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AMERICAN

HISTORY

1) THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION ERA2) THE REVOLUTION ERA3) A NEW NATION4) SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR5) THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA (LATE 19TH

CENTURY)6) THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT7) THE GREAT DEPRESSION

8) WORLD WAR II9) THE COLD WAR10) DECADES OF CHANGE

Parlindungan Pardede

Universitas Kristen Indonesia Jakarta

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THE EXPLORATION ANDTHE EXPLORATION AND

COLONIZATION ERACOLONIZATION ERA1000: Led by Leif Ericson, Icelandic Vikings reached North America but1000: Led by Leif Ericson, Icelandic Vikings reached North America butfailed to establish a permanent settlementfailed to establish a permanent settlement1492: Columbus landed on one of the Bahamas Islands1492: Columbus landed on one of the Bahamas Islands1607: First settlement was founded by English colony at Jamestown,1607: First settlement was founded by English colony at Jamestown,VirginiaVirginia1620, the Puritans founded Plymouth Colony in (Massachusetts), the1620, the Puritans founded Plymouth Colony in (Massachusetts), thesecond permanent British settlement in North America. the Puritanssecond permanent British settlement in North America. the Puritanshoped to build a city upon a hillhoped to build a city upon a hill an ideal community.an ideal community.1636: Roger Williams, English clergyman, left Massachusetts and1636: Roger Williams, English clergyman, left Massachusetts andfounded the colony of Rhode Island, based on the principles of religiousfounded the colony of Rhode Island, based on the principles of religiousfreedom & separation of church and state, two ideals that were later freedom & separation of church and state, two ideals that were later

adopted by framers of the U.S. Constitution.adopted by framers of the U.S. Constitution.By 1733 English settlers had founded 13 colonies along the AtlanticBy 1733 English settlers had founded 13 colonies along the AtlanticCoast, from New Hampshire in the North to Georgia in the South. TheCoast, from New Hampshire in the North to Georgia in the South. TheFrench controlled Canada and Louisiana, covering the vast MississippiFrench controlled Canada and Louisiana, covering the vast MississippiRiver watershed. French and England fought several wars during theRiver watershed. French and England fought several wars during the18th century, with North America being drawn into every one. The end18th century, with North America being drawn into every one. The endof the Seven Years War in 1763 left England in control of Canada andof the Seven Years War in 1763 left England in control of Canada andall of North America east of the Mississippi.all of North America east of the Mississippi.

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English colonies in 17thEnglish colonies in 17th- -century North Americacentury North America

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1765:England issued the Stamp Act, which wasresented by the Americans. England and the

colonies were in conflict.

1773: a group of patriots responded by staging the Boston Tea Party. Theyboarded British merchant ships and dumped 342 crates of tea into Boston

harbor.April 19 , 1775: War broke out when British soldiers confronted colonial rebelsin Lexington, Massachusetts.

On July 4 , 1776 , the Continental Congress adopted a Declaration of Independence.

1777: Being outnumbered, American soldiers suffered a lot, but, with the secrethelp of France, they finally defeated the British Army at Saratoga, New York.

1781: The last major battle of the American Revolution took place at Yorktown,Virginia. American and French troops forced British to surrender

1783: Treaty of Paris : England recognized American independence.

THE REVOLUTION ERATHE REVOLUTION ERA

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A New Nation A New Nation

In essence, the Constitution of America alleviatedIn essence, the Constitution of America alleviatedAmericans fear of excessive central power by dividingAmericans fear of excessive central power by dividinggovernment into three branchesgovernment into three branches legislative (Congress),legislative (Congress),

executive (the president and the federal agencies), andexecutive (the president and the federal agencies), and judicial (the federal courts) judicial (the federal courts) and by including 10and by including 10amendments known as the Bill of Rights to safeguardamendments known as the Bill of Rights to safeguardindividual liberties.individual liberties.George Washington, the wars military hero, became theGeorge Washington, the wars military hero, became thefirst U.S. president.first U.S. president.Jefferson became the third president in 1801 andJefferson became the third president in 1801 andpurchased the vast Louisiana Territory from Napoleon (whopurchased the vast Louisiana Territory from Napoleon (whodecided to sell the territory rather than to have war withdecided to sell the territory rather than to have war withBritain if he forced himself to expand his empire to thatBritain if he forced himself to expand his empire to thatarea) in 1803. Although the territory was obtained for $ 15area) in 1803. Although the territory was obtained for $ 15million only, it added more than 2.6 million squaremillion only, it added more than 2.6 million squarekilometers of territory, almost doubling the size of the U.S.kilometers of territory, almost doubling the size of the U.S.

