1Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectTEAM-BUILDING MANUAL TEAM TEAM- -BUILDING MANUAL BUILDING MANUALItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectWhat is a Team? What What is is a Team? a Team?Definition:A small number of people with complementaryskillswho are committedto a common purpose, performance goals, and approachfor whichtheyholdthemselves mutuallyaccountable [Katzenbachand Smith, 1994]A groupof people is not a team!2Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectWhat are Teamwork and Team Building? What What areare Teamwork Teamwork and Team Building? and Team Building?Teamwork: Concept of people working togetheras a teamTeam Building: Process of establishingand developinggreater sense of collaborationand trust amongst team membersItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectBenefits to Organisations Benefits Benefits to to Organisations Organisations Increasedproductivity Improved quality Better morale Better problemsolving Enhancedcreativity More effective decisions3Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectBenefits to Individuals Benefits Benefits to to Individuals Individuals Responsibilityis shared Rewards and recognitions are shared Members can influence eachother Everybodyexperiences a sense of accomplishment Work is less stressfulItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectNeedfor Team Building Need Need for for Team Building Team Building J oininga new team and immediatelyexpectingto get alongis not natural We have evolvedto work and live in closely-knitstatic societies Sudden needto get along causes stress4Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectHow do Teams Work Best? How do Teams Work Best? How do Teams Work Best? Teams succeed when members prove: Commitment to common objectives; Defined roles and responsibilities; Effective decision making systems, communication and work procedures; Good personal relationships.Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectGoodTeam Characteristics Good Good TeamTeam Characteristics Characteristics Everyone participates activelyand positively. Team goals are understoodby everyone. Individual members think hard about creative solutions to the problem. Members are carefullylistenedto and receive thoughtful feedback. Everyone takes initiative to get things done. Eachteam-mate trusts othersjudgments. The team is willing to take risks.5Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectA GoodTeam Member AA Good Good TeamTeam Member Member Works for consensus on decisions Shares openlyand authentically Involves others in the decision-makingprocess Trusts, supports, and has genuine concernforother team members. "Owns" problems rather thanblaming themon others Attempts to hear and interpret communicationfromother's points of viewItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectCommon Team Problems Common TeamCommon Team Problems Problems Overbearingor dominating participants Reluctant participants Unquestioned acceptance of opinions as facts Rush to accomplishment Wanderlust: digressionand tangent Feuding members Disconnectedmembers6Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectBarriers to Team Building Barriers Barriers to to Team Building Team Building Project Leader credibility Unclear Project objectives Changing goals and priorities Lack of team definitionand structure Confusionabout roles and responsibilities Performance appraisals failingto recogniseteamwork Excessive team sizeItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectTeam Morale Depends on Team MoraleTeam Morale Depends Depends on on Support Resources Communication Personalities7Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectTeam Building Features Team BuildingTeam Building Features Features Trust Participation Sharedvalue Listeningto understand Sharedreasoning/advocacy Conflict solution Stakeholder input to decisionmaking Cooperative partnership Mutual respect CooperationItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectTeam Building Ground Rules Team Building GroundTeam Building Ground Rules Rules Immediatelybring relevant information to team Involve all team members in discussion Clarifydecisionmakingprocess Agree on howto deal withconflict openlyand responsively Encourage innovationand risk takingideas Decide howto deal with groundrule violation8Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectTeam Development Stages Team Development Stages Team Development StagesForming FormingStorming StormingRegulating RegulatingPerforming PerformingAdjourning AdjourningItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectForming Forming Forming Team learns of opportunities and challenges, agrees on goals and begins to tackle tasks Team members behave independently. They maybe motivated, although theyare usuallyrelatively uninformedof team objectives Team members are on their best behavioursbut veryfocusedon themselves Supervisors need to be directive9Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectStorming Storming Storming Ideas compete for consideration Team members open up and confront eachothers ideas Can be contentious and unpleasant Tolerance among team members is required Supervisors direct and guide decisionmakingItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectRegulating Regulating Regulating Members adjust behaviours to make teamworknatural Team agrees on rules, values, professionalbehaviours, sharedmethods, and working tools Team members beginto trust eachother Motivationgrows Team maylose creative edge Supervisors are more participative Team members take responsibilityin decision-making10Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectPerforming Performing Performing Team functions as a unit to get the job donesmoothly and effectivelywithout conflict or supervision Team members become interdependent, motivated and knowledgeable and take decisions without supervision Supervisors participate with team in decisionmaking Changes in leadership mayrevert to earlierstagesItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectAdjourningStage Adjourning Adjourning Stage Stage Team Members Become concernedabout impendingdissolution Feel loss or sadness about ending the project and separatingfromthe team May denyfeelings by joking or expressingdissatisfaction May have strong positive feelings on the teams accomplishments11Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectInterpersonal Issues InterpersonalInterpersonal Issues IssuesForming FormingStorming StormingNorming NormingAdjourning Adjourning Inclusionand trust Willingness to include others in decisionmaking Extent to which team members feel theycan trust the Leader Control, power, and conflict Extent to which team members want to followdirections set by others Who influences teams direction Affection Willingness to express friendly feelings Shift of control focus fromLeader to Team Avoidance of groupthink No major issuesPerforming Performing Loss and separation Feelings of sadness, loss or anger for impendingteam dissolution Tendencyto become less productiveItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectTask