3 Oil Palm Hendry

8/17/2019 3 Oil Palm Hendry

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Straight, unbranchedstem,

large evergreen leaves,spirally arrange at the topo the stem

Monoecious - producingmale and emaleinorescences in lea axils

Male oer: tubular inshape

Female oer: cylindrical

in shape !he ronds are arrangedeither right handed or lethanded, but have nosignifcance to ruitproduction"


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Male oer Female oer

#nitial oral ormed some $$ % && months"

'( % ()cm long (* % &* cm long


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Pollinated by Elaeidobiuskamerunicus

*-+ months ripe, ready or harvesting


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oots Fibrous root descend rom the palm base to the

bottom o the soil hich consist o primary,secondary, tertiary and uaternary"

.istribution depends on the soil condition,texture and ell aerated soil"


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Foliage/ronds▪ Matured palms carries

(*-&) ronds and

produced (* rondsper year"

▪ #norescence borne inthe axils o thepinnate ronds"

▪ 0nalysis o oliar isbeing carried out byta1ing lea samplerom ronds no '2"3',4,'25

Pinnate ronds

6ea/Pinnae

achis


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Fruit▪ Matured

depending oneather

▪ ')))-$))) ruitletsper bunch, *cmlong and eight$)gm" !he ruitcharacteristicdepends on▪ Shell thic1ness

▪ 7il content o

mesocarp

Mesocarp

Stigma

7perculum

9mbryo

8ernel

Shell


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!emperature: (* % $))0nnual rainall: '*)) % $*))/year

elative humidity: ;)


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onsists o three main ruit type:.ura

Pisiera !enera

9ach type have di>erentcharacteristics"

!enera is the hybrid o .ura ? Pisiera" Mainly !enera is used idely in

Malaysia


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!hic1endocarp/shell: (-;mm

mesocarp: $*-+*< 1ernel: 2-()<

ate o oil: '2-';


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0bsence oendocarp / no shell

!hic1 ring fbre @ig mesocarp and

more oil content

Pisiera as a male


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!hin endocarp: )"*-& mm

Mesocarp: +)-4*<

8ernel: $-'*< ate o oil: (( %

(&< Aybrid by dura and

pisiera


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( typesB

Catural pollination

ontrolled pollination


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Dsing 0rican eevil Elaeidobiuskamerunicus

#t ill spread the pollen o the maleoer to the emale oerSpreading o pollen through the

natural movement o the insectMature bunch can be harvested * % +

month ater pollination


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Pollination beteen .ura 3emale5and Pisiera 3male5

Produce !enera hybrid !he age o .ura and Pisiera palmmust be + years old


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Bagging of

male flower – 7

days beforeanthesis

Male flower

harvested at

anthesis

Oven dry –

24 hrs, 35 –

400

C

!tra"tion# sieving

of $ollen

%ollen

viability

test

Bottling #

storage


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Bagging of

female flower –

7 days beforere"e$tive

&eady to

$ollinate after

'0 days

5 gram male

$ollen mi!

with nat(ral $owder

)$ray to femaleflower – 5*+

times

%ollination'0 days,

remove bag

after 4 wee-s

.arvested 5/+months


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Cursery site selection must includethe olloing actors:

!opography Eater supply and drainage

ood soil or planting medium

0ccessibility ? roads

Saety


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Must be at area 9asy to construct

irrigation

9asy ormaintenance

9nsure seedlingshave a straightstand or planting

Co ater-logging


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Aave nearby atersupply

.rainage using

spring1ler / dripirrigation


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0vailability osandy loam soil

Suitable or oil

palm seedlings Free rom disease

3anoderma spp"5


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9asy to access ood all eather

road


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Aaving atchmanto secure the arearom thet,

vandalism # possible, put

ence around thenursery

egular chec1


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learing % ( months beore arrival othe seeds

Fencing6ining % space the polybag evenly7rdering seedsPolybag fllingShading


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Dtilises only large polybagserminated seeds are planted

directly into the polybags"0dvantages:

