3 Issues Globalization

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SCIT 4th Semester Core Course Prof. Saravan

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Migration, Human rights, Culture

Energy, Environment, Development

Benefits and Challenges of globalization

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Issues of Globalization


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MIGRATION

UN estimates: 3.05 % of the world population

People living outside their country of origin(120 million in 1990, 215 million in 2012).

Study across 135 countries: 16 % of the worlds adult

population would like to move permanently toanother country if they had the chance.

Complex impacts of migration benefits and

disadvantages.

Pre war, Post war, Current migrations

Migration Patterns

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MIGRATION - PUSH Factors Lack of Jobs: Example International Labor

Organization: About half of the total population

of current migrants, 100 million women andmen migrant workers, have left home to findbetter job and lifestyle opportunities for theirfamilies.

War, Political and Religious persecution:Example In 2010, the total number of refugeesreached 43.7 million, the responsibility of theUnited Nations Commission for Refugees(UNHCR). This is the highest number in 15 years.

Environmental Problems: Example InMorocco, Libya, and Tunisia, over 1000 squarekilometers of productive land is lost annually todesertification, which has led to a wave ofNorth African migrants fleeing to WesternEurope in order to escape crop failure and watershortage.

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MIGRATION - PULL Factors

Higher standards of Living: Economics same work, better

rewards higher wages, greater safety net of welfare benefits.

Labor Demand: Developed countries need migrants' labor.Example In Canadas migrant population was about 250,000 in

2006. Today, it has doubled.

Political and

Religious Freedom

Other: Superior medical

care, education,

family links,

culture, language.

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MIGRATION ISSUES Negative:

Increases nations low-income

population size (much more likelyto live in poverty, lack health insurance,

access welfare system than natives).

Brain Drain: Example International

Organization for Migration (IOM):

Currently, there are more African

scientists and engineers working inthe US than in Africa.

Adds to public welfare burden

Integration problems, divided cities

Human Trafficking

Positive: Helps in skill shortages

Reverse contributions to home country

High-skilled immigrants make important contributionsto economy

World Bank (2011): Remittances worldwide at $483

billion helps in decline of poverty6


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Human Trafficking

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Trafficking Exploitations

EU integration problems


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World Population Distribution

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Global issue and anti-contraceptive activists; religious and logistical.

About 358,000 women and 3 million newborns die each year worldwide

due to pregnancy and childbirth. 10

15 % of those are believed to be

deaths caused by unsafe abortions


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HUMAN RIGHTSUN Efforts to Secure Freedom from Torture: The ban on torture

encompasses four separate human rights.

The first is the right to be protected from torture, whether carriedout by states or private individuals, by all legal, administrative and

judicial means available.

The second is the right to have those accused of torture prosecuted,wherever they may be.

The third is the right of a person to not be expelled, returned orextradited to another state if there is suspicion that that person

might be subject to torture, inhuman or degrading treatment.

The fourth is the right of victims to obtain redress, faircompensation, including rehabilitation and the right of victims tomake a complaint, to have it impartially investigated, and to be

protected from retaliation for making complaints.9


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Humanitarian Intervention Responsibility to Protect (R2P): Important advancement in the subject of

humanitarian intervention. The R2P principle is outlined in a December 2001 report

by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS).

The question of how to balance state sovereignty and protection of all peoples from

crimes against humanity, such as genocide: the commitment to R2P was made at the

UN World Summit in 2005. Three basic pillars:

Pillar One stresses that States have the primary responsibility to protect their

populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against

humanity.

Pillar Two addresses the commitment of the international community to provide

assistance to States in building capacity to protect their populations from genocide,war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity and to assist those under

stress before crises and conflicts break out.

Pillar Three focuses on the responsibility of international community to take timely

and decisive action to prevent and halt genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes andcrimes against humanity when a State fails to protect its populations. 10


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Childrens Rights UN Declaration on Rights of the Child (1989, 1990)

It reaffirms the principle of non-discrimination

Decisions involving children should always be the best interests of thechild

It protects every childs right to life and development

the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the ageand maturity of the child

Child Soldiers

300,000 children are being used in 30 conflicts around the world.