Accomplishment TaskTask Accomplishment AccomplishmentForming FormingStorming StormingNorming NormingPerforming Performing Low to moderate Focus on defininggoals, tasks and strategies Disruptedby negative feelings Slowlyincreases as conflicts are addressed Increases Positive feelings facilitate team results Optimal task accomplishment is characterisedby team cohesionand pride for team results Members derive satisfactionas their skills, knowledge, and confidence increaseAdjourning Adjourning Generallydecreases Sometimes work activityincreases (e.g. deadlines,overcome sense of loss)12Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectLeader Action Strategies/1 Leader ActionLeader Action Strategies Strategies/1 /1Forming FormingStorming Storming Establishrealistic goals Set standards for team interaction Clarify team tasks and team members roles and relationships Take decisions and provide directions Monitor and provide feedback on team performance Demonstrate and teachskills Redefine goals, expectations, roles, and relationships Encourage and support interdependence Provide skill development Recognise and accept different opinions Manage conflicts Praise constructive behavioursItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectLeader Action Strategies/2 Leader ActionLeader Action Strategies Strategies/2 /2Norming NormingPerforming Performing Involve team in decisionmakingand problemsolving Support team in settinggoals and standards Encourage and acknowledge team Serve as source for the team Monitor goals and performance in terms of reviewprocess Interface betweenteam and organisationAdjourning Adjourning Accept ownfeelings of loss Acknowledge feelings of others Enhance directive and supportive behaviours as appropriate13Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectConflict is a form of interactionamong parties that differ in interest, perceptions, and preferences. Conflict is aConflict is a form of interaction form of interactionamong parties that differ in interest,among parties that differ in interest, perceptions, and preferences. perceptions, and preferences.Kolb, David A., Osland, J oyce S., and Rubin, Irwin M., Organizational behavior: An experiential approach, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ , 6thEdition.Conflict and Team Conflict Conflict and Team and TeamItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectNegotiating Conflicts in a Team Negotiating Conflicts in a Team Negotiating Conflicts in a Team Separate problem issues from people issues Be soft on people, hard on problem Look for underlying needs and goals of each party rather than specific solutions14Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectAddressing the Problem Addressing the Problem Addressing the Problem State your views in clear non-judgmental language Clarify core issues Listen carefully to each persons point of view Check understanding by restating core issuesItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectWhy Conflict Management? Why Conflict Management? Why Conflict Management? Teams require both interpersonal and technical competencies Breakdowns in either skills can cause team disruption Therefore, conflict management skills are vital to team harmony and productivity Many projects have been endangered because of feuding team members!15Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectConstructive (functional) Conflict Constructive (functional) Conflict Constructive (functional) Conflict Forces members/subgroups to discuss their differing viewpoints Often results in mutual understanding Helps a team achieve its goalsExample:Member A wants to use Method I while Member B wants to use Method 2 to design a necessary componentResulting discussion clarifies A & Bs viewpoints and a decision is reachedNot all conflict is negativeItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectDestructive (dysfunctional) Conflict Destructive (dysfunctional) Conflict Destructive (dysfunctional) Conflict Is a hindrance to team Leads to reduced productivity and morale Should always be addressed and never ignoredExample: Member A wants to exclude Member B from future meetings because Member B is often late for meetingsResulting discussion reduces team resources for project completionNegative conflict reduces effectiveness16Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectMajor Reasons for Conflict Major Reasons for Conflict Major Reasons for ConflictDifferences in beliefs, values, & expectations are often the main cause for conflictConflict may arise when:Two members or sub-groups use different sources or interpret the same source differentlyMembers or sub-groups have different or sometimes conflicting objectivesThere are differing views on how logistics should be managedThere is no authority structure or hierarchyThe team is experiencing the development storming stageItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectConflict Management Styles Conflict Management Styles Conflict Management StylesStyle choice will probably vary by situationAssertivenessPartys desire to satisfy own concernCooperativenessPartys desire to satisfy others concernuncooperativecooperativeunassertiveassertiveAvoidanceCompetitionCompromiseCollaborationAccommodation17Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation Project5 Conflict Management Styles 5 Conflict Management Styles 5 Conflict Management Styles1. Competing Individual forces his/her way by being aggressive, uncooperative, and autocratic A win-lose situation is created 2. AvoidingIndividual ignores the problem rather than negotiating to reach a solutionIndividual is unassertive and uncooperativeA win-lose situation is createdItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation Project3. AccommodatingIndividual tries to resolve the conflict by giving into the other member(s) of the team Individual is unassertive and cooperative A win-lose situation is created4. CompromisingIndividual tries to resolve the conflict through give and take and making concessions Individual is assertive and cooperativeA win-lose or lose-lose situation is created depending on the concessions made5 Conflict Management Styles 5 Conflict Management Styles 5 Conflict Management Styles18Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation Project5. CollaborativeIndividual tries to resolve the conflict with the solution agreeable to all team membersIndividual is assertive and cooperative This is the only style producing a win-win resolution!5 Conflict Management Styles 5 Conflict Management Styles 5 Conflict Management StylesItaly Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectFor Successful Team For Successful Team For Successful Team Commitment to shared goals and objectives Clear definition of roles and responsibilitiesUse best skills of each memberAllows each member to develop in all areas19Italy Turkey Bilateral Cooperation ProjectRecipe for Successful Team Recipe for Successful Team Recipe for Successful TeamEffective systems and processesClear communicationBeneficial team behavioursWell-defined decision procedures and ground rulesBalanced participationGroup process awarenessGood personal relationships