(3) classification of microorganisms

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

B. BAKTERIA

Most widely accepted taxonomic classification for Most widely accepted taxonomic classification for

bacteria is bacteria is Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bergey’s Manual of Systematic

BacteriologyBacteriology..

5000 bacterial species identified, 3100 classified.5000 bacterial species identified, 3100 classified.

Bacteria are divided into four Bacteria are divided into four divisionsdivisions (phyla) (phyla)

according to the characteristics of their cell walls.according to the characteristics of their cell walls.

Each division is divided into Each division is divided into sectionssections according to: according to:

– Gram stain reactionGram stain reaction

– Cell shapeCell shape

– Cell arrangementsCell arrangements

– Oxygen requirementsOxygen requirements

– MotilityMotility

– Nutritional and metabolic propertiesNutritional and metabolic properties

Each section contains several Each section contains several generagenera..



B. BAKTERIA



B. BAKTERIA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)

3. Wall-Less Bacteria (Divisi III)

BEBERAPA KELOMPOK ANGGOTA BAKTERIA:



B. BAKTERIA


a. Spirochetesa. Spirochetes– Helical shape. Flexible.Helical shape. Flexible.– Contain two or more axial filaments Contain two or more axial filaments ((endoflagellaendoflagella).).– Move in corkscrew pattern.Move in corkscrew pattern.– Medically important members:Medically important members:

Treponema pallidumTreponema pallidum: Syphilis: Syphilis Borrelia spp.:Borrelia spp.: Lyme disease, relapsing feverLyme disease, relapsing fever LeptospiraLeptospira: Leptospirosis: Leptospirosis

Borrelia Burgdorferi Treponema pallidum Leptospira spp.



B. BAKTERIA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)-lanjutan

b. Aerobic, Motile, Helical/Vibroid Gram-Negative Bacteriab. Aerobic, Motile, Helical/Vibroid Gram-Negative Bacteria Rigid helical shape or curved rodsRigid helical shape or curved rods Lack axial filaments (endoflagella); have polar flagella Lack axial filaments (endoflagella); have polar flagella

instead.instead. Most are harmless aquatic organismsMost are harmless aquatic organisms.. Genus Genus AzospirillumAzospirillum fixes nitrogen in soil. fixes nitrogen in soil. Genus Genus BdellovibrioBdellovibrio attacks other bacteria.attacks other bacteria. Important pathogens include:Important pathogens include:

–Campylobacter jejuniCampylobacter jejuni:: Most common bacterial food- Most common bacterial food-borne intestinal disease in the United States (2 million borne intestinal disease in the United States (2 million cases/year). Associated with undercooked chicken.cases/year). Associated with undercooked chicken.

–Helicobacter pyloriHelicobacter pylori:: Causes most gastric ulcers in Causes most gastric ulcers in humans.humans.

–Campylobacter fetusCampylobacter fetus:: Abortions in domestic animals. Abortions in domestic animals.



B. BAKTERIA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)-lanjutanc.c. Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and CocciGram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci

Contains many medically significant groups (Genera).Contains many medically significant groups (Genera). PseudomonasPseudomonas:: Rods with polar flagella. Many secrete pigments in Rods with polar flagella. Many secrete pigments in

media.media.– Pseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosa:: Urinary tract infections (UTIs), Urinary tract infections (UTIs),

septicemia, abcesses, burns, pulmonary infections in cystic septicemia, abcesses, burns, pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis patients, and meningitis.fibrosis patients, and meningitis.

LegionellaLegionella:: Rods that live in natural waters. Frequently found in air Rods that live in natural waters. Frequently found in air conditioning systems, humidifiers, showers, spas, and fountains.conditioning systems, humidifiers, showers, spas, and fountains.

– Legionella pneumophilaLegionella pneumophila:: Legionnaires’ disease (pneumonia, Legionnaires’ disease (pneumonia, 1976) and Pontiac fever.1976) and Pontiac fever.

NeisseriaNeisseria:: Diplococci. Frequently found on human mucous Diplococci. Frequently found on human mucous membranes. Only grow well around body temperature.membranes. Only grow well around body temperature.

