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Overview of Recent TechnologyTrends in Energy-Efficient Lighting
N. Narendran, Ph.D.Lighting Research Centre
Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, NY 12180 USA
April 27-28, 2009
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2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.2
Acknowledgments
USAID/SARI/PA Consulting
SLSEA
LRC faculty, staff, and students
LRC program and project sponsors
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Light source technologies
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RelativeEnergy
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RelativeEnergy
I ncandescent
Fluorescent
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Wavelength(nm)
Relativeenergy
High PressureSodium
Spectral powerdistr ibut ion ( SPD)
my.dteenergy.com/products/images/roadway1.jpg
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Wavelength(nm)
RelativeEnergy
Luminous flux and efficacy
Lumen and lumens per watt are two key
metrics commonly used in the lightingindustry to quantify performance of lightsources.
Lumen: The luminous flux accounts for
the sensitivity of the eye by weighting theradiant power at each wavelength withthe human eye response function.
Lumens per watt: Luminous efficacy of alight source is the total luminous fluxemitted by the lamp divided by the totallamp power (electrical) input.
Flux () = 683 SV d (lm)
Efficacy = / W (lm/W)
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Light source technologies Incandescent and halogen light
sources range in efficacy from 2to 30 lm/W.
Fluorescent light sources range inefficacy from 25 to 105 lm/W.
High-intensity light sources rangein efficacy from 25 to 150 lm/W.
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Incandescent Filament heating produces light
Only 5% of the total energy input isconverted to light and the rest is heat
Very inefficient
Efficacy
Generally around 15 lm/W Color
CRI = 95+
CCT = 2500K 3000K
Life (average rated) 750 2000 hours
Dimming can extend life
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Halogen A halogen lamp contains an inert gas
and a small amount of halogen.
Efficacy PAR and MR Lamps (line or low
voltage)
10 to 25 lm/W IR PAR Lamps (Infrared reflector)
20 to 30 lm/W
ColorCRI 95+
CCT Typically 3000K
Life (average rated) 2000 hours
Shortens if consistently dimmed below
80%
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Fluorescent A fluorescent lamp is a low-intensity gas-discharge lamp
that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor to produceultraviolet (UV) radiation that causes a phosphor tofluoresce and produce light. Linear fluorescent lamps (LFL) and compact fluorescent lamps
(CFL) are popular choices for conserving energy.
About 20% to 30% of the total energy input is converted to light.
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Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) Types:
Pin-base for dedicated fixtures
Screw-base self-ballasted
Efficacy: 25 to 60 lm/W
Color CRI = 82 typical CCT = 2700K, 3000K, 3500K,
4100K, 5000K
Life
6,000 to 10,000 hours Frequent on-off switching can
reduce life significantly Dimming is possible but can
reduce life
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Linear fluorescent lamp (LFL) Lamp Efficacy
Ranges from 65 to 105 lm/W
Color CRI = 82 typical CCT = 2700K to 5000K
Life 20,000 to 30,000 hours
Frequent on-off switching canreduce life significantly
Dimming can reduce life
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Ballasts for LFL Fluorescent lamps require a
ballast to operate Magnetic Low frequency (60 Hz) operation May produce audible hum May produce noticeable lamp flicker Inefficient lamp operation
Electronic High frequency (20 to 60 kHz)
operation Quiet No noticeable lamp flicker More efficient lamp operation
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High intensity discharge (HID) Metal halide lamps produce light by
passing an electric arc through a mixtureof gases, which causes a metallic vapor toproduce radiant energy.
It contains a high-pressure mixture of argon,
mercury, and a variety of metal halides in acompact arc tube.
About 24% of the total energy input isconverted to light.
Three types of HID lamps: Mercury vapor lamp
Metal halide lamps
High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp
www.holophane.com
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Ballasts for HID Metal halide lamps require ballasts to
regulate the arc current flow anddeliver the proper voltage to the arc.
Probe-start metal halide: Contains astarting electrode within the lamp to
initiate the arc when the lamp is first lit.
Pulse-start metal halide: No startingelectrode but has a special starting circuit
to generate a high-voltage pulse to theoperating electrodes.
