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awmifrS wwfodem;vnfonfh vlBuD;olrrsm;u ]][Jh [J hyg;pyfxJ ta<u wpfrwfxnfhvdku f}} eJY owday;Muw,fr[kwfvm;/ bmtwGufvJqdkawmh ]]twå}}u acsmif;wdkYjrpfwdkY ul;wJhtcg ul;wdkYc ay;bdkYwJh/ aeUpOfESifhtrQ vlawGuvJ em&Dwkdif; aeYwdkif; &ufwkdif; vwdkif; ESpfwkdif; ae&mwdkif;rSm aoaeMuwmyg/ udk,fhwpfae&mxJ wpf&yfuGufxJrS r[kwfyJ/ wpfEdkifiHvHk; twdkif;twmeJU Munhfvdkufawmhrenf;vSaybl;/ jrefrmjynfrSm ta<uawG½Sm;oGm;wmvJ'DtaMumif;wpfck ygvdrfhr,fxifw,f/

wcsdKU tzdk;tzGm;awGu aq;vdyfodyfBudKufw,fav/½Srf;zufudk refusnf;a&av;eJYpdrfNyD; ukd,fwdkifvdyf? qdwfNidrf&moGm;? rD;cdk;wvlvleJU ZdrfcHaewwfMuw,f/ Feeling

wufaeMuw,fav/tJ'D tzdk; tzGm;awGaoawmh om;orD;awGubmvkyfMuovJ/ tacgif;ay: aq;vdyfeJU rD;jcpfav; wifay;xm;w,f/ 'gbm vkyfwmvJqdkawmh ]]twå}}udkaq;vdyfwdkufwmyg/ wcsdKU rkefY[if;cg;BudKufawmh rkefY[if;cg;yef;uef? vufbufBudKufawmh vufbufyef;uefav;tacgif;ay: wifxm;Muw,f/ 0dnmOfac:wJh twåudk tpmauR;Muwm r[kwfygvm;/ aemuf½Sdao;w,f/ uav;awGvefYNyD;idkwJhtcg ]]vdyfjym vGifhw,fwJh}} aoqHk; ol&JU vdyfjym

u ol\tcspfqHk;yk*¾dKvf&JU vdyfjymudk vmac:aew,f/ 'DtcgrSm wwfodem;vnfwJh yk*¾dKvfrsm;u ref;rIwf i,f xdyfav;ykwfNyD; tyfcsnfBudK;av;eJY csnfay;um vdyfjym cGJay;wwfMuygao;w,f/ 'gudkawmh ]]vdyfyjcKyfBudK;}} odk Yr[kwf]]vdyfjymjcKyfBudK;}}vdkY ac:Muygw,f/ vdyfjym qdkwmvnf;twå&JU y&d,m,fyif r[kwfygvm;/ aemuf wpfcku a&tdk;cGJwJht,ltq½Sdao;w,f/tavmif;udk tdrfxJu xkwfoGm;wJhtcg ajrtdk;av;zifu tenf;i,fazmuf? aemufjyefvSnhfum a&wpfpufwpfpufcs tavmif; tdrfjyif wHpufjrdwfa&mufoGm;awmhrS a&tdk;udk ]]AGrf;}}qdk cJGypfwm &Sdao;w,f/ 'guawmh tóurif;BuD;&JUxHk; ESvHk;rlNyD; touf0dnmOf tdrfxJusefaerSmpdk;vdkY a&eJUaq;NyD; oefY½Sif;ypfwJht"dyÜg,fygyJ/ (tóuZmwfawmf)

aemuf'umrBuD;wpfa,muf Mum;zl;w,f/ olYa,musfm;u naewdkif; t&ufaomuf rl;vm&if ½kdufawmhwmyJwJh/ tdrfeD;csif;awG tultnDawmif;vdkY ab;uvlawGuvnf; odyfonf;rcHEdkifMuawmhyJ t&uform;udk 0if½kdufvdkY vJoGm;wJh tcg rdef;ruatmfowJh ]]u,fMuygtHk;½Sif?uRefra,musfm;udk 0dkif;½kdufaeMuvdkY}}wJY/ tJ'D 'umBuD; tonf;uRrf;NyD;aoawmh rdef;rvkyfolu okómefoGm;? ajryHkay:rSm

23 24


t&ufykvif;eJU ig;aMumfyef;uefav; wifxm;/ umvom;awGuawGUawmh ,lpm;Muw,f? aemufaeYwpfcg vm]]armifu t&ufvJukefw,f? ig;aMumfvJajymifw,f}} ajymNyD;t&ufeJUMuufom;aMumf wifxm;cJ h jyefw,f/ umvom;awGu,lpm;ypfvdkuf?tcsdefusawmh a&mufvmjyefw,farmifu t&ufeJY Muufom;aMumfqdk odyfBudKufwm qdkNyD;tawmfMumMum 'DvdkvkyfaeowJh/ 'gtwå udk tpmauR;t&ufwdkufaejcif;yif jzpfygw,f/ twå tpGJu odyfBuD;ygw,f/

wcsdKUt&yfawGrSm tacgif;xJ apmif? jcifaxmif?acgif;tHk;? tuÐs? vHkcsnfrsm; xnfhay;vdkufMuao;w,f/wcsdKU yk*¾dKvfrsm;Muawmh aoqHk;oltwGuf vdyfjymaezkdYtdrfaqmufay;Muao;onf/ qif;&JvQif qif;&Jovdkcsrf;omvQif csrf;omovdk tdrfBuD;BuD; om;om;em;em;aqmufay;Muygonf/ twåac:wJh vdyfjymaumifaezdkY tdrfwJh/ 'gawG tm;vHk;[m twåpGJeJU jyKvkyfaeMujcif;om jzpfygw,f/ uav;awG ]][yfcsdK;}} vdkY csDvdkufwJhtcg a½S;wkef;ub,fvdkajymMuovJqdkawmh ]]ZD0wk}} touf ½Snfygap/aemufawmh ]]wk}}jzKwf? ZD0=touf ½Snfygap? aemuf ]]0eJYA}}ajymif;? ]]ZDA}} jzpfvm? ]]ZDAuqdA}} jzpfvm? ]]ArSzG}}ajymif;

]]qdzG}} jzpfvm? aemufMumvmawmh ]]qdwfzGm;}} jzpfvmw,f/]][yfcsdK;qdk&if qdwfzGm;=toufwpf&m tem uif;ygap}} vdkYvJajymwwfMuygonf/ 'gawG[m twå&JU y&d,m,frsm;omjzpfygw,f/

tewåvu©Pokwfudk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlwmu twå0g'udk wGef;vSefcsifvdkY a[m&wmyg/ a½S;OD;pGmtwå&JU yHko@mef? twå&JU wnfae&m?twå&JUemrnf? twå&JUowåd? twå&JUpGJcsuf þig;csufudk em;vnfatmif avhvm&ygrnf/ twå&JU wnfae&mudk ajymNyD;ygNyD/ twå&JU yHko@mefu vHk;vHk;vm;? jym;jym;vm;? ½Snf½Snfvm;? cRefcRefvm;? av;axmifhvm;? Bwd*Hvm;qdkawmh r[kwfyg/ ajymNyD;NyDaemf/ arhrjypfvdkufeJUtHk;/

twåowådig;yg;½Sd

um&uowåd= jyKa&;jyK&m ay:aygufvmvQifavsmfpGmwpfckckjzifh jyKpkvnf; jyKpkwwfay\/ Oyrm-pum;ajymwJhtcg twåu pDrHay;vdkY yg;pyfvIyf? EIwfcrf;vIyfNyD; pum;vHk;av;awG wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD pDNyD; xGufvmwm twåu trdefYay;vdkYwJh/ twåu vufudk auG;csifqefYcsif&ifvnf; vufu auG;ay; qefYay;&w,f/ twåuvrf;oGm;csifvnf; b,fwpfvSrf; nmwpfvSrf; vSrf;NyD; oGm;

25 26


ay;&ygw,f/0ga,m½kyfu wGef;uef vIyf½Sm;aeonf r[kwfyg/ 'g-twå&JU um&uowåd jzpfygw,f/

a0'uowåd= aumif;aumif;qdk;qdk; trsdK;rsdK;udktusdK;avsmfuef ay:vmjyefvQif cHpHvnf; cHpHwwfay\/½lyg½kHvSvSav;jrif&vdkY okcaomreó pdwfcsrf;omrIjzpf&ifvJ twåuyJ cHpm;onf/ raumif;aomtm½kHjzpfwJhacG;aoaumifykyf jrif&vdkY pdwfqif;&Jvnf; twåuyJ cHpm;onf/ toHaumif;aumif;av; Mum;&vdkY om,mwyfrufvQifvnf; twåuyJcHpm;onf/ rdrdudk qJoH qdkoH Budrf;armif;oH twif;ajymoH uavmfwkwfoHponf Mum;&vdkYpdwfrcsrf;romjzpfvnf; twåuyJcHpm;onf/ teHUaumif;aumif;? t&omaumif;aumif;? tawGUtxdaumif;aumif;ponf eH pm; awGUxd&vQifvnf; twåuyif cHpm;owJh/ 'g twå&JU a0'uowåd jzpfygw,f/

omrDowåd= cE¨mtdrfqdkiforQü ydkifotkyfpD;t½SifocifBuD;aywnf;/ cEm&JU ydkif½Sifu twåyg/ 'gb,folYcE¨mvJ/ 'g usKyfcE¨mav? usKyfrsufpd? usKyfvuf? usKyfajcponf cE¨m&JU tpdwftydkif;rSeforQ twåu ydkifygonf/]]twåjyKorQ? Ekae&onfhcE¨myg}} twåckdif;ovdk rqdkif;rwGvkyfae&wmyg/

ed0goDowåd= a[mif;cE¨mtdrf ysufonfhcsdef0,fcE¨mtdrfopf ajymif;umjzpfí pepfruGJ tjrpfwGJvQufwuwJ rSD tNrJwnfwJhoabmaywnf;/ cEmtdrfta[mif;ysufoGm;ayr,fhvdkY twåuawmh ysufoGm;onfr½Sdyg/ ewfcE¨m ysufpD;oGm;awmh aemufewfcE¨mopf? vlYcE¨m ysufpD;oGm;awmh aemufvlYcEmopf? wd&pämefcEm ysufpD;oGm;awmhaemuf wd&pämefcE¨mopfrSm ajymif;vQufwnfaeygonf/ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHtm;avQmfpGm BuHKovdk yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;eJUcE¨mtrsdK;rsdK;rSm ajymif;vQufwnfaeygw,f/

o,H0oDowåd= cE¨mtdrfrI tpkpkü wpfckrusefpDrHcGJa0 rdrdESpfNcdKuf pepfudkufatmif vdkufygapEdkifaomoabmaywnf;/twåu tm;vHk; pDrHay;aeygonf/ a&csdK;csif&if a&csdK;ay;&? xrif;qm&if xrif;auR;ay;&? a&qm&ifa&wdkufay;&? tdyfcsifw,fqdk odyfay;&? tayghtyg;oGm;csifoGm;ay;& ponfjzifh twåtvdkus? twåoabmus jyKpDrHay;&wmyg/

twåpGJcsufig;rsdK;xGuf

twå\ pGJvrf;&m|me ig;rsdK;½Sdygonf/ azmufjyefwwfwJh ½kyfw&m;udkvnf; twåu pGJvrf;onf/ cHpm;rIa0'emudkvnf; twåu pGJvrf;onf/ rSwfom;rIonm

27 28


udkvnf; twåu pGJvrf;onf/ aphaqmfwdkufwGef;rI ocFg&w&m;udkvnf; twåu pGJvrf;onf/ BuHpnfawG;awmrIpdwf0dnmOfudkvnf; twåu pGJvrf;ygw,f/

tewåt"dyÜg,f

tewå=e+twå=tewå? e-r[kwf? twå-ig?tvdkokdY vdkufygjcif;? tpdk;w& rdrdjzpfcsifovdk jzpfjcif;?tewå=ig r[kwf? rdrdtvdkokdY rvdkufygjcif;? tpdk;w& rdrdjzpfcsifovdk rjzpfjcif;[laom t"dyÜg,fjzpfygw,f/

tewåteufav;rsdK;xGuf

tewåo'´gu (1) t0o,e|= tvdkodkYrvdkufygjcif;? rdrdjzpfcsifovdk rjzpfjcif;teufoabm? jzpfqJOyg'fcPü½Sdaom½kyfonf wnfqJXDcPodkY ra&mufygapeJU? wnfqJ½kyfvnf;rtdkygapeJY? tdkaom½kyfvnf; rNydKuGJ rysufpD;ygapeJUvdkYrdrdwdkY awmifhwwdkif;rjzpfjcif;? tvdkrvdkufjcif; teufoabm/

(2) tomrdu|= ydkifqdkifol r½Sdjcif;teufoabm? ½kyf a0'em onmpaom w&m;rsm;[m rdrdwdkYoabmtwdkif;om jzpfysufaeMuwmyg/ rnfodkYjzpfap?rnfodkY rjzpfapeJU ponfjzifh trdefYay;Edkifonfh ydkifqdkifolwpfpHk wpfa,muf r½Sdjcif; teufoabm/

(3) oknw|= jyKpDrHwwf zefwD;wwfaom w&m;rS qdwfokOf;jcif; teufoabm? ½kyf a0'em onm paomw&m;rsm;[m jyKvkyfwwf? cHpm;wwf? jyKjyif pD&if wwf?zefwD;wwfaom oabmrS qdwfokOf;jcif; teuf oabm/

(4)twåy#dau©y|= wdw¬dwdkYu rysufrpD; tNrJwnfwefYonf[k ,lqxm;aomtwåudk y,fjcif; teufoabmtm;jzifh av;rsdK;½Sdygonf/ omoemy wdw¬d wdkYurysuf rpD; tNrJwnfwJh trmcHtESpfom&udk twå[k BuHqpGJvrf;Muygw,f/ ½kyf a0'em onmpaom w&m;rsm; [mxdktrmcH twåoabm r½SdwJhtwGufaMumifh tewå rnfygw,f/ (t*Fkwå&t|uxm? 'kwd,)

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tewåvu©Pokwfawmfudk0denf; yd#u r[m0gygVdawmfwGifvnf;aumif;?oH,kwåedum,f 'kwd,tkyf cE¨0*¾oH,kwfwGifvnf;aumif;? a½S;OD;pGm a[mawmfrlNyD;aemufxdkxdkokwfwdk Yü xdkxdk taMumif;tm;avQmfpGmenf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh a[mawmfrlcJhygonf/ tcsdKUokwfwdkYü cE¨mig;yg;udk tewå[k a[mawmfrlítcsdKUokwfwdk Yü pu©Kponfudk vnf;aumif;?½lyg½kHponfudkvnf;aumif;? Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;

