3-1 Chapter 3 Variables, Assignment Statements, and Arithmetic.
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Transcript of 3-1 Chapter 3 Variables, Assignment Statements, and Arithmetic.
3-2
Learning Objectives
Understand a four-step process to writing code in VB .NET and its relationship the six operations a computer can perform
Declare and use different types of variables in your project
Describe the various type of data used in a program
Use text boxes for event-driven input and output
3-3
Learning Objectives (continued)
Write VB .NET functions to carry out commonly used operations
Use buttons to clear text boxes and exit the project
Describe the type of errors that commonly occur in a VB .NET project and their causes
3-4
Four step coding process
Once the logic is defined through IPO tables or pseudocode, one needs to:
Decide what variables and constants will be needed and declare them
Input data from text boxes or other input controls Process data into information using arithmetic or
string operations and store results in variables Output values of variables to text boxes or other
output controls
3-5
Variables
Conceptually a variable is a space in memory with a Name and a Value.
The name identify the variable itself. It does not change.
The value can be changed at will, i.e. it can be written to as well as read from.
Name Value
3-6
Naming Variables
A variable name can contain– Letters, A-Z– Digits, 0-9– The underscore _
A variable name must start with a letter Variable names are case insensitive
– MyVariable and myvariable refer to the same variable
3-7
Variable Names
Cannot be any of VB .NET keywords Preferably meaningful names Often follows some convention to indicate
– The type of the variable– The scope of the variable– Perhaps other characteristic
3-8
Commonly Used Data Types
String : to hold text Single : a real number Double : a real number with larger coverage and
precision than the single Integer : an integer Long : an integer with larger coverage Decimal : to work with currency Date : a date Boolean : True or False
3-10
Declaring Variables
Purpose : informing VB .NET of the type of the variable
Typical declaration:– Dim variableName As variable Type
Examples– Dim dblWeight As Double– Dim strName As String– Dim x As Long, y As Long
3-11
Declare two variables of same type– Dim x, y As Long– Dim c As Integer, x, y As Long– In both cases, both x and y are Long
Initialization and declaration– Dim intAge As Integer = 10– Dim decPrice As Decimal = 100.00
3-12
Option Explicit Statement
Use one of the following to enforce the requirement of declaring every variable you use (or not)– Option Explicit On– Option Explicit Off
By default Option Explicit is On The Statement should be at the very top of
the module
3-13
Event-Driven Input
You need data to operate on You need a way to “input” the data You typically use controls such as text boxes
to take the input You read the value of the input in code when
a certain event occurs
3-14
TextBox Control
Allows the user to enter text Can also be used to display text The Text property of the control is always
equal to the text entered in the box
3-15
A simple calculator
A simple application where– User enters two numbers in TextBoxes– User clicks a Sum button– The application displays the sum in another
TextBox
3-18
Assignment Statement
Declare variables to hold useful values– Dim intFirst, intSecond, intSum As Integer
When user clicks the sum button, read and assign the values in each TextBox to the right variable– intFirst = txtFirstNum.Text– intSecond = txtSecondNum.Text
Assignment : VariableName = SomeValue
3-19
Tip: Tab Order
A power user can use the Tab key to navigate controls in an application
The order of the controls depends on the order in which they are laced on the form
To change the default order– Change the TabIndex property of controls– Use the View | Tab Order menu
3-21
Example of Functions
CInt() : converts the argument to integer
Today() : returns the system date
CStr() : converts a number to a string– Dim MyString as String, MyInt as Integer = 12– MyString = CStr( MyInt)– MyString holds the value “12”, not 12
3-22
Code for btnSum
Private Sub btnSum_Click(ByVal sender as System.Object, _ ByVal e as System.EventArgs) _Handles btnSum.Click
Dim intFirst, intSecond, intSum As Integer
intFirst = txtFirstNum.Text intSecond = txtSecondNum.Text intSum = intFirst + intSecond txtSum.text = str(intSum)
End Sub
3-23
Properties and Methods
Access properties and methods through the dot notation– object.propertyName– object.methodName
Ex: The Focus method shifts the cursor to the object calling it– txtFirstNum.Focus()
3-26
Hierarchy of operations
The order in which operations are executed is the following
1. Parentheses2. Raising to a power3. Change of sign (negation)4. Multiplication or division5. Integer division6. Modulus7. Addition or subtraction
3-27
String Operators
The only string operator is the concatenation operator, &
It combines two strings into one– Dim strFName as String = “Jesse”– Dim strLName as String = “James”– Dim strName as String– strName = strFName & “ “ & strLName
3-28
Symbolic Constants
Rather than have “magic” numbers in your programs, use symbolic constants
Ex: you want to find the total sale when adding sales tax (now 7%)
Declare a Constant and use it in code– Const TaxRate as Double = 0.07
If you maintain the program later and the tax rate has changed you need to reflect the change in a single place
3-29
Vintage DVDs
Extend application. Allow to input renter’s name, the DVD rented, and price for DVD.
Allow for printing rental price with tax, clearing the textboxes, and exiting application.
3-32
Write and test code
Code for Calculate button
Private Sub btnCalc_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnCalc.Click
Const sngTaxRate As Single = 0.07 'Use local tax rate Dim decPrice, decAmountDue, decTaxes As Decimal decPrice = CDec(txtDVDPrice.Text)
decTaxes = decPrice * sngTaxRate 'Compute taxes decAmountDue = decPrice + decTaxes 'Compute amount due
txtTaxes.Text = CStr(decTaxes) txtAmountDue.Text = CStr(decAmountDue)
End Sub
3-34
Formatting Output
Formatting functions– Format( expression, format )– FormatCurrency( expression )
3-36
Clearing Entries on the Form
Private Sub btnClear_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object,_ ByVal e As System.EventArgs)
_Handles btnClear.Click
txtCustName.Text = "" txtDVDName.Text = "" txtDVDPrice.Text = "" txtTaxes.Text = "" txtAmountDue.Text = "" txtCustName.Focus()
End Sub
3-40
Code for btnCompute_Click
Private Sub btnCompute_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object,_ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) _ Handles btnCompute.Click
Dim decAmount, decPayment As Decimal Dim intMonths As Integer Dim sngRate As Single decAmount = CDec(txtAmount.Text) intMonths = CInt(txtMonths.Text) sngRate = (CSng(txtRate.Text) / 100) / 12 decPayment = Pmt(sngRate, intMonths, -decAmount) txtPayment.Text = Format(decPayment, "currency") txtAmount.Text = Format(decAmount, "currency")
End Sub
3-42
Errors in VB.Net
Syntax Errors– Incorrect grammar– Incorrect Usage
Runtime Errors– Occurs while program is running– Caused by un planned conditions
division by 0
Logic Errors– Incorrect program design
3-43
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein