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2008 A Level GP P2 Answer Scheme

Q1What is the difference between history and what historians study, according to paragraph 1? [1]

Question Analysis

TypeList clues

Direct Identify and Re-express- What is the difference- according to paragraph 1

RequirementsSpecific steps

1 mark for the difference between history and what historians study- Refer to paragraph 1 for answer - Identify history and what historians study in paragraph 1- Identify 2 separate components near respective quotes:

(a) description of history;(b) description of what historians study

- Re-express the 2 separate descriptions to show differenceSimilar QuestionsNeed not beexhaustive

2006What are the similarities and differences between the new generationborn into the age of the internet, email and mobile phone (lines 79-80)and the children in The Chrysalids ? Use your own words as far aspossible. [3]

Answer

Passage

Underline questionwordsBold answers /context

Everything that has ever happened is history the past . It begins with

the origins of our solar system, the birth and physical changes of our planet and the evolution of life forms on its surface, and extends to theheadlines in this morning s newspaper, Perhaps it would be a little presumptuous for historians to claim all this past as their field of study. Infact, we are happy to leave whole areas of it to the likes of astronomers,geologists and zoologists who investigate what is sometimes callednaturaI' history while we confine our attention to human history . Noteveryone is fortunate enough to be able to devote their lives to this study.But I firmly believe that everyone should have some knowledge of thepast, as members of a family, as citizens in a community or as 21stcentury inhabitants of planet Earth.

Answer Bold key words

Add your own notes

History refers to all events that have occurred before the present ,including that of nature or the Earth, whereas historians only study thelives of people. [1]

Note: No marks are to be awarded. Candidates must identify both partsto score 1 mark.

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Amelia and Hanya

Q2What is meant by archival evidence (line 15)? How might its dissemination stimulate newinterpretations of history? [2]

Question Analysis

Type Inferential Clarify (in context)- What is meant by- How might

RequirementsSpecific steps

1 mark for explanation of archival evidence- Refer to Paragraph 2 for answer - Identify archival evidence in line 15- Read line 15 and 16, infer the meaning of archival evidence

1 mark for explanation of how dissemination of archival evidence mightstimulate new interpretations of history- Describe what is dissemination- Explain the impact of this dissemination of archival evidence

Similar Questions 2007 Q8Explain what the author means by gender education needs to supplementmere sex education (line 74). [2]

Answer

PassageUnderline question wordsBold answers / context

Technologies such as aerial mapping, carbon dating, thermal imaging anddeep-sea submersibles afford historians far greater opportunities torecover the distant past than the crude shovels and diving bells of their predecessors, Furthermore, the use of advanced technology to store,catalogue and disseminate archival evidence more efficiently isstimulating new interpretations of the history of our planet.

Answer Bold key words

Add your own notes

It means historical proofs or records that are kept and organised. [1]

The spread of archival evidence to a wider range of audience will

generate more opinions and perspectives of history. [1]

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Yiying and Marilyn

Q3What do the words or indeed impose (line 18) tell you about human nature? [2]

Question Analysis

Type Inferential - Clarify- What do the words tell you...?- or indeed impose

Requirements 1 mark for correct identification of the nature of human- Refer to line 18 for answer - Look around line 18 for contextual clues(a) the most fundamental of human instincts...(b) or indeed impose

1 mark for re-expressing and elaborating on this nature

Similar Questions 2006 Q1What does the word rallying (line 1) tell you about the purpose of the call?[1]

2006 Q2What does the phrase rung down the centuries (lines1-2) tell you about theeffect of the call? [1]

2007 Q7What does the expression brothers-in-arms (line 66) suggest about malebehaviour? [1]

2010 Q4What does the author mean by culinary diversity (line 40) and how is itthreatened? [2]

Answer

PassageUnderline question words

Bold answers / context

'Interpreting the past is, in fact, the essential business of the historian, whois responding to one of the most fundamental of human instincts: the desireto discover - or indeed impose some kind of order on the seeminglyhaphazard ebb and flow of happening.

Answer Bold key words

Add your own notes

Humans are orderly by nature and will seek to enforce some form of structure [1] when faced with chaotic situations [1]Note: No marks are to be awarded if candidates do not state the nature of humans before elaborating upon it.

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Yiying and Marilyn

Q4In paragraph 3, Anna Banatvala gives four possible explanations of history in a series of four questions. Which explanation would support the idea of humans possessing free will? [1]

Question Analysis

TypeList clues

Direct Identify- In paragraph 3...- Which explanation...

