Ann - Carmelite nun, companion of St. Teresa; b. At Medina del Campo (Old Castile), 25 November, 1545; d. at Brussels, 4 March, 1621Loccum - A Cistercian abbey in the Diocese of Minden, formerly in Brunswick but now included in Hanover, was founded by Count Wilbrand von Hallermund in 1163Lochleven - A lake in Kinross-shire, Scotland, an island of which, known as St. Serf's Island (eighty acres in extent), was the seat of a religious community for seven hundred yearsLochner, Stephen - A painter, born at Meersburg, on the Lake of Constance, date of birth unknown; died at Cologne, 1452Loci Theologici - Loci theologici or loci communes, are the common topics of discussion in theologyLocke, Matthew - Article on the English composer includes his musical development, conversion, conflicts, and noted worksLockhart, William - Son of the Rev. Alexander Lockhart of Waringham, Surry; b. 22 Aug., 1820; d. at St. Etheldreda's Priory, Eby Place, Holborn, London, 15 May, 1892Lockwood, Venerable John - Short biographical article on the English priest and martyrLodi - A suffragan of MilanLogia, Jesu - Found partly in the Inspired Books of the New Testament, partly in uninspired writingsLogic - A historical survey from Indian and Pre-Aristotelian philosophy to the Logic of John Stuart MillLogos, The - The word Logos is the term by which Christian theology in the Greek language designates the Word of God, or Second Person of the Blessed TrinityLohel, Johann - Archbishop of Prague, b. at Eger, Bohemia, 1549; d. 2 Nov., 1622Lohner, Tobias - Professor of philosophy and speculative theology. Born 13 March, 1619, at Neuötting in the Diocese of Salzburg; died 26 (probably) May, 1697

Loja, Diocese of - Suffragan of Quito, Ecuador, includes the greater part of the Provinces of Loja and El OroLollards - The name given to the followers of John Wyclif, an heretical body numerous in England in the latter part of the fourteenth and the first half of the fifteenth centuryLoman, Saint - Brief article accepts the tradition that Loman, bishop of Trim, was a nephew of St. PatrickLombard, Peter - Biobibliographical essay on the Master of the SentencesLombard, Peter - Archbishop (1555-1625)Lombardy - A word derived from Longobardia and used during the Middle Ages to designate the country ruled over by the Longobards, which varied in extent with the varying fortunes of that race in ItalyLoménie de Brienne, Etienne-Charles de - French cardinal and statesman (1727-1794)London (England) - The capital of England and chief city of the British Empire, is situated about fifty miles from the mouth of the ThamesLondon (Ontario) - Diocese in Canada, established 21 February, 1855; see transferred to Sandwich, 2 February, 1859, transferred back to London, 3 October, 1869Longstreet, James - Soldier and Catholic convert. Born 8 January, 1821, at Edgefield, South Carolina, U.S.A.; died at Gainesville, Georgia, 2 January, 1904Lope de Vega Carpio, Félix de - Poet and dramatist, b. at Madrid, 1562; d. 23 Aug., 1635Lopez-Caro, Francisco - Spanish artist, b. at Seville in 1598; d. at Madrid in 1662; he was a pupil of Juan de Las Roelas, the painter of the great altar-piece in the church of St. Isidore in Seville, of the 'Martyrdom of St. Andrew' in the museum at Seville, and of the pictures in the university chapelLord's Prayer - Although the Latin term oratio dominica is of early date, the phrase 'Lord's Prayer' does not seem to have been generally familiar in England before the Reformation. During the Middle Ages the 'Our Father' was always said in Latin, even by the uneducated. Hence it was then most commonly known as the Pater nosterLorea - Titular see in ArabiaLorenzana, Francisco Antonio de - Cardinal, b. 22 Sept., 1722 at Leon in Spain; d. 17 April, 1804, at RomeLorenzetti, Pietro and Ambrogio - Sienese painters. The time of their birth and death is not knownLorenzo da Brindisi, Saint - An Italian Capuchin with a talent for languages, much in demand as a preacher, was chaplain of the Imperial army. Doctor of the Church. He died in 1619Loreto, Holy House of - Since the fifteenth century, and possibly even earlier, the 'Holy House' of Loreto has been numbered among the most famous shrines of ItalyLoreto, Litany of - Long article examines the somewhat murky history of the Litany of Loreto. Also information on Marian litanies in generalLorette - An Indian village occupied by the principal remnant of the ancient Huron tribe on the east bank of Saint Charles RiverLorrain, Claude de - French painter and etcher, b. in 1600 at Chamagnc on the banks of the Moselle in Lorraine; d. in Rome, 21 Nov., 1681 (or 23 Nov., 1682)Lorraine - By the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the empire of Charlemagne was divided in three parts: Ludwig the German received Eastern Franconia; Charles the Bald, Western Franconia; and Lothair I, the strip of land lying between the two and reaching from the North Sea to the Rhone, with Italy in addition. After the death of

