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September 17, 1969

Dr. Karolfl LavisRational Institute far Haéicine RaaaarehEamstaad LabaraEariesRally HillLandau EvaEWGLAEB

Daar Dr. Lewis:

gr. Jaanrik fiansaan, visiting prafeaaar in this department, atthe suefiish Institute of indusarial finalth suggemtad that yea haveéaaa Emma tasearah an lifging ana tug: yam might hava same pflbliantianaof this wurk. If you could supply as with :uprinea of any such articlesI wmuld aggreclata recatving eayiaa.

This raquost is pramptaé by ucma rather iatge aiftarancas batwmanoar observations and tha 11£t1ng ability suggcstad by Eamon 1n “Th3fiuman Bady 1a Equipnaat Deaign", page 321. Ea 113:3 a lifting farce of36 pounds 5 tea: from can float, titth paraanuile man. We have obaetvndfarm workmnn routinely gifting 65‘ponnds ta this 1¢vu1. _?erhaps yearwork would allaw us ca antimate how badly ov¢rlaadad tha wnrkmen ate.

Yours very truly,

Charla: w. suggoFrofiesnor

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25Talectmde® Application InstructionsClinical experience has shown the followingappliéafion procedure to work consisie‘mly:

Using the tip of the Telectrode paste dispenser or acotton tip applicator, apply a ‘small amount ofTelectrode Paste to an area of skin about the sizeof"a pea. Rub into the skin with a brisk rotarymotion. About 30 rotations proved satisfactory.The. skin must be stretched tightly between thethumb and index finger during this preparation inorder to facilitate application.Apply a generous amount of Telectrode Paste tothe mesh area of the Telectrode. For optimum con—fact there should be sufficient paste to keep the padmoist but not enough to cause it to leak around thesides of the adhesive area and prevent tight contactwith the skin.Place Telectrode on previously prepared area andremove protective paper one side at a time. Peelthe paper off carefully. making certain that theupper corner of the Telectrod‘e adheres firmly. Con-tinuous adhesion will be assured. if the paper ispeeled from top to bottom in a rotary fashion.Patented Form No. 3-411-10TELEMED/CS the medical groupVECTOR DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATIONSOUTHAMPTON. PENNSYLVANIA , 215 EL 7-7600

National Institute for Medical Research,(Hampstead Laboratories),

Holly Hill, London, N.W.3.

* . (Human Biomechanios Laboratory)is only possible if such h ,counterbalance is “ 19th June, 1953,

Dear Professor Suggs,

L I must apoligise for not replying earlier to your letter, dueto an oversight and the fact that I have been working away fron,nylaboratory.

, You raise an interesting point which was not really coveredby my experiments. These were really designed to eliminate as faras possible limits on the lifting action which might be improsed.hyshoulder strength. You will appreciate, of'course, that with theopen~ohain linkage situation presented by all lifting actions,,theprediction of the end effects from bodtheight counterbalanoesfithelimiting factor. Even in my experiments it was not clear that atshort foot-placement distance the bodtheight counterbalance wasmore than adequate for the muscular extension forces which couldbe exerted at kneeeand hip, so that the observed lifting forcestended to be less than indicated by theory. .

With lift above 50 cm., are and shoulder action is neededin addition to knee and.hip extension, and.it is likely that, undermany ciroumstances, the lifting capacity will be a reflection of areand‘shoulder strength.

J There is, as you may know, practical data on lifting capacity:-Eisanuel & Ghaffee (1956) : Wright Air Development Centre Technical

Report 56-367. ' a “Morrissette (1962):'Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. ‘Teohnical

lecumentary Report MRL.TDR~62—57.This, and other available information, is quite nicely summarized inEamon et a1 (1966) ”Human Body in Equipment Design" (Harvard UniversityPress}, p. 320.

I hope these comments will be of use, and again my apologiesfor not writing earlier.Yours sincerely,

Professor C. W. Suggs, (R. J. Whitney)Dept. of Biological & Agricultural Engng.,School of Agriculture & Life Sciences,North Carolina State University, Raleigh,

BULK CURING RACK

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lMANUAL HANDLING OF BULK RACKS OF TOBACCO

C. W. SuggsDept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering

North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, N. C.

The introduction of bulk curing techniques necessitates the substitution

of a metal rack of densely packed leaves for the conventional wooden sticks

onto which leaves are strung or stitched in a relative loose manner. The

stick system. eVolved over a period of many years into a technique which was

well integrated with the overall harvesting-curing-storage—marketing system.

Sticks and barns were standardized over the entire U. S. flue cured area so

that sticks from.one farm could be loaded into a barn on another farm. Many

of the handling operations were also standardized. Because this sytem evolved,

optimum design was approached by successively selecting the operations which

appeared to be most efficient.

Evolutionary optimization, while effective is not particularly efficient

in time, capital and manpower. It is hoped that the necessary design infor-

mation can be assembled so that the optimization of handling techniques for

bulk bales can be approached by means of a realistic rationale rather than by

evolunationary trial and error.

In a complex interdependent system it is seldom possible to substitute

a new component for an old one without seriously affecting other components

in the system. Bulk curing is a case in point in which substitution of bulk

racks for sticks affects the barning, curing, storage and handling operations.

Paper number ' of the Journal Series of the North CarolinaState University Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, N. C.

_ 2 _

It is the objective of this paper to assemble from the authors research

and from the literature, information related to the handling of racks of

tobacco in a bulk curing operation and to develop a rationale for the design

of bulk racks and handling techniques.

