3-8-10“The United Nations is designed to make possible lasting freedom and independence for all its members”

~Harry S. Truman

Chapter 17.1: Two Superpowers Face Off

Former Allies DivergeFormer Allies Diverge

• 1. Why was the United States upset 1. Why was the United States upset with Stalin in 1939? with Stalin in 1939?

• He had signed the non-aggression pact He had signed the non-aggression pact with Hitler.with Hitler.

• 2. What did Stalin accuse the allies of 2. What did Stalin accuse the allies of doing during the war? doing during the war?

• Delaying their invasion of German-Delaying their invasion of German-occupied Europe.occupied Europe.

A Joint Postwar Plan

• 3. Who were the allied leaders that met at the 3. Who were the allied leaders that met at the Yalta Conference in February 1945? Yalta Conference in February 1945?

• Winston Churchill from England, F.D. Winston Churchill from England, F.D. Roosevelt from the USA, and Josef Stalin Roosevelt from the USA, and Josef Stalin from the USSR.from the USSR.

• 4. What was the agreement of the Yalta 4. What was the agreement of the Yalta Conference?Conference?

• Divide Germany into zones of occupation, Divide Germany into zones of occupation, Germany would compensate the S.U. for Germany would compensate the S.U. for losses, Eastern Europeans would have free losses, Eastern Europeans would have free elections, Stalin would join the war against elections, Stalin would join the war against Japan.Japan.

Creation of the United Nations • 5. How many nations joined the United 5. How many nations joined the United

Nations?Nations?

• 5050

• 6. What did the United Nations pledge?6. What did the United Nations pledge?

• ““to save succeeding generations from to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.”the scourge of war.”

• 7. Who were the original five permanent 7. Who were the original five permanent members of the Security Council?members of the Security Council?

• Britain, China, France, the US, and the Britain, China, France, the US, and the SUSU

Differing U.S. and Soviet Goals

• 8. How was the US different than the 8. How was the US different than the Soviet Union at the end of WWII? Give Soviet Union at the end of WWII? Give three examples three examples

• The US was the richest and most The US was the richest and most powerful country in the world, suffered powerful country in the world, suffered 400,000 deaths during the war. The 400,000 deaths during the war. The Soviets had 50 times as many deaths, 1 Soviets had 50 times as many deaths, 1 in 4 Soviets was wounded or killed. in 4 Soviets was wounded or killed. Many Soviet cities were destroyed.Many Soviet cities were destroyed.

Superpower Aims in Europe

United States Soviet UnionEncourage democracy in other countries to help prevent the rise of Communist governments

Encourage communism in other countries as part of a worldwide workers’ revolution

Gain access to raw materials and markets to fuel booming industries

Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment and raw materials

Rebuild European governments to promote stability and create new markets for American goods

Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders and balance the U.S. influence in Western Europe

Reunite Germany to stabilize it and increase the security of Europe

Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging war again

The Soviet Union Corrals Eastern Europe

• 9. What was the major goal of the 9. What was the major goal of the Soviet Union at the end of WWII and Soviet Union at the end of WWII and why?why?

• Shield itself from another invasion from Shield itself from another invasion from the West. Throughout its history Russia the West. Throughout its history Russia had been attacked from nations to the had been attacked from nations to the west.west.

Soviets Build a Wall of Satellite Nations

• 10. What did the Soviet Union build its protective 10. What did the Soviet Union build its protective wall out of? wall out of?

• The nations to the west The nations to the west • 11. What did Truman press Stalin to do at the 11. What did Truman press Stalin to do at the

Potsdam Conference?Potsdam Conference?• Permit free elections in Eastern Europe. Permit free elections in Eastern Europe. • 12. What did Stalin declare in a 1946 speech?12. What did Stalin declare in a 1946 speech?• Communism and capitalism could not exist in the Communism and capitalism could not exist in the

same world. And the war between the US and SU same world. And the war between the US and SU was certain. was certain.

• 13. What is the significance of the previous 13. What is the significance of the previous statement? statement?

• Stalin believed that two political systems could not Stalin believed that two political systems could not work in harmony, One country or the other would work in harmony, One country or the other would have to back down. have to back down.

The Iron Curtain Divides East and West• 14. How was Germany divided after 14. How was Germany divided after

WWII? WWII?

• The Soviets controlled the eastern part The Soviets controlled the eastern part including half of the capital, Berlin. The including half of the capital, Berlin. The Western zones became the Federal Western zones became the Federal Republic of Germany. Republic of Germany.

• 15. What is the significance of 15. What is the significance of Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech? Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech?

• It shows the division between the It shows the division between the mostly democratic Western Europe and mostly democratic Western Europe and a Communist Eastern Europe a Communist Eastern Europe

United States Counters Soviet Expansion

• 16. Describe Truman’s policy of 16. Describe Truman’s policy of containment: containment:

• Containment is the policy directed Containment is the policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and at blocking Soviet influence and preventing the expansion of preventing the expansion of communism. Including creating communism. Including creating alliances and helping weak alliances and helping weak countries resist Soviet advances. countries resist Soviet advances.

The Truman Doctrine• 17. How does Truman contrast democracy 17. How does Truman contrast democracy

and communism in his speech to congress, and communism in his speech to congress, use his words? use his words?

• Democracy is free. Free institutions and free Democracy is free. Free institutions and free elections. Communism is terror and elections. Communism is terror and oppression. The suppression of personal oppression. The suppression of personal freedoms.freedoms.

• 18. Give three reasons why some countries 18. Give three reasons why some countries object to the Truman Doctrine?object to the Truman Doctrine?