29 30


udkvnf;aumif;? yx0D"gwfponfudk vnf;aumif;?edAÁmeftygt0if tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;tewå[ka[mawmfrlygonf/ ]]½lyH tewåm?a0'em tewåm(y)pu©K0dnmPH tewåm? oaAÁ"r®m tewåm? (oH,kwfygVdawmf)

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯

Y½kyftewåjzpfyHk

&[ef;wd k Y ½ ky fonf twår[kwf? &[ef;wd k Yþ½kyfonf twåjzpfcJhvQif ½kyfonf emusifjcif;iSm rjzpf&m?]]ig\ ½kyfonf þodkY jzpfap? ig\½kyfonf þodkY rjzpfapvifh}} [lívnf; ½kyfü (pD&ifí) &&m\/

&[ef;wdkY ½kyfonf twår[kwfaomaMumifh emusifjcif;jzpf\/ ]]ig\½kyfonf þodkYjzpfap? ig\½kyfonf þodkYrjzpfapvifh}} [lívnf; ½kyfü (pD&ifí) r&tyf/

]]ep vAÇwd ½lay {0H ar ½lyH a[mwk? {0H ar ½lyHrm ta[moD}}wd (vwfbwd-[kzwf)

]]ig\½kyfonf þokdY jzpfap? þodkY rjzpfygapeJY}}vdkY½kyfw&m;ü awmifhwí r&paumif; paom pum;&yfjzifhtvdkodk Yrvdkufjcif;? rdrdjzpfcsifovdkrjzpfjcif;[laom

31 32


]]t0o0e}} teufESifh ydkifqdkifol r½Sdjcif;[laom ]]tómrdu}}teuf ESpfyg;udk jyygonf/

]],o®mpacg bdu©a0 ½lyH tewåm? wo®m ½lyHtmAm"m, oH0wåwd}}

&[ef;wkd Y þ½kyfonf tewåjzpfaomaMumifhemusifjcif; jzpf&\paom pum;jzifh jyKpDrHrI zefwD;rI oabmrSqdwfokOf;jcif; ]]oknw}} teufESifh rysufrpD; tjrJwnfwHhjcif;teuf½Sd\[kwdw¬dwdkY pGJvrf;,lqxm;aom twåudky,fjcif; ]]twåy#dau©y}} teufESpfyg;udk jyygonf/

bk&m;ryGifhcif omoemyumvu t&m&mwdkif;udktvdkokdYvdkufygw,f/ tpdk;w&jzpfw,f/ rdrdjzpfcsifovdkjzpfw,fponfjzifh pGJvrf;,lqcJhMuwmyg/ 'Dtewåvu©PokwfrSmawmh jrwfAk'¨u ---

]]½lyH bdu©a0 tewåm= cspfom;wdkY ½kyfw&m;uoifwdkY tvdkokdYrvdkufyg/ tpdk;w& rdrd jzpfcsifovdk rjzpfaomaMumifh ]]tewå}}vdkY a[mawmfrlygw,f/

twå[lí pGJvrf;xm;aom½kyf[lonf ---

yom'½kyfig;yg;jzpfygonf/

(1) pu©Kyom'= pu©K+yom'? pu©K= rsufpd?

yom'= tMunf½kyf? pu©Kyom'= rsufpdtMunf½kyf?jrifjcif;udpöudk rsufvHk;u NyD;aponf r[kwfyg/ rsufvHk;twGif; rsufeuf0ef; tv,f oli,f&dyfxif&m t&yf0,foef;OD;acgif;yrmP½Sdaom ]]pu©Kyom'½kyf}}u jrifjcif;udpöudk NyD;apEdkifwmyg/ rsufvHk;aumif;apumrl xdkyom'½kyfysufpD;aeygu jrifjcif;udpöudk rNyD;apEdkifyJ ]]aMumifawmifuef;}}jzpfaewwfygonf/ xdkpu©Kyom' ac:aom rsufpdtMunf½kyfudkvnf; ]]tvdkokdY vdkufw,f? tpdk;w&jzpfw,f?rdrdjzpfcsifovdkjzpfw,f}} ponfjzifh ]]twå}}vdkY pGJvrf;xm;ygw,f/

(2) aomwyom'? aomw+yom'? aomw= em;?yom'= tMunf½kyf? Mum;jcif;udpöudk ]]em;}}u NyD;aponfr[kwfyg/ em;\twGif; vufpGyfuGif;o@mef½Sdaomt&yf0,f Eke,f eDjref;aom tarT;uav;rsm; aygufvQuf½Sdygonf/ xdkt&yf0,fysHUESH YvQufwnfaom ]]aomwyom'½kyf}}u Mum;jcif;udpöudk NyD;apwmyg/ xdkaomw yom'½kyf ysufpD;aeygu]]em;}}yif ½Sdjim;aomfvnf; ]]Mum;jcif;}}udpöud k rNyD;apEd kifyg/ xdkaomwyom'[kac:aom]]em;tMunf½kyf}} udkvnf; ]]tvdkodk Yvdkufw,f/ tpdk;w&jzpfw,f/ rdrdjzpfcsif ovdkjzpfw,f}} ponfjzifh ]]twå}}vdkY pGJvrf;xm;ygw,f/

33 34


(3) Cmeyom'? Cme+yom'? Cme= ESmacgif;?yom'= tMunf½kyf? Cmeyom'= ESmacgif;tMunf½kyf?erf;½SLjcif;udpöudk ]]ESmacgif;}} uNyD;aponf r[kwfyg/ ESmacgif;twGif; qdwfowå0g\ cGmESifhyHko@mefwlaom t&yf0,fysHUESHYvQuf wnf½Sdaom ]]Cmeyom'½kyf}}u erf;½SLjcif; udpöudkNyD;apwmyg/ xdkCmeyom'½kyf ysufpD;aeygu ]]ESmacgif;}}½S djim;aomfvnf; ]]erf;½SLjcif;}} udpöudk rNyD;apEdkifyg/xkdCmeyom'ac:aom]]ESmacgif;tMunf½kyf}}udkvnf;]]tvdkodkYvdkufw,f/ tpdk;w&jzpfw,f/ rdrdjzpfcsifovdkjzpfw,f}} ponfjzifh ]]twå}} vdkY pGJvrf;xm;ygw,f/

(4) Zd0Smyom'? Zd0Sm+yom'? Zd0Sm= vQm? yom'=tMunf½kyf? Zd0Smyom'= vQmtMunf½kyf/ csdK csOf pyf iefzef cg;[laom t&omajcmufyg;udk cHpm;jcif;onf yg;pyftwGif;½Sd vQmu cHpm;onfr[kwf/ vQm\tv,f MumyGifhzwfrsm;ESifh tvm;wlaom t&yfü ]]Zd0Smyom'= vQmtMunf½kyf}}u t&omajcmufyg; cHpm;jcif;udpöud kNyD;apygonf/ xdkZd0Sm yom'½kyf ysufpD;aeygu ]]vQm}} ½Sdjim;aomfvnf; t&omajcmufyg; cHpm;jcif;udpöudk rNyD;apEdkifyg/xdkZd0Smyom' ac:aom ]]vQmtMunf½kyf}}udkvnf; ]]tvdkodkYvdkufw,f/ tpdk;w&jzpfw,f/ rdrdjzpfcsifovdkjzpfw,f}}

ponfjzifh ]]twå}} vdkY pGJvrf;xm;ygw,f/

(5) um,yom'? um,+yom'? um,= udk,f?yom'= tMunf½kyf? um,yom'= udk,ftMunf½kyf? xdawGYjcif;? emusifudkufcJjcif; udpöudk cEmudk,fu odonfr[kwf/wpfudk,fvHk; ysHUESHUvQuf wnfaeaom ]]um,yom'}} ukd,ftMunf½kyfu odjcif;omjzpfygonf/ um,yom'½kyfonftom;rm? ta&ajcmuf? ajconf;? vufonf;zsm;? qHyif?tarT;rsm;rSwyg; wudk,fvHk; ysHUESHUvQuf ½Sdygonf/ tpdk"gwf½Sdaom ae&mwdkif;rSm um,yom'½kyfrsm; ysHUESHUvQuf ½Sdygw,f/ xdkum,yom'ac:aom ]]udk,ftMunf½kyf}}udkvnf;]]tvdkodkY vdkufw,f/ tpdk;w&jzpfw,f/ rdrdjzpfcsifovdk jzpfw,f}} ponfjzifh ]]twå}}vdkY pGJvrf;xm;ygw,f/

½kyfwkrsm;udktwå[krpGJvrf;yHk

opfom;ponfudk vl½kyfxkxm;aom t½kyfBuD;rsm;[m touf½SdwJh vlyHkpHtwkdif;ygyJ/ xdkt½kyfrsm;udkawmh]]twåaumif? toufaumif}}&,fvdkY rpGJvrf;Muygbl;/bmaMumifhrsm;vJqdkawmh xdkt½kyfrsm;[m vleJYyHko@mefwlaeayr,fvdkY tqif;ponfudk jrifEdkifwJh rsufpd½kyf?toHponfudk Mum;EdkifwJh em;½kyf? teHUponfudk erf;½SLEdkifwJhESmacgif;½kyf? csOfiefrsdK;pHk &om½kHudk pm;odEdkifaom vQm½kyf?

35 36


xd od paom tawGUudk cHpm;Edkifaom ukd,f½kyfrsm; r½SdwJhtwGufaMumifh ]]twåaumif? toufaumif}}&,fvdkY rpGJvrf;Muawmhygbl;/

tavmif;aumifudk twå[k pGJvrf;ygao;ovm;/

rsufpdtp½SdonfwdkYjzifh qufpyfwnf½Sdaeaom cEmudk,f½kyfw&m;BuD;udkom ]]twåaumif? toufaumif}}taeeJU xifrSwf pGJvrf;aeMuwmyg/ rsufpdponfwdkYjzifhqufpyfrI r½Sdaom ½kyfw&m;udkawmh ]]twåaumif? toufaumif}}[lí rpGJvrf;Muawmhyg/ aoNyD;p tavmif;aumifrsm;rSm tqif;rsdK;pHk ½lyg½kHudkjrifEdkifaom pu©Kyom'? toHrsdK;pHko'g½kHudk Mum;Edkifaom aomwyom'? teHUrsdK;pHk *Em½kHudk erf;½SLEdkifaom Cmeyom'? csdK csOf pyf ief zef cg; rsdK;pHk &om½kHudk pm;odEdkifaom Zd0Smyom'? tawGU txd rsdK;pHkaAm|AÁm½kHudk xdodEdkifaom um,yom'½kyfrsm; r½SdawmhwJhtwGufaMumifh rdrdtvdkus rdrdjzpfcsifovdkjzpfw,fponfhjzifh rpGJvrf;Muawmhygbl;/

½lyÍö[d'H bdu©a0 twåm tb0dó? e,d'H ½lyH tmAm"m,oH0awå,s? (oH0wfaw,[kzwf)

cspfom;wdk Y cE¨mig;yg;xJu ½kyfcE¨mBuD;onftwå0g'D yk*¾dKvfrsm; BuHqxm;ovdk twåjzpfr,f? tpdk;&

r,f? rdrdtvdkokdY vdkufr,fqdk&if þ½kyfcE¨mBuD;onf rdrdudkrESdyfpufoifh&m/

½kyfw&m;u rdrdudk b,fvdk ESdyfpufaeygovJqdkwm pDppfMunfh&atmif--- ½kyfu ig;rsdK;½Sdw,fvdkY ajymcJhwmudk arhrypfygeJU/

(1) pu©K= rsufpd½kyf? i,fi,f uav;b0wHk;uqdkrsufpdtvGeftm;aumif;w,f/ pmMunfhvdkY odyfaumif;w,f/ ta0;udk vSrf;Munfhvdkufvnf; oJoJuGJuGJ xifxif½Sm;½Sm; jrif&w,f/ yDyDjyifjyif xifxif½Sm;½Sm; jrif&w,f/toufuav; enf;enf;BuD;vmawmh pmMunfhvdkY odyfr&csifawmhbl;/ pmvHk;awGwGJvmw,f/ yl;uyfvmw,f/ta0;udk vSrf;Munfhvdkufvnf; rxifr½Sm; rIef0g;0g; jzpfvmw,f/ MumMumMunfhawmh rsuf&nfylawG usvmw,f/ 'grsufpd½kyfu rdrdudk ESdyfpufaewmyg/

(2) aomw=em;½kyf? cyfi,fi,f ausmif;om;b0uqdk em;odyfyg;wm/ cyfa0;a0;uajymvJ Mum;&wmyJ/wdk;wdk;av;ajymvJ Mum;&wmyJ/ toufuav; enf;enf;&vmawmh odyfrMum;csifawmhbl;/ av;vmw,f/ xdkif;vmw,f/ tem; em;uyfajymvJ rMum;wpfcsuf Mum;wpfcsuf?wcsdKUrsm;qdk em;rMum;awmhvdkY ajymvdkwJhpum;udk pmeJU a&;NyD;

37 38


awmif ajym&ygw,f/ 'g-em;½kyfu rdrdudk ESdyfpufaewmyg/

(3) Cme= ESmacgif;½kyf? ESmacgif;uvJ arT;arT;BudKifBudKifa&m? rarT;rBudKifyg teHUrsdK;pHk tukefvHk;udk erf;½SLEdkifygw,f/ teHUudk erf;½SL&mrSm Cmeyom'tm;aumif;rSteHUtrsdK;rsdK;udk erf;½SLEdkifwmyg/ wcsdKUMuawmh ESmacgif;uaumif;w,f/ 'gayrJh ESmacgif;tMunf½kyfysufaevdkY tarT;eHYESifh tykyfeHUponf bmudkrS teHUr&awmhyg/ 'guawmhESmacgif;½kyfu rdrdudk ESdyfpufaewmyg/

(4) Zd0Sm=vQm½kyf?Zd+0Smvdk Yrzwf&? Zdef0Sm-vdk Yzwf&rnf/ (Oyrm- uwGm? [kwGm? wkarS[d) usef;rma&;aumif;aewJh tcgrSmawmh bmpm;pm;? xrif;jzLudkqDqrf;?qm;jzL;NyD;pm;vJ t&om½SdwmyJ/ usef;rma&;raumif;cHwGif;ysufwJhtcgrSmawmh 'Haygufxrif;? Muufom;[if;eJUpm;vnf; t&om r½Sdawmhyg/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh Zd0Smac:wJh= vQm½kyfysuf aevdkYyg/ 'g-vQm½kyfu rdrdudk ESdyfpufvdkYaewmyg/