Mechanical handling of bales by means of various types of hoists has

been proposed and tried. These, in general, have proved to be too expensive

and/or too time consuming to be practical. Manual handling, especially of

the uncured racked leaf, because of the weight, is extremely hard drudgerous

work which usually requires at least two workmen.

There are several factors related to ease of handling which should be

taken into account in the design of racks and bulk curing systems. The most

important among these are rack length, width, filled weight, location and

design of handles and latches, and the method of alignment of the two sections

during closure. 0f importance in barn design are height of rails, guidance

of racks on the rails, loading ramps and downwardly angled rail extensions.

The last two of these are important because they can significantly reduce the

effective lift height.

Lifting Force Prediction

Because the maximum weight which can be lifted by a given percentage of

the population is of importance in rack design and handling some attention to

lifting theory will be worthwhile. Whitney (1958) gives the following equa—

tion for predicting the maximum load in kilograms which a man can lift:

Load = Wd/p + h tan 9 — B

where W body weight,ng.

p distances between heels and centerline of load, cm.

ll. grasp height, cm.

6 = angle between vertical and plane of arms (average value = 14.60)

a = body lever arm with respect to weight, cm.

B = constant = 17.5 cm.

Since grasp height, h, occurs in the denominator of the equation it is

evident that the lifting force will decrease as the load is raised. HOwever,

because it is multiplied by Tan 9 5 0.26 it has less effect on the lifting

force p, the distance between load and the heels of the subject. The con—

tribution of these two factors to the lifting equation is important where

some choice of lift height and distance between load center and subject is

possible.

A representative value for the product Wu has been found to be 1493 Kg

cm while B is 17.9 cm. The appropriate value of p is the distance from the

heels to the center of the rack of tobacco or about 45 cm for existing racks.

substituting these values into the equation simplifying and converting to

pounds one has for the vertical lifting force in terms of h, the lifting

height:

Load (lbs) = 3292/27.1 + 0.26 h.

From this equation and figure 1 it can be seen that lifting force decreaSes"

appreciably as the lift height increases. If the Subject can get closer to

the load (smaller value of h) the lifting force is increased as illustrated

by the upper curve in the figure where the value of p, the foot placement is

30 cm (about 12 inches). The figure illustrates two lifting techniques,

derrick or back lift and knee lift. Whitney (1958) did not find significant

differences in the forces developed by these two methods. However, the knee

lift is favored because it protects the back.

_ 4 _

Since the values shown are average maximum lifting forces, design weight

should be reduced somewhat so that a higher percentage of the population would

be able to lift the bale. It should also be pointed out that the values given

are maximum values and would be too large for routine repetitive handling of

bales.

Rack Handling and Loading Study

MEthods and Materials

Present design of at least two commercial harvesters requires that one

man force the rack tines through the leaves, apply enough vertical force to

latch the rack, then lift the filled rack,;piv0t'1809 and place the rack on

a set of rails in a towed trailer or lay the rack on its side on a rear plat—

form pallet. All commercial barns require lifting the rack onto one of two

sets of rails set approximately three ft and five ft above the ground. This

operation is usually performed using two men.

Where racking is done manually at the curing barn, two men load a racking

form by hand, force the rack tines through the leaves, lift the rack, pivot

90° and place the rack on the rails in the barn.

In a normal day's operation one crew may fill as many as two barns, which

may amount to approximately 12 tons of material to be transported by hand at

each step of the operation requiring movement of the rack.

As a guide to standardization of rack size it was desirable to measure

the response of subjects to lifting different size and weight racks in order

to determine limits and investigate the existence of an optimum. Accordingly

a study was set up for the purpose of determining the effects of rack load,

rack width, lift height and loading aids on the physical effort required to

place the racks in a curing structure.

_ 5 _

For the tests two men in their early twenties served as subjects. Be—In

cause heart rate is a measure subject effort it was measured for each subject

prior to and during the performance of the task with a pocket sized radio

transmitter having electrodes taped to the chest to obtain heart—rate signals.

The signal was recorded on a strip chart from a receiver located nearby.

A telescoping rack was constructed to allow testing of rack widths of

3, 4, 4 l/2, 5 and 6 feet. An adjustable frame was used to simulate a bulk

barn having rail heights adjustable from 2 1/2 to 6 feet at 6 inch intervals.

Burlap was used to simulate leaves in the rack and weights (rack plus burlap)

were 50, 80, 100, 120 and 140 pounds.

To harvest two, 98 rack barns in one day would require the handling of

approximately 20 racks per hour. However the work rate may be higher at times

of loading the barn from trailers or other transport means where racking is

done in the field. Therefore a loading rate of one rack every 1/2 minute was

used fOr most of the runs except for the more severe conditions where it was

extended to one rack every 40 seconds. Each subject lifted the rack from the

ground, carried it 10 feet to the "barn", placed it on the rails and pushed

it beyond a mark 15 inches beyond the loading point.

Ten replications were made. The racks were handled singly by each.sub—

ject and as a team of two.