Lothair I, in 855, Italy passed to his son Lothair II, who gave his name to the district henceforth known as Lotharii Regnum - Lotharingen, Lothringen, or LorraineLorsch Abbey - One of the most renowned monasteries of the old Franco-German Empire, is situated about ten miles east of Worms in the Grand Duch of Hesse, GermanyLoryma - A titular see of Caria, small fortified town and harbour on the coast of CariaLos Angeles and Monterey - Comprises that part of the State of California which lies south of 37 deg. 5 min. N. lat. and covers an area of 80,000 square milesLossada, Luis de - Spanish philosopher (1681-1748)Lossen, Karl August - German petrologist and geologist, born at Kreuznach (Rhine Province), 5 January, 1841; died at Berlin, 24 February, 1893Lot - Nephew of AbrahamLottery - A lottery is one of the aleatory contracts and is commonly defined as a distribution of prizes by lot or by chanceLotti, Antonio - Biography of the Venetian composer noting his accomplishments as organist, teacher, and creator of operas and religious worksLotto, Lorenzo - Italian portrait painter, d. 1556. Artist's biography with bibliographyLoucheux - The would-be Kuchin of some ethnologists, and the Tukudh of the Protestant missionaries; Richardson called them QuarrellersLouis IX, Saint - Biographical article on St. Louis, King of France, d. 1270Louis XIV - King of France, b. at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 16 September, 1638; d. at Versailles, 1 September, 1715; was the son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria, and became king, upon the death of his father, 14 May 1643Louis Allemand, Blessed - Brief article on this 15th-century Cardinal Archbishop of Arles, who was a supporter of antipope Felix VLouis Bertrand, Saint - Spanish Dominican novicemaster and preacher, d. 1581Louise, Sister - Educator and organizer, b. at Bergen-op-Zoom, Holland, 14 Nov., 1813; d. at Cincinnati, Ohio, 3 Dec., 1886Louisiana - Includes history, religious information, and statisticsLouis-Marie Grignion de Montfort, Saint - Missionary to Brittany, d. 1716Louis of Casoria, Venerable - Friar Minor and founder of the Frati Bigi (1814-1885)Louis of Granada, Venerable - Spanish theologian, writer, and preacher (1505-1588)Louis of Toulouse, Saint - Bishop, d. 1297Louise de Marillac Le Gras, Venerable - Founder of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, d. 1660Louisville, Diocese of - Comprises that part of Kentucky west of the Kentucky River and western borders of Carroll, Owen, Franklin, Woodford, Jessamine, Garrard, Rockcastle, Laurel, and Whitley CountiesLourdes, Brothers of Our Lady of - A community devoted to the education of youth and the care of the sick and infirm. It was founded at Renaix, Flanders, in 1830, by Etienne Modeste Glorieux, a Belgian priest, and approved in 1892 by Leo XIIILourdes, Notre-Dame de - The pilgrimage of Lourdes is founded on the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin to a poor, fourteen-year-old girl, Bernadette Soubiroux. The first apparition occurred 11 February, 1858Louvain, University of - In order to restore the splendour of Louvain, capital of his Duchy of Brabant, John IV of the House of Burgundy petitioned the papal authority for the establishment of an educational institution called at the time studium generale. The Bull of Martin V, dated 9 December, 1425, was the resultLove, Theological Virtue of - The third and greatest of the Divine virtues enumerated by St. Paul (1 Cor., xiii, 13), usually called charity, defined: a divinely infused habit,