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Lighting controls Manual controls
Wall switch: on or off
Dimmers
Automatic controls
Time clocks
Occupancy sensors
Infrared
Ultrasonic Dual technology
Panel relays
Centralized controls
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Efficacy and energy savings Energy use depends on the connected load and
time of use Watt-hours
MYTH: High efficacy light sources always savemore energy than low efficacy light sources.
Spatial light not reaching the application area is
wasted light (energy) Temporal light beyond the required time is wasted light
(energy)
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Energy Conservation
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Different forms of luminous efficacy Light source (lamp) efficacy: Total lumens
out of the light source divided by the total
input power to the light source
Light source + ballast efficacy: Totallumens out of the light source divided by the
total input power to the ballast
Luminaire efficacy: Total lumens exitingthe luminaire divided by the total input
power
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Luminaire efficacy In this example, the total luminaire efficiency is 33%
to 54%.
A 60 lm/W CFL would yield:
19 to 32 lm/W final system efficacy in these luminaires
IR Halogen PAR lamp would be a better choice thancombinations A to J
CFL
24W C FL Fixture
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
A B C D E F G H I J K L
Fluxexitingthefixture
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Application efficacyLighting Objective Illuminating the picture on the wall Application lumens: Total lumens reaching a picture area Wasted lumens: Lumens beyond the area of the picture
Application
lumens
Wastedlumens
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0
10
20
30
4050
60
Halogen F8T5sample 1
F8T5sample 2
LEDSample 3
LEDSample 4
Efficacy(lm/W)
Application Efficacy (lm/W) (Fixture + Driver) Efficacy (lm/W)
-12%+ 32%
0
10
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4050
60
Halogen F8T5sample 1
F8T5sample 2
LEDSample 3
LEDSample 4
Efficacy(lm/W)
Application Efficacy (lm/W) (Fixture + Driver) Efficacy (lm/W)
-12%+ 32%
Application efficacy In this example, compared to sample 1, sample 3 is
designed better to direct the exiting lumens to the areawhere it is needed.
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Application efficacy Not switching off the light at the right time wastes energy.
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Environmental considerations Mercury
An essential component of many
energy-efficient light bulbs. Throwing these lamps into the garbage,which ultimately end up in landfills, canpollute the environment.
http://www.epa.gov/mercury/about.htm
Health Effects Mercury exposure at high levels can
harm the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs,and immune system of people of allages.
http://www.epa.gov/mercury/about.htm
Lamp Disposal Programs that promote energy-efficient
technologies must also consider properdisposal programs.
http://blog.lib.umn.edu/scha1028/architecture/htdocs/blog/scha1028/architecture/Lo-Landfill.jpg
www.ci.st-joseph.mo.us/publicworks/CFL_Ad.jpg
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Selecting Technologies
for Energy-efficientLighting Application
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Lamps for residential applications Today, linear and compact
fluorescent lamps can be used inhouses to conserve energy andreduce nighttime power demand.
A variety of CCTs
available for thedifferent applications
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Lamps for residential applications
CFLs
CFLs
CFLs
LFLsLFLs
LFLsLFLs
LFLsLFLs
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Lamps for commercial applications LFL and CFL can be used in offices,
shops, and hotels to conserve energy
and reduce power demand. Cool-white and warm-white options
Can use controls (occupancy anddaylight) to save additional energy
Dimming is an option, however it couldshorten life
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Ph i l ips L i gh t i ng
28
Lamps for commercial applications Incandescent / halogen PAR and MR
lamps are the most commonly used
lamps in shops and hotels
CFL and ceramic metal halide (MH)reflector lamps are beginning to serve
these applications to reduce energy,especially in accent lightingapplications.
However, dimming CFL and MH couldbe difficult
GE Light in g
GE L ight in g GE L ight in g
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Lamps for industrial applications Linear and high-wattage compact
fluorescent lamps, and HID lamps can be
used in industrial lighting applications. High efficacy
70-95 lm/W
Color rendering index >80
Can use controls (occupancy and
daylight) to save additional energy
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Lamps for roadway applications HPS, HID, CFL, and LFL lamps can be
used in roadway applications to saveenergy and reduce power demand.