Results

Two measures of response were available. One of these was the heart

rate approached by the subjects during the operation, Table l. The.other'

was the maximum height to which the load could be lifted. This infOrmation

is given in Table l by the presence or absence of heart rate data. An

_ 6 _

Table 1. Average heart rate for loading bulk racks

Length Height One Man Handling Two Man Handlingof rack of lift ‘Weight of Rack (lbs) 'Weight of Rack (lbs)(ft) (ft) 50 80 100 120 80 100 120 140

3 2 1/2 97.3 102.2 108.1 99.73 95.8 100.0 120.8 101.43 1/2 94.0 102.8 117.7 96.94 98.0 108.8 131.7 101.84 1/2 102.0 112.6 120.3 101.85 104.8 * 102.25 1/2 98.9 101.56 103.7 ‘109.7Av. 99.3 105.3 119.7 101.8

4 2 1/2 115.2 111.0 112.4 91.4 97.7 95.83 115.2 121.2 97.2 93.3 95.33 1/2 112.7 117.4 93.8 98.4 99.84 112.4 114.0 97.8 ,97.4 98.44 1/2 129.6 136.0 93.6 99.5 96.25 124.8 97.8 98.7 98.35 1/2 96.0 100.4 98.46 98.2 99.2 104.2Av. 118.3 119.9 112.4 95.7 98.0 98.3

4 1/2 2 1/2 138.5 108.1 120.3 96.6 103.2 103.93 127.2 112.4 125.5 98.8 105.2 117.33 1/2 122.2 121.0 128.6 98.0 106.4 118.54 130.7 124.8 96.0 109.2 111.24 1/2 151.4 99.0 107.8 115.45 100.2 104.4 126.55 1/2 100.8 107.8 109.16 100.8 111.1 112.3Av. 134.0 116.6 124.8 98.7 106.9 114.3

5 2 1/2 108.0 105.2 114.2 89.6 88.8 106.03 109.8 109.2 115.8 92.4 91.8 105.43 1/2 111.6 112.4 121.8 93.4 92.0 103.24 119.1 124.8 127.6 96.2 94.2 101.44 1/2 117.2 134.7 93.6 91.0 109.65 120.0 96.8 95.3 107.25 1/2 125.2 96.8 95.2 106.56 100.6 ‘99.2 111.0Av. 115.8 117.2 119.8 94.9 93.4 106.3

6 2 1/2 115.6 121.2 95.7 96.7 99.43 114.8 128.8 96.4 100.8 103.73 1/2 115.0 133.9 96.6 99.8 101.24 124.4 140.2 95.8 105.0 102.54 1/2 120.1 141.5 96.0 103.0 103.75 100.8 105.0 111.15 1/2 97.9 101.0 106.86 ’99.8 109.2 113.5Av. 117.9 133.1 97.4 102.6 105.2

* isging data indicates that subject could not complete test sequence at the1g er leve s. . n V H n , _ , ... . . . V

a 7 _

analysis of variance of the heart rate response to the lifting and loading

operation showed that there were significant differences with respect to

subjects, lift heights and weight. Rack length in the range tested did not

significantly affect the operation.

The average person can sustain a work load causing a heart rate of 110

beats per minute on a continuing basis. Rates above this cause excessive

fatigue and degradation of performance.

Weight and height of lift

With the exception of the sequence at 50 pounds rack weight all of the

run sequences for single man loading are inComplete due to physical inability

of the men to hoist the rack to the desired height. An 80 pound sequence

was not included for the 6 foot rack length as it was felt this would be

unrealistically light, and a 120 pound sequence was omitted for the 3 foot

rack as being unrealistically heavy for the length.

The run with the 4 1/2 foot rack at 80 pounds load was one of the first

runs and reflects the lack of conditioning on the part of the subjects.

In general there was the expected increase in heart rate with load and

with height of lift. From the results of these tests it would appear that one

man should not be required to load 80 pound racks over 4 feet or 100 pound

racks over 3 feet at the rate of one every 1/2 minute. All heart rates for

the 120 pound load were above 110 beats per minute.

In the two man loading operation rack weights up to 140 pounds could be

lifted up to 6 feet without exceeding the allowable work load limit. One run

using the 4 l/2 foot racks at 120 pounds gave an average heart rate of 114.3

pounds but this probably reflects conditioning at the time of the test since

5 foot and 6 foot racks could be handled satisfactorily at this load.

Rail‘extensions

The addition of rail extensions 2 1/2 feet long extending downward at

about 45° made it possible for one man to load racks to heights of 6 feet.

Table 2 shows the average heart rate for 80, 100, and 120 pound racks when

rail extensions were used. Only the 6 foot lift required excessive effort

for the 80 pound racks but all 100 and 120 pound lifts were excessive at all

lifting heights.

”Use of ramp

The average heart rate for tests utilizing a l l/2 foot high ramp on

which the subject stood to reach the rail also made it possible for one man

to lift racks up to 6 feet above the ground. However, effort requirements

were excessive for lifts of 80 pounds above 5 l/2 feet and for all 100 and

120 pound lifts.

"Rail guides

A V—rail was also tried. As shown in Table 2 it did not enable the fill—

ing of rail positions above 5 feet at 80 pounds lift and above 4 feet for 100

pound lifts. The V-rail did eliminate much of the skewing and jamming of the

racks which was encountered with flat rack flanges.

The results of this study clearly show that one—man handling of racks

is limited to the handling of lighter rack weights and to lifts not exceeding

4 1/2 feet. Rack weights of 120 pounds are difficult to handle and would

tend to tire the average worker rapidly.

Two—man handling of racks was satisfactory up to 140 pounds and for lift

heights up to 6 feet.

There was no clear indication of an optimum length of rack for either

one man or two man handling.