– Neisseria gonorrheaNeisseria gonorrhea:: Gonorrhea. Gonorrhea.– Neisseria meningitidisNeisseria meningitidis:: Meningitis. Meningitis.



B. BAKTERIA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)-lanjutan Genus Genus MoraxellaMoraxella:: Aerobic egg-shaped cocco-bacilli. Aerobic egg-shaped cocco-bacilli.

Moraxella lacunataMoraxella lacunata: Conjunctivitis.: Conjunctivitis. Genus Genus BrucellaBrucella:: Small nonmotile coccobacilli. Small nonmotile coccobacilli.

All species are obligate parasites of mammals.All species are obligate parasites of mammals.

Cause brucellosis. Can survive phagocytosis.Cause brucellosis. Can survive phagocytosis. GenusGenus BordetellaBordetella:: Nonmotile rods. Virulent forms have Nonmotile rods. Virulent forms have

capsules.capsules.

Bordetella pertussisBordetella pertussis:: Whooping cough (P in DPT Whooping cough (P in DPT vaccine).vaccine).

GenusGenus FrancisellaFrancisella: Small pleomorphic bacteria.: Small pleomorphic bacteria.

Francisella tularensisFrancisella tularensis:: Tularemia Tularemia GeneraGenera RhizobiumRhizobium and and BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobium:: Form nodules Form nodules

on legume roots and fix nitrogen in soil.on legume roots and fix nitrogen in soil.



B. BAKTERIA

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)-lanjutan

d.d. Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative RodsFacultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods

Many cause diseases of gastrointestinal tract; Many cause diseases of gastrointestinal tract;

Contains three medically significant families.Contains three medically significant families.

1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics)1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics) Inhabit intestinal tracts of animals.Inhabit intestinal tracts of animals. Motile bacteria with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile.Motile bacteria with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile. Many have fimbriae for attachment to mucous membranes and sex Many have fimbriae for attachment to mucous membranes and sex

pili for exchange of DNA (antibiotic resistance genes)pili for exchange of DNA (antibiotic resistance genes) Most ferment glucose and other sugars.Most ferment glucose and other sugars.

Genus Genus EscherichiaEscherichia: : E. coliE. coli is common inhabitant of human is common inhabitant of human intestinal tract. Most strains are not pathogenic, but others can intestinal tract. Most strains are not pathogenic, but others can cause cause UTIsUTIs (urinary tract infections), traveler’s diarrhea, and (urinary tract infections), traveler’s diarrhea, and food-borne disease.food-borne disease.



B. BAKTERIA



1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics) 1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics) LanjutanLanjutan Genus SalmonellaGenus Salmonella: Almost all members are potential pathogens. : Almost all members are potential pathogens.

Common inhabitants of animal GI tract. Can contaminate food (eggs, Common inhabitants of animal GI tract. Can contaminate food (eggs, meat).meat).

Salmonella typhiSalmonella typhi: Typhoid fever, severe illness.: Typhoid fever, severe illness. S. enteritidisS. enteritidis: Causes salmonellosis, the second most common bacterial : Causes salmonellosis, the second most common bacterial

food-borne disease. Over 1.3 million cases/year in the U.S.food-borne disease. Over 1.3 million cases/year in the U.S. Genus ShigellaGenus Shigella: Only found in humans. Second most common cause of : Only found in humans. Second most common cause of

traveler’s diarrhea.traveler’s diarrhea. Genus KlebsiellaGenus Klebsiella: Cause respiratory and UTIs.: Cause respiratory and UTIs.

Klebsiella pneumoniaeKlebsiella pneumoniae: Antibiotic resistant strains cause pneumonia and : Antibiotic resistant strains cause pneumonia and nosocomial infections. nosocomial infections.

Genus SerratiaGenus Serratia: Opportunistic respiratory and urinary tract infections.: Opportunistic respiratory and urinary tract infections. Serratia marcescens: Produces a red pigment. Important cause of Serratia marcescens: Produces a red pigment. Important cause of

nosocomial infections. nosocomial infections.