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Sl avery and the Civi l War Sl avery and the Civi l War Beginning from 1828, the ringing words of Beginning from 1828, the ringing words of the Declaration of the Independence, allthe Declaration of the Independence, allmen are created equal, were questionedmen are created equal, were questionedby 1,5 million slaves.by 1,5 million slaves.Abraham Lincoln was elected president inAbraham Lincoln was elected president in1860 abolished slavery. 11 states left the1860 abolished slavery. 11 states left theUnion and proclaimed themselvesUnion and proclaimed themselvesindependent as the Confederate States of independent as the Confederate States of America. Consequently, the AmericanAmerica. Consequently, the AmericanCivil War broke.Civil War broke.1895: Civil War ended when the1895: Civil War ended when theConfederate finally surrendered.Confederate finally surrendered.

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The Reconstruction EraThe Reconstruction Era

(Late 19th Century)(Late 19th Century)L inco lnL inco ln waswas assassinatedassassinated in in 18651865. . HisHis successor,successor, Andrew Andrew JohnsonJohnson waswas removedremoved fromfrom officeoffice for for a lleged lya lleged lyactingacting tootoo lenient lylenient ly towardtoward former former ConfederatesConfederates. . HeHewaswas thethe on lyon ly presidentpresident removedremoved fromfrom officeoffice becausebecauseCongressCongress disagreesdisagrees withwith hishis po liciespo licies.. S inceS ince him,him, aapresidentpresident cou ldcou ld bebe removedremoved on lyon ly if if hehe hashas committed,committed,inin thethe wordswords of of thethe Constitution,Constitution, treason,treason, bribery,bribery, or or other other highhigh crimescrimes andand misdemeanorsmisdemeanors. .TheThe UU..SS .. emergedemerged asas aa leadingleading industria lindustria l power power. . ManyMany

successfu lsuccessfu l businessmenbusinessmen Rockefe ller,Rockefe ller, Andrew Andrew CarnegieCarnegie

mademade giganticgigantic fortunesfortunes. . Rai lroadsRai lroads werewere bui ltbui lt aroundaround thetheUU..SS .. S tee l,S tee l, petro leum,petro leum, texti le,texti le, e lectrica l,e lectrica l, andand machinerymachineryindustryindustry f lourishedf lourished. . MotionMotion picturespictures andand stee lstee l--framedframedconstructionconstruction for for skyscraper skyscraper a lsoa lso appearedappeared at at thisthisperiodperiod. .

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The Progressive Movement (1900The Progressive Movement (1900- -1930)1930)In about 1900 the Progressive Movement arose to reform society andIn about 1900 the Progressive Movement arose to reform society and

individua ls through government action. It was supported by economists,individua ls through government action. It was supported by economists,socio logists, technicians, and civi l servants who sought scientific, costsocio logists, technicians, and civi l servants who sought scientific, costeffective so lutions to po litica l prob lems.effective so lutions to po litica l prob lems.S ocia l workers turned s lums into estab lished sett lement houses, providedS ocia l workers turned s lums into estab lished sett lement houses, providedthe poor with hea lth services and recreation. The sa le of liquor werethe poor with hea lth services and recreation. The sa le of liquor wereprohibited. Reform po liticians fought corruption, regu lated pub licprohibited. Reform po liticians fought corruption, regu lated pub lictransportation, and bui lt municipa lly owned uti lities. S tates passed lawstransportation, and bui lt municipa lly owned uti lities. S tates passed lawsrestricting chi ld labor, limiting workdays, and providing compensation for restricting chi ld labor, limiting workdays, and providing compensation for injured worker.injured worker.President Wi lson initia lly urged a po licy of strict neutra lity in Wor ld War I. ButPresident Wi lson initia lly urged a po licy of strict neutra lity in Wor ld War I. ButGermanys dec laration of unrestricted submarine warfare against a ll shipsGermanys dec laration of unrestricted submarine warfare against a ll shipsbound for A llied ports forced the Congress dec lared war on Germany inbound for A llied ports forced the Congress dec lared war on Germany in1917.1917.The 1920s was a go lden era for business. The U. S . was a consumer The 1920s was a go lden era for business. The U. S . was a consumer society, with booming markets for cars, radios, home app liances, syntheticsociety, with booming markets for cars, radios, home app liances, synthetictexti les, and p lastics. Henry Ford who introduced masstexti les, and p lastics. Henry Ford who introduced mass --production of carsproduction of cars

through assemb lythrough assemb ly--l ine method was probab ly the most successfu l line method was probab ly the most successfu l businessman.businessman.