_ 9 _

Table 2. Average heart rate comparing lift aids (five foot rack length —one man)

Lift Height ' ' ' ' Rack weight '(lbs) ‘ ‘ 'Method-“ .(ft).. , .___.80_. .100 120

Rail extension 4 1/2 106.2 114.2 124.45 110.2 119.4 130.85 1/2 109.0 126.2 131.66 .._114.7 . ,137.0 _142.1

Average 110 .0 124.2 132 . 2

1 1/2 foot ramp 4 1/2 106.0 115.8 120.45 107.6 120.6 125.55 1/2 112.2 124.5 135.06 ,,115.4 . 134.2

Average 110.3 123.7 126.9

V—rail 2 1/2 97.3 115.83 101.0 119.03 1/2 102.4 126.3 did4 106.0 136.2 not4 1/2 105.8 run5 114.45 1/26

Average 103.6 124.3

_ 10 _

Rack Length

Since lifting and loading results did not exhibit any significant effects

of rack length it is necessary to consider other criteria. One such possible

criterion is the limitation imposed on the unlatching operation by arm span.

In existing racks the latches which lock the rack in the closed position are

realistically located on the extreme ends of the rack. It is desirable, and

in some cases almost necessary to depress both latches simultaneously in order

to unlock and remove the cured tobacco. Thus arm span should equal or exceed

rack length .

Figure 2 illustrates the 5th and 95th percentile man in relationship to

a rack 56 1/4 inches* long which is the length being tentatively recommended

by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. As can be seen from the

figure the 95th percentile man can easily span the length of the rack. The

5th percentile man would have to stand close to the rack in order to span its

length as indicated by the dotted line. This would require him to lean for-

ward to prevent interference between his body and the tobacco loaded in the

rack.

'Eack width

Other factors being constant, rack width determined the weight of the

loaded rack. A width of about 15 inches coupled with a length of about 56

inches (both recommended values) determines a rack which will weigh about 115

pounds when filled to a reasonable density with normal size tobacco.’ Reference

to tables 1 and 2.indicates that one man could not lift racks of this weight

* . . . . . .' Other tentative recommended dimen81ons are given in Figure 3.

_ 11 _

onto the rails unless angled rail extensions or ramps were used. Even

when such aids were used the effort was excessive at a loading rate of 1/2

minute per rack. Two men can handle this weight without excessive effort.

Depending on the individual involved it may well be that the high

effort inputs could be tolerated fortrelatively.the short period of time

required to transfer a trailer or truckload of racks into the barn.

It is unlikely that narrow racks would be desirable overall because

they would be more expensive per unit of capacity and would reduce barn capac—

ity because more of the floor area would be covered by the perimeter of the

racks. On the other hand larger racks three to four feet wide tend to load

unevenly due to compaction of the leaf on one side of the rack. This is

due primarily to a density gradient which is established when the rack is

turned on its side during the filling operation.* If this problem could be

solved, large racks could probably be handled by a fork lift or similar

machinery in an efficient manner.

Rack width also determines, especially for the beginning of a lift,

how close the subject can get to the center of the load. From the weights

lifted and Figure 1 it is evident that the subject is closer to the load than

was the case for even the better of the two curves shown. Such is actually

the situation in lifting because the subject tends to stop under the load as

the height increases.

Some additional length in the rail extensions or additional height in

the ramp would reduce the effective lift height. This would spread out the

, energy input over a longer period of time thereby reducing the magnitude of

the impulse type requirement.

*‘ Splinter, W. E. and Suggs, C. W. Tobacco mechanization progress report, 1961.

.,n~—-~. _ 12 _

Handles

The effort required for lifting, carrying and positioning of racks could

be alleviated somewhat if well placed properly designed handles were available.

Figure 4 shows the location which was suggested for one—man handling by the

handling study. Commercial racks currently available are difficult to grasp

because many of the rack edges are sharp and often partially imbedded in the

tobacco. The use of gloves, with the attendant loss of feel, are required to

reduce the incident of cut hands. Also some damage to the leaves occurs be—

cause of the manner in which the leaves cover the sides of the rack. The

ends of the rack are usually free of obstruction so that they can be reached

when the rack is to be lifted by a man at each end. However, sharp edges are

also found in these areas.

The handle location and length shown in the figure would accommodate

either a right or left handed individual handling the rack alone. It is

normal for a right handed person to grip the far (rear) side of rack with his

right hand at a point slightly to the right of center. His left hand is

placed on the front of the rack just to the left of center. The suggested

length is long enough to permit a reversal of this technique for a left

handed person. Some thought would allow the handles to be incorporated in

the overall design of the rack so as to contribute to the structural strength

of the rack. If this were done little additional cost would be incurred.

As an alternative, detachable handles which would fit into notches,

grooves or holes in the rack sides could be used. In general, such devices

do not work well because of the time and effort required to attach and remove

them.

_ 13 _

Alignment

Racks consist of two members, the body onto which the tines are

mounted and a side bar or bottom which latches to the body to prevent the

leaves from falling off the tines. Latching of the side bar to the rack

body requires that these two members approach each other in the proper

spatial relationship or alignment. In a normal filling operation the side

bar is placed so that leaves may be loaded over it. The rack body is then

pressed down, with the tines penetrating the leaves, until the side bar is

engaged. In some racks alignment is insured by guide strips attached at

right angles to each end of the rack side bar. These engage the ends of

the rack body before the tines penetrate very deeply into the leaf mass.

Other racks have no alignment means and, therefore, are dependent on a rack—

ing frame to guide the rack body into the proper position to engage the side

bar. In this case alignment is not as positive and dimensional tolerances

plus structural deflection of the rack and/or racking frame sometimes allow

sufficient misalignment to prevent latching of the rack. This produces a

management and handling problem, particularly if other operations must be

synchronized with racking as on a mechanical tobacco harvester;

Symmary and Conclusions

With the introduction of bulk curing of bright leaf tobacco there has

originated a need for the development of a rationale to aid in the design of

bulk curing racks which can be efficiently and easily handled. As a step in

the development of such a rationale a study which included obserVatiQns on

rack width, component alignment, handles, and guides plus and in—depth investi—

gation of the effects of rack length, weight and lift height and an analysis

of lifting forces was conducted.