(5) um,= cE¨mudk,f½kyf? i,fi,f½G,f½G,fuqdktom;ta&awGu 0g0if;½Tef;td *Grf;qDxdouJhodkY El;nHhaysmhajymif;aeNyD; toufBuD;vmawmh rSJUajcmufawGpGJ yg;a&awGuwGJvmNyD; txdkiftxvJ av;vHvmygw,f/ 'gawG

uawmh udk,f½kyfu rdrdudk ESdyfpufaewmyg/ tu,fíom½kyfw&m;u twåjzpfcJhr,fqdk&if tpdk;w&rdrdtvdkodkY vdkufcJhr,fqdk&if rsufpd½kyf? em;½kyf? ESmacgif;½kyf? vQm½kyf? udk,f½kyfrsm;u xdkuJhodkY rESdyfpufEdkifyg/

twåu rdrdtvdkodkY vdkufapEdkifygovm;/

twå&JU owådig;rsdK;xJu o,H0oDowådqdkwmu]]cE¨m tdrfrI tpkpkü wpfckrusef pDrHcGJa0 rdrd ESpfNcdKufpepfudkufatmif vdkufygapEkdif\}} olwdkY,lpGJxm;ovdktwåu ½kyfcE¨mudk rdrd pDrH cefYcGJvdkY&w,f/ rdrd tvdkokdYvdkufw,fqdk&if bmhaMumifh rusef;rrm zsm;em&ygoenf;/ava&m*g? aoG;a&m*g? tpmtdrfa&m*g? 'lvmyg'&ufa&m*gponfjzifh (96)yg;aom a&m*g'Pf\ zdpD;ESdyfpufrIudk cHae&ygoenf;/ xdka&m*g trsdK;rsdK; rjzpfatmif jyKjyif pDrH zefwD;ay;&rSmaygh/ xdkuJhokdY jyKjyif pDrH zefwD;vdkY r&EdkifaomaMumifh]]tewå=tpdk;r&}} [krSwf&ygrnf/

omrDowådqdkwmu ]]cE¨mtdrfqdkiforQü ydkifotkyfpD; t½SifocifBuD;aywnf;}} tdrf&JUydkif½Sifu rdrd tdrfBuD;rysufrpD;atmif apmapmuwnf;u BudKwifNyD; umuG,fwm;qD; xdef;odrf; apmifha½Smufxm;wJh tcgusawmh ysufpD;roGm;awmhygbl;/ xdkYtwlyJ twåuvJ cE¨m&JUydkif½Sif? cE¨m

39 40


udk,f&JU t½SifocifBuD;rdkY a&m*gtrdsK;rsdK; rjzpf&avatmifwm;qD;umuG,f apmifha½Smufay;&rSmaygh/ xdktwå0g'DwdkY,lqxm;ovdk twåu cE¨m&JU ydkif½Sifr[kwfaomaMumifh]]tewå=tpdk;r&}} [k rSwf&ygrnf/

vaAÇxp ½lay ]]{0H ar ½lyH a[mwk? {0H ar ½lyHrm ta[moD}} wd / / / / / (vwfabxp [kzwf)

twåu rdrdtvdkokdY vdkufygapEdkifw,f/ cE¨mESifhpyforQ olUtvdkus pDrHEdkifw,fqdk&if ]]ig\½kyfcE¨monfþodkY þyHk vSvSyy usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omom jzpfygap/ tusnf;wef t½kyfqdk; a&m*gtrsdK;rsdK; pGJuyfjcif; rjzpfygapeJU}} vdkY awmifhwvdkY &rSmyg/ odkYaomf xdkuJhodkY awmifhwír&yg/½kyfcEm&JU azmufjyefwwfwJhoabmt& qHjzL cg;udkif;em;xdkif; oGm;a<u tom;ta&½IHUwG ,dk,Gif; tdkrif;jcif;vnf;jzpf&ygw,f/ tdyf,m anmifapmif;rSm avsmif;NyD;awmhvnf;'ku©rsdK;pHk awGUBuHK&ygw,f/ aemufqHk;rSmawmh aojcif;w&m;eJUvnf; ed*Hk;csKyf b0udk tqHk;owf&ygw,f/ ]]ighcE¨mrtdkygapeJU? tNrJxm0& ysdKjrpfEke,f i,f&G,fwJhtjzpfeJUyJ aeyg&ap? remygapeJY? xm0& temuif;uGm usef;rm&ygvdk\?raoygapeJU? tNrJwrf; rdom;pkeJU aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif aeyg&ap}}ponfjzifh awmifhwvdkY &EdkifrSmyg/ xdkokdY awmifhwr&

aomaMumifh ]]tewå=tpdk;r&}}vdkY rSwf&ygrnf/

tewåjzpfvdkYom½kyfem&

,o®mpacg bdu©a0 ½lyH tewåm? wo®m ½lyHtmAm"m, oH0wåwd? (,wform? wwform-[kzwf)

cspfom;wdkY oifwdkY&JU ½kyfcE¨mBuD;u tvdkodkYrvdkuftpdk;r& tewåjzpfaomaMumifh rusrf;rrm zsm;emjcif;jzpf&w,fvdkY a[mawmfrljcif;aMumifh a&m*gtrsdK;rsdK;eJUvJ&ifqdkif&ygw,f/ ½kyf\oabmu ]]oDwkPSm'd 0da&m"dypöa,[d ½kyÜwDwd½lyH}} [laom 0pew¬t& tat;vGefuJvQif ESmap; acsmif;qdk;wwfovdk tylvGefuJvQifvnf;zsm;emwwfygw,f/ twdwfu jyKcJhwJh ukodkvfuHaMumifhvlYcsrf;omav; vmjzpf&NyD; vSywifhw,f ½IcsifpzG,f ½kyftqif;eJUvnf; jynfhpHk&ygw,f/ tukodkvfuHawGaMumifhtusnf;wef t½kyfqdk; bDvl; obufrsdK;uJhodkYvnf; jzpfwwfygw,f/ ]]pdwfaxmif;awmh udk,faMu? pdwfysdKawmhudk,fEk}} qdkwmvdk pdwfqif;&JrI? pdwfcsrf;omrIaMumifhvJ ½kyfcEmu ñ§dK;i,frI? vef;qef;EkysdKrIqdkwm jzpf&ygw,f/ tyltat;tp½SdwJh OwkaMumifhvnf; ½kyfw&m;u azmufjyefwwfygw,f/ aumif;wJhtpm;tpm? tm[m&jzpfaprJhtpm;tpmrsdK;pm;&vQif usef;rm0NzdK; tvSwdk;NyD;? raumif;

41 42


wJhtpm;taomufESifh tm[m&rjzpfwJh tpmrsdK;pm; &vQifawmhydefcsHK; ñ§dK;us rvSryjzpf&ygw,f/ uH pdwf Owktm[m& taMumif;av;yg;aMumifhvnf; azmufjyefygw,f/'gwifruao;yg/ Oyg'f XD bifoabmt&vnf; ysufpD;vdkYaeygw,f/ wESpfukefoGm;rS ½kyfw&m;u ysufonfr[kwf?wpfESpfwGif (12)v ½Sd&mwGif vwdkif;vwdkif; ysufvdkY aewmyg/ wpfvrSmvJ &uf(30)½Sd&mwGif &ufwdkif;&ufwkdif; ysufvdkYaewmyg/ wpf&ufrSm (24)em&D½Sd&m em&Dwdkif; em&Dwdkif;ysufvdkYaeygw,f/ wpfem&DrSm rdepf(60)½Sd&mwGif rdepfwdkif;rdepfwdkif;ysufvdkY aeygw,f/ wpfrdepfrSm puúefY (60)½Sd&mrSmvJ puúefUwdkif; puúefYwdkif; azmufjyef ysufpD;vdkY aewmyg/

tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;rSmawmh ]]e'Daomawm0d,=jrpfa&tvQifuJhodkY}} jzpfysufaeygw,fvdkY Oyrm ay;xm;ygw,f/ jrpfurf;ezl;rS xdkifMunfhaeol[m apmapmu pD;oGm;wmvJ 'Da&yJ? ,ckvJ 'Da&yJvdkY xif&ayrJh apmapma&uatmufudkpD;oGm;vdkY r½Sdawmhygbl;/ txufrS pD;qif;vmwJha&u xdkae&modkY tpm;xdk;0ifvmum apmapmua&eJU,cka& twlwlvdkY xif&wmyg/ odkYaomf rwlyg/ 'gaMumifha½S;ynm½Sd BuD;rsm;&JU ]]jrpfwpfckudk ESpfcgul;vdkY r&bl;}} qdkwJhpum;yHkvnf; Mum;bl;ygw,f/ xkdYtwlyJ ½kyfw&m;BuD;

uvnf; a½SU½kyfawG jzpfNyD; ysufoGm;? aemuf½kyftopfawGtpm;xdk;0ifvm? xkdjzpfwkdif; jzpfwkdif;aom topftopf½kyfawGvnf; ysufysufoGm;Muwmyg/ ½kyfw&m;u twår[kwfavawmh tjzpftysufu tNrJ ESdyfpufaeygw,f/

(aqmifyk'f) ESrf;tkd;uif;xuf? ESrf;awGusufodkY? jzpfysufae&? tedpöonf? 'ku© tewåcsnf;omwnf;?

(awmifNrdKUq&mawmfBuD;)

tdk;uif;xJ ESrf;awGxnfhavSmfwJhtcg ta½SUem;uvnf;jzpfjzpf? taemufem;uvnf;jzpfjzpf? tv,fuvnf;jzpfjzpf? ab;uvJ jzpfjzpfeJY jrnfovdk ½kyfw&m;BuD;uvnf;cE¨mudk,fwpfckvHk; ae&mrvyf jzpfysufaewmaMumifh tpdk;r& tewåygyJ/

ep vAÇwd ½lay ]]{0H ar ½lyH a[mwk? {0H ar ½lyHrm ta[moD}} wd? (vwfbwd[kzwf)

ig\ ½kyfcE¨mBuD;onf þodkY þyHk usef;usef;rmrmvSvSyy acsmacsmarmarm wifhwifhw,fw,f ajyajyjypfjypfjzpfygap/ þodkY þyHk rvSry tusnf;wef t½kyfqdk; a&m*gtrsdK;rsdK; pGJuyfjcif; rjzpfygapeJYvdkY awmifhwír&yg/ a½S;twdwfb0u ig;yg;oDvvHkcJhvQif 'Db0 touf½Snfr,f/usef;rmr,f/ temuif;r,f/ t*FgajcvufjynfhpHkr,f/ ig;yg;

43 44


oDvysufcJhvQif toufwkdum tema&m*g xlajymvdkY t*Fgajcvuf rjynfhrpHk jzpfwwfygw,f/ a'goBuD;cJhvQifawmht½kyfqdk; tusnf;wef bDvl;yHko@mef jzpf&NyD;? arwåm"mwftm;aumif;cJhvQif vSywifhw,f ½IcsifhpzG,f jzpf&rSmyg/]]b,folrjyK rdrdrI}} pum;yHkt& udk,fjyKudk,fcH udk,fompH&rSmjzpfygw,f/ ukd,fhb0udk,f zefwD;cJhMuwmyg/ twdwfoHo&mu ukd,fhyef;csDum;csyfudk udk,fwdkifyif a&;qGJcJhMuonf r[kwfygvm;/ twdwfu jyKcJhonfh uHaumif;uHqdk;trsdK;rsdK;\ aumif;arGqdk;arG þESpfaxGudk rQa0cHpm;aeMu&wmyg/ b,ftwåaumifurS jyKjyifzefwD;EdkifpGrf;?trdefYay;jc,fvS,f EdkifpGrf;r½Sdyg/ xdkYaMumifh tpdk;r& tvdkodkYrvdkufaomaMumifh ]]tewå}}om jzpfygw,f/

þtewåw&m;um; omoemyüaomfvnf;aumif;? omoemwGif;üaomfvnf;aumif;? xif½Sm;½Sdaeaomw&m; jzpfygw,f/ odkYaomf azmfxkwfrnfhol Discover

vkyfrnfholr½Sdao;í vQdKU0Suf wdrfjr§Kyf ikyfae&jcif; jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmyGifhvmaomtcgusrSom a[mMum;awmfrlvdkufojzifh vl ewf jA[®m owå0gwdkY odcGifh &½SdMu&ayonf/ tedpöESifh 'ku©w&m;u ay:vGifxif½Sm;aomfvnf;tewåw&m;uawmh odzdkY&ef cufcJvSygonf/ udk,fhtvdk

twdkif; jzpf&wmudk ]]twå}}[k pGJvrf;MuNyD;? udk,fhtvdk rygobm0twkdif; jzpfysufaeaomw&m;udk ]]tew å }}[krSwf&ygrnf/

(aqmif) tvdkwdkif;om? jzpf&wm? rSwfyg ]]twå}} ,lpGJMu?

udk,fhvdkryg? jzpfysufwm? rSwfyg ]] tewå}}?

tpdk;r&? tewå? Ak'¨a[mrS odcGifh&?

(oHayguf) omoemwGif;y? ESpfXme? rkcs½Sd& tewå?

vlewfjA[®m? odMuwm? ESpfjzm 'ku© tedpö?