6ess handling o seedling

0void nursery transplanting shoc1

Smaller labour reuirement

6ess cost material cost


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.isadvantages:

euire larger area and inrastructure

More irrigation resources

ulling is more diGcult ? timeconsuming

.iGcult to observe and supervise

Cot advisable or large planting scale


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Planting seed at pre-nursery 3(-$months5 and transplant to main

nursery 3&-'( months50dvantages:

euire smaller initial area

euire less irrigation

6oer maintenance costs in early stage

Primary culling can be carried out


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.isadvantages:

More handling o seedlings

#ncreasing maintenance or1/cost

is1 o transplanting shoc1

euire additional inrastructure


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Pre nursery


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# the total area proposed orplantation is ')))ha and planting

density is '$+ palms per hectare,hat are the total seedling to beplanted in the nurseryH


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Pre-nursery stage:

Polybag flling using best top soil &ee1s beore planting

0pply ith oc1 Phosphate 3#P5 I')1g/'))) polybags 3'*cm x (' cm5

Shading % using palm ronds / blac1

netting 3$)< shade5 Planting o germinated seeds

0rrange and labelled the polybags


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!he main nursery

Polybag flling % using best topsoil, amonth prior to planting

0pply '))g oc1 Phosphate 3#P5

Dsing large polybag: $;cm x &*cm

Spacing o polybags: )"4'm x )"4'm x

)"4'm

Set up o irrigation


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!o remove poor uality / abnormalseedlings

!iming o cull:Pre-nursery cull: 0t transplanting rompre nursery to main nursery 3 at$-& months5

0t 4 months 3in the main nursery50t '( months 3in the main nursery5 or

prior to feld transplanting


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olanterin1led lea

himaerarass lea/narro lea olled lea !isted


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%&/1&)& C1


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Stunted Juvenile9rect / DprightFlat top


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Planting o oil palm at the age o '(months

!he feld must be ready beoretransplanting


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)(rveying &oad

"onstr("tion

6rain

"onstr("tion

and "learingining for

$lanting

erra"e

"onstr("tion

%lanting of

eg(me "over

"ro$

.oling #

%lanting


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!he initial stage beore planting #dentifcation o area to be plantedPreparation o map, boundaries, site

selection


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!o provide access to vehicle orplanting, transportation o ruitbunches and maintenanceoperation"

!o minimiKe vehicle damage duringdaily operations"

!ypes o roads: main road,subsidiary road, perimeterroad/Leeptrac1


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!o drain out ater rom sampy, peatand lo-laying area

Maintain ideal height o ater table

!ypes o drains: Main drain

ollection drain

Field drain / subsidiary


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!o clear Lungle/existing plantationor oil palm plantation

!o provide an area ree rom debrisor feld establishment and planting


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!o acilitate e>ective establishment,maintenance and harvesting o oilpalms

!o minimiKe soil erosion !o reduce rain ater runo> and

nutrient losses

!o provide each palm ith eualaccess to light, nutrients and ater


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!o produce an evenly spaced standso palms

9nsure that palms has the sameaccess to nutrients, ater andsunlight

Planting system: triangular system

Planting distance: (;t x (; t 3peatarea5, (4t x (4t 3undulating5, (2t x$)t 3steep area5


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Ma1e sure that the area or lining and planting is cleared odebris"

.etermine the aLa base line, then use compass todetermine the angle o 4)" 0ter that, measure the

distance o the planting points 3(;t / (4t5" !hen, the measuring tape is pulled at +) or triangularplanting" Mar1ed out the intermediate points using pegs"

Pull the measuring tape along the base line and mar1 theinterval using peg"

7nce the frst section has been lined, these points are used

as reerence points to continue lining across the palmbloc1"

@eore planting, ma1e sure that the linings or plantingpoints are double chec1 to avoid any mista1es"


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Ailly terrain # palms are straight lined over hill, the

palm spacing must be increased to allo

or the e>ect o the slope on thehoriKontal palm spacing" !hereore, thepalm planting distance must be increasedhen crossing hill"

# the distance are not corrected, over-croding ill result in hill"


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Steep terrain !erraces are installed here the

slope =()Nor &)N" !erraces shouldalays ollo the contour o the areabeing planted" !he distance beteenterraces is related to the slope %the

steeper the slope, the closer thehoriKontal distance beteenterraces"


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0dvantages: !o control erosion