_ l4 _

The results of this study indicated that weight and height of lift were

the two most important factors in the handling of bulk racks. It was found

that either of the subjects could lift a 50 lb bale and place it on rails 6

ft above the ground or an 80 lb bale 4 l/2 to 5 l/2 ft. A 100 lb bale could

be lifted and placed at a height of 4 to 4 l/2 ft while the 120 lb bale could

be lifted 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 ft.

When the two subjects handled the bale as a team all of the weights up to

and including 140 lbs could be lifted to rails 6 ft above the ground which

was the highest lévélin the study.

The values listed for the one—man lifts represent maXimal efforts and

hence exceed reasonable design values, which should probably be about l/2

foot less than the smaller value just listed. Effort requirements for one—man

handling as measured by the heart rate of the subjects was found to be above

the level which a subject could sustain continuously. However, it could be

tolerated for the relatively short period of time required to handle the

racks from a trailer or small truck. Effort requirements for the two—man team

were within the continuous capabilities of the subjects.

Rack length and width in the range observed did not appear to affect the

ease of bale handling. However, because of the difficulty of gripping the

bale without damaging ones hands or the tobacco the need for the handles be—

came evident.

Downwardly angled rail extensions or a ramp both of which reduce the

effective lift height made it possible for either subject to lift the 120 lb

bale to a height of 5 l/2 or 6 ft. Effort requirements were high but could

be tolerated on an intermittent basis.

—~l5 _

From this study it can be concluded that:

Weight and height of lift are the most important factors in the manual

handling of racks of tobacco. I

Rack length and width have little on handling ease.

Lifting of normal weight bales (100 — 120 lb) by one man and placing

on the upper rail in a bulk barn (5 — 6 ft) is beyond the capabilities

of most men.

Devices such as angled rail extensions or ramps which reduce the

effective lift height make it possible for one nan to load racks into

a barn.

Effort requirements, except for a two—man team, are sufficiently high

to make intermittent activity necessary.

Two men working as a team can handle normal bales and place them on

the upper rails without excessive effort.

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The 45-inch racks Wayne Parrish hadmade for his barns are a lot easier tohandle.

Staff ReportI Folks in Lunenburg Countypoint to Wayne J. Parrish of Ken-bridge as the man to see aboutbulk curing. The young farmerhas been bulk curing tobacco since1962, when he built his own bulkcuring barn out of exterior ply-wood and aluminum. The barn is8 by 20 feet and holds the equiva-lent of 450 sticks. The farmerbuilt another one in 1966 out of8-inch cinder block and insulat-ed it with vermiculite. It is 8 feetlonger than the first barn andholds the equivalent of 150 moresticks.

Grain dryers and 2-foot highpressure fans are used for curingthe tobacco. Without the cost ofthe racks and burners, Parrishsays it cost him $300 to constructeach barn. The direct burnerscost $550 each. 'When asked why he began bulk

curing as early as he did, theyoung farmer replied, “I justthought it was the wisest thingto do. I had to replace a barn thatburned, and I haven’t regretted itsince. It wasn’t a question of howmuch labor I would have butwhether I could get anyone to helpme harvest my nine acres of to-bacco.” His family consists of hiswife and two daughters both un-der seven years of age.

Smaller Bulk RacksParrish is pleased that he had

smaller special model bulk curingracks manufactured for him by a22

Three Virginians *'

In Same County

. Have Different

Bulk Curing Systems

Three Lunenburg, Virginia, farmers who have nomore than 10 acres of tobacco apiece, felt justifiedin going to bulk curing. To them, it was theanswer to what plagued tobacco farmers every-where last year — labor. '

leading tobacco equipment manu-facturer. The racks are 45 inchesin length and, a lot easier to han-dle than the conventional ones, hereports. He can put them into thebarn himself.The tobacco grower has cured

at least nine barns each season inthe first barn he built. “I had tolearn from experience just how toget my tobacco cured properly,”Parrish admits.Eighty to 90 gallons of LP gas

are required to cure a barn. Elec-tricity costs $1 a day and it takesfive days to cure a barn. The tem-perature of the barn is maintained5 degrees higher than the outsidetemperature for the first 24 hours.The next 12 hours it is raised to100 and then to 105 degrees untilthe leaves are ready to dry.Then he increases the tempera-

ture up to 120 to 125 degrees andbegins ventilating. In 4 hours thetemperature is raised to 130 de-grees at 40 percent ventilation andstays there for 8 hours. He thencuts back to 20 percent ventilationand raises the temperature to 140degrees for 4 more hours. Thetemperature is then raised to 160degrees. Ventilation is cut back to10 percent and remains there until90 percent of the stems are dead.At this stage, ventilation is cutoff until all the stems are dead.

Parrish says he gets four sheetsof tobacco from the older barnper cure and five sheets from theother. About 15 racks constitute asheet of tobacco.To help in his bulk curing op-

’ 5' ts") ._ {Vic-u? Mal

eration, Parrish also constructeda homemade harvester. Two peo-ple prime the tobacco, which isracked on a platform on the prim-ing aid. His six—year-old daughterdrove the tractor. A furrow wasmade in the fifth row to steer it.Parrish loads the tobacco into thebarn himself and estimates ittakes 17 hours to fill 117 racks ofthe bottom-of—the—stalk tobacco.