'dkYwawGvnf;? ckrSyJ? oJuGJod& tewå?

tewåjrif? twåpif? vlvQifjzpf& uHaumif;pG/

V V V V V

45 46


Sa0'emtewåjzpfyHk

&[ef;wdk Y a0'emonf twår[kwf? &[ef;wdk Ya0'emonf twåjzpfcJhvQif a0'emonf emusifjcif; rjzpf&m?]]ig\ a0'emonf þodkYjzpfap? ig\a0'emonf þodkYrjzpfapvifh}} [lívnf; a0'emü (pD&ifí) &&m\/ &[ef;wdkY a0'emonf twår[kwfaomaMumifh emusifjcif;jzpf\/]]ig\a0'emonf þodkYrjzpfapvifh}} [lí a0'emü(pD&ifí)r&tyf? (jrefrmjyef)

&[ef;wkdY cHpm;rIa0'em tvdkodkYrvdkuf tpdk;r&tewåjzpf\vdkY a[mawmfrlygw,f/

a0'emuvnf;= tm½kHaumif;udk cHpm;wJh okca0'em?

tm½kHqdk;udk cHpm;wJh 'ku©a0'em?

rqdk;raumif; tv,ftvwftm½kHudkcHpm;wJh Oayu©ma0'emvdkY oHk;rsdK; oHk;pm;oHk;yg;½Sdygw,f/

odyfyltdkufaewJhtcdsef yefumav; zGifhay;vdkufawmhaeom xkdifom½SdoGm;w,f/ oufawmifhoufomjzpfoGm;w,f/ 'gudkawmh okca0'em ac:ygw,f/ okc=csrf;omwJhtm½kHudk? a0'em=cHpm;jcif;? 'Dvdk csrf;omwJhtm½kHudkawmhvlwdkif;vlwdkif; cHpm;csifMuwmyg/ tbdeE´wd= tJ'Dtm½kHtay:rSm ESpfouf auseyfNyD;awmhvnf; aeygw,f/tbd0'wd=ae&xkdif& tqifajyvdkufwmvdkYvnf; ajymwwfygw,f/ xdktm½kHtay:rSmouf0ifepfjr§KyfNyD;awmhvnf;aewwfygw,f/ xdkyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm ]]okcg, a0'em,&m*gEkoa,m tEkaowd}} ygVdt& avmbudavom jzpfwmrdkU? okca0'emjzpf&if avmbudavom udef;ygw,f/ rdbarmifbGm; aqGrsdK;om;csif;rsm; aoausysufpD;wJhtcgodyfqif;&J&NyD; 'ku©a0'em jzpf&ygw,f/ 'ku©=qif;&JwJhtm½kHudk? a0'em=cHpm;jcif;? 'Dvdk 'ku©a0'em jzpfaewJhtcgaompwd=pdk;&drfylaqG;&ygw,f/ udvrwd=yifyef;&ygw,f/y&da'0w d=&ifbwfpnf;wD; [D;cs NyD;awmhvnf; idka<u;

47 48


jrnfwrf;&ygw,f/ 'gu 'ku©a0'em&JU oabmyg/ ]]wóy#dCmEkoa,m tEkaowd}} xdkyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm a'goudavomjzpfygw,f/ Oayu©ma0'em qdkwmuawmhtv,f tvwftm½kHudk cHpm;wJhoabmyg/ 'D Oayu©ma0'em jzpfzd k Y&m (1)ork',=a0'emjzpfrSef;rodjcif;?(2)0,=a0'emcsKyfaysmufoGm;wJhoabmudkrodjcif;?(3)tóm'=om,mrSef;vnf; rodjcif;? (4)tm'De0=a0'em&JU tjypfudkvnf;rodjcif;? (5)edó&P=xGufajrmuf&mudkvnf; rodjcif;qdkwJh t*Fg&yfrsm;eJY nDae&ifawmhOayu©ma0'emjzpfygw,f/ ]]Oayu©m, a0'em, t0dZÆm-Ekoa,m tEkaow d}} ygVdt& Oayu©ma0'em jzpf&ifarm[udavomvnf; jzpfygw,f/ tusOf;csKyf rSwf&rSmuokca0'em cHpm;ae&if avmbudavom jzpfygw,f/'ku©a0'em cHpm;ae&if a'goudavom jzpfjyD; Oayu©ma0'emjzpf&if arm[udavom jzpfaewwfygw,f/

twå&JU owådu a0'u=aumif;aumif;qdk;qdk;trsdK;rsdK;udk tusdK;avsmfuef ay:vmjyefvQif cHpHvnf; cHpHwwfay\/ twåu aumif;wJhtm½kH okca0'emjzpfvnf;cHpm;w,f/ raumif;tm½kH qif;&JwJh tm½kHeJUawGUvnf;cHpm;w,f/ aumif; raumif; tv,ftvwftm½kHeJY awGU

vnf;cHpm;w,f/ a0'emu tm½kHig;yg;ay:rSDNyD; cHpm;ygw,f/ tm½kHig;yg;u tqif;rsdK;pHk ½lyg½kH? toHrsdK;pHk o'´g½kH?teHUrsdK;pHk *E¨m½kH? t&om rsdK;pHk &om½kH? tawGUtxdrsdK;pHkazm|AÁm½kHwdkY jzpfygw,f/ vSy wifhw,f ½IcsifhpzG,ftqif;jrif&awmh om,mwJh okca0'em jzpfygw,f/ rvSryazmufjyef,dk,Gif; tqif;o@mefrsdK; jrif&awmh ESvHk;rom,mwJh 'ku©a0'em jzpf&ygw,f/ wpfcg wpf&HrSmawmhom,mwJhoabmvnf; rouf? qif;&JwJhoabmvnf;rzufyJ Mum;cHpm;rIvnf; jzpfwwfygao;w,f/ 'gudkawmhOayu©ma0'emvdkY ac:ygw,f/ om,mNidrfhanmif; ESpfoufzG,faumif;wJh toHav;Mum;&wJh tcgrSmawmh okca0'emjzpfNyD;? qJoH qdkoH Budrf;armif;oH pdefac:oH twif;ajymoHrsdK;Mum;&wJhtcgrSmawmh 'ku©a0'emjzpf&um wpfcgwpf&HrSmawmh tv,ftvwf cHpm;wJh Oayu©ma0'em rsdK;vnf;jzpfwwfygw,f/ teHUrsdK;pHk *E¨m½kH? t&omrsdK;pHk &om½kHeJUtawGUtxdrsdK;pHk azm|AÁm½kHwdkYudk cHpm;&mrSmvnf; 'DoabmygyJ? oHk;rsdK;pD jzpfwwfygw,f/

oifwef;wuf&if; a0'emjzpf

,ckvdkoifwef;wuf&if;vnf; a0'emjzpfaeygw,f/ b,fvdkjzpfaeovJqdkawmh pdwfygvufyg vdkvdk

49 50


csifcsif rSwfrSwf om;om;eJY tm½kHjyK em;pdkufaxmifaewJhtcgokca0'em jzpfygw,f/ ysif;bdk Yaumif;vdkufwm/ 'Dudk,fawmf uvnf; pum;aMumu½Snfygbd/ Akdufuvnf;qmvmNyDqdk&if 'ku©a0'em jzpfygw,f/ tif;-vvnf;ukefcgeD;NyD/ tdrfvcvnf; ay;&awmhr,f/ ausmif;uvnf;tyf&tHk;r,f/ ADZm uvnf; ukefcgeD;jyD? tvkyfuvnf;r&ao;bl;eJUqdkNyD; [kdawG; 'DawG;? awG;ae&if Oayu©ma0'em jzpfaew,fvdkY rSwfyg/ ig bma0'em jzpfaevnf;qdkwmawmh udk,frSyJ odrSmaygh/ twåaumifav;utaumif;tqdk; ESpfrsdK;udk rQa0cHpm; aew,fvdkY ,lqxm;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh cHpm;rIa0'emu twåaumifawmhr[kwfygbl;/ olUtaMumif;tm;avQmfpGm topftopfjzpfNyD;ysufoGm;wJh oabmw&m; oufoufrQom jzpfygw,f/ þa0'emudk tb,folu cHpm;oenf; ? cHpm;wwfolyk*¾dKvfr½Sdyg/ þa0'emudk tb,folu tpdk;w& ydkifqdkifoenf;? a0'emudk tpdk;&ol ydkifqdkifol r½Sdyg/ þ a0'emonf yk*¾dKvfowå0gwdkY tvdkaMumifhom jzpfygoavm?rjzpfyg/ "mwfav;yg; azmufjyefrIaMumifhom jzpf&wmyg/

cHpm;olr½Sd0w¬K

oD[dkVfuRef; pdwåvawmifü oDwif;oHk;vQuf

awm&aqmufwnfaeaom rax&fwpfyg; ½Sdygonf/wpfaeYwGif avema&m*g tjyif;txef pGJuyfvmojzifhckwifay:0,f vl;vdrfhNiD;jiLaeaomtcg tvkyftauR;jzpfaom&[ef;i,fu ]]t½Sifbk&m; bmjzpfvdkY 'Davmuf NiD;jiLae&ygovJ}}vdkY avQmufygw,f/ 'Dtcg rax&fBuD;u ]]igh½SifighrSmavema&m*gjzpfaevdkY NiD;jiLaew,f}}[k trdefY½Sdygw,f/avema&m*gudk pDppfMunfh vdkufawmh avu-0ga,m"mwf?emwmu-'ku©? emrIoabmudk cHpm;wmu a0'em? emwJhoabmudk odwmu 0dnmOf? a0'em udkcHpm;wwfwJh yk*¾dKvfqdkwmr½Sdygbl;/ igcHpm;w,fqdk&if twåaumifvdkY pGJvrf;&ma&mufoGm;r,f/ þa0'emudk b,fol tpdk;&ovJqdkawmhtpdk;&ol ydkif½SifvJ r½Sdygbl;/ þa0'em yk*¾dKvfowå0gwdkYqE´aMumifh jzpfygovm;/ r[kwfygbl;/ "mwfBuD;av;yg;azmufjyefvdkY jzpf&wmyg/

"mwfBuD;av;yg;qdkwmu=

(1) yx0D"mwf= awmifhwif;ckdifrmwJhoabm/

(2) tmayg"mwf=,dkpD;zGJUpnf;wJhoabm/

(3) awaZm"mwf= ylwJhoabm? aEG;wJhoabm? at;wJhoabm/

(4)0ga,m"mwf= wGef;uefvIyf½Sm;wJhoabm/

51 52


tJ'D"mwfBuD;av;yg; nDrQaewJhtcg Balance jzpfaewJhtcgae&xdkif&wm oufouf omom½Sdw,f/ aeomxdkifom½Sdw,f/ usef;rmw,f/ "mwfBuD; av;yg; azmufjyefvmNyDOut of balance jzpfvmjyDqdk&if roufrom aerxd xkdifrxd jzpfvmygw,f/ ,ck rax&fBuD; cHpm;ae&wJh avema&m*gu 0ga,m"mwf azmufjyefvdkY jzpfvmwJh a0'emyg/tvkyftauR;&[ef;i,fu qufNyD;avQmufygw,f/]]t½Sifbk&m;wdkYrsm; w&m;awG tm;xkwfaeNyD; 'Davmufav;emwmudk onf;cHzdkY aumif;ygw,f}} [kavQmufxm;aomtcg rax&fBuD; owd&vmNyD; a0'emudk MuHUMuHUcHí ½IrSwfygw,f/ rMumcif 0rf;wGif;avrsm;u ESvHk;om;udk azmufxGif;vQuf 0rf;Adkufudk cGJxGufum ckwifay:odkY tlrsm;tacGvdkufusvmygawmhw,f/ 'DawmhrS rax&fBuD;u ]]igh½Sif 'Davmufonf;cH&if awmfavmuf NyDvm;}}vdkY ar;vdkufwJhtcg tvkyftauR; &[ef;rSm tHhtm;oifh oGm;ygawmhw,f/ rax&fBuD;vnf; xdkae&mrSmyif y#dorÇd'gywå ZD0dworoDoD &[EÅmjzpfum y&dedAÁmef0ifpHcsKyfNidrf; cE¨mZmwfodrf;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ &[EÅmvnf;jzpf y&dedAÁmefvnf; pHjcif;udk ZD0dworoDoD&[EÅm[k ac:ygonf/ (rlvyPÖot|uxm 1? 274)

y#dorÇd'gav;yg;[lonfrSm---

(1) tw¬y#dorÇd'g=taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vm aomtusdK;w&m;pk? edAÁmef? ygVdteufoabm? 0dygufpdwf?Bud,mpdwf? þw&m;ig;yg;tpkü odaomOmPfonf tw¬y#dorÇd'gOmPf rnfygonf/ (twfxywdorfbd'g[k-zwf)

(2) "r®y#dorÇ d'g= tusd K;ud k jzpfapwwfaomtaMumif;w&m;pk? t&d,mr*fav;yg;? ygVdtpOf? ukodkvftukodkvf? þw&m;ig;yg;ü odaomOmPfonf "r®-y#dorÇd'gOmPf rnfygonf/ ("rfrywdorfbd'g[k=zwf)

(3) ed½kwådy#dorÇd'g= qdkcJhNyD;aom tw¬ig;rsdK;? "r®ig;rsdK;ESifhqdkif&m o'g yk'f ygXfpaom q,fyg;üodaom OmPfonfed½kwådy#dorÇd'g rnfygonf/ (ed½kwfwdywdorfbd'g[k-zwf)

(4) y#dbmey#dorÇd'g= qdkcJhNyD;aom y#dorÇd'g oHk;yg;vHk;udk xl;axGuGJjym; ydkif;jcm;a0zefí odaomOmPfonfy#dbmey#dorÇd'g rnfygonf/(ywdbmey#dorfbd'g[k-zwf)

a0'emp [d'H bdu©a0 twåm tb0dó? e,d'Ha0'em tmAm"m, oH0awå,s/

&[ef;wdkY cHpm;rIa0'em twåjzpfr,f/ tpdk;&r,fqdk&if emusifrIrjzpf&m? a0'emom twåjzpfr,f tpdk;&r,f

53 54


qdk&if raumif;a0'emac:wJh emusifrI rjzpfoifhbl;? wpfcgwpf&H rdrdcspfjrwfEdk;tyfwJh yk*¾dKvfrsm;eJY aemufqHk; cGJcGmjcif;eJYcGJcGmoGm;&wJhtcgrSmawmh pdk;&drfylaqG;jcif;? idka<u;jrnfwrf;jcif;? udk,fqif;&J pdwfqif;&Jjzpf&jcif;? oufBuD;½Idufiifjyif;pGmylyef&jcif;rsm; jzpf&ygw,f/ 'gawGudk twåu jzpfcsifwm r[kwfygbl;/ rjzpfcsifwmawG avQmufNyD;jzpfae&w,f/a0'emom twåqkd&if bmjzpfvdkY raumif;a0'em emusifrIjzpf&rvJ/ taumif;a0'emcsnf;om jzpf&rSmaygh/

vaAÇxp a0'em, ]]{0H ar a0'em a[mwk? {0Har a0'em rm ta[moD}} wd?

ig\a0'emonf csrf;omwJh oufawmifhoufomjzpfwJh taumif;a0'emcsnf; jzpfygap/ emusifcHcufwJhraumif;a0'em rjzpfygapeJY-vdkY awmifhwvdkY &ç&rSmyg/a0'em-u um,dua0'emeJU apwodua0'em[lí ESpfrsdK;½Sdygonf/ rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udkf,f[laomig;'Gg&ig;XmeudkrS Díjzpfwmudkum,dua0'emvdkUac:&jyD; pdwfud krDSíjzpfwmudkawmh apwodua0'emvdkY ac:ygw,f/rsufpduvnf; tvdkufoifhuav; jyKjyifay;ae&wmyg/ tjrJwrf;rSdwfxm;vdkY r&ovdk tjrJwrf;zGifhxm;vdkYvnf; r&yg/ rSdwfvdkuf zGifhvdkufeJY vkyfay;&ygw,f/ 'Dvdktvdkufoifhav;

vkyfay;ae&if;uyJ atmifhwmwdkY pl;wmwdkY udkufwmwdkYjzpfvmygw,f/ 'gu 'ku©a0'emyg/ 'Dvkd emusifudkufcJwmrsdK; rvdkvm;ygbl;/

tu,fíom twåu tpdk;&r,f udk,fhtvdkwdkif;vdkufr,fqdk&if qif;&JwJh 'ku©a0'em rjzpfygapeJYvdkY awmifhwvdkY &ç&rSmyg/ twåaumifr[kwfwJh twGufaMumifh (0g)tewåjzpfaomaMumifh awmifhwvdkY r&yg/ em;? ESmacgif;?vQm? udk,fwdkYudkvnf; tjrJwrf; jyKjyif ay;ae&wmyg/ ,ckxdkif&if;yJ ukd,fcEmBuD;u anmif;nm udkufcJ xHkusifrIawGjzpfvmygw,f/ tcHcufvdkY 'ku©a0'em ac:ygw,f/ ighcEmBuD; csrf;csrf;omom oufawmifh oufomav; jzpfygap/roufrom 'ku©a0'em rjzpfygapeJYvdkY awmifhwvdkY r&wmaMumifhvnf; ]]tewå}}vdkY rSwfyg/ rdrd cspfoleJY cGJcGm auGuGif;ae&jcif;aMumifh qif;&JwJh'ku©? rcspfrESpfoufoleJU aygif;oif;&wJh'ku©? &wmrvdk vdkwmr&wJh 'ku©? rdbarmifbGm;awGqHk;½IH;ysufpD;vdkY pdk;&drfylaqG; idka<ujrnfwrf;&wJh'ku©?pdwfqif;&J&wJh'ku©? oufBuD;½Idufiif jyif;pGmylyefae&wJh 'ku©awGudkawmh ]]apwodu'ku©}}vdkY ac:ygw,f/

