3. Good Practices of Household E Waste Collection and Recycling in Other Countries Yamashita San

8/19/2019 3. Good Practices of Household E Waste Collection and Recycling in Other Countries Yamashita San

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Good Practices of Household E-waste Collection and Recycling

in Other Countries

2 November 2015

Makoto YAMASHITA

JICA Expert team


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Issues to be considered for E-waste

Collection

• Who is going to collect E-wastes?

• Where are we going to collect?

• Where are collection points going to be?

• How should we collect and transport?

• Which items do we need special considerations for?

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• What are hazardous substances in E-wastes?

• How to treat hazardous substances in E-wastes?

• How to ensure hazardous substances are safely

treated?

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Issues to be considered for E-waste

Recycling


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Contents of Presentation1. E-waste collection

1.1 Collection schemes

1.2 Cases in other countries

1.3 Nation-wide collection

1.4 Proper collection practice1.5 Item-specific consideration

2. E-waste recycling technology

2.1 Hazardous substances in E-wastes2.2 Recycling requirements in other countries

2.3 Environmentally sound recycling technology

2.4 Step-wise approach for E-waste recycling

2.5 Auditing Collection and Recycling

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Types Methods Explanations

Drop-off Drop-off into the

collection box at fixedlocations

Consumers bring their own E-wastes to collection boxes.

More often for small E-wastes. These boxes are set up byretailers or municipalities.

Drop-off at the buy-back centers/collection centers

Consumers bring their own E-wastes to the buy-backcenters or collection centers set up by NGOs and others.

Drop-off at temporarycollection points

NGOs and citizen's groups encourage people todischarge E-wastes at temporary collection sites forrecyclables.

Collectionathouseholds

Door-to-door Collection Collectors from municipalities or private companiescome to the door to collect E-wastes.

Collection by retailers(Take-back)

Retailers collect old E-appliances when they delivernew E-appliances. More suitable for bulky and heavyitems.

Collection by web

services

Sell off E-wastes online. After the pick-up request,

collectors will come and collect.

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Different types of E-waste Collection


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1. Collection boxes at public places.Generators bring their E-wastes to drop it into the collection boxes located at

public places. More suitable and applicable to small E-wastes.

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2. Collection/buy-back centersGenerators bring their E-wastes to the collection and/or buy-back centers

run by NGOs, retailers, junkshops or some other organizations.

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3. Collection by retailers (take-back)The retailers collects old E-appliances at the time of delivery of new E-

appliances to a household. It will be an effective way of collecting E-wastes

with existing E-appliance delivery systems of retailers.

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1.2 Collection in other countries

Collection Centers Recycling FacilitiesHouseholds （Primary

Collection）（Secondary

Collection）

Countries Types of collection Collection fromhouseholds

Operation ofcollection centers

Transportationfrom CCs to RFs.

JapanCollection at households/

Drop-off

Mainly retailers

(Also municipalities andconsumers)

Manufacturers Manufacturers

HollandMainly drop-off/

door-to-door

Consumers / Retailers

MunicipalitiesMunicipalities Recyclers

Germany Mainly drop-off Consumers / Retailers

MunicipalitiesMunicipalities Manufacturers

France Mainly drop-off Consumers / Retailers

Municipalities

Municipalities/

ManufacturersManufacturers

TaiwanCollection at households/

Drop-off

Consumers, Retailers

Municipalities,

Collectors

CollectorsCollectors/Recyclers

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Different types of collection schemes


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Holland

Area Collectors Numbers TotalLocal Municipal collection sites 400-500 Approx.

8,000Retailers 3,000+Door-to-door collectors 500-1,000

Regional Treatment facilities 70 Approx. 100Metal scrap dealers 15Refurbishers 4

Country-wide Recycling facilities 9 9

RecyclingFacilities

(9)

Municipalities

(400~500)

Consumers

Retailers(3,000)

E-wastes

Segregationsites

E-wastes are collected by municipalities and retailers.