Mobile Bulk BarnNot too far from Parrish is Troy

Moore, who installed a Long mo-bile bulk curing barn two yearsago. Moore has 10 acres of tobaccoand puts about half of it in thebulk barn and the other half inconventional ones. He plans to goentirely to bulk curing.Labor was also the reason this

farmer decided to go the bulk cur-(Continued, page 26)

Mobile bulk curing barn helped solvelabor problems for Troy Moore, right.His father, Jeff, left, helps him loadthe barn.THE FLUE CURED TOBACCO FARMER

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2.1.4

.5

NOMENCLATURE AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR TOBACCO CURING SYSTEMS

Proposed“by;the,PMiOB/l"Subcommittee~on Tobacco MechaniZatiOnfor Consideration by ASAE PM-O3 Technical Committee May 1,1968

SECTION I - PURPOSE AND SCOPE

One purpose of this recommendation is to establish standards ofnomenclature and terminology related to the bulk curing processfor tobacco. Since the bulk curing process is of recent devel-opment there exisfisa considerable amount of confusion as to theterms by which bulk curing components are described.

A second purpose is to establish uniform methods of capacityratings of bulk curing equipment.

A third purpose is to set up dimensional criteria which willallow interchangeability of bulk curing racks for use in bulkcuring structures and on mechanical harvesting equipment.

The recommendations set forth here pertain to the curing pro-cess for all types of tobacco categorized as Flue Cured Tobacco.They do not necessarily apply to Cigar, Burley or other typesof tobacco.

SECTION II - NOMENCLATURE FOR TOBACCO CURING SYSTEMS

Bulk Curing Structure

The bulk curing structure shall consist of a number of rooms,each room having one or more sets of rails for supportingtobacco racks during the curing process.

Each set of rails shall comprise one tier.

The capacity rating of the structure shall be the number ofracks contained in the curing chamber times the load area ofone rack in square feet.

The furnace, consisting of a fan or blower, combustion unitand air proportioning system shall be rated at the Btu/hrdelivered to the load area at rated air flow.

Rated air flow will be the cubic feet of air/min/ft2 of floorarea with 0.1 inch pressure drop per tier at standard conditions.

2.2 [Bulk Curing Rack

2.2.1

2.2.2

2.2.3

The bulk curing rack is the framed member, containing one or morerows of tines, used to support the tobacco leaves during the curingprocess.

The rack is usually constructed of a tined section which latcheswith a second section to clamp the leaves in place-for handling.In the normal loading operation the second section is placeddown first, the leaves are loaded and the tines are presseddownward through the leaves until the rack latches. Therefore,the tined member shall be called the rack top and the secondsection the rack bottom as this is the normal configuration attime of loading.

The amount of tobacco which may be packed into any one rack willdepend on the load area of the rack. The load area shall be‘defined as the inside clear length times the inside clear widthof the rack neglecting the area reduction due to the presence oftines. 1

SECTION III - DIMENSIONAL SPECIFICATIONS FORBULK CURING SYSTEMS

3.1 Bulk Curing Rack

3.1.1

3.1.2

3.1.3

3.1.4

3.1.5

A representative bulk curing rack is shown in Figure 1 togethercwith significant dimensions for three current manufacturers ofracks.

Rack capacity (see paragraph 2.2.3) is defined as XLfitimes YL.

Rack length sets the minimum room width within which the rackmay be placed and the maximum width between rails for support ofthe rack. Rack length is.alee an important dimensionnfrom thestandpoint of mechanical racking. It is recommended that racklength-XT be standardized at 57" i_l".

~Rack width in the nested configuration Y determines the numberof racks which can be placed in a given room length. It isrecommended that rack nesting width be standardized at 15%” + 1/8".

Maximum rack width Y sets design criteria for mechanized clampsfor use on mechanical harvesting.eQuipment and at the curingstructure. It is recommended that maximumsfiéfikhwidthtbe”standafid-’ized at 16%" + O", -l”. ‘ "”WW“

3;2 Bulk Curing Structure

3.2.1 It is recommended that bulk curing barn room width be standardized £§$59” i,1/4"° Widths greater than this would be acceptable but waste-ful of space. Widths less than this effectively exclude inter-changeability of racks.

f§.2,2 It is recommend d that free clearance between barn rails be standard—ized rat-3'55: 3Z4".

3.2.3 For a room Width of 59” it is recommended that rail width be 1 5/8".

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Although bales of tobacco for bulk curing will likely ulti-

‘mately be handled mechanically. in the interim, there is still a

need to consider bale size with respect to the capabilities of the

men who will be working with them. Also it is likely that some

manual handling of bales will be necessary due to malfunction of

handling equipment.

Length. in order to permit a workman to manipulate the latch

on each end simultaneously, guide the rack onto the barn rails and

use the end plates as carrying handles it would be desirable to

limit bale length. Median arm span according to Woodson (Human

Engineering Guide) is 70.5 inches and hand length is 7.5 inches.

Depending on location of the latches and how manipulated as well

as location of members which might be used for handles a maximum

bale length of from 5h" to 60” should be suitable for a majority

of men.

Weight. Whitney (Ergonomics l (2):lOl-l28) gives an equation

which predicts the maximum load which a man can bend over and lift.

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n = grasp height \

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B = constant = l7.5 cm. I

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£7"ngle

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ROANWE RACK ReWLkXL:58" / gylfg

X6” 57‘” WM 57

X =55”

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anaerniak, Euman xagiaaaringLiitiig . tiutti n qfin 3% 99‘

5* p¢r3¢atila 1a 17 & 36 1%. § & Ean”. 52a581h.x.&n

gt 139* 5* paraantila in 17 & 25 L & ama $343143

turn: ¢x¢:t#a Varius with hatght fifiatt ahealéar.M33. fatal far gush varaaa rfiuu 19¢ ta 15$ ta 119 ta 150 at haight

that: thc shamlatr a! 939, ~15, 9 aha +13 ianuta.

