(3) Dr.harun - Data Collection
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DATA COLLECTIONDR. HARUN AL RASYID, MPH
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Tujuan
Mengetahui prinsip-prinsip pengumpulan data
Mengetahui metode-metode pengumpulan data
Mengetahui instrumen pengumpulan data
Mengetahui kelebihan dan kekurangan metode pengumpulan data
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Bagaimana cara peneliti mendapatkan data yang dibutuhkan untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitiannya?
Proses pengumpulan data perlu direncanakan dengan hati-hati dan teliti agar diperoleh data yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan dapat dipercaya
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Ada berbagai macam pilihan metode pengumpulan data
Masing-masing memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan
Tidak ada metode yang paling sempurna sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kemampuan
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Semua metode pengumpulan data memerlukan desain dan eksekusi yang sistematik serta ketelitian Perencanaan yang menyeluruh
Penyusunan perencanaan dengan pertimbangan matang
Effective piloting
Implementasi yang hati-hati
Manajemen dan analisis yang tepat
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Data collection strategies
No one best way: decision depends on: What you need to know: numbers or stories
Where the data reside: environment, files, people
Resources and time available
Complexity of the data to be collected
Frequency of data collection
Intended forms of data analysis
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Data collection strategies
Jika menggunakan data yang sudah ada (data sekunder), harus tahu: Bagaimana data tersebut diukur?
Bagaimana data tersebut dikumpulkan?
Missing data?
Bagaimana tingkat akurasi data?
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Data collection strategies
Jika harus mengambil data primer: pre-test, pre-test, pre-test
Buat prosedur yang jelas dan konsisten menggunakan prosedur tersebut (protocol)
Menjaga akurasi definisi operasional dan kodifikasi
Melakukan verifikasi keakuratan kodifikasi, input data
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DATA COLLECTION
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
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Quantitative Approaches
Biasanya lebih terstruktur
Data dalam bentuk numerik
Data dapat diukur dengan akurat umur, biaya, panjang, tinggi, luas, volume, berat,
kecepatan, waktu, dan suhu
Lebih sulit saat membuatnya
Lebih mudah saat menganalisa
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Qualitative Approach
Kurang terstruktur, lebih mudah dibuat
Data “kental” dengan deskripsi
Data bisa berupa hasil observasi laporan responden, tapi tidak selalu bisa diukur dengan akurat
Bisa menyediakan data yang “kaya”
Lebih sulit menganalisa
Perlu tenaga lebih banyak saat melakukan
Biasanya bentuk laporannya lebih panjang
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Mana yang digunakan?
- do not need to quantify the results
- are not sure what you are able to measure Qualitative- want narrative or in-depth information
- want to cover a large group
- want to be precise- know what you want to measure
Quantitative- want to conduct statistical analysis
Then Use:If you:
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Mixed Methods
Menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif
Proporsinya bisa sama atau salah satu lebih dominan
Bisa dilakukan secara sekuensial atau pada waktu yang sama
Pertimbangkan “good practice”
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SURVEY
Mengumpulkan informasi dari kelompok masyarakat menggunakan kuesioner
Survey bisa Menjangkau jumlah responden yang banyak
Memperoleh data empirik yang standar, bisa dihitung (quantifiable) dan data yang bersifat kualitatif
Menawarkan confidentiality / anonymity
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SURVEY
Instrumen survey mampu menghasilkan data yang dapat dipercaya (kredibel),
Desain survey bisa sangat manantang (sulit)
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SURVEY
Survey bisa Descriptive atau explanatory
Melibatkan seluruh populasi atau sampel dari populasi
Menangkap suatu momen atau trends
Dilakukan dalam berbagai cara
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SURVEY
Structured:
Kata-kata dirangkai sedemikian rupa disertai dengan pilihan jawaban/respon yang bisa dipilih oleh responden
Semua responden mendapat pertanyaan yang sama, pilihan jawaban yang sam dengan cara yang sama pula.
Semi-structured
Menanyakan satu set pertanyaan umum akan tetapi jawabannya lebih banyak bersifat open-ended
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SURVEY
Structured
harder to developeasier to completeeasier to analyzemore efficient when working with large numbers
Semi-structured
easier to develop: open ended questionsmore difficult to complete: burdensome for
people to complete as a self-administrated questionnaire
harder to analyze but provide a richer source of data, interpretation of open-ended responses subject to bias
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SURVEY
Mail / Phone / Internet Surveys Literacy issues
Accessibility
Pelayanan pos?