'Dum,du'ku©? apwodu'ku©ESpfrs d K;pvHk;ud kb,folrS rcHpm;csifygbl;/ twåaumifom jzpfr,fqdk&if

55 56


'grsdK;'ku©rjzpfygapeJYvdkY awmifhwvdkY &ç&rSmyg/ xdkokdY r&wmaMumifh a0'em ]]tewå}} vdkYrSwfyg/

,o®mpacg bdu©a0 a0'em tewåm? wo®ma0'em tmAm"m, oH0wåwd?

cspfom;wdkY cHpm;rIa0'em tpdk;r& tewåaMumifhemusifcHcuf ESdyfpufrI jzpf&w,f/

a0'em tvdktwdkif; rjzpf

cHpm;rI a0'em tpdk;r&yg/ rdrdtvdkodkY rvdkufyg/tjrifaumif;? tMum;aumif;? teHYaumif;? t&omaumif;?tawGUtxdaumif;awGcsnf; jrif&? Mum;&? erf;½I&? pm;&?xdawGU&atmif awmifhwvdkY r&Edkifyg/ tjrifaumif;?tMum;aumif;awG jrif& Mum;&atmif wrifBudK;pm;NyD;½SmaeMuwmyg/ &jyefawmhvnf; wm½Snfwnfaeygvm;qdkawmhrwnfyg/ rMumcifrSmyJ tjrifqdk;? tMum;qdk;? teHUqdk;?t&omqdk;awG jzpfay:vdkY vmygw,f/ tqdk;qHk;uawmhtawGUtxdygyJ/ jrefrmpum;yHk½Sdw,fr[kwfvm;/ ]]oGm;Mum;½dk;nyf? qHwpfyifwif;? cspfjcif;r,m;? &nf;pm; vlvk? tlEkuRJcwf?taeuyf\}} qdkwJh pum;t& oGm;Mum; nyfjcif;? OD;acgif;ay:u qHwpfyifwif;aejcif;? cspfZeD;ESifhcGJcGmae&jcif;?ukd,fh&nf;pm;olrsm;aemufygoGm;jcif;pwJh 'ku©awG[m

tlEkudk uRJcwfovdk tcH&cufygowJh/ 'gawG [m qdk;0g;vSwJh cHpm;rI a0'emawGygyJ/ rawmfwq cvkwf wdkufrdvdkYjzpfap? ql;pl;vdkY jzpfap? wkwf'g;ponfwkdYjzifh xdcdkufvdkYjzpfap?a&m*ga0'em zdpD;ESdyfpufvdkYjzpfap awGU&wJh a0'emawGuawmh ydkNyD;tcH& cufygw,f/ wcsdKUrsm; owfaoonftxd cHMu&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk qdk;0g;vSwJh a0'emrsdK;rjzpfygapeJYvdkY pDrHcefYcJGvdkY r&ygbl;/ tpdk;r&wJh tewåoabmjzpfwmrdkY yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;eJU ESdyfpufvdkYaeygw,f/

e p vAÇwd a0'em, ]]{0H ar a0'em a[mwk?{0H ar a0'em rm ta[moD}} wd?

ig\a0'emonf taumif;csnf;jzpfygap/ csrf;csrf;omomjzpfygap/ roufrom qif;qif;&J&J rjzpfygapeJUvdkYawmifhwír&yg/ twå&JU owådu omrD = cEmtdrfqdkiforQüydkifotkyfpD; t½SifocifBuD;aywnf;/ twå0g'D yk*¾dKvfrsm;u a0'emudk twåuydkifw,f/ a0'em&JUydkif½Sifu twåyJvdkY,lq xm;ygw,f/ pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ ighoEÅmefrSm aumif;wJhcsrf;omwJh okca0'emcsnf;jzpfygap/ raumif;wJh emusifcHcufNyD; qif;&J wJh'ku©a0'em b,fawmhrSrjzpfygapeJY&,fvdkY awmifhwvdkY r&ygbl;/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh a0'emudktwåu rydkifvdkYyg/ 'ghaMumifh udk,fcE¨mrSm jzpfay:vmwJh

57 58


a0'emrSeforQudk ]]tewå}} tpdk;r&vdkYrSwfyg/

oaAÁ ocFg&m tedpöm? oaAÁ ocFg&m 'ku©m? oaAÁ"r®m tewåm}}vdkY ("r®y'ygVdawmf)rSm a[mawmfrlxm;ygw,f/ ocFg&w&m;rSeforQ tedpö? 'ku©vdkYrSwfyg/ ocFg&qdkwm uH? pdwf? Owk? tm[m& taMumif;av;yg; jyKjyKifvdkYjzpfvm&wJh w&m;awGudk ac:ygw,f/ pdwf? apwoduf?½kyfw&m;rsm; jzpfygw,f/ ]]oaAÁ "r®m tewåm}} ygVdt&ocFg& tocFg&w&m; tm;vHk;udk ]]tew å}}vdkY rSwf&ygrnf/edAÁmefum; taMumif;av;yg;uif;íjzpfaom tocFg&w&m;jzpfaomaMumifh edpö okc jzpfygw,f/ ]]oaAÁ "r®mwd=yÍöu©E¨m{0 t"dayÜwm[k ("r®y't|uxm) zGifhaomaMumifhcE¨mig;yg;udk,l&rnf/ edAÁmefonf cE¨mig;yg;rSvGwfaeaomaMumifh cE0drkwfw&m; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifhþtzGifhtvdk ]]tew å}}[krqdkEdkifovkd ]]twå}}[kvnf;r,lvdkufygeJU/

tedpöm oaAÁ ocFg&m? 'ku©mewåmp ocFwm?edAÁmeaÍö0 ynwåd? tewåm £wd edpä,m?

(y&d0gygVdawmf - 157)

ocFg&w&m;tm;vHk;wdkYonf tjrJr½Sdukef/ ocFg&w&m;tm;vHk;wdkYonf qif;vnf;qif;&Jukef\/ ukd,fvnf;

r[kwfukef/ edAÁmefESifhynwfudk ukd,fr[kwf ]]tewå}} [líqHk;jzwftyf\/ (jrefrmjyef)

þy&d0g ygVdawmfud kaxmufívnf;aumif;?]]y&duyÜdwó twåaem tbma0g tewåwm}} [laom#Dumpum;ESifhtnD wyg;aomwdw¬dwdkYonf MuHqtyfaomtwå\r½Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;? edAÁmefudk]]tewå}} [lí rSwf&ygrnf/ xdkYaMumifh edAÁmefonf ]]edpöokc tewå}} jzpfyg onf/

a0'emEkyóem½IyHk

a0'emu tm½kHudk cHpm;wJhoabm? oufawmifhoufomjzpfaewmu-tm½kH? oufomwJhoabmudk cHpm;wmu-a0'em? roufromjzpfwmu-tm½kH? roufomwJhoabmudk cHpm;wmu-a0'em? oufomonfvnf;r[kwf?roufomonfvnf;r[kwfwmu-tm½kH? cHpm;wJhoabmu-a0'em? oufomwJhoabmudk cHpm;wmu okca0'em?roufomwJhoabmudk cHpm;wmu 'ku©a0'em? tv,ftvwfoabmudk cHpm;wmu Oayu©ma0'emjzpfyg w,f/anmif;nm udkufcJ xHkusifqdkwJh tm½kHu ynwf? cHpm;rIa0'emu y&rwf? 0dyóem½I&m0,f ynwfudkr½I&? y&rwfudkom½I&rnf/]]tedpöm'dtmuma&[d yówDwd 0dyóem}} rjrJ

59 60


qif;&J tpdk;r&[k ½IwwfaomOmPfudk 0dyóem[k ac:ygonf/ anmif;nm udkufcJ xHkusifwmu ½kyfw&m;&JUoabmyg/]]½kyÜwDwd ½lyH}}t& ½kyfw&m;u tjrJwrf;azmufjyefvdkY aewmyg/ ½kyfw&m;azmufjyefvdkY xHkusifwmu-tm½kH?xHkusifwJhoabm udkcHpm;wmu-a0'em? a0'em&JU oabmu c,"r®m=ukefcrf; wwfwJhoabm? 0,"r®m= ysufpD;oGm;wwfwJhoabm?rjrJwJh oabm? qif;&JwJhoabm? tpdk;r&wJhoabm½Sdygw,f/ oufawmifhoufomjzpfaewJh okca0'emvnf; MumMumrwnfyg/ jzpfysufoabmt& ysufpD;vdkY oGm;ygw,f/ ocFg& w&m;jzpfjcif;aMumifhvnf; rjrJqif;&J tpdk;r&yg/

'ku©a0'em oHk;rsdK;vm

'ku©a0'emu =

(1) 'ku© 'ku©=,ck&½Sdxm;wJhcE¨mu 'ku©opöm?xHkusifudkufcJwmvnf; 'ku©qdkawmh 'ku©xyfjzpfwmrkdY 'ku© 'ku©jzpfygw,f/

(2) 0dy&dPmr'ku©=azmufjyefwJh'ku©? qHjzL cg;ukdif;em;xdkif; oGm;a<uum azmufjyefNyD; qif;&JwmrdkY0dy&dPmr'ku©yg/

(3) ocFg&'ku©=½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awG jzpfvdkufysufvdkufeJY rjywfqif;&Jaewmu ocFg&'ku©yg/

xdkoHk;rsdK;wdkYwGif 'ku©'ku©ESifh 0dy&dPmr'ku©ESpfyg;u ynwfjzpfí 0dyóemr½Iaumif;? ocFg&'ku©onf y&rw¬w&m;jzpfí 0dyóem½I&ygrnf/ xdkuJhodkY ½I&mü xHkusif udkufcJanmif;nmrIu ynwfjzpfí 0dyóemr½Iaumif;? cHpm;rIa0'em\ tjzpftysufoabmudkom 0dyóem½I&ygrnf/'ku© 'ku©ESifh 0dy&dPmr'ku©um; wu,f'ku©tppfr[kwfyg/'ku©twkomjzpfygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhenf;/ txdkifrsm;vdkYxHkusifvmwJhtcg ESdyfay;vdkuf? odkYr[kwf vrf;avQmufay;vdkuf&if xHkusifa&m*g aysmufoGm;ygw,f/ anmif;nmvm&if vrf;avQmufay;vdkuf aysmufoGm;ygw,f/ ukpm;vdkY&wJh'ku© jzpfwmrdkY 'ku©tppfr[kwfyg/ OD;acgif;ay:u qHyifawGjzLvm&if qHyifeufaq;qdk;ay;vdkuf jyefeufvmygw,f/rsufpdrIefvm&if aq;½kHoGm; cJGpdwfuko rsufMunfvTmxnfhay;vdkuf&if jyefjrifvmygw,f/ yg;awGcsdKif hta&awGwGefYaevnf; aygif;wifay;vdkufu EkysdKvmygw,f/ 'DvdkjyKjyifvdkY&wmaMumifh 'ku©twkomjzpfygonf/(wenf;) orkwdynwfomjzpfygonf/ y&rw¬r[kwfyg/ocFg&'ku©qdkwmu ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awG rjywfjzpfysuf

61 62


aewJhqif;&Jyg/ a½SU½kyfemrfawG jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;? xdkysufoGm;wJhae&mtpm;xdk;NyD; ½kyfopfemrfopfawGjzpfvmygw,f/ xdk½kyfopfemrfopfrsm;vnf; ocFg&oabmt&wnfraeyJ ysufvdkYoGm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ½kyf emrfawG jzpfysufaewmudkawmh bk&m;vnf; ukr&? odMum;vnf;rwwfEdkif?e*g;vnf; vufrIdifcsum ae&wmaMumifh qif;&Jtppf trSefomjzpfwmrdkY y&rw¬w&m;jzpfojzifh 0dyóem½Iaumif;aom'ku©[krSwfyg/ 'gaMumifh ocFg&'ku©udkom 0dyóem½Iaumif;onf 0dyóem½I&rnf jzpfygonf/

'ku©oHk;rsdK;

cE¨udk,frSm? xHkusifwm? rSwfyg 'ku© 'ku©jy?em;xdkif;oGm;a<u? azmufjyefay? rSwfav0dy&dPmr?jzpfysufESpfwef? ESdyfpufjyef? rSwf&efocFg&?'ku©oHk;yg;? xift½Sm;? rSwfom;usrf;*efjy?xdkoHk;yg;wGif? 0dyofwif? qifjcif½I& ocFg&?ig-ighOpöm? xifvGJwm? rSwfygouúm,? udkwdó0w¦Kom"ujyK

jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmfu om0w¬dNrdKUrSm uka#av;q,f Opöm<u,f0onfh wdóol<u,fwpfa,muf ½Sdygonf/ wpfaeYoü oHa0*OmPfawG &ifhoefvdkY ypönf;Opöm

uka#av;q,fudk nDeJUc,frtm; vTJtyfcJhNyD; tazmfrrSD;wpfudk,fwnf; awmxGufum w&m;usifhcJhygw,f/ wpfaeYrSmawmhnD&JUr,m; c,frvkyfoluypönf;tay: avmbaZmwufNyD; pdwf½kdif;0ifvmowJh/ ]]ig&JUcJtdk-udkwdó wu,fvdkYrsm; &[ef;0wfeJUraysmfvdkY vlxGufcJhaomf 'dkYypönf;awGwpf0ufcJGNyD; ay;&csnf&JU}}eJU pOf;pm;um cdk;om;ig;&mudkydkufqHay;vdkY owfckdif;ygw,f/ ckd;om;rsm; awmxJa&mufvmawmh OD;wdó-u ]]'umwdkY bmudpö½SdvdkY vmMuygovJ}}ar;awmh cdk;om;rsm;u ]]udk,fawmfhc,fru owfckdif;vdkYudk,fawmfhudk owfzdkYvmMuwmyg}}[k ajymvdkufwJhtcg]]atmf atmf 'Dvdkvm;? 'gqdk wpfnavmufawmh cGifhay;Muyg}}vdkY awmif;yef½Smw,f/ ao&rSmaMumufvdkYawmif;yefaewm r[kwfygbl;/ udavomwef;vef;eJY ao&rSm½SufvGef;vdkY wpfnwmtouf½SifcGifhudk awmif;aewmyg/ ]][mr,HkEdkifbl;udk,fawmf}}eJYajymawmh teD;tyg;rS ausmufwHk;BuD;wpfwHk;,lNyD; aygifESpfacsmif; aAsmif;aAsmif;eJY jrnfatmif½kdufcsdK;vdkufygw,f/ 'gu bmvkyfwmvJqdkawmh ]igxGufrajy;ygbl;uGm? rif;wdkU pdwfcs vufcs aeMuyg} vdkUcdk;om;awGudk tmrcHcsuf Grantee ay;vdkufwJh oabmyg?