*flfléafii, Kama: £55. amid; u 9;. k - 33niecpq airtugth in uhaflt fié 1b. Quak in lifting.

waitugy. Ergaumuiau. 1958 1, a:1¢a~1a§"r¢and max. ltftiag tmluwa of #1 ta 6% Kg. far 8 uubjnata.

Yalaau in? lifting fihfiifiin tram 12.5 ta fifi an abate aha flanr.

La> 0hwaaduaa . ya. # m 1?

391 $333 in haw $@.6 fittinn ?@u§ fiixh ?955Art langtl 3a.?raruaré wanna 29.5 35.8 39.9tart urn anagth 10.6afiufi aim“ 319.1 3565 “a?stud litath 6.} ?.5 5.?

flanan in? fi. fi. 5:53: in hariaaatal plan» 12” taint thaaldcr: it 5' 19".

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AAAAAAAA $15111. m 5mm. A

5'47 ,/11%;6LQW1 rgfiihf'Lj' figfi§§>i £;~;/‘7%fifififiw~€ 15R.F£Am /fl;%?;{4 fiéZA.:Aé;%;550‘5’ 01// /

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102+ M/AeA1 KAJKAX’A/ I2 4AA) , U 1'55”Since this is the average maximum, design weight should be

decreased somewhat so that a higher percentage of the population "

. would be able to lift the bale.- it should also be pointed out

that this is a maximum value describing the capacity of the indivi-

dual for occasional or emergency encounters, e.g., should a bale

‘fall off the barn rails. Routine manual handling of bales of this

weight would require two men.

A NFQF f V V

_ €53» x? xxx Eeavgkigéx

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. #5“le5‘; $9 Rafi? x? avg:F:.‘ 9:» F333

LIFTIHG(7‘ gdkzu~, /?’é‘é

Lifting of weights may anus: hack iujury. Bending with straight knaas

(derrick action) is dangarous compared to fluted hunts and upright trunk

(knee action). Harinontnl abdpanonts of fatcas are unaligible. a. the

angle which the facultant.fora¢ R at the hand makes with the vurttcsl ta

stanccr for darriak action than that far knca tartan. Sam figurc 2,£or 6.

EH. av, 3% :66 PV.

A: fan: placemnnt distagca (p) inaraaaa 6 incrensaa and with incraanc

1n grasp height (h), 6 daercascs. Sac figure 1. p and h are in cm.

Effaat a! the type of grasp in mmall and that of type at lifting acttan ‘

is an: narkéd. Pact plucamnnt is the aunt importaat variablc affecting tha

magnitude of ch: liffiing forau. Iha aux: imparcant vattabla is 3:159 hcight.

Varcicnl eonpenen: of the farce apylicd am the bar is:

wp * h tan 6.* 8 Kg. "t“EV

“AMAwhcre w is the wgight of bubjcct in K3. tlfi leveragg distance of the line of

Aaetiafi of w from the effectiva {oat pivat in cm, 8 the distaneo of this pivnt

Erna ch: txpcrtncntul font placenta: in an. I

166336 9 it warn influnntial an RV eh‘n hm mastuun it ta he 30 en.

Awurasu tan 0 as per flhttnay ta 026 tad we 1a//§93/ an cu while 8 is 17.9 6

cm far dartick «£2165. Hanan. W%:\,}

3V ‘ so + b can a - a “ ac + n a.za~17.9 12.1 + 0.26 h K“

'1512,; + 0.25 h x 2.205 1b. wt;

Since p +bh tan 6, in car can: woula alwgyn he nbova the lawn: cerractly

prudiating liImt (Whitney) we will necept thn furnaia safn at least an lave:

lint: basis. 8133: thc uppar limit in 3a: sycctficd at can fink: our pradie~

aloau to he aarrwet. ' ‘ \ oéé}¥jb f

Tha maximum. steady, vurttual forge éhgaQS‘? fer lfijhting at various

hcighti 0f grasp ts tabulatud. A¢

Minimum V¢rticai Staady 333%:w *fi;’?fi .‘ v.¢3“

12 164.514‘ 154.516 145.013 137.020 139.6'22 ‘ 123.:2a 113.026 112.523 - , 108.039 ' 103.232 99.234 . ' . 95.536 91.7as 88.539 87.742 82.5

nnrsnxxcx

“hitnay. R. J. Th: cernnsth a! lifting untian in man. Ersnnnnlcs. Val. 1.Rumba: 2* Feb“ 1958; pp. 101~128.

DETERHIMNG ALLOWABLE BALE 5an mo WEIGHTman HUMN encmttama cousmamnons

C. W. Suggs

Although bales of tobacco for bulk curing will likoly ultimately be handled

mechanically, in the interim, tnore is still a nnod to considnr hole size with rospact

to the capabilities of too men who will be working with them. Also it is likely that

some manual handling of bolas will be necessary due to malfunction of handling oquipn

man it. '

nggtg. In order to permit a workman to manipulate the latch on oacn end

simultaneously, guide the rack onto the barn rails and uso the and plates as carrying

handles it would be desirable to limit bole length. Modian arm span according to

Hoodson (Human Engineering Guido) is 70.5 inches and hand lengtn is 7.5 inches.

Depending on location of the latches and how manipulated as well as location of

mombors which might be used for handlns a maximum bola length of from SM“ to 60” should

be suitable for a majority of men.