inclining the human will to cherish God for his own sake above all things, and man for the sake of GodLow Church - The name given to one of the three parties or doctrinal tendencies that prevail in the Established Church of England and its daughter Churches, the correlatives being High Church and Broad ChurchLower California, Vicariate Apostolic of - Located in MexicoLower Criticism - The object of textual criticism is to restore as nearly as possible the original text of a work the autograph of which has been lostLow Sunday - The first Sunday after EasterLoyola, Saint Ignatius - Biography of the Spanish founder of the Jesuits, who died in 1556Loyola University (Chicago) - The outgrowth of St. Ignatius College, founded by the Jesuits in 1869 for the higher education of the Catholic youth of Chicago, and empowered by the Legislature of Illinois (30 June, 1870) to confer the usual degrees in the various faculties of a universityLoyola University (New Orleans) - Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana, was (in 1912) the only Catholic university in what is popularly designated 'The Old South'Lübeck - A free imperial state and one of the Hanse towns, is in area the second smallest and in population the twentieth state in the German EmpireLublin - The city of Lublin is in Russian Poland, capital of the Government of Lublin, lies on the Bistrzyca, a tributary of the Vistula, and in 1897 had a population of 50,152, of whom 30,914 were CatholicsLuca, Giovanni Battista de - A Cardinal and Italian canonist of the seventeenth century, b. at Venusia, Southern Italy, in 1614; d. at Rome, on 5 February, 1683Lucas, Frederick - A member of Parliament and journalist, b. in Westminster, 30 March, 1812, d. at Staines, Middlesex, 22 Oct., 1855Lucca - The capital of the like named province in Tuscany, Central ItalyLucera - An ancient city in the province of Foggia in Apulia, Southern ItalyLucerne - Chief town of the Canton of Lucerne in SwitzerlandLucian of Antioch - Biographical article on the presbyter famed for his sanctity and scholarship, who died a martyr in 312Lucic, John - Croatian historian, b. early in the seventeenth century, at Trojir, or Tragurion, in Dalmatia; d. at Rome, 11 January, 1679Lucifer - The name Lucifer originally denotes the planet Venus, emphasizing its brillianceLucifer of Cagliari - A bishop, who must have been born in the early years of the fourth century; died in 371Lucina, Crypt of - The traditional title of the most ancient section of the catacomb of St. CallistusLucius I, Pope Saint - Biographical article on this pope, exiled for a time, who reigned less than one year, and died in 254Lucius II, Pope - Born at Bologna, unknown date, died at Rome, 15 February, 1145Lucius III, Pope - Died 1185. Innocent II created him Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prassede on 23 February, 1141, and afterwards sent him as legate to FranceLuçon - Embraces the Department of La VendéeLucy, Saint - Virgin and martyr, d. 303 in the Diocletian persecutionLudger, Saint - Also known as St. Lüdiger, or Liudger. Biography of this missionary, the first bishop of Munster, who died in 809Ludmilla, Saint - Bohemian duchess, grandmother of St. Wenceslaus. Strangled to death by assassins hired by her pagan daughter-in-law in 921

Ludolph of Saxony - An ecclesiastical writer of the fourteenth century, date of birth unknown; d. 13 April, 1378Ludovicus a S. Carolo - Carmelite writer, b. at Châlons-sur-Marne (according to some at Chalon-sur-Saône), 20 Aug., 1608; d. at Paris 10 March, 1670Lueger, Karl - A burgomaster of Vienna, Austrian political leader and municipal reformer, born at Vienna, 24 October, 1844; died there, 10 March, 1910Lugo - Diocese in Galicia, Spain, a suffragan of Santiago, said to have been founded (by Agapitus) in Apostolic timesLugo, Francisco de - Jesuit theologian, b. at Madrid, 1580; d, at Valladolid, 17 September, 1652Lugo, John de - Spanish Jesuit and Cardinal, one of the most eminent theologians of modern times, b. at Madrid, November, 1583, though he used to call himself 'Hispalensis', because his family seat was at Seville; d. at Rome, 20 August, 1660Lugos - Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Fogaras and Alba Julia of the Uniat-Rumanian Rite, was erected in November, 1853Luini, Bernardino - Milanese painter, b. between 1470 and 1480; d. after 1530Luke, Gospel of Saint - An introduction to the bookLulé Indians - A name which has given rise to considerable confusion and dispute in Argentine ethnology, owing to the fact, now established, that it was applied at different times to two very different peoples, neither of which now exists under that name, while the vocabulary which could settle the affinity of the earlier tribe is now lostLully, Jean-Baptiste - Article profiles the composer's secular and religious contributionsLully, Raymond - Biobibliographical article on Ramon Lull, who is called 'Doctor Illuminatus.'Lumen Christi - The