Abduction, brainwashing, forcing to commit atrocities

TheAfrican Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child

contains a stronger prohibition, banning the recruitment (voluntary orotherwise) of anyone under 18.

Importantly, the International Criminal Court includes the use of childrenunder 15 in hostilities as a war crime that it can prosecute.

The Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2009.

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Global Crude Oil Flows

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ENERGY Energy security: Commonly used to indicate the stability of a countrys supply of

energy. Not the same as energy independence. It is dependent on:

1) Resilience: is a security margin that would allow a country to absorb any minorshocks to its energy supply and facilitate recovery after disruptions. This buffer

can take many forms, including spare production capacity, strategic reserves,

backup supplies of equipment, adequate storage capacity along the supply chain.

2) Diversification of Supply: If a country can broaden the base of suppliers from

which it imports energy, it is less exposed to the risks of a major supplydisruption. The US, has managed to wean itself off complete dependence on the

OPEC, decreasing its share of energy imports from OPEC nations from 72% in

1975 to 45% in 2011.

3) Global Interdependence: Both importing and exporting countries have grown

more sophisticated in their energy policies. The new reality of the global energylandscape is one of interdependence. Example: European Union imports 30% of

its energy from Russia. Russia depends on the EU for 20% of its natural gas

revenues. Both countries have an important stake in the transaction and in the

stability of the environment that allows the transaction to occur. Possible anxiety,

heightened tensions, defensive behaviour, impact on broader climate ofinternational relations. 13


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OIL RESERVES

Eleven OPEC countries have 78% of the worlds proven oil

reserves.

The control of current and future oil reserves is the single greatest source of

global economic and political power.

Saudi Arabia has the largest supply of oil reserves with 25%. The OPEC

nations are almost all in the Middle East. It is thought that their production

of global oil will increase from 30% at present to 50% in the future.

Oil is the most widely used resource in the world. It is of concern that the oil

producing areas are politically stable. This area is often very volatile and

may be subject to terrorist attacks.

The U.S. has only 2.9% of the worlds proven oil reserves and about one-fourth of that comes from offshore drilling and from Alaskas North Slope.

The U.S. uses about 26% of crude oil extracted worldwide each year.

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ENERGY

Types of Energy: Oil, Coal, Nuclear Power,

Renewable Energy: Biofuels and ethanol, Windpower, hydropower and tidal power, hydrogen

power and fuel cells, solar power.

Energy Conservation: Issue: standby power, the energy consumed by electronic

devices when idling and not operating, accounts for

between 5 % - 10% consumption.

Issue: Emission control of vehicles, domestic: Cleanerburning Fuels, relevant savings of electricity.

Issue: Quality programs in buildings mgmt and

manufacturing for energy efficient machinery.

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Global Carbon Dioxide

(CO2) emissions from

fossil-fuels 1990-2008

Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions


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2008 Global CO2Emissions from Fossil

Fuel Combustion and

some Industrial Processes

(million metric tons of CO2)

Global Greenhouse Gas

Emissions by Source


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ENERGY OIL PRODUCTION Hubberts Peak Theory: hypothesized in 1956. All rates of oil

production follow a bell-shaped curve and will eventually peak

and decline according to predictable patterns. This applies toboth individual oil fields and to global oil reserves as a whole.

Predicted U.S. oil production would peak around 1970. Globalproduction would begin to decline by 2006.

Critiques claims on hidden oil, cold war restraints, more

reserves of middle east.

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ENERGYDuring the last twocenturies we haveknown nothing butexponential growth

and in parallel wehave evolved whatamounts to anexponential-growth

culture,

a culture so heavilydependent upon thecontinuance ofexponential growth for

its stability that it isincapable of reckoningwith problems of non-growth

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ENERGY Climate change: A 2009 report on The Anatomy of a Silent

Crisis: Human Impact Report Climate Change estimates that

26 million of the 350 million people displaced worldwide wasdue to climate change. In the coming century estimatesrange from 50 million to one billion people will lose theirhomes and lands due to climate change.

Collective Action problem: All nations have a collectiveinterest in mitigating climate change, but the individual costsfaced by each nation in contributing to this effort are veryhigh, perhaps greater even than the benefits it expects toreceive.