'DawmhrS cdk;om;rsm;vnf; pdwfcsvufcsjzpfum

63 64


rvSrf;rurf;u rD;vIHNyD; apmifhMunfh tuJcwfaeMuygw,f/OD;wdó-u ]igav udavomwef;vef;eJYawmh taorcHEdkifbl;/ wpfoHo&mvHk;u ighudkESdyfpufvmcJhwm? 'Db0rSmudavomudk igtEdkifwkdufr,f}vdkU MuHK;0g;um emusifNyD;aygifusdK;wJh a0'emudky,fcGmvdkY a0'em&JU tjzpftysufudk½Iaeygw,f/ a0'emu ocFg&? apwodufu emrfw&m;?]]oaAÁ ocFg&m tedpöm? 'ku©m? tewåm}} ygVdt& ocFg&w&m;rSef&if tjrJrjywf'vpyf jzpfysufvdkYaewmyg/ jzpf ysufaevdkYtedpö? jzpfysuf'PfudkcHae&vdkY 'ku©? a0'em igr[kwf?twåaumifr[kwf? tpdk;r&vdkY tewå? tu,fí a0'emonf twåjzpfr,f/ tpdk;&r,f/ ukd,fhtvdkvdkufr,fqdk&ifremap&bl;/ ukdufcJrIrjzpfap&bl;[k awmifhwvdkY&rSmyg/xdkuJhodk Y awmifhwr&jcif;aMumifh a0'emtwår[kwf/tewåomjzpfygw,f/ twåaumifr[kwfjcif;aMumifholYoabmtwdkif; jzpfysufvdkYaewmyg/ OD;wdó&[ef;aygifusdK;NyD; emaewJh a0'emudk r½IyJ a0'em&JU jzpf ysufudkom wpfnvHk;½Iaeygw,f/ tm½kPfwufcsdefa&mufawmhtmoa0gukefcrf; &[EÅmjzpfNyD; y&dedAÁmef0ifpHcsKyfNidrf;cE¨mZmwfodrf;awmfrlcJhygw,f/

(okwfr[mt|uxm - 339)

TonmtewåjzpfyHk

&[ef;wdkY onmonf twår[kwf? &[ef;wkdY onmonf twåjzpfcJhvQif onmonf emusifjcif;rjzpf&m?ig\onmonf þodkYjzpfap? ig\ onmonf þodkYrjzpfapvifh[lívnf; onmü pD&ifí&&m\/ &[ef;wdkY onmonf twår[kwfaomaMumifh emusifjcif;jzpf\/ ig\onmonf þodkYjzpfap? ig\onmonf þodkY rjzpfapvifh[lívnf; onmü pD&ifír&tyf?

65 66


onm bdu©a0 tewåm

cspfom;wdkY rSwfom;rIonmonf tpdk;r& tvdkrvdkuf tewå[krSwfyg/ onm[lonf tb,fenf;?onm[lonf trSwfjyKí odjcif;? rSwfrdjcif;? rSwfom;jcif;jzpfygonf/

onm&JUoabmu tm½k H (6)yg;& J Utay:rSmrSwfom;ygw,f/ tqif;trsdK;rsdK;tay:rSm rSwfom;wJhonm trsdK;om;yJjzpfjzpf? trsdK;orD;yJjzpfjzpf ig-jrifzl;w,f/b,fwHk;u jrifzl;w,f/ b,ftcsdefu jrifzl;w,f/ b,folYtdrfrSmjrifzl;w,f ponfjzifh jyefNyD;trSwf&aeygw,f/Mum;&wJh toHtm½kH tay:rSmvnf; pum;ajymaumif;w,f/ pum;ajym csdKomw,f/ Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf; wdkif;xGmNyD; ajymwwfw,f ponfjzifh trSwf&aeygw,f/teHUrsdK;pHk *E¨m½kHtay:rSmvnf; owd&aeygw,f/ tpm;tpmrsdK;pHk &om½kHtay:rSmvnf; aumif;w,f raumif;bl;csdKw,f csOfw,fponfjzifh owd& aeygw,f/ tawGUrsdK;pHkazm|AÁm½kHay:rSmvnf; xdkYtwlyJ b,fwHk;u 0wfcJh&wJht0wf? oHk;cJh&wJh ypönf;av;u odyfaumif;wmyJ ponfjzifhtrSwf&vdkYaeygw,f/ Mum;od&wJh oabmtm½kH "r®m½kHudkvnf; rSwfrdvdkY aeygw,f/ 'Dtm½kH ajcmufyg;udk rSwfrd

wm[migyJ/ tm½kHawG tjzpftysufawG rSwfrdaewmudkigaumiftaeeJY xifrSwfpGJvrf;aeygw,f/ tJ'D xifrSwfrIawG[m pGJvrf;wJhtwdkif; igaumifr[kwfbl;/ toufaumifr[kwfbl;/ tpdk;r&bl;vdkY bk&m;u rdefYawmfrlygw,f/

rSwfom;rIonmu vlawGrSmom½Sdwmr[kwfbl;/wd&pämefawGrSmvnf; ½SdwmygyJ/ uRJawG EGm;awGqdk&ifb,fae&mrSm jrufaygw,f/ b,fae&mrSm a&aygw,f/b,fae&mu pm;usufaumif;w,f/ b,fae&mu t&dyfaumif;w,fponfjzifh rSwfrdaeygw,f/ 'Dvdk rSwfom;rIoabmudkvnf; onmvdkYyJac:ygw,f/ wHigawGvnf;odygw,f/ b,fvdkodovJqdkawmh a&yGufwmMunhfNyD;'gu-ig;BuD;yGuf? 'gu-ig;av;yGuf? 'gu-ykZGefvHk;yGufponfjzifhodaeygw,f/ omref yk*¾dKvfrsm;uawmh a&yGufwm jrifayr,fvdkY bmrSodr,f r[kwfygbl;/ wHigrsm;usawmh a&yGufwmjrifvdkuf&if a&atmufrSm ig;BuD;½Sdw,f/ ig;av;½Sdw,f/ *Pef;½Sdw,f/ ig;pif½kdif;½Sdw,f/ ykZGefvHk;½Sdw,fponfjzifh tbdnmOfpu©KeJU jrif&ovdk rSwfom;NyD;awmhodaeMuygw,f/ 'gawGtm;vHk;[m onmawGygyJ/ awmrkqdk;awGrSmvnf; rSwfom;rIonm ½Sdygw,f/ b,fvdk½SdovJqdkawmh awm&JUteHUcHNyD; 'DawmxJrSm usm;½Sdw,f/

67 68


'DvdkteHUrsdK;qdk&if usm;opf½Sdw,f/ qif½Sdw,f/ awm½dkif;owå0gawG½Sdw,f ponfjzifh awmrkqdk;wdkY&JU rSwfom;NyD;odwJhoabmudkvnf; onmvkdYyJ ac:ygw,f/ 'DonmudkigaumiftaeeJU pGJvrf;NyD; aeygw,f/ rSwfom;rIonmomtwåjzpfr,fqdk&if pdwfqif;&JwJh? pdwfESvHk;rom,mwJhrSwfom;rIrsdK; rjzpfEdkifygbl;/

wpfcgwpf&HrSmawmh i,fi,fwkH;u ukodkvfjyKcJhwmawGowd&aeygw,f/ b,fwHk;u uxdefouFef; vSLcJhw,f/ uxdefcif;cJhw,f/ oHCmawG qGrf;uyfcJhw,f/ausmif;vSLcJhw,f/ &[ef;cHcJhw,f/ bk&m;a&TouFef; uyfcJhw,f/ aq;½kHu vlemawGtwGuf aq;0g;"mwfpmawG vSLcJhw,f/ b,fwHk;u rsufrjrifausmif;rSm tvSL'gejyKcJhw,f/tzdk;tdk? tzGm;tdkawG? cdkudk;&mrJhawG? rdbrJhuav;awGudkt0wftxnfaq;0g; "gwfpmawG vSL'gef;cJhw,f/ csdKUwJhEGrf;yg;wJh uav;awG ½Spfyg; y&du©&mpHkvifpGmjzifh omoemhabmifa&muf oGwfoGif;csD;ajr§mufcJhw,f/bk&m;½Sif omoemawmfBuD;udk ypönf;av;yg;eJY csD;ajr§mufaxmufyHY cJhw,fponfjzifh aumif;wmawGawG;NyD; 0rf;omvdkY aeygw,f/'gudkawmh aumif;wJhonm? aumif;aom trSwf &jcif;vdkYac:ygw,f/ odkYaomfrSwfom;rIonmu twåaumifr[kwf

aomaMumifh taumif;udkcsnf; trSwf&aeonfawmhr[kwfyg/raumif;wmvnf; trSwf&vdkY aeygw,f/ uG,fvGefoGm;½SmNyDjzpfwJh rdb nDtpfudk armifESr awGtaMumif;awG;NyD;olwdkY&JU ajymyHkqdkyHk aexdkifyHk vkyfudkifyHkawG rsufpdxJjrifa,mifum idka<u;&jcif;? pdk;&drf ylaqG; &jcif;? udk,fqif;&J?pdwfqif;&J jzpf&jcif;? oufBuD; ½Idufiif jyif;pGmylyef&jcif;rsm;jzpf&ygw,f/ 'gawGuawmh tusdK; rjyKwJh rSwfom;rI onmyJjzpfygw,f/ onmom twåaumifjzpfcJhr,fqdk&if 'DvdktusdK;rjyKwJh onmrsdK; rjzpfoifhygbl;/

onm 0dnmPf ynm odyHktxl;

onmuvnf; rSwfrdw,fqdkwm odwmygyJ/0dnmPfqdkwm 'Dae&mrSm twåaumif[lí r,l&yg/ pdwf0dnmPfukd,l&ygrnf/ tm½kHudkodwJhoabmyg/ ynm-uvnf; txl;xl; tjym;jym; odwJhoabm½Sdygw,f/ onmoduawmh uav;&JU tojymodyHkeJY wlygw,f/ uav;tojymjrifawmh jzL eD ndK jym 0g qdkwJhta&mif avmufyJ odygw,f/rjrJ qif;&J tpdk;r&wJh oabmudk rodygbl;/ 0dnmPfuawmhvlBuD;&JU tojymodyHkeJUwlygw,f/ vlBuD;tojym jrif&awmh ta&mifudkvnf; odw,f/ tojymrSef;vnf; odygw,f/ xdkYtwl 0dnmPfu tqif;rsdK;pHk ½lyg½kHudk jrif&wJhtcg

69 70


ta&mifvnf;odw,f/ ta&mif&JU rjrJ qif;&J tpdk;r&wJhoabmudkvnf; odygw,f/ ynmuawmh a&Tyef;wdrfonf&JUtojymodyHkeJY wlygw,f/ a&Tyef;wdrfonfu ta&mifvnf;odw,f/ tojymrSef;vnf;odw,f/ tojym&JUwefzdk;udkvnf; odw,f/ tqif;toHponfudk jrif& Mum;&wJhtcgrSmawmh ta&miftqif; ponfudkvnf; odw,f/rjrJ qif;&J tpdk;r&wJhoabmudkvnf; odw,f/ wqifhwufvdkY r*fzdkvfedAÁmefudkvnf; xdk;xGif;vdkY odEdkifygw,f/ 'g-onm 0dnmPf ynm-wdkY&JU odyHkjcif;rwl uGJjym;jcm;em;csufygyJ/ (oN*øK[fbmom#Dum=0dnmPfudk-0defnif-[kzwf)

onmp [d'H bdu©a0 twåm tb0dó? e,d'Honm tmAm"m, oH0awå,s/

cspfom;wdkY? rSwfom;rIonm twåaumifjzpfcJhr,fqdk&if þonmonf rESdyfpufEdkif&m? onmom twåjzpfcJhr,fqdk&if aumif;wJh um,uH? 0pDuH? tjypfuif;wJh raemuHawG awG;NyD; csrf;omae&rSmaygh/ raumif;wJhtm½kHawGtjzpf tysufawG trSwf&NyD; pdwfqif;&JrI rjzpfoifhygbl;/twåaumifr[kwfaomaMumifhom ylyefrI? qif;&JrIawGjzpfae&wmyg/ rSwfom;rIonm-u aumif;wma&m?raumif;wmyg rSwfxifygw,f/ Oyrm-rpifudk vlom;

awGu pufqkyf½GGH½SmbG,f tjzpfeJY rSwfxifayrJh acG;? 0ufpwJhowå0gawGuawmh ewfok'¨guJhodkY rSwfxifygw,f/xdkYtwl onm&JU oabmuvnf; aumif;wma&m raumif;wmyg rSwfom;ygw,f/ tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPf w&m;udkykxkZOfvlom;rsm;u tjrwfwEdk; wefzdk; xm;NyD; toHk;jyKMuaomfvnf; bk&m;? &[EÅm? t&d,myk*¾dKvf rsm;uawmhpufqkyf½GH½Sm rowDp&mtjzpfeJY rSwfxifawmfrl Muygw,f/onm&JU oabmuvnf; xdkYtwl aumif;? raumif; tm½kHESpfrsdK;vHk;udk rSwfxifwwfygw,f/ 'g-onm twåaumifr[kwfvdkYom raumif;wJhtm½Hk ted|tm½kHudkvnf; rSwfom;jcif;jzpfygw,f/

vaAÇxp onm, {0H ar onm a[mwk? {0Har onm rm a[moDwd?

rSwfom;rIonm twåjzpfr,fqdk&if ig\onmonf taumif;tm½kHawGcsnf; rSwfrdygap/ raumif;tm½kHawG rrSwf rdygapeJYvdkY awmifhwvkdY&&m\/

onm\ trSwfrSm;yHkudkvnf; þodkY odoifhygao;onf/ a½S;wkef;u rsufrjrif ykPÖm;ajcmufa,muf½SdowJh/wpfcgrSmawmh qifajymifBuD;wpfaumifudk prf;rdMu&m0,fwpfa,mufaomolu ESmarmif;udk prf;rdwJhtcg? xkdolu

