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3-Phase Power Factor Correction, Using Vienna Rectifier Approach and ModularConstruction for Improed !erall Performance, "fficienc# and Relia$ilit#

Mr.Abhijit D. Pathak, Mr. Ralph E. Locher, Prof. Himanshu S. Mazumar,Senior Applications En!ineer, Director, Applications En!ineerin!, Hea, "omputer Science Lab.,#$%S "orp., Santa "lara, "A #$%S "orp., Santa "lara, "A Ph&sical Research Laborator&,'.S.A. '.S.A. Ahmeaba()*+++, #-D#A

%&' A$stract(

hile applications for /(Phase P0" are no1 familiar an pre2alent, the same is not thecase 1ith )(Phase P0". Man& e3uipments usin! kilo1atts of po1er from )(Phase mainsshoul be caniates of )(Phase po1er factor correction, because se2eral a2anta!esensue, both to the user of the e3uipment an to the utilit&. 4he 5ienna Rectifier approachto achie2e )(Phase po1er factor correction offers man& a2anta!es an con2enient,

user(frienl& features as compare to the t1o(le2el, si6(s1itch boost PM Rectifier.Amon!st them are7 continuous sinusoial input currents 1ith unit& po1er factor ane6tremel& lo1 istortion8 no nee for a neutral 1ire8 reuction in 2olta!e stress ans1itchin! losses of po1er semiconuctors b& almost 9+:8 immunit& to1ars 2ariation orunbalance in mains )(Phase 2olta!es or absence of one of the phases8 1ie mains2olta!e ran!e7 );+5A" to

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All the abo2e an man& more such s&stems are !oo caniates for usin! 5iennaRectifiers for achie2in! performance impro2ements as per the a2anta!es liste in ;./.

*&' Vienna Rectifier

*&% Modus !perandi

5ienna Rectifier as sho1n in 0i!ure /, 1as ori!inall& e2elope at the 4echnical'ni2ersit& 5ienna. #t comprises a semiconuctor s1itch, sa&, a MBS0E4 in each phasele! of a )(Phase ioe bri!e. & ajustin! the 1ith of the pulse that turns B- theMBS0E4, corresponin! line current is force to be sinusoial an in phase 1ith the5olta!e. hen the MBS0E4 is turne B- the corresponin! phase is connecte, 2ia theline inuctor, to the center point bet1een the t1o output capacitors. 4he phase currentrises, throu!h the MBS0E4, urin! that pulse perio, char!in! the capacitor. hen theMBS0E4 is turne off, current tapers throu!h the ioe half bri!e Jupper or lo1erepenin! on irection of the current flo1K.

*&) !$+ectie of Vienna Rectifier

#t is a hi!hl& efficient metho of hi!h current, )(Phase A" to D" con2ersion an isparticularl& attracti2e for achie2in! unit& po1er factor operation. #n fi!ure(/ A"R, A"%an A" are 99+5,

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"&cle of the p1m s1itchin! is so pro!ramme that the current ra1n from each phase issinusoial an in phase 1ith the corresponin! line 5olta!e, thus ensurin! near unit&po1er factor an minimum total harmonic istortion.

*&3 escription

#n 5ienna Rectifier confi!uration, as sho1n in fi!ure(/, the output capacitor is split in t1oparts as t1o e3ual 2alue capacitors, "/ an ";, connecte in series. Across the outputcapacitors the I5c an 5c are e2elope as )(Phase peak etecte outputs. As1itch for each phase is connecte, such that 1hen B-, it connects the line phase tothe center noe of "/ an "; throu!h a series inuctance. 0or a short s1itchin! perio,Jassumin! /+ microseconsK, the capacitors char!e linearl&. 4his offsets (5c an 5c.4he offset epens on the corresponin! phase 2olta!e an the s1itch B- timeuration. 4he common noe of "/ an "; 1ill ha2e 5olta!e 1ith trian!ular 1a2e shape,ha2in! three times the mains fre3uenc& an its amplitue 1ill be one 3uarter of the phase2olta!e.

Figure ) )(Phase line 2olta!es re, &ello1 an blue 1ith /; time se!ments0rom + throu!h //

*&* Vienna Rectifier Modules

Lookin! at 0i!ure /, it becomes apparent that if one 1ere to assemble the entire )(Phase5ienna Rectifier P0" circuit usin! iscrete components, man& ifferent po1ersemiconuctors ha2e to be connecte to!ether. 4his is not onl& incon2enient an costl&,but also in2ol2es a e!ree of 2ariation in performance from unit to unit. 4he leainuctances an parasitic capacitance ma& ten to oscillate, makin! its operation at hi!henou!h s1itchin! fre3uenc& a task b& itself.

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0ortunatel&, rea&mae 5ienna Rectifier po1er moules are a2ailable in D" JDirect"opper onin!K ceramic base plate. 4hese ha2e a number of useful attributes7

/. 4hese moules ha2e isolation 2olta!e of )++ 5olts A", ensurin! personal ane3uipment safet& an are '>L reco!nize. 4here is no nee for e6ternal isolation.

;. E6tremel& lo1 packa!e inuctance, facilitatin! hi!h spee s1itchin!). Eas& to mount on a printe circuit boar for either 1a2e solerin! or manualsolerin!

9. ?el2in source for reliable ri2er connections for the MBS0E4S

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;. 'se opto(couplers7 4his option necessitates ha2in! isolate po1er supplies for theoutput sie of the opto(couplers.