Akses internet?
Pertimbangkan bias
Siapa yang punya akses telepon? Internet?
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SURVEY
Advantages Best when you want to know what people think, believe, or perceive, only they can tell you that
Challenges People may not accurately recall their behavior or may be reluctant to reveal their behavior if it is illegal or stigmatized. What people think they do or say they do is not always the same as what they actually do.
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INTERVIEW
Sering bersifat semi-structured
Digunakan untuk eksplorasi mendalam permasalahan yang kompleks
Forgiving of mistakes: pertanyaan yang tidak jelas bisa diklarifikasi saat interview atau dirubah untuk interview
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INTERVIEW
Interview bisa bermacam-macam formal - informal
Terstruktur – tidak terstruktur
Melibatkan satu atau lebih kelompok
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OBSERVASI
Melihat apa yang terjadi
Pola lalu lintas
Tata ruang kota
Kondisi gedung/jalan
Pola antrian pasien
Perilaku pasien ketika menunggu giliran pemeriksaan
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OBSERVASI
Diperlukan jika
Membutuhkan informasi langsung
Mencoba memahami perilaku yang terjadi
Ada bukti fisik, produk atau output yang bisa diamati
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OBSERVASI
Advantages Collects data on actual vs. self- reported behavior or perceptions. It is real-time vs. retrospective
Challenges Observer bias, potentially unreliable; interpretation and coding challenges; sampling can be a problem; can be labor intensive; low response rates
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OBSERVASI
Harus dipersiapkan dengan matang
Meliputi rangkaian proses: planning
observing
recording
reflecting, and
authenticating
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OBSERVASI
Recording:
Observation guide printed form with space to record
Recording sheet or checklist Yes/no options; rating scales
Field notes least structured, recorded in narrative, descriptive
style
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FOCUS GROUP
Termasuk metode pengumpulan data kualitatif dimana sekelompok orang dikumpulkan dan secara informal berdiskusi tentang topik spesifik di bawah panduan moderator
Tujuan: identifikasi permasalahan atau tema permasalahan, tidak hanya sekedar informasi yang menarik
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FOCUS GROUP
Tidak cocok dilakukan jika: Ada hambatan bahasa
Evaluator/moderator tidak bisa mengendalikan suasana
Tidak memperoleh kepercayaan
Tidak bisa menjamin confidentiality
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FOCUS GROUP
Advantages Can be conducted relatively quickly and easily; may take less staff time than in-depth, in-person interviews; allow flexibility to make changes in process and questions; can explore different perspectives; can be fun
Challenges Analysis is time consuming; participants not be representative of population, possibly biasing the data; group may be influenced by moderator or dominant group members
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Diaries and Self-Reported Checklists
Digunakan ketika ingin memperoleh informasi tentang peristiwa yang dialami seseorang sehari-hari
Sifatnya real-time
Digunakan untuk melengkapi data lain
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Diaries and Self-Reported Checklists
Advantages Can capture in-depth, detailed data that might be otherwise forgottenCan collect data on how people use their timeCan collect sensitive informationSupplements interviews provide richer data
Challenges Requires some literacyMay change behaviorRequire commitment and self-disciplineData may be incomplete or inaccuratePoor handwriting, difficult to understand phrases
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Records and Secondary Data
Examples of sources: files/records
computer data bases
industry or government reports
census data and household survey data
electronic mailing lists and discussion groups
documents (budgets, organizational charts, policies and procedures, maps, monitoring reports)
newspapers and television reports
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Records and Secondary Data
Advantages Often less expensive and faster than collecting the original data again
Challenges There may be coding errors or other problems. Data may not be exactly what is needed. You may have difficulty getting access. You have to verify validity and reliability of data
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Characteristics of Good Measures
Is the measure relevant?
Is the measure credible?
Is the measure valid?
Is the measure reliable?
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Relevance
Does the measure capture what matters?
Contoh: menggunakan BMI untuk mengukur obesitas
Do not measure what is easy instead of what is needed
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Credibility
Apakah bisa dipercaya? Apakah pengukuran bisa dipertanggungjawabkan / beralasan untuk digunakan menangkap informasi yang dibutuhkan
Contoh: Timbangan manual vs. digital
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Internal validity
How well does the measure capture what it is supposed to?
Sebarapa baikkah alat ukur yang kita gunakan mampu mengukur dengan tepat?
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Reliability
A measure’s precision and stability- extent to which the same result would be obtained with repeated trials