B. BAKTERIA



1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics) 1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics) LanjutanLanjutan Genus ProteusGenus Proteus: Actively motile. Cause UTIs, wound infections, : Actively motile. Cause UTIs, wound infections,

and infant diarrhea (nosocomial).and infant diarrhea (nosocomial). Genus YersiniaGenus Yersinia::

Yersinia pestisYersinia pestis: Causes bubonic plague (black death). Transmitted : Causes bubonic plague (black death). Transmitted by fleas, respiratory droplet, and contact with animals.by fleas, respiratory droplet, and contact with animals.

Genus ErwiniaGenus Erwinia: Important plant pathogens.: Important plant pathogens. Genus EnterobacterGenus Enterobacter: Cause UTIs and nosocomial infections..: Cause UTIs and nosocomial infections..



B. BAKTERIA



2) 2) Family VibrionaceaeFamily VibrionaceaeFound in aquatic habitats.Found in aquatic habitats.

Straight or slightly curved rodsStraight or slightly curved rods Genus VibrioGenus Vibrio: Slightly curved rods.: Slightly curved rods.

Vibrio choleraeVibrio cholerae: Cholera, profuse & watery diarrhea.: Cholera, profuse & watery diarrhea. Vibrio parahaemolyticusVibrio parahaemolyticus: Gastroenteritis. Shellfish.: Gastroenteritis. Shellfish.

http://kirstyne.wordpress.com/2007/09/29/if-youve-never-heard-of-cholera-be-thankful-that-you-have-clean-water/



B. BAKTERIA



3) 3) Family PasterellaceaeFamily PasterellaceaeFound in aquatic habitats; Straight or slightly curved rodsFound in aquatic habitats; Straight or slightly curved rods

Genus PasteurellaGenus Pasteurella: Pathogens of domestic : Pathogens of domestic animals.animals.

Genus HemophilusGenus Hemophilus: : Important pathogens that inhabit Important pathogens that inhabit mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract, mouth, mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract. Require blood in culture.vagina, and intestinal tract. Require blood in culture.

Hemophilus influenzaeHemophilus influenzae: Causes meningitis, ear : Causes meningitis, ear infections, bronchitis, arthritis, and pneumonia in infections, bronchitis, arthritis, and pneumonia in children.children.

H. ducreyiH. ducreyi: Cause of sexually transmitted chancroid.: Cause of sexually transmitted chancroid.

Genus GardnerellaGenus Gardnerella: : Not assigned to any family.Not assigned to any family. G. vaginalisG. vaginalis causes common form of vaginitis. causes common form of vaginitis.

May be straight, helical, or curved.May be straight, helical, or curved.– Genus Genus BacteroidesBacteroides: : NonmotileNonmotile. . Live in human Live in human

intestinal tract (1 billion/gram of feces) and gum intestinal tract (1 billion/gram of feces) and gum crevices. Cause peritonitis, abscesses, and deep crevices. Cause peritonitis, abscesses, and deep tissue infections. tissue infections.

– Genus Genus FusobacteriumFusobacterium: : Long slender rods with Long slender rods with pointed tips. Found in gingival crevices, cause pointed tips. Found in gingival crevices, cause dental abscesses.dental abscesses.



B. BAKTERIA


e.e. Anaerobic Gram-Negative RodsAnaerobic Gram-Negative Rods

Obligate anaerobes that release HObligate anaerobes that release H22S into the atmosphere.S into the atmosphere. Found in soil and intestinal tract of animals. Found in soil and intestinal tract of animals. Ecologically important.Ecologically important.



B. BAKTERIA


f.f. Sulfur-Reducing BacteriaSulfur-Reducing Bacteria



B. BAKTERIA


g.g. Anaerobic Gram-Negative CocciAnaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci

Nonmotile cocci typically found in pairs.

Genus Veillonella: Cause dental plaque



B. BAKTERIA


h.h. Rickettsias and ChlamydiasRickettsias and Chlamydias

Gram negative bacteria; Obligate intracellular parasites.