During nighttime conditions we aremore sensitive to light of a higher colortemperature.
Mesopic vision
Several studies have demonstrated thebenefits of mesopic street lighting Observers perceptions of visibility,
safety, brightness and colorrendering are more positive withmesopically tuned lighting.
A 30% reduction in power ispossible while maintaining visual
performance.
www.westberks.gov.uk
www.osram-
os.com/.../_img/CEC_Street_Lamp.j
pg
HPS CFL, LFL, MH, or LED
2100 K >4000 K
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Emerging Technology
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Rapidly emerging light sources Now, solid-state light (SSL) sourcesLEDs and
OLEDsare evolving to displace some of thetraditional light sources in some applications.
UniversalUniversal--displaydisplay
LumiLeds OSRAM Opto CreeCree
Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
Light-Emitting Polymer (LEP)Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)
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0.0
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Colored LEDs All colors within the visible
range.
However, efficiency is notequal at all wavelengths.
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Creating white light with LEDs Mixing different colored LEDs (red, green, and blue)
in the right proportions produces white light. RGB LED Systems
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Creating white light with LEDs Combining blue or UV LEDs with phosphors produces white
light.
Phosphor-converted White (PC-white)
www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/images/pee/image1.jpg
ledmuseum.candlepower.us/ninth/tf6led1.gif
www.olympusmicro.com/primer/java/leds/basicoperation/
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Projected efficacy SSL sources hold the promise to reduce electric
energy use by 50%
IncandescentIncandescent
Projected for SSLProjected for SSL
FluorescentFluorescent
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/W)
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National programs around the world In 1998, Japan initiated the first national program to catalyze SSL
technology.
The Japan Research and Development Center of Metals established thefive-year national project "Light for the 21st Century".
In early 2000, USA initiated a national program in SSL. Congressional Appropriation for SSL Portfolio, 2003-2009
US DOE Program Mission: Guided by a Government-industry partnership, themission is to create a new, U.S.-led market for high-efficiency, generalillumination products through the advancement of semiconductor technologies,to save energy, reduce costs and enhance the quality of the lightedenvironment.
In mid 2000, China started their national program in SSL. $350M RMB($70M USD) was invested from the Ministry of Science and
Technology to support the development of solid-state lighting. The five-yearprogram is lead by Ms. Wu Ling.
Several other countries have initiated national SSL programs to catalyzeenergy efficiency in lighting.
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Commercial white LEDsCool White
Z-Power P7
Z-Power P4
Acriche
XRE (Q5)
Rebel
Luxeon I
Luxeon K2
Luxeon III
Rigel
Platinum
DRAGON
Golden
DRAGON
Ostar
Titan
Moonstone
Diamond
DRAGON
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Luminousefficacy(lm/W)
Warm White
Ostar
Ostar
Z-Power P4
Acriche
XRE (P3)
Rebel
Luxeon I
Luxeon K2
Rigel
Platinum
DRAGON
Golden
DRAGON
Titan
Moonstone
Vio
Luxeon K2
Vio
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Luminousefficacy(lm/W)
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LED applications
Mid-2000
Late 1990s to early 2000
www.lumileds.com/gallery/www.ledeffects.com/
Early 2000 to mid-2000
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Festival lighting Power demand increases
during festivals wherelights are used
Colored lights
LEDs can reduce load andsave energy
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Present trends
www.treehugger.com/files/2008/07/led-streetlights-anchorage-alaska-16000.php
LED st reetli ght s t o take over dow nt ow n Ann Arbor17 Oct. 2007 Ann Arbor plans to become the f irst U.S. city to convert 100
percent of i ts downt own streetl ights t o LED technology, with the installat ionof mor e than 1,000 LED fixt ures.
http://ecoworldly.com/2008/10/17/intelligent-flowery-street-lights-that-smell-humans-unveiled/
OSRAM Opto Semiconductorstoday announced that it s GoldenDRAGON LEDs are ligh t ing up amaj or thoroughf are of Jing JiangCit y in t he Jiangsu province of
China. The 180W prot oty pe LEDstreetlight s w ere installed byJiangsu Hua Jing Photoelect roni csfor replacing t radit ional 250W HIDlamps.