RequirementsSpecific steps

1 mark for the correct identification of explanation- Refer to paragraph 3- Identify the 4 possible explanations of history- Pick the one which support the idea of humans possessing free will

Similar QuestionsNeed not be exhaustive

2006 Q5Which of the rights mentioned in lines 23-25 would the following deny?(a) censorship of views [1](b) banning of demonstrations [1]

2010 Q8Which aspect of the authors argument in the last paragraph is reinforced bythe quotation from J. S. Mill? [1]

Answer

Passage Is there a discernible movement towards an ever-improving condition of the human race, which may be divinely planned or simply the inevitableoutcome of a material process of evolution? Has the course of worldevents been primarily enhanced by the acts of gifted individuals, bethey ruthless conquerors or saintly visionaries, whose words anddeeds have changed the world map and inspired the beliefs anddaily lives of succeeding generations? Is our history determined for usby climatic, topographical and economic forces which dictate what do andwhat we are? Or is history an endless cycle of recurring - and thereforepredictable events according to the dominance of negative, feminin, darkYin or its Yang opposite?

Answer The second explanation supports the idea of humans possessing freewill.

Note: Not necessary to re-express. If the meaning of the answer paraphrased is different from the original meaning, no marks will beawarded.

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Amelia and Hanya

Q5What do you understand by the annihilation of distance in line 44? [1]

Question Analysis

Type Inferential Clarify (in context)- What do you understand

Requirements 1 mark for explanation of annihilation of distance- Refer to Paragraph 6 for answer - Identify annihilation of distance in line 44- Read line 42 and 44, infer the meaning of annihilation of distance

Similar Questions 2006 Q2What does the phrase rung down the centuries (lines 1-2) tell you aboutthe effect of the call?

Answer

PassageUnderline question wordsBold answers / context

Technology is rapidly knitting the earth's inhabitants together moreintricately, but they remain far from united politically. We are still strangersto each other in our local ways of life established before the annihilation of distance. We must grow into something like a single family or we willannihilate ourselves, and it is only by understanding our various 'family'

histories that we can learn to live together in tolerance and mutual respect.

Answer Bold key words

Add your own notes

It means that geographical boundaries have been overcome / removed /reduced / eliminated . [1]

Cheng Yew and Soon Kiat It means a shrinking world where everyone is more connected throughthe use of technology [1].

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Qingjie and Kenji

Q7the only lesson to be learnt from history is that there are no lessons to be learnt from history

(lines 7-8). Explain why this is a paradox. [1]

Question Analysis

Type Inferential Language Use Irony- Explain why this is a paradox

Requirements 1 mark for showing the expected outcome and thecontradiction of the actual outcome- Explain the expected outcome of learning from history- Explain the contradiction of the actual outcome of learning

from history

Similar Questions

2002 Q7Now that you have studied the whole article carefully, lookagain at the opening headline. Explain what is ironic or contradictory about the headline NO SINGLISH PLEASE, WE

ARE SINGAPOREAN. [1]

2010 Q5Using your own words as far as possible, explain the ironywhich the author describes in lines 54-55. [2]

Answer

Passage

Historians often claim that they look backward in order to showthe rest of us the way forward. Bunk! Paradoxically, the onlylesson to be learnt from history is that there are no lessons tobe learnt from history.

Answer The expected outcome is that there should be lessons to belearned from history. However, the irony is that the lesson isthat there is no lessons to be learned from history.

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Qingjie and Kenji

Q8What kind of natural happenings may Lee Min Yen be thinking of, and how do they support his

argument? [2]

Question Analysis

Type Inferential Clarify (in context)- What kind may Lee Min Yen be thinking of?

Direct Identify and Re-express- How do they support

Requirements 1 mark for explaining the natural happenings- Identify natural happenings in the passage- Infer what these natural happenings refer to, providing as much

detail as possible

1 mark for selecting points from the passage that support theargument- Identify relevant idea that shows- Re-express this idea

Similar questions 2003 Q8

the mentally- handicapped child or the clinically insane adult (line28). Explain in your own words as far as possible, the two attributesthe author suggests both this examples of handicapped humans lack.Explain how the examples are used to develop the authorsargument.

Answer

Passage The daily interactions of the billions of people on our planet - not tospeak of the equally unpredictable natural happenings on and over its surface - produce an infinitely complex web of causes and effectswhich are wholly unrepeatable.