71 72


]]qif qdkwm igwdkYrsufpdruG,fcifu jrifcJh&wJh a>reJYwlw,f}}vdkY ajymygw,f/ tpG,fudk prf;rdolu ]]qifqdkwm usnfayGUeJY wlw,f}} vdkYajymygw,f/ em;&Gufudk prf;rdolu ]]qifqdkwm oifzsL;zsmeJYwlw,f}}/ cEmudk,fudk prf;rdolu ]]qifqdkwm tdrfeH&HeJYwl w,f}}/ tNrD;udkprf;rdoluawmh ]]qifqkdwmwHjrufpnf;eJYwlw,f}}/ ajcaxmufudkprf;rdolu ]]qifqdkwmtdrfwdkifeJYwlw,f}} vdkYrSef;NyD; ajymMuygw,f/ rsufpdjrifpOfurdrdwdkY rSwfom;cJhbl;onfhtwdkif; ajymMujcif;omjzpfygonf/

(O'get|uxm?307)

'g-onm&JU trSwfrSm;rIom jzpfygw,f/ onmomtwåjzpfcJhr,fqdk&if trSwfrrSm;ygapeJYvdkY awmifhwvdkY&rSmyg/ r&EkdifaomaMumifh ]]tewå}}vdkYom rSwf&ygrnf/

þae&mü onmESifhywfoufí v,fwD q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ y&rw¬o½lyab'eDusrf;vm aqmifyk'frsm;jzifhA[kokwtvdkYiSm wifjyygr,f/

(aqmifyk'f) xkdY-jyifonm? cE¨mrSmum;? vdr®mwwfod?ac:Mubd½Sifh/

onmqkdwm avmuDa&;&mrSm vdr®mjcif;? yg;eyfjcif;?odjcif;? wwfjcif;udk ac:ygw,f/ avmu"gwftwef; pmay

rsm; wwfodvdr®mjcif; uRrf;usifjcif;? odjcif;? odyÜHynmqdkif&mwwfodem;vnf vdr®muRrf;usifrI rSeforQawGudkonmvdkY ac:ygw,f/

(aqmifyk'f) vl\abmifrSm? vlwumeJ? vdr®mjrJrl? rSwfpGJ jzmjzm?þonmyif/

vlYabmifavmuwGif olrsm;enf;wl vdr®mwmrsdK;?ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,frIwGif vdr®myg;eyfjcif;rsdK;? tcsif;csif;aygif;oif;qufqH&mwGif q&meJUwynfh? rdbeJYom;orD;?vlBuD;eJYvli,f ponfajymqdk qufqH&mü csdKom,Ofaus;vdr®mpGm ajymqkdqufqHwmrsdK;onf onmyif jzpfygonf/

(aqmifyk'f) ewfrSmewfavsmuf? vdr®majrmuf\? atmuftyg,fom;? uRJEGm;jrif;qif? jrifjriforQ? teEÅvnf;? bm0gbm0 odwwfMu\/

txkduftavQmuf olUtwdkif;twmESifhol vdr®mMu?odwwfMuygw,f/ vlMuawmh vlvdr®maygh/ ewfrsm;rSmawmhewfvdr®m? wd&pämefrsm;Muawmh qifvdr®m? jrif;vdr®m? uRJvdr®m? acG;vdr®m? arsmufvdr®mponf ajymMuygw,f/ tJ'DvdkavmuD a&;&mrSm odw,fqdkwJh obm0[m onmawGygyJ/

(aqmifyk'f) avmutvHk;? arQmfrqHk;atmif? toHk;xifpGm?

73 74


tvdr®m[k? tjcmtcsKyf? ac:orkwf\/

avmuDe,frSmawmh olutcsKyftjcmygyJwJh/t&m&mrSm wwfodem;vnf vdr®myg;eyfrI rSeforQawGudkkonmvdkY ac:ygw,f/

(aqmifyk'f) rkqdk;wHig? olYt&mü? vdr®muRrf;usif? onmyifwnf;? odkYpOfenf;jy? odukefMuavmh/

awmvdkufrkqdk;ESifh wHig? yifv,f c&D;oGm;ol?awmifol v,form;rsm;? aps;onfpolwkdYvnf; olYae&meJUol vdr®mMuygw,f/ awmifolv,form;rsm;u pyg;pdkufyHkpdkufenf;ü vdr®m Muygw,f/ 'Dv,fajru b,frsdK;aph?b,ftyifpdkufrS&w,f/ b,frsdK;aphpdkuf&ifoD;ESH txGufraumif;bl;/ tyifroefbl;qdkwm vdr®muRrf;usifpGm odMuygw,f/aps;onfrsm;vnf; 'DtcsdefrSm "gwfqDeJYa&T ta&mif;t0,fvkyf&iftusdK;tjrwfrsm;rsm; &Edkifw,f/ tdrfta&mif;t0,fvkyf&if tusdK;tjrwf odyfr&Edkifbl;? um;ta&mif;t0,fvkyf&if½HI;Edkifw,f ponfjzifh vdr®muRrf; usifMuygw,f/ yifv,fwGif;oGm;vmaeolrsm;vnf; a&ul;&mrSmvdr®mMuygw,f/ wpfcgu wuúodkvfygarmu©BuD; wpfa,muf eJY yifv,fvkyfom;wpfa,mufwdkY oabFm wpfpD;eJYyifv,fjyifoGm;aepOf avrkefwdkif;rdvdkY oabFm ysufwJhtcg

ygarmu©BuD;u ynmwwf? odyÜHt&mrSm yg&*l ajrmufwwfajrmufwJhol/ a&vkyfom;uawmh bm-ynmrS rwwf½Smbl;/ odkYaomf yifv,fc&D;awmh uRrf;usifw,f/ ygarmu©BuD;u a&rul;wwf½Smbl;/ a&vkyfom;uawmh yifv,fxJrSmajcuuef? vufu,uf? acgif;av;armh? udk,fvHk;av;azmhxm;NyD; ig;av;wpfaumifvdk ayghyg;pGm ul;oGm;vdkufygowJh/'gu bmvJqdkawmh olYae&meJYol vdr®muRrf;usifwJh onmygyJ/

(aqmifyk'f)(aqmifyk'f)(aqmifyk'f)(aqmifyk'f)(aqmifyk'f) ½lyonm? ponfjzmom;? onmtjym;?tusOf;tm;jzifh? ajcmufyg;vm½Sd/

bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrSm ½lyonm? o'ónm? *Eönm? &oonm? azm|AÁonm? "r®onmvdkY tm½kHtvdkuf ajcmufyg;½Sdygw,f/ tqif;rsdK;pHkeJYywfoufNyD;vdr®muRrf;usifwmu ½lyonm? toHrsdK;pHkeJYywfoufNyD;vdr®muRrf;usifwmu o'ónm? teHYrsdK;pHkeJYywfoufNyD;vdr®muRrf;usifwmu *Eonm? t&omrsdK;pHkeJYywfoufNyD;vdr®muRrf;usifwmu &oonm? tawGUtxdrsdK;pHkeJY ywfoufvdkY vdr®muRrf;usifwmu azm|AÁonm? "r®m½kHeJYywfoufvdkY vdr®muRrf;usifwmu "r®onm ac:ygw,f/

(aqmifyk'f)(aqmifyk'f)(aqmifyk'f)(aqmifyk'f)(aqmifyk'f) ajroda&od? aevodu? ponfoG,foG,f?

75 76


rqHk; zG,fonf? tus,fonmu©E¨mwnf;/

onmu tusOf;csHK;vdkuf&if (6)yg;? csJUvdkufyGm;vdkuf&if ajr[líodwm? a&? av? rD;? ae? v? eu©wf?wm&m? Mu,f awGyJ[kodwm[m ynmr[kwfyg/ onmtodrsm;om jzpfygw,f/ avmuBuD;rSm onmu t&mtus,fqHk;ygyJ/ t&m&m vdr®myg;eyf uRrf;usifrIawG[monmrsm;om jzpfygw,f/ (wdyd#uq&mawmfBuD;)

,o®mpacg bdu©a0 onm tewåm? wo®m onmtmAm"m, oH0wåwd? ep vAÇwd onm, {0H ar onma[mwk? {0H ar onm rm ta[moDwd/

&[ef;wdkY rSwfom;rIonm tewåjzpfjcif;aMumifhpdwfqif;&JylyefNyD; ESdyfpufygw,f/ ig\ rSwfom;rIonmtaumif;csnf;jzpfygap/ raumif;wmawG 0rf;enf;p&mawGrrSwfrdygapeJYvdkY awmifhwvdkY r&yg/

twå&JUowådu omrD=cE¨mtdrfqdkiforQü ykdifotkyfpD; t½SifocifBuD;aywnf;/ rSwfom;rIonmudk twåuydkifw,f/ tpdk;&w,fqkd&if pdwfESvHk;&TifjyHK;p&m? pdwfcsrf;omp&mawGcsnf; trSwf&-&rSmyg/ ig&JUonmonftaumif; awGcsnf; trSwf&ygap/ raumif;wmawG pdwfrcsrf;omp&mawG? pdwfqif;&Jp&mawG trSwfr&ygapeJYvdkY

awmifhwvdkYr&yg/ bmaMumifhvnf; qdkawmh tpdk;r&tewåjzpfvkdYygyJ/ o,H0oD=cEmtdrfrI tpkpk ü wpfckrusef pDrHcGJa0rdrdESpfNcdKuf pepfudkufatmif vkdufygapEdkifwJh oabmaywnf;/ twå-u rdrd&JU tvdkusjzpfap&w,f/ rdrdtvdkokdYvkdufygap&w,fqdk&if rSwfom;rIonmudk bmaMumifhraumif;wJhtaMumif;t&m? raumif;wJh tjzpf tysuf? 0rf;enf;p&m pdwfESvHk;rcsrf;ajrUp&mawGudk jyefajymif; atmifharhowd&NyD; pdk;&drfylaqG; ikda<u;jrnfwrf;jcif;? udk,fqif;&Jjcif;? pdwfqif;&Jjzpf&jcif;? oufBuD;½Idufiif jyif;pGm ylyef&jcif;rsdK;awG jzpfygoenf;/ twår[kwfaomaMumifh? rdrdtvdkodkY rvdkufapEdkifaomaMumifhom taumif;awGcsnf;trSwf&ygap/ raumif;wmawG pdwfqif;&Jp&mawG trSwfr&ygapeJYvdkY awmifhwvdkYr&wmyg/

Ak'onf tewå0g'udk vufrcH-wJh

wcsdKUyk*¾dKvfrsm;u Ak'¨onf tewå0g'udkvufrcH?twåudkom ajymqdkavh½Sdol? twåudkom trTef;wif csD;rGrf;avh½Sdolyg[k ajymqdkMuao;onf/ tb,fhaMumifhygenf;?twå'Dyg bdu©a0 0d[&x twåo&Pm ten o&Pm?(cE0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf)

xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkYtvdk ]]cspfom;wdkY twåudk udkif;uRef;

77 78


ozG,f rDScdk&m½Sdonfjzpfí aeMuukefavmh/ twåudk udk;uG,fvJavsmif;? ykef;atmif; rSDcdk&m½Sdonfjzpfí aeMuukefavmh/twårSwyg; tjcm;udk;uG,f&mr½Sdonfjzpfí aeMuukefavmh}}[k olwdkYvkdcsifovdk t"dyÜg,f,lNyD; jrefrmjyefMuonf/odkYaomf xdkuJhodkY rdefYawmfrl&if;r[kwfyg/

"r®'Dyg bdu©a0 0d[&x "r®o&Pm teno&Pm? (cE¨0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf)

Ak'¨rdefYawmfrlvdkwmu ]]cspfom;wkYd w&m;awmfudkukdif;uRef;ozG,f rDScdk&m&Sdonfjzpfí aeMuukefavmh/ w&m;awmfudk udk;uG,fvJavsmif; ykef;atmif;rSDckd&m½Sdonf jzpfíaeMuukefavmh? w&m;rSwyg; tjcm;udk;uG,f&mr½Sdonfjzpfí aeMuukefavmh}} [k rdefYawmfrlvdkwmyg/ 'Dae&mrSmtwåt& ]]"r®}} udk,l&ygrnf/

twåmeH ap yd,H Znm? twåm[d twåaememaxm? ("r®y't|uxm-'kwd,)

xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkYtvdk ]]twåudk cspftyf\[lí tu,fíodjim;tHh/ twåonfom rdrd\ ukd;uG,f&mwnf;}} [líTranslate vkyfum jrefrmjyefMuao;onf/ odkYaomf xdkuJhodkYjrefrmjyef&rnfr[kwf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; rdefYawmfrlvdk&if;u]]rdrdudk,fudk cspftyf\ [lí tu,fí odjim;tHh/ rdrd

onfom rdrd\ udk;uG,f&mwnf;}}[k jrefrmjyef&rnf jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh jrwfAk'¨ onf ]twå} 0g'udk vufrcH/]]tewå}} udkomajyma[mavh½dSaMumif; odaptyfygonf/

r&Dpdulyrm onm (cE¨0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf)

onm=rSwfom;rIonmonf? r&Dpdulyrm=wHvQyfESifh rjcm;wrl tvm;wlygay\/

*drSmeH ypädar rmao Xdaw rZösESdau umavr&Dpdum zE´wd (oH,kwfygVdawmf 'kwd,)

wHvQyfqdkwm aEGvwdkY&JU aemufqHk;wpfvjzpfwJhuqkefvjynfhausmf(1)&ufaeYrS e,kefvjynfhaeYtxd wpfvonf tvGefyljyif;aomv jzpfygonf/ ajrxJ oJxJwGifatmif;aeaom tylaiGUESifh tay:uaeyl? xdktylESpfck aygif;pyfxdcdkufNyD; ta0;u vSrf;MunfhvdkufvQif wvIyfvIyf w½G½GeJY a&jyifBuD;vdk pdwfxJrSm xifaeygw,f/ qmavmif rGwfodyfaeaom uEÅm&wGif c&D;oGm;Muolrsm;u wHvQyfudka&jyifxifum vdkufMuaomfvnf; bmwpfckrS rawGU&yg/a&uefvnf;rawGU&? a&tdkifvnf;rawGU&yJ? vdkufava0;av qdkwmvdk jzpf&ygonf/ xdkwHvQyfudk a&jyif? a&uef[lí xifwmu onm\ trSwfrSm;rI jzpfygw,f/ umr½ly t½ly bHkoHk;yg;wGif ig;yg;tm½kHumr*kPfudk csrf;omawGU

79 80


Edk;jzifh vdkufaeMuol OD;Zif;wdkYwpfawGvnf; vdkufava0;avygyJ/ csrf;omtwkom awGU&rnf/ csrf;omtppfudkawmhr&EdkifrawGUEdkifyg/ awmxJrSm usufpm;aeMuwJh orifrsm;[m a&qmvdkY wHvQyfudka&jyifxifum vkdufae aomfvnf;a&jyifqdkwm rawGU&? vdkufava0;avom jzpf&ygonf/]]wHvQyfudka&xif a½ToriftvdkufrSm;}}ovdk jzpfwwfygonf/ 'gawG[m rSwfom;rIonm&JU azmufjyefrIoabmawGygyJ/ tepöjzpfaewJh bHkoHk;yg;rSm edpövdkYxifwmonm0dyv’mo? 'ku©jzpfaewJh bHkoHk;yg;rSm okcvdkYxifwmonm0dyv’mo? tewåjzpfaewJh bHkoHk;yg;rSm twåvdkY xifwmonm0dyv’mo? tokbjzpfaewJh bHkoHk;yg;rSm okbvdkYxifwm onm0dyv’mo jzpfygw,f/

(aqmifyk'f) tedpöudkyif? edpöxif? aeYpOfvdrfMuwm?