Rickettsias: Rod shaped bacteria or coccobacilli, highly pleomorphic. Transmitted to humans by insects and ticks (except for Coxiella burnetti which causes Q fever).

Genus Ehrlichiae: Live in white blood cells.

Genus Rickettsia: Cause spotted group fevers (Rocky mountain spotted fever, endemic typhus).ChlamydiasChlamydias: : Cocci shaped bacteria. Transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by Cocci shaped bacteria. Transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes.airborne respiratory routes.

Unique life cycle: Form a reticulate and elementary bodies in infected cells.Unique life cycle: Form a reticulate and elementary bodies in infected cells.

Three species:Three species:– Chlamydia trachomatisChlamydia trachomatis: Causes blindness in humans and nongonococcal : Causes blindness in humans and nongonococcal

urethritis (most common STD in U.S.).urethritis (most common STD in U.S.).– C. psittaciC. psittaci: Parrot fever.: Parrot fever.– C. pneumoniaeC. pneumoniae: Mild pneumonia.: Mild pneumonia.



B. BAKTERIA







B. BAKTERIA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)a. Gram-Positive Cocci

Non-spore forming cocci.Non-spore forming cocci. Aerobic to strictly anaerobic.Aerobic to strictly anaerobic. Pyogenic (pus-forming)Pyogenic (pus-forming)

– Genus Genus StaphylococcusStaphylococcus: Tend to form grape-like clusters. Grow well under high : Tend to form grape-like clusters. Grow well under high osmotic pressure and low moisture. osmotic pressure and low moisture. Very common infections, because almost always found on skin and in nasal mucous Very common infections, because almost always found on skin and in nasal mucous membranes. membranes.

Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus:: (aureus = golden) Yellow pigmented colonies. (aureus = golden) Yellow pigmented colonies. Produce several toxins. Cause pimples, sties, skin abscesses, toxic shock Produce several toxins. Cause pimples, sties, skin abscesses, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, and nosocomial infections. syndrome, food poisoning, and nosocomial infections. Antibiotic resistance is big problem. Antibiotic resistance is big problem. VancomycinVancomycin is last line of defense against antibiotic resistant strains. is last line of defense against antibiotic resistant strains.



B. BAKTERIA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)a. Gram-Positive Cocci (lanjutan)

Genus StreptococcusGenus Streptococcus: : Most are pathogens. Tend to appear in chains or pairs. Do not use Most are pathogens. Tend to appear in chains or pairs. Do not use

oxygen, but most are aerotolerant. Classified based on their effect on red oxygen, but most are aerotolerant. Classified based on their effect on red blood cells (hemolysis).blood cells (hemolysis).

Cause a wide range of diseases: Strep throat, respiratory infections, Cause a wide range of diseases: Strep throat, respiratory infections, abscesses, puerperal fever, and opportunistic infections. abscesses, puerperal fever, and opportunistic infections.

A flesh eating Streptococcus strain emerged in 1994 and 1998. After A flesh eating Streptococcus strain emerged in 1994 and 1998. After initial infection, bacteria live on dead flesh, produce toxins, and are not initial infection, bacteria live on dead flesh, produce toxins, and are not treatable by antibiotics. treatable by antibiotics.

– Streptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus pneumoniae: : Bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, meningitis, Bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, meningitis, and sinus infections.and sinus infections.

– Streptococcus pyogenesStreptococcus pyogenes: Strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, : Strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, impetigo, skin infections, erysipelas, puerperal fever, glomerulonephritis.impetigo, skin infections, erysipelas, puerperal fever, glomerulonephritis.



B. BAKTERIA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)b. Endospore-Forming Gram-Positive Rods and Cocci

Aerobic to strictly anaerobic; Motile and nonmotile; Survive harsh Aerobic to strictly anaerobic; Motile and nonmotile; Survive harsh environmental conditionsenvironmental conditions..