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Holland

Source: “The Dutch WEEE Flows,” United Nations University, 2012


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EAR Coordinationat ~1,500 municipal

collection points


Germany

Federal Government

Individual

manufacturer/

importer

Central Registration

Agency(EAR)Report

Retailer Household

Municipal collection point

Recycler

P i c k u p

r e q u e s t

Report

Coordination

Report

B 2 B

Individual Maker Group

Management

Organization


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Collection sitesMunicipal collection sites: approx.3000

Manufacturers’ collection sites: approx.5,000

Others:1000


France

RecyclingFacilities

Municipalities(3000~4000)

Consumers

Retailers(19,500)

E-wastes

Consortium

Manufacturers’

collection system


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France

Source: “STUDY ON THE QUANTIFICATION OF WASTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT (WEEE)

IN FRANCE,” ADEME, 2013


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• Municipalities, retailers and collectors collect E-

wastes.

• 13 recycling plants nationwide

• 241 collection enterprises

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Taiwan

Source: PPT “Update on E-waste Management in Taiwan,” EPA Taiwan, 2014

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Consumers Collectors RecyclersCollectionPoints

Retailers

Municipalities

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Taiwan

Source: “RECYCLING AND WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT IN TAIWAN: A

CASE STUDY,” US EPA, 2012


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• Mainly, retailers collect E-wastes from

households.

• 363 designated take-back sites

• 49 recycling facilities

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RecyclingFacilities

(49)

Retailers(80,000)

Consumers

Municipalities

E-wastes Designatedtake-back

sites(363)


Japan

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• How many collection centerswill be needed in Malaysia?

• Needs some consideration for

remote areas

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Recycling fees for remote islands

Breakdowns of transportation

cost for remote islands

1.3 Nation-wide Collection

ACs CRT TVs

Remote islands

Main islands

Refrigerators Washing

machines

Yen

Transportation

cost at sea

Collection cost on

remote islandsTransportation

cost on mainland

Source: Home Appliance Recycling Annual Report, Association for Electric Home Appliances, (AEHA), Japan, 2014


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1.4 Proper collection Practice

Discharge:Hand over E-wastes to

authorized collectors.

Transportation to collection centers:

Consideration for easy

transfer, breakage, and

leakage to informal

sectors.

Discharge

Receiving E-wastes at collection centers

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At the collection center:

- Counts or weigh E-wastes collected.

- Check for unwanted objects inside E-wastes.

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Sorting:Sort E-wastes by

their types

Loading and transportation to recycling facilities:

Need to consider efficiency of transporting E-wastes.

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• Sizes of E-wastes should be considered for more

suitable collection method.

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Small items

BatteriesFluorescent lamps

Mobile phonesPCsTVs

Air Conditioners Washing machines

Refrigerators

Drop-box

Size

Bulky items

Collection Methods

Collection center(Buy-back center)

Take-back scheme

Door-to-doorcollection

1.5 Item-specific Consideration

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• Other considerations

▫ Florescent lamps require special containers to avoid

any breakage.

▫ Air conditioners (ACs) need to be pumped down beforecollection.

▫ ACs and refrigerators need to be collected without any

leakage of refrigerants.

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1.5 Item-specific Consideration

Gauge

manifold

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Issues to be considered for recycling:

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• What are hazardous substances in E-wastes?

• How to treat hazardous substances in E-wastes?

• How to ensure hazardous substances are safely

treated?