_Egiggt. Whitney (Ergonomics l (2):i0l~iZo) givos an nquation which predicts

the maximum loadehioh a man can bend over and lift. His equation isV W o;

Load p+htan€2 “B

.where H a body weightp w distanco betwaon balls of foot and centerline of wolgnt

h a grasp hoignt

é? a Angle between vertical and plane of arms (avoragovoluo a lh.6°)

6%- a body levor arm with rospoct to the weight

8 a constant a l7.5 cm.

A representative value for the product N#— has boon found to be l#7l Kg. Cm.

Substituting appropriate values one has, lh7l . mLoad a 30 + .26 (32) - 17.5 '5 72 Kg 3 '60 lbs.

w 2 .

Sinca this is the average maximum, design “night shauid bfi dacraafiad somewhat

90 that a higher porcontage of the papulation would be «hie to lift the halo. it

should aiso be pointcd aut that this is a maximum v¢luc.doscribing the capacity of

the individual for occaaional or emergency ancountcrs, e.g. should a bale fall off

tha barn rails. Rautina manual handling of bales ef this weignt would roquira two

M“.

meant“ Minna far Wham» tum Curing Sagan-s

0w: 0“ MW‘KThu hulk wring born «I? “meter: 3M3! cmaist 91'WW, «ch

was having «at w «an at: a!” ran: far this “sanding 9? tbs tohmwrank: during that curing prom”. Each u: M rum stun cmri“ atin.

C(a’16”/Igfi[;9.1/lx7lt‘>k“7KW”flummmm but tho umr of rack: cmtlim in tin barn tin”

tho am am of my: much,- xfizmwufi 333 1; «3133.3. 3:333:1‘[’4 Mxfiw/J ,

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m-fi'fi

vshixlu ufififii fi‘ uifis. aha; £3 ? titt 1an&.1 taat gamut witagaugn yawn

xifit. if'raflka urn»tm ha «firmififi»¢rwmmu&$m 3a a aAgn-maw tkwy angaza mat

@w innstr than 5*.

fifiiflifl¥fifii3‘fifiWVflfitfir§ ufii: ta at tww tryia

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typt Human 3% aafittwa ya a 115&% {mat a! kw; raw) trmataw. :3 thin «uni

knit ”might ahaalé mat awrpag; ta» ampnfiity at 3h; graatar* Xmgxfinmut

fifiififitflfiflr ihfifi fiififl fixmfitaw %£% abwmt Rafi 33*; I£ aha §a1£la‘yim%fili

aua thc «yafimfiflr ifiiflht #66 x3; fihan u hula un£gat at 1&5 yaw§£n*naalfi 3i

umytmfig, mm my mm: M as; mi? rum mum M amtm m

wkfi high ilfififlmlfififiimmkfififl inflidlkmlamumflhmt largmw and wani§ yrflkmhzx

afiaflflfiéatfl & hjmmgtr mnflk.

filfififltflfififi at tihwaww lfiflfifii ta tinta aim: "'“ "'V afi tna yuvtmi

(I) wfiiut rwmiafinnei (fifififififitfl) €37 xrtmtfima nfi mewwn “inn; txflw. wag

tirmfi a! Ehfiafi twfilgwmgmnqnfin 1w itéflfiififliflfi a: ta; tfizdkmwau a: fin» haxn.

gag gauamfi at an; tats mania it yragattiaaaz tfl thfi tktukfitua y£uw§nfig

what in wanixflnafii R mafia! fii fitfifitwfl tat!i*fi§$&kuwnx i hr R m 61 w an;

3%.wharw a: uni a ‘xrn aanakuatgm tt'nmnn thtakanwg a‘uwmma‘fiauaafi lawsm

W is» am than than a am: an fiWMiMd: '

.inlt‘!¢ight aaali bat: an afloat an eating‘ 3‘}. wifith‘(thiakncac)

vault a: a: iuyartnuaa ail: ta fine Il¥int that unsanitawn packing night

canvvntiamul karts havn‘at lanai on: fliucnaien aiviuihlu h: b itito

2h; tugliaatinu as #9 halt loucth 1a «trivia.

; s -antartnsi.

Haearu1¢h. xuuan EnginaoriugLifting w nithd ’ ;ua at 99'

5% yfirefiutiia it 17 & 2e 1h. L a afifllfi is 53 fi 56 it. x & a

at 1&9‘ 5t ynwaontiln,$a 1? & zk'n & afittfl 5h 5 6% m t a

Yaral csartsfi warty; with hetgfit nbévs ahauldir.flux. tarea Sag gunk variaa Iran 199 t» 136 t¢ 11% t9 1&& nt hatgbt

ataw: tut fihfifllamr at «30,,o19, a and +18 iaahtn.r

Wuoéaau. tuna: Ens. «uiia m 33. h a £8niamyixnttinsth is akafit 6% 1». Inah 1n lilting.

Whittcy, Ergaamnicn. 1958 1, £31$&*1£§raunfi max. lifting rtluts ¢£ #1 to 6# :3. far 8 nabjceta.@hiu.n far lifting ébsnnta Iran 12.5 ta 59 an at»?! tho slant.

Iaadnan . 33. h - 1?A»: Jain in an! 69.6 Brain: $9.5 fiixa ?9.5a»: zangwh 36;?rnruarfi tiaah ' 39.5 35.3 33.63% o it: langth 13.$ayun'Akiike 31.1 35.5 #.7fifind lfln‘th 6.3 7¢§ 3.7

annah far a. S. Eigsfl $3 havinantcl plan» 12” kaiou uhwalfiaru 1: 5' 19”.