#mprove soil condition

Provide Citrogen

Pest control

Eeed control

educe soil temperature !ypes o 6: Mucuna bracteata,

Calopogonium mucunoides, Centrosema pubescens, Pueraria phaseoloides


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Planting hole: )"$m x )"$m x )"$m0pply *))g #P and *))g SFPlace seedling inside the holeover the seedling ith soil, avoid

shallo planting


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FertiliKer applicationEeed controlPest ? disease controlSoil conservationEater reuirement


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!o supply palms ith suGcientnutrient

!o promote healthy vegetativegroth, maximum economics ruitbunch yield and resistance to pestsand diseases

.osage depends on the maturity ooil palm


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itrogen


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%otassi(m


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Magnesi(m


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Boron


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Year Area ofapplication

)-( 0t circle o palm

$-* 0t circle until end

tip o canopy=* 0t rondsO

stac1ing and palm

ro


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Year Rounds

)-' $ % *

=' ( - $


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Eeed % unanted plants gro in thefeld

Second highest cost ater ertiliKation3'2< - (2< o operation cost5

ontrol measures: chemical, culture,mechanical, biological control

!ypes o eed control: circleeeding, strip eeding, patheeding, noxious eed control


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Axonopus compressus Digitaria ciliaris


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Michania micranthaMichania micrantha Ipomoea cairicaIpomoea cairica

Passifora oetidaPassifora oetida Mimosa invisaMimosa invisa


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Clidemia hirta Melastoma malabathricum


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Nephrolepis biserrata Stenochlaena palustris


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ulture control % mulching, 6Mechanical control % hoe, parang,

sic1le@iological % integrated pest

managementhemical % using eedicide


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Cursery

Seedling are highly sensitive

Manual control % pre nursery

Manual, mechanical ? chemical control %main nursery


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#mmature palm

Dse culture, mechanical, chemical andintegrated ith 6

+ rounds per year

Dsing 9F@ or mulching


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Mature palm

hemical control

#ntegration ith cattle/co/

Mechanical control % using sic1le, parang

( or $ rounds per year


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SpeciesSpecies Active ingredient Active ingredient Rate in 18 L water Rate in 18 L water

Glyphosate*Glyphosate* 180-240l o! 41"180-240l o! 41"

prod#ctprod#ct

$a%apyr*$a%apyr* 1&0 ' 22& l o! 10"1&0 ' 22& l o! 10"prod#ctprod#ct

(ets#l!#ron-ethyl(ets#l!#ron-ethyl

Glyphosate*Glyphosate*

)l#a%i!op-#tyl)l#a%i!op-#tyl

+g o! 20" prod#ct+g o! 20" prod#ct

,0l o! 41" prod#ct,0l o! 41" prod#ct

,0 l 0! 2," prod#ct,0 l 0! 2," prod#ct

Im pirata cylindrica

Pennisetum

http://www.forestexplorers.com/naturecures/image/ginger.jpghttp://www.bluestem.ca/pennisetum-alopec.htmhttp://www.forestexplorers.com/naturecures/image/ginger.jpg


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SpeciesSpecies Active ingredient Active ingredient Rate in 18 L water Rate in 18 L water

)l#roypyr*)l#roypyr* 1& l o! 2," prod#ct1& l o! 2," prod#ct

2.4-/ aine*2.4-/ aine* &, l o! 0" prod#ct&, l o! 0" prod#ct

Mikania micrantha

Passiflora foetida


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SpeciesSpecies Active Activeingredientingredient

Rate in 18 LRate in 18 Lwater water

riclopyr*riclopyr*

ets#l!#ron -ets#l!#ron -ethylethyl

,0-80 l o! +2",0-80 l o! +2"prod#ctprod#ct

, g o! 20", g o! 20"prod#ctprod#ct

riclopyr*riclopyr*


,0-80 l o! +2",0-80 l o! +2"

prod#ctprod#ct

, g o! 20", g o! 20"prod#ctprod#ct

Melastoma

malabatrichum

Clidemia hirta


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SpeciesSpecies Active Activeingredientingredient

Rate in 18 LRate in 18 Lwater water


4-, g o! 20"4-, g o! 20"prod#ctprod#ct

Gl#!osinate-Gl#!osinate-

aoni#**aoni#**2.4-/ aine*2.4-/ aine*

,0 l o! 18",0 l o! 18"

prod#ct ,0 lprod#ct ,0 lo! 0" prod#cto! 0" prod#ct

Nephrolepis biserrata

Stenochlaena palustris

http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/600max/html/starr_020803_0027_dicranopteris_linearis.htm


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Adoretus compressus

Apogonia sp.