Tipping point: A rise of 3 degrees Celsius from currenttemperatures could lead to the irreversible destabilization ofthe Arctic ice sheets or reversal of the Earths ability to

absorb carbon dioxide. 21


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Climate Change

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The Stern Review: Sir Nicholas Stern, a former chief economist at

the World Bank, in October 2006, reported on the potential

impact of escalating climate change on the global economy

within the next 50 years:

Global warming could eventually devastate the world economy

on the scale of the world wars and the Great Depression by

decreasing global GDP by 5% to 20% each year in the coming

decades.

The report recommends investing 1% of current global GDP in

reducing greenhouse gas emissions, arguing that such a move to

reduce global warming could result in trillions of dollars in

savings in the long term.


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Conference of Parties Kyoto Protocol: In1997alternative ways of meeting emissions targets that emerged

during the negotiation of the Protocol were the Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism and

the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

In each case, a developed nation would invest in an emissions reduction project in another

country. Even though the emissions reductions would not be achieved within its own

borders, the investing country would receive credit for its action to help meet its own

reduction target. Emissions credits would be transferred between the two partners

(recipient : developed or a developing country)

A 2009 conference in Copenhagen attempted to cement the post Kyoto framework. Thesummit was criticized for failing to produce a treaty to curb global warming. Minor Success

in generating a emission-reducing commitments from countries, such as China and India.

2010 December, Re-meet of Kyoto countries Cancun, Mexico. Agreement for Green

Climate Front, was made, pledging to raise $100 million dollars to help developing

countries reduce emissions. This was the 16th Conferences of the Parties (COPs) started in

1995.

2011 December Durban, South Africa, attendees adopted the Durban Platform, a

roadmap to a legal agreement. Emissions reductions are to be carried out by all countries,

not just developed ones.

COP-18 in Doha, Qatar December, 2012.

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Law of Petropolitics Thomas Friedmans Law of Petropolitics potential political ramifications

of resource riches

There is a negative correlation between the price of oil and pace offreedom, which always move in opposite directions in oil-rich petroliststates.

Petrolist states are both dependent on oil production for the bulk of theirexports or GDP and have weak institutions / outright authoritarian

governments. Examples : Egypt, Iran, Nigeria, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sudan,Venezuela.

Pace of freedom: the development of the elements of a democraticgovernment, such as free speech, free press, free and fair elections, anindependent judiciary, independent political parties, and general rule oflaw.

As the price of oil rises and money floods into state treasuries, petrolistgovernments gain the upper hand in their relations with the internationalcommunity. They are less dependent on maintaining positive diplomaticand trade relationships with other countries because other countriesdesperately need the natural resources they can provide. Free from suchpressures, they can do what they please in the domestic sphere.

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Resource Curse

Thomas Friedman on economic pitfalls from resource riches:

The way a dependence on natural resources always skews acountrys politics and investment and educational priorities, so

that everything revolves around who controls the oil tap and who

gets how much from itnot how to compete, innovate, and

produce real products for real markets.

The resource curse: When a country strikes it rich as an energy

supplier, the collective attention of both the government and the

civil society can become devoted solely to maximizing profits

from the energy industry. This single-minded focus comes at theexpense of other economic and development priorities, and can

begin to dominate a countrys political and social life.

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ENVIRONMENT

Key Concerns:

Ozone depletion

Global warming

Bio-diversity

Key Concerns: What is the balance between environmental protection and

economic development?

How can nations cooperate to protect the environment whentheir interests diverge?

Should international agreements on trade and other issuescontain explicit measures to protect the environment?

What are the responsibilities of richer nations to help poorernations develop environment-friendly?

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ENVIRONMENT Invasive Species:

Invasive species are non-native species infiltrators that invade

ecosystems beyond their historic range. Example: The introduction ofthe water hyacinth into Lake Victoria in 1990 caused majordifficulties in Uganda. The way the plant grows affects shipping,reducing fish catches, hampering electricity generation and humanhealth.

According to United Nations Environmental Program the total annualcost of invasive species (plant and animal) to the world economy is$1.4 trillion dollars.

Invasive species reproduce quickly, take resources from native plants,

and are hard to eliminate. There are huge losses in biodiversityrelated to the increased introduction of non-native species intosocieties.