• Objected to US interference in other nations Objected to US interference in other nations affairs, lacked resources to carry on a global affairs, lacked resources to carry on a global crusade against communism, US support crusade against communism, US support would go to dictators. would go to dictators.

The Marshall Plan

• 19. What was the main point of the 19. What was the main point of the Marshall Plan? Marshall Plan?

• To give aid to Europe by providing To give aid to Europe by providing food, machines and other materials.food, machines and other materials.

• 20. Where did the Marshall plan have 20. Where did the Marshall plan have spectacular success? spectacular success?

• Western Europe and Yugoslavia Western Europe and Yugoslavia

Marshall Plan Chart

• 21. Which country received the most 21. Which country received the most aid from the US? aid from the US?

• Great Britain, over 2 billion dollarsGreat Britain, over 2 billion dollars

• 22. Why do you think Great Britain and 22. Why do you think Great Britain and France received so much aid? France received so much aid?

• They were the principle allies of the US They were the principle allies of the US during WWIIduring WWII

The Berlin Airlift• 23. What did France, Britain, and the United States 23. What did France, Britain, and the United States

decide to do in Germany in 1948? decide to do in Germany in 1948? • Withdraw troops from Germany and allow the three Withdraw troops from Germany and allow the three

occupation zones to form one nationoccupation zones to form one nation• 24. What had the Soviet Union done to Western 24. What had the Soviet Union done to Western

Berlin in 1948? Berlin in 1948? • Cut off highway, water, and rail traffic. Cut off highway, water, and rail traffic. • 25. How did America and Britain respond to the 25. How did America and Britain respond to the

Soviets action? Soviets action? • Flew in food and supplies to help the west Berliners.Flew in food and supplies to help the west Berliners. • 26. What was this event called and how many 26. What was this event called and how many

supplies were brought in? supplies were brought in? • The Berlin airlift, over 11 months over 2.3 million The Berlin airlift, over 11 months over 2.3 million

tons of supplies were brought in. tons of supplies were brought in.

The Cold War and a Divided World

• 27. How did the two Superpowers deal 27. How did the two Superpowers deal with each other beginning in 1949? with each other beginning in 1949?

• They used spying, propaganda, They used spying, propaganda, diplomacy, and secret operations in diplomacy, and secret operations in their dealings with one another. their dealings with one another. Affected the entire world. Affected the entire world.

Rival Alliances• 28. What is the name of the Western 28. What is the name of the Western

European, US and Canada defensive military European, US and Canada defensive military alliance? alliance?

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)• 29. What did this signify for the US? 29. What did this signify for the US? • It was the U.S.’s first peacetime military It was the U.S.’s first peacetime military

commitment.commitment. • 30. How did the Soviets respond to the 30. How did the Soviets respond to the

Western alliance?Western alliance?• Developed their own alliance system known Developed their own alliance system known

as the Warsaw Pact as the Warsaw Pact • 31. Why was SEATO formed? 31. Why was SEATO formed? • To stabilize Southeast Asia after open To stabilize Southeast Asia after open

military aggression in Korea and Indochina.military aggression in Korea and Indochina.

Nuclear Threat• 32. What made the struggle between the US 32. What made the struggle between the US

and SU more dangerous than previous world and SU more dangerous than previous world conflicts? conflicts?

• They both had Nuclear weapons They both had Nuclear weapons • 33. What did Truman authorize work on in 33. What did Truman authorize work on in

January 1950? January 1950? • A thermonuclear weaponA thermonuclear weapon• 34. How is the H-bomb different from the A-34. How is the H-bomb different from the A-

bomb? bomb? • Its thousands of times more powerful, Its thousands of times more powerful,

coming from the fusion of atoms rather than coming from the fusion of atoms rather than splitting atoms.splitting atoms.

• 35. How did Eisenhower’s presidency 35. How did Eisenhower’s presidency push the conflict even further? push the conflict even further?

• If the Soviet Union attacked US If the Soviet Union attacked US interests the US would retaliate interests the US would retaliate instantly instantly

• 36. What did Brinkmanship require?36. What did Brinkmanship require?

• A reliable source of nuclear weapons A reliable source of nuclear weapons and airplanes to deliver them.and airplanes to deliver them.

• 37. How long did the arms race last?37. How long did the arms race last?

• four decades.four decades.

The Cold War in the Skies

• 38. What is an ICBM? 38. What is an ICBM? • Intercontinental ballistic missile capable of traveling Intercontinental ballistic missile capable of traveling

great distances. great distances. • 39. What is the name of the first Soviet satellite? 39. What is the name of the first Soviet satellite? • SputnikSputnik• 40. What did this signify? 40. What did this signify? • Americans had fallen behind in the space raceAmericans had fallen behind in the space race• 41. What is the “Open Skies” policy?41. What is the “Open Skies” policy?• US and SU could fly freely over each other’s territory US and SU could fly freely over each other’s territory

to guard against surprise nuclear attacks to guard against surprise nuclear attacks • 42. What did the U-2 incident bring to the cold war?42. What did the U-2 incident bring to the cold war?• Mistrust and tension to a new height.Mistrust and tension to a new height.

The Space Race• 43. Which destinations in space did both the 43. Which destinations in space did both the

US and the SU explore? US and the SU explore? • Both countries have sent missions to explore Both countries have sent missions to explore

the moon, Venus, and Mars.the moon, Venus, and Mars.• 44. What role might space continue to play in 44. What role might space continue to play in

achieving world peace? achieving world peace? • 45. What are the two events in which the US 45. What are the two events in which the US

and SU worked together in Space? and SU worked together in Space? • 1975- launch first joint space mission, 1995- 1975- launch first joint space mission, 1995-

US shuttle Discovery links up with Soviet US shuttle Discovery links up with Soviet Space station MIR. Space station MIR.