). 0or a 5ienna Rectifier Moule 1ith MBS0E4 rate at 5DSS

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A rule base control strate!& is implemente usin! fuzz& lo!ic. 4his a2ois tri!onometricor floatin!(point computations an is suitable for lo1 cost embee controllers 1orkin!1ith hi!h reliabilit&. 4he normalize pulse 1iths for linear phase chan!e are store in aifferent tables corresponin! to the ;< input output 2olta!e ran!es that are normalize1ith respect to esire set point.

Figure * Simulation of )(Phase 5ienna Rectifier control operation. #n upper 1ino1three(phase line 2olta!es re, &ello1 an blue are plotte 1ith respect to the output c2olta!e 5c of fi!ure(). 4op Joran!eK an bottom Jsk&(blueK trace inicates output D"2olta!e in loae state. 4he lo1er 1ino1 sho1s the ma!nifie PM control si!nals!enerate at cursor position of upper 1ino1.

0a$le-% 0uzz& "ontrol matri6 of PM tables, $ inicates the acti2e control state.

Load Voltage

V.Hi Hi Set Pt. Low V.Low

Lin

e

Vol

t

V.HiHi X

Nominal

Low

V.Low

4able(/ sho1s the fuzz& control matri6 of ;< states. Each states represents a PM look(up table for si!nals S/, S; an S). 0uzz& rules are use to ientif& the state from

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measure 2alue of input an output 2olta!es an select the appropriate pulse 1ith tableto !enerate PM si!nals. Safet& measures are implemente usin! hi!her priorit& fuzz&rules. 'sin! similar approach it is possible to implement esire output 2olta!e ancurrent profile for col start, shut o1n or fault conitions.

Figure 7"urrents ra1n from each phase, 1hile feein! non(linear loas. -eutralconuctor carries summation of currents from all the three phases

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Figure 1 Mains funamental 1ith o harmonics from ) rthrou!h /)th1ith their relati2eamplitues ue to presence of non(linear loas

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Figure 2 Phase 5olta!es an Phase "urrents, sho1in! near unit& Po1er 0actor an2er& lo1 4HD, hen 5ienna Rectifier is use for A" to D" po1er "on2ersion

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1&' Fu# 4ogic Controller for Vienna Rectifier

Figure 5 Simulator output sho1s )(Phase line 2olta!es in re, &ello1, an blue colors.4he !ra& trian!ular 1a2e is the output c 2olta!e 5c of fi!ure(), appearin! at the junctionof output capacitors, an is measure 1ith respect to neutral of line 2olta!e.

1&' 6or7ing of pwm3p- A computer simulation of the Fu# Controller for theVienna Rectifier(

P1m)p is a simulation tool for e6plainin! 1orkin! of 5ienna Rectifier uner the controlof 0uzz& Lo!ic "ontroller. Here is ho1 the tool 1orks7Please refer to 0i!ure 9 for unerstanin! the e6planation belo1

/. & epressin! "urrent button, one can see the currents;. 4he PM 5ie1 has si6 1ino1s.

8A9 :ormal;

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8"9 Reset7 As the name applies this allo1s one to reset the simulation8F9 /tep7 this option allo1s one to stu& e2er& thin! in a step b& step manner8=9 Voltage 8R,>,.97 4hese 1ino1s sho1 each 2olta!e ma!nitue8?9 Pwm 8R,>,.9( 4hese 1ino1s sho1 the le2el of p1m moulation

References7Q/ ?olar, O. ., an Ertl, H.7 Status of the Techniques of Three-Phase Rectifier Systemswith Low Effects on the Mains. 21stINTELEC !une "-#1###Co$enha%en &enmar'Q; ?olar, O. ., Ertl, H., ach, 0.".7 &esi%n an( e)$erimenta* in+esti%ation of a three-

$hase hi%h $ower (ensity hi%h efficiency unity $ower factor P,M ienna/ rectifierem$*oyin% a no+e* inte%rate( $ower semicon(uctor mo(u*e0. APE" @, San Oose, "A.

#EEE, /, P.

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Mr. Abhijit D. Pathak recei2e his . E. JElectrical En!ineerin!K from M. S. 'ni2ersit&, aroa, #nia in /. Heobtaine his MS JEEK e!ree from 'ni2ersit& of Rhoe #slan, ?in!ston, R. #., 'SA in /=/. 0rom /* to /=) he1orke in 'SA in the areas of De2elopment of D.". Dri2es, Hi!h 0re3uenc& Hi!h 5olta!e #n2erters, Precisioninstrumentation an measurement s&stems an their applications in inustr&. #n /=), he returne to #nia an joine#nian Space Research Br!anization as a Senior Scientist>En!ineer. At #.S.R.B., he project en!ineere e2elopment ofa number of lar!e electronic s&stems for the first time in the countr& uner sponsorship of Dept. of Electronics, No2t. of#nia. He 1rote a number of technical papers, 1hile at #.S.R.B. Subse3uentl&, in /*/, he starte 1orkin! in pri2ate

sector an e2elope a number of inustrial s&stems, incluin! A" 5ariable 0re3uenc& Dri2es, 'PS S&stems,#n2erters, 4emperature "ontrollers, #>P J"urrent to PressureK "on2erters an 0loat(cum(boost char!ers. He also tau!ht0inal %ear De!ree pro!ram at the 'ni2ersit& le2el for four &ears as a 5isitin! Professor in the Department of#nstrumentation C "ontrols in #nia. Since Ma& ;+++ he has been 1ith #$%S "orporation as a Senior Applications

En!ineer. He has 1ritten a number of Application Reports on the subject of Po1er Electronics.a&patha7@i#s&net

Mr. Ralph E. Locher earne his S JPh&sicsK from Rensselaer, 4ro&, -% in // an his MS JEEK from "ase(esternReser2e 'ni2ersit&, "le2elan, Bhio in /