Answers Natural happenings may be the natural disasters such asearthquakes and tsunamis.[1] Recurrence of such events cannot beforetold . [1]

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Gerard Chio, Mark and Leonard

Q9Explain in your own words as far as possible why Lee Min Yen thinks it unnecessary to keep alivethe memory of former conflicts and atrocities (lines 11-12). [2]

Question Analysis

Type Direct- Identify and Re-express

- Explain in your own words

- keep alive the memory of former conflicts and atrocities (lines 11-12)

Requirements 2 marks for 2 different reasons

- Refer to paragraph 2 for answer

- Identify why Lee Min Yen thinks it is unnecessary

- Identify 2 different reasons near respective quotes

- Re-express the two different reasons

Similar Questions 2006 Q3

Explain, in your own words as far as possible, why the author believesThere is no such thing as a totally free society [2].

2006 Q7

Using your own words as far as possible, explain why, in paragraph 5,the author claims that paternity solves the contradiction (lines 60-61) of the other two words of the clarion call. [2]

Answer

Passage You often hear it said that we should keep alive the memory of former conflicts and atrocities to prevent them happening again. I dont think so.The descendants of former aggressors and victims happily visit eachothers countries with no feelings of guilt or resentment about their ancestors history . As someone said: The past is a foreign country;they do things differently there.

Answer Lee Min Yen thinks it is unnecessary because harmony can still existeven though there is enmity between their predecessors [1]. The peoplein the present are not affected by the past because they have

changed . [1]

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Tian Yi

Lee Min Yen feels that history is unrelated to our modern times, as thecultures can be contrasting [1]. Also, offspring of the previous afflictersand the afflicted do not hold any grudges against one another or feelremorse [1].

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Q10Explain in your own words as far as possible how and why every age, every country rewriteshistory to suit its needs (line 26) [2].

Question Analysis

Type Direct- Identify and Re-express

- Explain in your own words

- every age, every country rewrites history to suit its needs(lines 11-12)

Requirements

- Refer to paragraph 4 for answer

- Identify why it is unnecessary- Identify the why and how answer near respective quotes

- Selection and omission. Justify current policies, suit theprevailing climate of ideas

Re-express the two points

Similar Questions 2006 Freedom

In democracies, how are rulers (a) chosen by and (b) answerableto (line 17) those they govern? [2]

Answer

Passage All history is biased. Every age, every country, rewrites history to suit itsneeds at worst [1] by falsifying the record , as in the fictional world of Orwell's book 1984 or the reality of the Nanjing Massacre, or by [2]selection and omission to [3] justify current policies and [4] suit theprevailing climate of ideas . This is harmless enough, but it becomesdangerous when distorted and partial history becomes the basis of propaganda to whip up nationalist or religious hatreds.

Answer They do so by mentioning only certain facts and exclude thoseunfavorable to them, at times distorting the complete truth [1], so thattheir principles seems reasonable and can be accepted by the masses

[1].

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People change historical archives by misrepresenting information, or bydeleting certain extracts. [1] This is done so as to support governmentschemes and match up to the dominant beliefs [1].

Note: Candidates must identify two methods for 1 mark and two reasons

for 1 mark. No marks are to be awarded for one method or one reason.

Passage 1

1 Everything that has ever happened is history the past. It begins with the origins of our solar system, the birth and physical changes of our planet and the evolution of life forms on itssurface, and extends to the headlines in this morning s newspaper, Perhaps it would be a little presumptuous for historians to claim all this past as their field of study. In fact, we are happy to leave whole areas of it to the likes of astronomers, geologists and zoologists who investigate whatis sometimes called naturaI' history while we contine our attention to human history. Noteveryone is fortunate enough to be able to devote their lives to this study. But I firmly believe thateveryone should have some knowledge of the past, as members of a family, as citizens in acommunity or as 21st century inhabitants of planet Earth.

2 There has never been a better time, and never a more urgent need, to explore our past thanexists today. Technologies such as aerial mapping, carbon dating, thermal imaging and deep-seasubmersibles afford historians far greater opportunities to recover the distant past than the crudeshovels and diving bells of their predecessors, Furthermore, the use of advanced technology tostore, catalogue and disseminate archival evidence more afhciently is stimulating newinterpretations of the history of our planet.