versicle chanted by the deacon on Holy Saturday as he lights the triple candleLuminare - The name applied to the shafts in the roof of the passages and chambers of the Catacombs occasionally pierced for the admission of light and airLummi Indians - The principal one of more than twenty small Salishan tribes originally holding the lower shores, islands, and eastern hinterland of Puget Sound, Washington; by the Treaty of Point Elliott (1855), gathered upon five reservations within the same territory under the jurisdiction of Tulalip AgencyLumper, Gottfried - Benedictine patristic writer, born 6 Feb., 1747, at Füssen in Bavaria; died 8 March, 1800 (Hefele says 1801), at the Abbey of St. George at Billingen in the Black ForestLuna, Pedro de - Antipope under the name of Benedict XIII, b. at Illueca, Aragon, 1328; d. at the Peñiscola, near Valencia, Spain, either 29 Nov., 1422, or 23 May, 1423Lund - Ancient Catholic diocese in the Län of MalmöhusLunette - Known in Germany as the lunula and also as the melchisedech, is a crescent-shaped clip made of gold or of silver-gilt which is used for holding the Host in an upright position when exposed in the monstranceLuni-Sarzana-Brugnato - Diocese in the province of GenoaLupus - Abbot of Ferrieres, French Benedictine writer, b. in the Diocese of Sens, about 805; d. about 862Lupus, Christian - Historian, b. at Ypres (Flanders), 23 July, 1612; d. at Louvain, 10 July, 1681Luscinius, Ottmar - An Alsatian Humanist, b. at Strasburg, 1487; d. at Freiburg, 1537

Lusignan, Jean-Baptiste-Alphonse - French-Canadian writer, b. at St-Denis on the Richelieu, P.Q., 27 September, 1843; d. 5 January, 1893, son of Jean-Baptiste Lusignan, a merchant, and Onésime MasseLussy, Melchior - Statesman, b. at Stans, Canton of Unterwalden, Switzerland, 1529; d. there 14 Nov., 1606Lust - The inordinate craving for, or indulgence of, the carnal pleasure which is experienced in the human organs of generationLuther, Martin - Leader of the great religious revolt of the sixteenth century in Germany; born at Eisleben, 10 November, 1483; died at Eisleben, 18 February, 1546Lutheranism - The religious belief held by the oldest and in Europe the most numerous of the Protestant sects, founded by the Wittenberg reformer, Martin LutherLütolf, Aloys - Church historian (1824-1879)Lutzk, Zhitomir, and Kamenetz, Diocese of - Diocese located in Little RussiaLuxemburg - The small remnant of the old duchy of this name and since 11 May, 1867, an independent neutral grand duchy, comprising 998 sq. miles of territory, lying principally between 49° 27' and 50° 12' N. lat., and 5° 45' and 6° 32' E. longLuxeuil Abbey - Situated in the Department of Haute-Saône in Franche-Comté, in the Diocese of BesançonLycopolis - A titular see in Thebais Prima, suffragan of AntinoëLydda - A titular see of Palestina Prima in the Patriarchate of JerusalemLydgate, John - Writer, born at Lydgate, Suffolk, about 1370; d. probably about 1450. He entered the Benedictine abbey at Bury when fifteen and may have been educated earlier at the school of the Benedictine monks there and have been afterwards at the Benedictine house of studies at OxfordLying - As defined by St. Thomas Aquinas, a statement at variance with the mindLynch, John - Historian, b. at Galway, Ireland, 1599; d. in France, 1673; was the son of Alexander Lynch, who kept a classical school at GalwayLyndwood, William - Bishop of St. David's, b. about 1375; d. in 1446Lyons, Archdiocese of - Comprises the Department of the Rhône (except the Canton of Villeurbanne, which belongs to the Diocese of Grenoble) and of the LoireLyons, Councils of (Introduction) - This article deals only with the two general councils of 1245 and 1275Lyons, First Council of - Innocent IV, threatened by Emperor Frederick II, arrived at Lyons 2 December, 1244, and early in 1245 summoned the bishops and princes to the councilLyons, Second Council of - One of the most largely attended of conciliar assemblies, there being present five hundred bishops, sixty abbots, more than a thousand prelates or procuratorsLyrba - A titular see of Pamphylia Prima, known by its coins and the mention made of it by Dionysius, Perieg. 858, Ptolemy, V, 5, S, and HieroclesLysias - A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris, mentioned by Strabo, XII, 576, Pliny, V, 29, Ptolemy, V, 2, 23, Hierocles, and the 'Notitiae episcopatuum', probably founded by Antiochus the Great about 200 B.CLystra - A titular see in the Province of Lycaonia, suffragan of Iconium