www.ledjournal.com/.../june/
GE_outdoor%20LED.jpg
GE Luminations outdoor LED area light
According to the article, it saves up to 60percent energy, longer life, and significantly
improved light-level uniformity comparedwith traditional HID lamp sources and
optical systems, such as a standard 400-watt quartz metal halide system
Outdoor Street and Area Lighting
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Present trendsReplacement Lamps & Light Engines
Figures from: Progress Lighting
Figures from Prescolite
Philips-MasterLED Bulb
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Present trends
Lightolier's ColorWash
Sharp Corporation will introduce
into the Japanese market six newLED Downlight Lightings,including three that deliver a lightintensity equivalent to a 150-wattincandescent lamp, an industry
first for downlight models.
Downlighting
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General illuminationFrom the Press: Over 4,200 recessed LED lights to be installed in the Pentagon.
Recessed LED lights to save over 22 percent energy compared withfluorescent lights, and save 140 tons of carbon dioxide emissions peryear.
Before: A Pentagon room before Cree's LED lights were installed.
(Credit: Cree)
After: The same room at the Pentagon after Cree's LED lights were installed
(Credit: Cree)
Cree LR24
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Lighting rural homes
Affordable battery powered LED, LFL, or CFL
lamps can be effective in providing lightingsolutions to rural homes
rolexawards.com/.../02_RAE98WG019.jpg www.designthatmatters.org/k2/pictures/IMG_N29www.wordjourney.com/images/kerosene-lamp.jpg
David Irvine-Halliday, founder of the Light Up The
World Foundation (Calgary, Alberta, Canada)
Kerosene lamps are the predominantsource for lighting in many rural homes
Expensive
Hazardous
Poor quality lighting
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Lighting transformation
www.wordjourney.com/images/kerosene-lamp.jpg www.allproducts.com/.../torches/product5-s.jpg
www.stuga-cabana.com/petromax.gif
www.backcountry.com/store/CMN0105/C
oleman-8D-...
www.giftsscentfromheaven.com.au/shop/images/l... www.shoppingmallsonline.org/uploads/
images/be
LEDs are providing new life to old
systems
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LED lighting systems performance At best, LEDs have 60%
system efficiency.Even though the bestLEDs can have 100 lm/W,lighting systems will be at60 lm/W.
Majority of commercialLED products haveefficacies in the range of 10to 30 lm/W.
0
50
100
150
200
250
2000 2004 2008 2012Year
Perfo
rmance(lm/W)
White LEDR&D Results
Linear Fluorescent Systems
CFL Systems
LED SystemsIncand. Systems
(2009)
www.blogcdn.com/.../2007/02/led-light-bulb.jpgwww.global-b2b-
network.com/.../LED_Light.jpg
deals2give.com/.../uploads/2007/07/
p13112a.jpg
www.hrg-ledlighting.com/ProductPicture-china/...
LED life
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High Power LEDs
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
100 1000 10000 100000Hours
Relativelig
htoutput
White Red Blue Green
LRC Data 2004
LED life
Reliability is still a concern
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 10000 20000 30000 40000Hours
LightOutput
Increasing heat
Buyer beware
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Over-promised products
Taipei
Long life is not a guarantee. System integration greatlydetermines the life of the product.
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LED system lifeFixture B - 26W LED Downlight
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
100 1,000 10,000
Time (hours)
RelativeLightOutpu
Enclosed Semi-ventilated Open air
Fixture C - 12W LED Downlight
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
100 1,000 10,000
Time (hours)
R
elativeLightOutpu
Enclosed Semi-ventilated Open air
Both systems were rated at
40,000 hrs, life
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2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.52
Final thoughts Selecting a product for an application
can be challenging.
Performance varies significantly
Look for independent laboratory testreports.
www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/.../lightbulbs2.jpg
http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/about.asp
www.nesllc.com/images/Compact-Array.gif
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2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.53
Final thoughts It is not about the technology. it is about the product
and the application.
Within the same technology the product performance variessignificantly
Same product in different applications performs differently
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2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.54
Thank you
40W
7W
12W
Incandescent
CFL
LED
Technology on the move