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The Great Depression (1932The Great Depression (1932- -1941)1941)

However, economy was overheated. P lenty of money was avai lab leHowever, economy was overheated. P lenty of money was avai lab lefor investment, but much of it went into reck less specu lation in thefor investment, but much of it went into reck less specu lation in thestock market. In 1929, the stock market crashed and triggered astock market. In 1929, the stock market crashed and triggered awor ldwide depression.wor ldwide depression.By 1932 thousands of American banks and over 100,000 businessesBy 1932 thousands of American banks and over 100,000 businesses

fai led. Industria l production was cut in ha lf, wages decreased 60 %,fai led. Industria l production was cut in ha lf, wages decreased 60 %,and 25 % of workers were unemp loyed. That year F.D. Rooseve ltand 25 % of workers were unemp loyed. That year F.D. Rooseve ltwas e lected president on the p latform of a new Dea l for the Americanwas e lected president on the p latform of a new Dea l for the Americanpeop le. With high se lf peop le. With high se lf --confidence, in his inauguration he said, Theconfidence, in his inauguration he said, Theon ly thing we have to fear is fear itse lf. In three monthson ly thing we have to fear is fear itse lf. In three months the historicthe historicHundred DaysHundred Days he had rushed through Congress a great number of he had rushed through Congress a great number of laws to he lp the economy recover. A lthough the economy improved,laws to he lp the economy recover. A lthough the economy improved,Rooseve lts New Dea l programs did not end the depression. Before aRooseve lts New Dea l programs did not end the depression. Before afu ll recovery was achieved, the U. S . had to prepare herse lf to enter fu ll recovery was achieved, the U. S . had to prepare herse lf to enter Wor ld War II.Wor ld War II.

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World War II (1941World War II (1941- -1946)1946)

Just like in Wor ld War I, the initia l response of the U. S . in the Wor ldJust like in Wor ld War I, the initia l response of the U. S . in the Wor ldWar II was neutra lity. But the bombing of Pear l Harbor nava l base inWar II was neutra lity. But the bombing of Pear l Harbor nava l base inHawaii by the Japanese in 1941 brought the U. S . into the war, firstHawaii by the Japanese in 1941 brought the U. S . into the war, firstagainst Japan and then against its a llies, Germany and Ita ly.against Japan and then against its a llies, Germany and Ita ly.

American, British, andS

oviet Union war planners agreed on defeating American, British, and

Soviet Union war p

lanners agreed on defeatingGermany first. British and American forces landed in North Africa inGermany first. British and American forces landed in North Africa in

November 1942, proceeded to Ita ly and liberated Rome on June 4,November 1942, proceeded to Ita ly and liberated Rome on June 4,1944. Two days later 1944. Two days laterDD--daydayA llied forces landed on Normandy. A llied forces landed on Normandy.Paris was liberated on August 1944, and by S eptember AmericanParis was liberated on August 1944, and by S eptember Americanunits had crossed the German borders. The Germans fina llyunits had crossed the German borders. The Germans fina llysurrendered on May 5, 1945.surrendered on May 5, 1945.The war against Japan came to a swift end in August of 1945, whenThe war against Japan came to a swift end in August of 1945, whenPresident Harry Truman ordered the use of Atomic bombs against thePresident Harry Truman ordered the use of Atomic bombs against thecities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Near ly 200,000 civi lians werecities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Near ly 200,000 civi lians werekilled.killed.

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The Cold War (1946The Cold War (1946- -1960)1960)S oon after Wor ld War II the United Nations was formed, and theS oon after Wor ld War II the United Nations was formed, and the

U.S . was one of the major founder. But tension between the U. S .U.S . was one of the major founder. But tension between the U. S .and S oviet Union was deve loped. U. S . spread libera l democracyand S oviet Union was deve loped. U. S . spread libera l democracyand U SS R, communism.and U SS R, communism.On June 25, 1950, supported by S oviet, North Koreas army invadedOn June 25, 1950, supported by S oviet, North Koreas army invadedS outh Korea. Truman immediate ly secured a commitment from theS outh Korea. Truman immediate ly secured a commitment from the

UNO to defendS

outh Korea. The war lasted three years, and theUNO to defend

South Korea. The war

lasted three years, and thefina l sett lement left Korea divided.fina l sett lement left Korea divided.