Increased travel, immigration, and international trade have made it

more difficult to manage these alien species and have inflated thenumber of species entering societies. 27

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TERMS and CONCEPTS United Nations Commission for Refugees (UNHCR): The

agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international

action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problemsworldwide. Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rightsand well-being of refugees.

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinianrefugees (UNRWA): established in 1949, after Israels War ofIndependence to carry out direct relief and works programsfor Palestine refugees.

International Labor Organization (ILO): the specialized UNAgency that brings together governments, employers andworkers of its member states in common action to promotedecent work throughout the world. It seeks to promotesocial justice and recognized human and labor rights.

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S d CONC S


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TERMS and CONCEPTS

International Court of Justice (ICJ): the principle judicial body of the

United Nations with responsibility for adjudicating disputes between stateson questions of international law. The Court does not have jurisdiction overindividuals, and individuals have no standing to bring a suit before the ICJ.

International Criminal Court (ICC): a permanent international courtcreated by treaty, with 104 states in July, 2002. The Court has jurisdiction

over war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide involving countriesthat are party to the treaty and in instances when those countries areunwilling or unable to prosecute an instance of one of those crimesoccurring on its territory.

War Crimes: Violations of the laws and customs of war as codified by the

Geneva and Hague Conventions. These crimes include, but are not limitedto, the destruction of cities or towns not justified by military necessity, thetargeting and killing of civilians, torture, killing a surrendered combatant,willful destruction of religious institutions or educational centers, and theplunder of public or private property.

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TERMS d CONCEPTS


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TERMS and CONCEPTS Berlin Mandate: The Mandate that established the framework for

negotiations on reductions in greenhouse gas emissions that would

eventually lead to the Kyoto Protocol; the Mandate is notable forintroducing the principle of common but differentiatedresponsibilities between developed and developing countries.

Earth Summit: Another name for the United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in1992. The main result of the Summit was the signing of the U.N.Framework Convention on Climate Change, which eventually led tothe Kyoto Protocol on curbing greenhouse gas emissions five yearslater.

Carbon trading: A market-based system of permits designed toallow for flexibility in schemes aimed as reducing levels of carbonemissions; the European Emission Trading Scheme is the firstpractical implementation of such a system, though many feel carbontrading will be central to future efforts to mitigate the effects ofclimate change.

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TERMS d CONCEPTS


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TERMS and CONCEPTS Emission Trading Scheme: A market for carbon trading established by

the European Union in late 2005 as a means of meeting commitments

made through the Kyoto Protocol; it is the first scheme of its kind.Implementation of the ETS has been plagued by early problems,including the amount of credits initially distributed, abuses resultingfrom grandfathering, and the short length of its initial timeframe.

Grandfather clause: A clause creating an exemption based on

circumstances previously existing. The complex system of exemptionsfor companies that were grandfathered into the European UnionsEmission Trading Scheme have been a major problem.

Kyoto Protocol: Drafted in 1997 at the third Conference of the Parties

to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, the KyotoProtocol set schedules and targets for cuts in greenhouse gas emissions.164 countries are now a party to the Protocol, representing 55 percentof global emissions, but the United States has pointedly refused toratify the agreement. The U.S. has objected to the scope of theProtocols ambition and the exclusion of developing countries such as

China and India from mandatory cuts. The Protocol went into force in2005. 31

TERMS d CONCEPTS


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TERMS and CONCEPTS Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): A

group of the worlds most advanced and wealthiest economies that is

both a forum for and an active participant in debates aboutinternational economic policies. It was established in 1961 and now has

30 members, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, South

Korea, and most members of the European Union.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): A cartel of anumber of the worlds leading oil exporting nations that exerts

significant control over world oil prices by limiting the supplies made

available by member nations through a system of quotas. The members

of OPEC are: Algeria, Angola, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya,

Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.OPEC was founded in 1960.

Seven Sisters: The seven largest and most powerful private oil

companies in the world; these companies dominated the global oil

industry for much of the twentieth century. They included: Mobil,

Exxon, Chevron, Royal Dutch Shell, British Petroleum, Texaco and Gulf32


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3 Issues Globalization

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