2.Recycling Technology

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Hazardous substances Expected usages in

Lead CRT screens, printed wiring boards

Cadmium Rechargeable NiCd-batteries, fluorescent layerfrom old CRT screens

Mercury Fluorescent lamps, backlights in LCDs, in somealkaline batteries and mercury wetted switches

Brominated flame retardants(BFRs)

Printed circuit boards, components ofconnectors, plastic covers, and cables

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Greenhouse Gases(GHGs)

Expected usages in

Fluorocarbon (CFCs, HCFCs) Cooling units in ACs and refrigerators,Insulation foam for refrigerators

2.1 Hazardous Substances in E-wastes


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Document Focused items

EU

Directive onwaste electricaland electronicequipment

(WEEE)2012/19/EU

The materials and components that require selective treatment arepolychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) containing capacitors, mercurycontaining components, batteries, printed circuit boards, tonercartridges, plastic containing brominated flame retardants, asbestos,CRTs, fluorocarbons, gas discharge lamps, LCDs, external electriccables, components containing refractory ceramic fibers, componentscontaining radioactive substances, electrolyte capacitors

Japan

Waste treatmentstandard underWASTEMANAGEMENT

AND PUBLICCLEANSING LAW

CRT glass, printed circuit board, LCD TVs containing mercury orarsenic, HFCs as refrigerants from air conditioners, refrigerators,washing machines and Dryers, HFCs as insulations from refrigerators.

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2.2 Recycling standards in other countries

Document Focused items

EU

WEEELABEX

*industry’s ownstandard

Capacitors, components containing mercury, batteries andaccumulators, printed circuit boards, plastics containing certain typesof brominated flame retardants, Volatile fluorocarbons and volatilehydrocarbons, asbestos, Components containing radioactive substances

U S

R2:2013Standard

*industry’s ownstandard

“Focused Materials” are CRT glass, Mercury containing items, circuitboard, batteries, Polychlorinated biphenyl-containing items (PCBs)

Legal standards

Industry’s standards

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or

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2.3 Environmentally Sound Recycling

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Proper recycling of Air Conditioners


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Proper recycling of Air Conditioners

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Plastics

Refrigerants Copper,

aluminum

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Proper recycling of refrigerators



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- CFCs in insulation are vacuumed with no fugitive emission

- CFCs in urethane are captured using activated carbon filters.

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Iron, copper,

aluminum, plastics

Refrigerants

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• Recycling practice in Germany:

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Proper recycling of TVs


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Proper recycling of CRT TVs

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glass Lead containing glass

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Proper recycling of flat panel TVs

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Circuit boards glass

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Initial cost Labor Cost Recovery Rate ofMaterials

RecyclingCapability

High tech

(machinesegregation)

high low high large

Low tech(manualdismantling)

low high low small

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• A step-wise approach can be considered to avoid

high initial costs as long as these recycling standards

are met.

2.4 Step-wise Approach for E-waste Recycling

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• As the recycling scheme becomes more matured, therecycling policy should aim for higher recycling rates.

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2.4 Step-wise Approach for E-waste Recycling

Recycling rate

Recycling rate

standards(-2008)

ACs (above 60%)

TVs (above 55%)

Refrigerators,

freezers and Washing

machines

(above 50%)

Recycling rate

standards(2009-)

ACs (above 70%)

Washing machines/dryers

(above 65%)

Refrigerators/freezers

(above 60%)

CRT TVs (above 55%)

Flat TVs (above 50%)

ACsCRT TVs

Flat TVs

Refrigerators/freezers

Washing machines/dryers

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Recycling rates of E-wastes in JapanSource: Home Appliance Recycling Annual Report, Association for Electric Home Appliances, (AEHA), Japan, 2014

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Auditing should be considered to ensure proper

collection and recycling.

Taiwan’s case of auditing



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Taiwan’s case of auditing



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Collection:• There are many ways to collect E-wastes, we should

examine what is suitable for Malaysia.

• Monitoring and auditing of collection and recycling

should be considered.Recycling:

• Many countries have similar technical standards to

treat hazardous substances in E-wastes.

• A step-wise approach should be considered to

gradually upgrade recycling technology for higher

recycling rate and higher efficiency.

Conclusion

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TERIMA KASIH!

3. Good Practices of Household E Waste Collection and Recycling in Other Countries Yamashita San

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