Genus BacillusGenus Bacillus: : Rod shaped bacteriaRod shaped bacteria.. Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis: : Causes anthrax a disease of cattle. Large (4-8 um) Causes anthrax a disease of cattle. Large (4-8 um)

nonmotile facultative anaerobenonmotile facultative anaerobe.. Bacillus thuringiensisBacillus thuringiensis: : Kills insects, used by gardenersKills insects, used by gardeners.. Genus ClostridiumGenus Clostridium: : Rod shaped bacteria, obligate anaerobesRod shaped bacteria, obligate anaerobes. . Clostridium tetaniClostridium tetani: : Causes tetanus (T in DPT vaccine).Causes tetanus (T in DPT vaccine). Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum: : Causes botulism.Causes botulism. Clostridium perfringensClostridium perfringens: Causes gas gangrene and foodborne diarrhea: Causes gas gangrene and foodborne diarrhea..



B. BAKTERIA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)d. Irregular Nonsporing Gram-Positive Rods

Club shaped (Corynebacteria); Pleomorphic; May be anaerobic or aerobic.Club shaped (Corynebacteria); Pleomorphic; May be anaerobic or aerobic.

Corynebacterium diphtheriaeCorynebacterium diphtheriae

Important pathogens; Cause diphtheria (D in DPT vaccine);Important pathogens; Cause diphtheria (D in DPT vaccine);

Propionibacterium acnesPropionibacterium acnes: Causes acne.: Causes acne.



B. BAKTERIA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)e. Mycobacteria

Aerobic, non-spore-forming rods.Aerobic, non-spore-forming rods. Stain Gram-positive, but cell wall structure is more similar to Gram-Stain Gram-positive, but cell wall structure is more similar to Gram-

negative bacteria. negative bacteria. Waxy cell wall with mycolic acids (instead of peptidoglycan).Waxy cell wall with mycolic acids (instead of peptidoglycan). Acid-fast, drug resistant, resistant to drying, and pathogenic due to Acid-fast, drug resistant, resistant to drying, and pathogenic due to

waxy cell wall.waxy cell wall. Grow very slowly.Grow very slowly. Tend to cause chronic infections.Tend to cause chronic infections. Important pathogens: Important pathogens:

Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis: Causes tuberculosis.: Causes tuberculosis. Mycobacterium lepraeMycobacterium leprae: Causes leprosy: Causes leprosy



B. BAKTERIA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)f. Nocardioforms

Gram-positive, filamentous, aerobic.Gram-positive, filamentous, aerobic. Many are acid fast.Many are acid fast. Common in soil.Common in soil. Genus NocardiaGenus Nocardia: Form filaments which fragment into short rods to : Form filaments which fragment into short rods to

reproduce.reproduce. Nocardia asteroidesNocardia asteroides: Pulmonary infections, mycetoma, abscesses: Pulmonary infections, mycetoma, abscesses



B. BAKTERIA

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)g. Actinomycetes

Gram-positive, filamentous, resemble molds.Gram-positive, filamentous, resemble molds. Common in soil.Common in soil. Genus StreptomycesGenus Streptomyces: :

Live in soil. Live in soil. Give soil its musty odor. Give soil its musty odor. Produce hundreds of antibioticsProduce hundreds of antibiotics



B. BAKTERIA







B. BAKTERIA


MycoplasmasMycoplasmas Do not form cell wallsDo not form cell walls.. Most are aerobes or facultative anaerobes.Most are aerobes or facultative anaerobes. Highly pleomorphic.Highly pleomorphic. Can produce filaments that resemble fungi.Can produce filaments that resemble fungi. Produce very small colonies (1 nm in diameter).Produce very small colonies (1 nm in diameter). Very small cells: 0.1 to 0.25 mm in diameter.Very small cells: 0.1 to 0.25 mm in diameter. Can pass through bacterial filters.Can pass through bacterial filters. Most important human pathogen:Most important human pathogen:

Mycoplasma pneumoniaeMycoplasma pneumoniae:: Walking Walking

pneumoniapneumonia..

Chapter Web Links

The Tree of Life

(http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/phylogeny.html)

The Tree of Life is a multi-authored, Internet project containing information about the diversity of organisms on Earth, their history, and characteristics. The information is linked together in the form of the evolutionary tree that connects all organisms to each other.

Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

(http://server.mph.msu.edu/bergeys/)

(3) classification of microorganisms

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