3 'Interpreting the past is, in fact, the essential business of the historian, who is responding toone of the most fundamental of human instincts: the desire to discover - or indeed impose somekind of order on the seemingly haphazard ebb and flow of happening. Is there a discerniblemovement towards an aver-improving condition of the human race, which may be divinely plannedor simply the inevitable outcome of a material process of evolution? Has the course of world eventsbeen primarily enhanced by the acts of gifted individuals, be they ruthless conquerors or saintlyvisionaries, whose words and deeds have changed the world map and inspired the beliefs and

daily lives of succeeding generations? Is our history determined for us by climatic, topographicaland economic forces which dictate what do and what we are? Or is history an endless cycle of recurring - and therefore predictable events according to the dominance of negative, feminine.dark Yin or its Yang opposite?

4 Whether or not we find a satisfying explanation of the past, our study satisfies another basicneed curiosity, It is present in our desire to find out about our family and the place where waslive. According to how we spend our leisure, we might be interested in the histories of jazz, or of football, or of food, Always we ask, "What came before this? Put together, these various storiesamount to the cultural history of the particular society we live in. and this shared knowledge of whatour predecessors thought and did in their everyday lives is essential if we are to have a sense of common identity.

5 Reassuringly, we discover that underneath superficial differences earlier generations werevery like ourselves, and it is this ccntinuity of human experience which is the basis of another of the

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benefits of history: given that similar causes produce similar results, it can teach us how to avoidtheir mistakes and inspire us to emulate their triumphs. For the beneficial changes they broughtabout teach us that we do noi have to put up with things as they are. and this gives us the humilityto recognize that our greater knowledge does not make us any wiser than our ancestors.

6 Technology is rapidly knitting the earth's inhabitants together more intricately, but theyremain far from united politically. We are still strangers to each other in our local ways of lifeestablished before the annihilation of distance. We must grow into something like a single family or we will annihilate ourselves, and it is only by understanding our various 'family' histories that wecan learn to live together in tolerance and mutual respect.

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Passage 2

1 Most people know two things about Henry Ford, He built the first mass-produced popular car and famously wrote in 1916: History is more or less bunk... we want to live in the present...'. Though they would probably say rubbish instead of the slang word of Ford's time, his sentiments would be echoed by generations of bored schoolchildren stuffed with dates and sources and consider-the-causes-and-effects-of essays.

2 Historians often claim that they look backward in order to show the rest of us the wayforward. Bunk! Paradoxically, the only lesson to be learnt from history is that there are no lessonsto be learnt from history, The daily interactions of the billions of people on our planet - not to speakof the equally unpredictable natural happenings on and over its surface - produce an infinitelycomplex web of causes and effects which are wholly unrepeatable. You often hear it said that weshould keep alive the memory of former conflicts and atrocities to prevent them happening again. Idon t think so. The descendants of farmer aggressors and victims happily visit each pther s countries with no feelings of guilt or resentment about their ancestors history. As someone said: The past is a foreign country; they do things differently there.

3 The history of the very word history is revealing. It originally meant the narrative of

mythical or allegedly factual events, but gradually changed to mean the subject of the narrative. Itsabbreviated form story is now used exclusively for fiction. As if there is any difference! Thefurther we get from the past, the more historians have to speculate and fill the gaps withprobabilities, theories, rhetoric and pure invention. It s entertaining stuff but lets not pretend that history is anything more than stories based on facts. Even the details of events occurring withinliving memory, such as the tragic deaths of Princess Diana and President Kennedy, are still hotlydisputed, despite the mass of evidence that has accumulated around them, and these facts aresubject to differing interpretations according to the prejudice of the commentator.

4 All history is biased. Every age, every country, rewrites history to suit its needs at worstby falsifying the record, as in the fictional world of Orwell's book 1984 or the reality of the NanjingMassacre, or by selection and omission to justify current policies and suit the prevailing climate of

ideas. This is harmless enough, but it becomes dangerous when distorted and partial historybecomes the basis of propaganda to whip up nationalist or religious hatreds.

5 Yesterday has happened its a safe place to be. If you are a timid, cautious,unadventurous sort of person, take up history. You can meander round museums, or ruminate inruins, and you won't get mugged or blown up. But life is not for the faint-hearted. We don't knowwhat will happen tomorrow: it may bring something dreadful, it may offer something exciting andwonderful. But whatever it is, history won't help us to cope with it, In this extraordinary century,which will be quite unlike anything that has gone before, we need to focus all our faculties on theway ahead.