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What is a Project?What is a Project?

• Project Defined – A complex, nonroutine, one-time effort limited by time,

budget, resources, and performance specifications

designed to meet customer needs

• !ajor "haracteristics of a Project –#as an established objecti$e

 –#as a defined life span %ith a beginning and an end

 –&e'uires across-the-organi(ational participation

 –)n$ol$es doing something ne$er been done before

 –#as specific time, cost, and performance

re'uirements

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Programs $ersus ProjectsPrograms $ersus Projects

• Program Defined – A series of coordinated, related, multiple

projects that continue o$er an extended

time and are intended to achie$e a goal

 – A higher le$el group of projects targetedat a common goal

 –*xample+

•Project: completion of a required course

in project management.

•Program: completion of all coursesrequired

for a business major.

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"omparison of &outine Wor %ith Projects"omparison of &outine Wor %ith Projects

TABLE 1.1

Routine, Repetitive Work  

aing class notes

Daily entering sales receipts into

the accounting ledger

&esponding to a supply-chain

re'uest

Practicing scales on the piano

&outine manufacture of an Apple

iPod

 Attaching tags on a manufactured

product 

Projects

Writing a term paper

.etting up a sales ios for a

professional accounting meeting

De$eloping a supply-chain

information system

Writing a ne% piano piece

Designing an iPod that is

approximately / 0 1 inches,

interfaces %ith P", and

stores 23,333 songs

Wire-tag projects for 4* and

Wal-!art 

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Project 5ife "ycleProject 5ife "ycle

FIGURE 1.1

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he "hallenge of Project !anagementhe "hallenge of Project !anagement

• he Project !anager  –!anages temporary, non-repetiti$e acti$ities and

fre'uently acts independently of the formal

organi(ation

•Marshals resources for the project.•Is linked directly to the customer interface.

•Provides direction, coordination, and integrationto the project team.

•Is responsible for performance and success of theproject.

 –!ust induce the right people at the right time to

address the right issues and mae the right decisions

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he )mportance of Project !anagementhe )mportance of Project !anagement

• 6actors leading to the increased useof project management+

 –"ompression of the product life cycle

 –7no%ledge explosion

 –riple bottom line 8planet, people, profit9

 –"orporate do%nsi(ing

 –)ncreased customer focus

 –.mall projects represent big problems

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:enefits of an )ntegrati$e Approach:enefits of an )ntegrati$e Approach

to Project !anagementto Project !anagement

• )ntegration 8or centrali(ation9 of project

management pro$ides senior management %ith+

 – An o$er$ie% of all project management acti$ities

 – A big picture of ho% organi(ational resources are used

 – A ris assessment of their portfolio of projects

 – A rough metric of the firm;s impro$ement in managing

projects relati$e to others in the industry –5inages of senior management %ith actual project

execution management

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)ntegrated Project !anagement .ystems)ntegrated Project !anagement .ystems

• Problems resulting from the use of piecemealproject management systems+

 –Do not tie together the o$erall strategies of the firm

 –6ail to prioriti(e selection of projects by theirimportance of their contribution to the firm

 – Are not integrated throughout the project life cycle

 –Do not match project planning and controls %ith

organi(ational culture to mae appropriateadjustments in support of project endea$ors

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)ntegrated !anagement of Projects)ntegrated !anagement of Projects

FIGURE 1.2

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!ajor 6unctions of Portfolio !anagement!ajor 6unctions of Portfolio !anagement

•<$ersee project selection

• !onitor aggregate resource le$els and sills

• *ncourage use of best practices

• :alance projects in the portfolio in order to represent

a ris le$el appropriate to the organi(ation

• )mpro$e communication among all staeholders

• "reate a total organi(ation perspecti$e that goes

beyond silo thining• )mpro$e o$erall management of projects o$er time

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he echnicalhe echnical

and .ocioculturaland .ociocultural

DimensionsDimensionsof the Projectof the Project

!anagement!anagement

ProcessProcess

FIGURE 1.3

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7ey erms7ey erms

I! "###

Pro$r%&

Project

Project 'i(e c)c'e

Project *%n%$e&ent Pro(ession%' +P*P

ociotec-nic%' perspective