From 1945 to 1970 the U. S . enjoyed a long period of economicFrom 1945 to 1970 the U. S . enjoyed a long period of economicgrowth, interrupted on ly by mi ld and brief recession. A majority of growth, interrupted on ly by mi ld and brief recession. A majority of

Americans enjoyed a comfortab le standard of living. In 1960, 90 % Americans enjoyed a comfortab le standard of living. In 1960, 90 %of the househo lds had TV sets, near ly a ll had refrigerators, 77 %of the househo lds had TV sets, near ly a ll had refrigerators, 77 %had cars, and 55 % owned washing machines. At the same time, thehad cars, and 55 % owned washing machines. At the same time, thenation was moving s low ly to estab lish racia l justice.nation was moving s low ly to estab lish racia l justice.In 1960 John F, Kennedy was e lected president. The young,In 1960 John F, Kennedy was e lected president. The young,energetic, and handsome figure promised to get the country movingenergetic, and handsome figure promised to get the country movingagain.again.

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The Cold War (2)The Cold War (2)The 1960s was a lso the beginning of competition in spaceThe 1960s was a lso the beginning of competition in spaceexp loration. In 1961 S oviet managed to send the first man into orbitexp loration. In 1961 S oviet managed to send the first man into orbitaround the earth. President Kennedy responded by promising thataround the earth. President Kennedy responded by promising that

Americans wou ld wa lk on the moon before the decade was over. Americans wou ld wa lk on the moon before the decade was over.This promise was fu lfilled in Ju ly of 1969 when astronaut Nei l This promise was fu lfilled in Ju ly of 1969 when astronaut Nei l

Armstrong stepped out of the Apo llo 11 spacecraft and onto the Armstrong stepped out of the Apo llo 11 spacecraft and onto themoons surface. Kennedy did not see this cu lmination because hemoons surface. Kennedy did not see this cu lmination because hewas assassinated in 1963.was assassinated in 1963.His successor, L yndon B. Johnson managed to push throughHis successor, L yndon B. Johnson managed to push throughCongress a number of new laws estab lishing socia l programs.Congress a number of new laws estab lishing socia l programs.Johnsons War on Poverty inc luded preschoo l education for poor Johnsons War on Poverty inc luded preschoo l education for poor chi ldren, vocationa l training for dropouts from schoo l, andchi ldren, vocationa l training for dropouts from schoo l, andcommunity service for s lum youth.community service for s lum youth.During his six years in office, Johnson became preoccupied with theDuring his six years in office, Johnson became preoccupied with theVietnam War. By 1968, 500,000 American troops were fighting inVietnam War. By 1968, 500,000 American troops were fighting inthat sma ll country to win southeast Asia for democracy.that sma ll country to win southeast Asia for democracy.

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Decades of Change (2)Decades of Change (2)

H is successor in 1988, Republican George Bush,H is successor in 1988, Republican George Bush,benefited from Reagans popularity and continuedbenefited from Reagans popularity and continuedmany of his policies. When Iraqi invaded oilmany of his policies. When Iraqi invaded oil- -richrichKuwait in 1990, Bush put together aKuwait in 1990, Bush put together amultinational coalition that liberated Kuwait earlymultinational coalition that liberated Kuwait earlyin 1991.in 1991.Though success and difficulties keep replacingThough success and difficulties keep replacingone another in their history, Americans probablyone another in their history, Americans probablyremain the most optimistic people in the world.remain the most optimistic people in the world.But with the century drawing to a close, opinionBut with the century drawing to a close, opinionpolls showed that trait tends to get smaller.polls showed that trait tends to get smaller.

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I have a DreamI have a Dream

I have a dream that one day I have a dream that one dayon the red hills of Georgia,on the red hills of Georgia,sons of former slaves andsons of former slaves andthe sons of former slavethe sons of former slave- -owners will be able to sitowners will be able to sit

down together at the tabledown together at the tableof brotherhood. of brotherhood.

Martin Luther King Jr., 1963Martin Luther King Jr., 1963

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FEEDBACK

The history of the U S A shows that the nation wasborn from a co lony. During her ear ly days, she

faced many big challenges. However, she nowbecomes the most powerfu l nation in the wor ld.

Compare U. S . history, cu lture, natura l resources,and the cha llenges she faced to those of Indonesians. What differences do you identify inthat comparison? Why the U. S . cou ld be

successfu l whi le Indonesia cou ld not (yet)?