Control

richlor!on 3hlor!er!envinphos


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Control

richlor!on 3hlorpyri!os

Control

richlor!on 3hlorpyri!os


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AdultAdult

larvalarva


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Metisa planaPteroma pendula

Darna trimaSetora nitensCoptotermes curvignatusats % Rattus argentivitus, Rattus

rattus diardii, Rattus tiomanicus


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@asal stem rot 3@S5 % anodermaspp"

ron diseaseMarasmius disease


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!o provide an optimumphotosynthesis

!o remove unanted branches %disease, dead 8ge o9 of fronds

: 3 years

4/7 years

;/'4 years


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Fronds arrangemento Flat / undulating area - 0lternate ro

arrangement

o !errace area % depends on contour0void excessive pruning


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eady to harvest ater $ years $ % * years scout harvesting 7bLectives:

!o produce maximum uality o palm product

!o harvest all ruits bunches that can beeconomically proccessed

!o harvest only ripe ruits and collect all looseruits

!o deliver the FF@ to the mill ithin (& hours oharvest

Maintain optimun reuency o harvestingrounds


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#dentifcation o ripe ruitsemove ronds belo ripe bunchFronds arrangement at stac1ing ro

ut the ruit bunchollect all loose ruitsut long stal1s0rrange FF@ neatly at the platormMinimiKe bruise/inLury to FF@0void delay transportation


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Aarvesting criteria: 0t least threeloose ruits on ground

Aarvesting rounds: 2-') days

3depends on availability o FF@5Methods: using chisel or young palm

3immature5, sic1le or mature palm


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B(n"h re"e$tion

B(n"h sterili=ation

B(n"h threshing

>r(it digestion

%(l$ $ressingOil "larifi"ation (t re"overy

>B


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%(l$ $ressing

Oil "larifi"ation

Oil drying

Oil $a"-ing

(t re"overy

(t drying

(t "ra"-ing

?ernel se$aration

?ernel storage

)hells

?ernels


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@unch reception

FF@ arrives rom feld

rading o FF@


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&i$e b(n"h Over ri$e b(n"h

1nri$e b(n"h ong stal- b(n"h


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m$ty b(n"h 6irty b(n"h

)mall b(n"h &otten b(n"h


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a process o removing the external impuritiesand to loosen them rom bunches

Dse o high temperature et-heat treatment Purpose: !o destroy lypolytic enKymes hich cause the FF0

content to increase"

!o soten the pericarp, ready or digestion andeasier or oil release

!o dehydrate the ruit to achieve avorable ratio oater to oil in pericarp"

!o minimiKe the bra1e o> the 1ernel hilepressing, threshing and nut crac1er


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!hreshing

emoval o ruits rom bunches

.etach the ruit rom bunches, leaving

spi1elets on the stem

Produce 9F@

9F@ send to feld to provide mulching or

immature palm


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eleasing the palm oil in the ruitthrough the brea1ing don o the oil-bearing cells

.igesting the ruits at hightemperature

7bLectives:

.estroy ruitsO outer covering 3exocarp5omplete disruption o oil cells


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Process o oil extraction !o methods:

.ry method % mechanical presses

Eet method % use hot ater to leach outthe oil


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larifcation % separate the oil romits entrained impurities

e-heating the oil to 1ill all germs,bacteria"


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7il transerred to a tan1 or storageprior to dispatch rom the mill

Maintained around *))

Dsing hot ater or lo pressuresteam-heating coils to preventsolidifcation and ractionation


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esidue o pressing consists o amixture o fbre and palm nuts

Cuts separated rom fbre

Dse fbre and nut shells to fre thesteam boilers


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!A9 9C.77. 6D8 F7 Q7D RD# 0C. !9S!

3 Oil Palm Hendry

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