Group Members:

Presented by: M. Jawad Khan BTE01093001 Samiullah BTE01093017 Hafiz M. Yasin BTE01093018

3G vs 4G 3G vs 4G

What to learn…?

Overview of 1G Overview of 2G What is 3G ? Why 3G technology ? Difference & comparison between 1G, 2G,

3G. Why 3G technology ? Effects of 3G technology ?

What to learn (contd…?

Benefits of 3G ? Issue hampering 3G ? What is 4G ? What's New in 4G? Features of 4G Networks ?

Overview of 1G…?

1st generation of wireless telecom Introduced in the 1980Provide only analog servicesBased on AMPS (Advanced

mobile phone service)

Overview of 2G

2nd generation of wireless telecom Launched in 1991 Provides Digital services for voice Quality 2G introduced data services for mobile starting with SMS text messages Based on TDMA (time division multiplexing

access)

What is 3G ?

3rd generation of wireless telecom Mostly used with mobiles and handsets Faster communication services

which includes

Voice

Fax

Internet

Difference 1G, 2G & 3G

Why 3G technology ?

Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications. For the consumer

Video streaming, TV broadcast

Video calls, video clips – news,

music, sports Enhanced gaming, chat,

location services. For business

High speed teleworking / VPN access

Video conferencing

Real-time financial information

Effect of 3G technology

Mobile Internet connectivity Mobile email Mobile Interview Multimedia services, such as digital photos

taken by and shared via wireless handsets Wireless application downloading Real-time multiplayer gaming Enhanced emergency and location-based

services

Benefits of 3G

Higher call volumes and support for multimedia data applications, such as video and photography.

Faster data transfer rates Free or cheap calls worldwide Capability to determine geographic position of

mobiles and report it Worthwhile for users that need connectivity on

the move

Issues hampering its growth

High spectrum licensing fees for the 3G services Huge capital required to build infrastructure for

3G services Health impact because of electromagnetic

waves Prices are very high for 3G mobile services Will 2G users switch to 3G services? Takes time to catch up as the service is new.

What is 4G ?

A wireless access technology and is the successor of 3G.

Called "3G and Beyond".

Enables seamless roaming between technologies.

Plans on releasing the first commercial network in 2010.

NTT DoCoMo Company is testing 4G communication at 100 Mbps while moving, and 1 Gbps while stationary.

What's New in 4G ?

Entirely packet-switched networks.

All network elements are digital.

Higher bandwidths to provide multimedia services at lower cost (up to 100Mbps).

Tight network security.

Features of 4G Networks

4G networks are all-IP (Internet Protocol) based heterogeneous networks

This will allow users to: Select any system at any time and any where Use Multiple systems at the same time (e.g. GPS

and WLANs and CDMA)

A wide range of applications using only one 4G integrated terminal

Features of 4G Networks (contd…)

Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless Internet, etc.

Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates.

Global mobility and service portability.

Low cost.

Scalability of mobile networks (>10 times the capacity of 3G).

Features of 4G Networks (contd…)

4G features:

4G Systems Challenges To migrate current systems to 4G with the features

mentioned previously, researchers are facing a number of challenges

These challenges are grouped into the following different aspects: Accessing Different Networks:

Multimode Devices Overlay Network

Terminal Mobility Location Management Handoff Management

One of the most challenging problems facing deployment of 4G technology is how to access several and different mobile and wireless networks

There are two possible architectures Multimode Devices Overlay Network

4G Wireless Networks ChallengesFirst Challenge:

First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks

1. Multimode Devices Architecture A single physical terminal with multiple interfaces

to access the different wireless networks

1. Multimode Devices Architecture

Advantages: Improve call completion Expand coverage area Reliable coverage in case of network, link or

switch failure Disadvantages:

Complexity in the hardware of the device Handoff Mechanism:

Performed by the user, device or network

Multimode Devices Architecture

First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks

2. Overlay Network Architecture A user accesses an overlay network consisting

of several UAPs UAPs Functions:

Select a wireless network based on availability and user choices

Store IPs of user, network and devices

Overlay Network Architecture

Advantages: Simplify hardware of device Supports single billing

Disadvantages: More network devices

Handoff Mechanism between UAPs:

Performed by overlay network rather than the user or device

Overlay Network Architecture

4G Wireless Networks ChallengesSecond Challenge: Terminal Mobility

In order to provide wireless services at any time and anywhere, terminal mobility is a must in 4G infrastructure

Terminal mobility allows mobile clients to roam across geographical boundaries of the wireless networks

There are two main issues in terminal mobility: location management handoff management

The system tracks and locates a mobile terminal for possible connection

Location management involves handing all the information about Roaming terminals such as original and current

location cells Authentication information QoS capabilities

Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility 1. Location Management

•) . Horizontal handoff is performed when the terminal moves from one cell to another within the same wireless system.

• Vertical handoff is performed when the terminal moves between two different wireless systems (e.g., from WLAN to GSM

Handoff Management (cont.)

Handoff Management Challenges

Vertical & Horizontal handoff will increase System load (increasing control packets) Packet losses Handover latency

Challenges in Handoff Management

Handoff Management (cont.)

Mobile technology:

Comparison between 3G & 4G

3G (including 2.5G) 4G

Major Requirement Driving Architecture 

Predominantly voice driven - data was always add on

Converged data and voice over IP

Network Architecture Wide area cell-based Hybrid - Integration of Wireless LAN (WiFi, Bluetooth) and wide area

Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode

Frequency Band Dependent on country or continent (1800-2400 MHz)

Higher frequency bands (2-8 GHz)

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)

Switching Design Basis Circuit and Packet All digital with packetized voice

Access Technologies W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge OFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier CDMA)

Forward Error Correction Convolution rate 1/2, 1/3 Concatenated coding scheme

Component Design Optimized antenna design, multi-band adapters 

multi-band adapters Smarter Antennas, software multiband and wideband radios

IP  A number of air link protocols, including IP 5.0 

All IP (IP6.0)

3G vs. 4G

Radio PropagationRadio Propagation

Overview

Motivation Effect of propagation diagram of a radio Signal Propagation

Large scale path loss Small scale fading

Motivation for Wireless propagation Wireless channel is vastly different from wired counterpart

Different access mechanisms Common channel but …

State of channel at each node can vary drastically E.g.: Sender thinks that channel is free but receiver senses a busy

channel – Packet drop? Unreliable channel

Highly sensitive to environment (surroundings) and weather Modest bandwidth

Effects of Propagation has a high impact on higher layer protocols E.g.: Are the assumptions made by TCP protocol valid under

wireless channel?

Signal Propagation Effects

Free-space path loss Fading Scattering Diffraction Refraction Multipath propagation

Free-space path loss

Free-space path loss (FSPL) is

the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-of-sight path through free space (usually air), with no obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction.

FadingFading

In wireless communications,

fading is deviation of the attenuation affecting a signal over certain propagation media. The fading may vary with time, geographical position or radio frequency

Scattering

Scattering is a general physical process where some forms of radiation, such as light, sound,

Multipath propagation Multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals

reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths.

Causes atmospheric ducting,

ionosphere reflection

refraction