'ku©udkyif? okcxif? aeYpOfvdrfMuwm?

tewåudkyif? twåxif? aeYpOfvdrfMuwm?

tokbudkyif? okbxif? aeYpOfvdrfMuwm?

(q&mawmfOD;uk@vmbd0Ho)

onm0dyv’moav;yg;

onm=rSwfom;rI ? 0 dyv’mo=azmufjyef jcif; ?azmufjyefaomtm;jzifh rSwfxifrIudk ]]onm0dyv’mo}}[kac:ygonf/ jrif;udk rsufrSefpdrf;wyfNyD; jrufajcmufauR;wJhtcg tpdkxifNyD; tm;&yg;& pm;ygw,f/ 'g-onm&JUrSm;,Gif;aom azmufjyefjcif;om jzpfygw,f/ t0dZÆmac:wJharm[OD;pD;aom onmu tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm;udk rSwfom;ygw,f/ rjrJwmudk jrJw,f/ qif;&Jwmudk csrf;omw,f/ tpdk;r&wmudk tpdk;& w,f/ rwifhw,fwmudk wifhw,fw,fvdkYxifwmawGu arm[OD;pD;wJh onm&JU rSwfxifrIawGygyJ/0dZÆmac:wJhynm OD;pD;wJh onmusawmh obm0trSeftwdkif; rSwfxifygw,f/ rjrJwJhcEmudk rjrJwJhoabm taeeJh qif;&JwJhcE¨mudk rwifhw,fwJhoabmtaeeJY rSwfxifygw,f/ rwifhw,fwJh (32)aum|moudk wifhw,fw,fvdkYrSwfxifygw,f/ OD;acgif;ay:u rwifhw,fwJh qHyifudkwifhw,fonf[k xifaeMuwmyg/ qHyifudk ppfMunhfvdkufawmh 0PÖawm= ta&miftqif;tm;jzifhvnf; rwifhw,f/ jzL eD ndK jym pdrf; 0g aMumif Mum;rdkY rwifhw,fyg/*E¨awm=teHUtm;jzifhvnf; ykyftuftuf nD§pdkYpdkYrdkY rwifhw,fyg/ o@meawm=yHko@mef tm;jzifhvnf; pmaygif;

81 82


odkufvkd oyGwftlvdk ½IyfaxG;ayGvDvdkY aewmaMumifh rwifhw,fyg/ Moumoawm=wnf&mtm;jzifhvnf; rwifhw,fyg/ ta&yg;? ta&xl? tajr§;? taMum? t½kd;? OD;aESmuf?aoG; þckESpfrsdK; pkaygif;xm;wJh orl[ynwfeJU vHk;vHk;o@mef o@meynwfjzpfwJh OD;acgif;ay:rSm wnfaejcif;aMumifhvnf; rwifhw,fyg/ rwifhw,fwJh 'D-qHyifudkwifhw,fw,fxifNyD; aeYpOf zD;vdrf; jyKjyif wefqmqifaeMuwmyg/ umvmtrsdK;rsdK;qdk;? yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;eJY jyKjyifNyD; wefqmqifaeMuwmyg/ tJ'D rjrJ qif;&J tpdk;r& rwifhw,fwJhqHyifudk jrJw,f? csrf;omw,f? tpdk;&w,f? wifhw,f-w,fvdkYrSwfxifaewm onm0dyv’moyif jzpfygw,f/

(0dyv’moudk 0dyefvmo[kzwf)

(aqmifyk'f) tedpöqHyif? edpöjrif? rSwfxifonm 0dyv’m?

'ku©qHyif? okcjrif? rSwfxifonm 0dyv’m?

tewåqHyif? twåjrif? rSwfxifonm 0dyv’m?

tokbqHyif? okbjrif? rSwfxifonm 0dyv’m?

a½S;wkef;u rEl;reyf vlwpfa,muf½SdowJh/ wpfaeYrSmawmbJawG a&uefxJvmNyD; a&ul;um jrL;wl;aysmfyg;vdkYaepOf xkdrEl;reyf 0rf;wGif;½l;u ]]'DbJawG b,folUbJawGvnf;}}vdkY ar;wJhtcg vlvnfwpfa,mufu ]]'gusKyfbJ

awGyg}}vdkY ajymvdkufw,f/ 'Dvdkqdk rdwfaqG&m usKyfudk a&mif;ygAsmeJYajymawmh xdkvlvnfu ]]at;av cifAsm;vdkcsifvnf;a&mif;&wmaygh}} qkdNyD; vufnd§K;xdk;um bJtkyfudk a&mif;vdkuf ygowJh/ 0rf;wGif;½l;vnf; wpfaeukef bJausmif;aeNyD;?nae usawmh bJtkyfBuD;u ]z½l;} qdkjyefoGm;ygw,f/awmbJrdkY awmjyefoGm;wmaygh/ 'gudkrod½SmwJh udk0rf;wGif;½l;crsm jyefoGm;wJh bJawGaemufvdkufNyD; ]] ighbJ ighbJ}}eJYatmfum usef&pfygw,f/ OD;Zif;wkdY tzdk;tzGm;awGvnf;om;orD; ajr;jrpfawGtay: ]]ighom;av;u odyfvdrfrmwm?orD;av;qdk rdbpum;odyfem;axmif? ajr;av;uqdktzdk;tzGm;awG nmwkyfaewm}}eJY qdkNyD; cspfaeMuwmyg/tJ-uHraumif; taMumif;rvSvdkY cGJcGmoGm;Mu&wJh tcgrsdK;rSmawmh 0rf;wGif;½l; [m ]]ighbJ ighbJ}}[lí jrnfwrf;vQufusef&pfovdk ylaqG; aomujzpfNyD;om aeMu&ygw,f/'Dae&mrSm om;orD;ajr;jrpfawGu bJtkyfeJYwlNyD;? tzdk;tzGm;awGuawmh bJausmif;aeol udk0rf;wGif;½l;eJY wlygw,f/ tzdk;tzGm;awGom r[kwfygbl;/ OD;Zif;wdkYwpfawGtm;vHk;[mvnf; 0rf;wGif;½l;awGyJaygh/ odkYaomf oufrJhypönf;ESifh ouf½Sdom;orD;tay: oHa,mZOf BuD;olawGuydkNyD;½l;w,fvdkY ajym&rSmyJ/ 'Dae&mrSm awmbJudk tdrfbJ

83 84


xifNyD; trSwfrSm;aewmu onm0dyv’moygyJ/ udk,frykdifwJh ouf½SdoufrJhtay:rSm ydkifw,f xifaewm[mvnf; onm0dyv’moyif jzpfygw,f/

0dyv’mo (12) yg; þodkYjym;

0dyv’mo(12)yg;[lonfrSm tedpöüedpö[k rSwfxifjcif;? 'ku©üokc[krSwfxifjcif;? tewåütwå[k rSwfxifjcif;? tokbüokb[k rSwfxifjcif;tm;jzifh av;rsdK;½Sd&mwpfrsdK; wpfrsdK;ü(1) rSwfxifrIonm\azmufjyefjcif;?

(2) pdwf0dnmPf \azmufjyefjcif;?

(3)tjrif\azmufjyefjcif;[lí oHk;rsdK;pD uGJjym;av&mtm;vHk;aygif; 0dyv’mo (12)yg; jzpf&ygonf/

(t*kFwådK&fygVdawmfyxrtkyf-361)

jyKvkyfolESifhcHpm;o ll ll l

um&u-qdkwm jyKvkyfwwfol? a0'u-qdkwmcHpm;wwfolvdkY t"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/ rSwfom;rI onmudkjyKvkyfwwfolESifh cHpm;wwfolr½Sdyg/ yk*¾dKvf owå0ga,musfm; rdef;r cHpm;onfqdkonfrSm r[kwfyg/ 'gjzifhonmudk tb,fol jyKvkyfí tb,fol cHpm;ygoenf;/

onmudk tb,fol jyKvkyfoenf;

jyKvkyfwwfol twår½Sdyg/ vlYb0 ewfb0udk jyKvkyfwwfoluawmh t0dZÆm? wPSm? uHwdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/ t0dZÆmqdkwm rodrIarm[? y#doaE¨? tdk? em? ao 'ku©awG rjrifatmif t0dZÆmu zHk;xm;NyD; wPSmu olaX;BuD; olaX;uawmfBuD; jzpfcsifvdkY awmifhw? awmifhwNyD; ukodkvf uHawGjyKcJhMuvdkY vlYb0? ewfb0? olaX;BuD;? olaX;uawmfBuD;qdkwm jzpfvmcJhMuwmyg/ arm[-u tyg,fav;yg;rSmawGY&rJh 'ku©awG rjrifatmif zHk;uG,fxm;NyD; tukodkvfudkenf;trsdK;rsdK;eJY jyKcJhMuygw,f/ tukodkvfawGjyKcJhawmhtyg,fav;yg;rSm cH&rJh'ku©awGu qD;BudKvdkY aeygw,f/tJ'Dawmh onmudk jyKvkyfwwfoluawmh twår[kwfyg/t0dZÆm wPSm uHwdkYyif jzpfygw,f/

csrf;omqif;&Judk twåu cHpm;ovm;

twåu cHpm;wwfwJh a0'uowåd r½Sdyg/ t0dZÆmOD;pD;wJh onmu raumif;wmawG rSwfom;rdvdkY pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfvnf; 'ku©a0'emu cHpm;ygw,f/ 0dZÆmOD;pD;wJhonmu aumif;wJhtaMumif;t&mawG rSwfom;NyD; pdwfcsrf;

85 86


omjzpfvnf; okca0'emuyif cHpm;ygw,f/ cHpm;wwfoltwåqdkwm r½Sdyg/ a0'emuyif cHpm;ygonf/

jyKvkyfwwfoleJY cHpm;wwfol twåqdkwm r½Sdyg/jyKvkyfwwfol um&uyk*¾dKvfuawmh t0dZÆm wPSm uHwdkYjzpfNyD;?cHpm;wwfol a0'uyk*¾dKvfuawmh a0'em apwodufyif jzpfygonf/ twåu rSwfom;rIonmudk tpdk;&w,f?ydkifqdkifw,f? olYtvdktwdkif; vdkufapEkdif w,fqdkwmr[kwfyg/ awmi f hwvd k Y vnf;r&yg/ xd k Ya Mumi f hrSwfom;rIonmudk ]]tewå}}vdkY bk&m; a[mawmfrlwmyg/

B B B B B

SocFg&awG tewåjzpfyHk

&[ef;wdkY ocFg&wdkYonf twår[kwfukef? &[ef;wdkYocFg&wdkYonf twåjzpfcJhMuvQif þocFg&wkdYonf emusifjcif; rjzpfukef&m? ]]ig\ ocFg&wdkYonf þodkYjzpfapukef?ig\ ocFg&wdkYonf þodkYrjzpfapukefvifh}} [lívnf;ocFg&wdkYü pD&ifí &ukef&m\/

&[ef;wdkY ocFg&wdkYonf twår[kwfukefaomaMumifhemusifjcif; jzpfukef\/ ]]ig\ ocFg&wdkYonf þodkY jzpfapukef? ig\ ocFg&wdkYonf þodkY rjzpfapukefvifh}} [lívnf;ocFg&wdkYü pD&ifí r&tyf/

87 88


ocFg&mtewåm

cspfom;wdkY jyKjyifpDrH tm;xkwfrI ocFg&w&m;wdkYonftwåaumif r[kwfMuukef/

ocFg& t"dyÜg,fESifh t&aumuf

ocFg&-[lonf jyKvkyf pDrH tm;xkwf aphaqmf wdkufwGef;jcif;[laom t"dyÜg,f&ygonf/ t&aumufuawmhapwemacgif;aqmifwJh a0'em onm-rS<uif;aomapwoduf ig;q,fudk ,l&ygw,f/

]]oaAÁ ocFg&m tedpöm? oaAÁ ocFg&m 'ku©m}} ("r®y'ygVdawmf) üygwJh ocFg&-uawmh uH pdwf Owk tm[m&taMumif;av;yg;aMumifhjzpfwJh pdwf apwoduf ½kyfw&m;rsm;udk ,l&ygw,f/

]]t0dZÆm ypö,m ocFg&m}} y#dpöorkyÜg'fygVdawmfvmocFg&-t& aphaqmfwdkufwGef;wwfwJh ukodkvf tukokdvfapwemudk ,l&NyD;?

]]ocFg&m tewåm}}[laom ygVdawmfvm ocFg&-uawmh a0'em onmrSwyg; apwemOD;aqmifwJ hapwoduf ig;q,fudk ,l&rSm jzpfygw,f/ ]]ocFg&m}} [laom ygVdcsif; wlayr,fh t"dyÜg,f t,ltq t&taumufrwlonfudkvnf; owdjyKrdMuapvdkygw,f/

ocFg&oHk;yg; þodkYjym;

(aqmif) (aqmif) (aqmif) (aqmif) (aqmif) um, 0pD? raemNyDwnfh? oHk;vDur®? ocFg&wnf;? (v,fwDq&mawmfBuD;)

ocFg&u (1) um,ocFg& = ukd,fjzifhjyKvkyfrI?

(2) 0pDocFg&=EIwfjzifhajymqdkjyKvkyfrI?

(3) raemocFg&=pdwfjzifhMuHpnf pdwful;rI [lí oHk;yg;½Sdygonf/

t0dZÆmac: arm[OD;pD;wJh jyKvkyf ajymqdk MuHpnfrIrsm;[m tjypfruif;wJh um,uH 0pDuH raemuHrsm;om jzpfygw,f/ Oyrm tarSmifwGif;rSm vrf;avQmufae&wJhol[mrdrdoGm;vdkwJh ae&mudk ajzmifhwef;pGm ra&mufyJ auGUaumufNyD; vrf;vTJvrf;rSm;udk avQmufae&ovdkygyJ/ t0dZÆmacgif;aqmifvmNyDqdk&if aumif;wmvkyfrdzdkYxuf raumif;wJhtvkyf? tjypf ruif;wJhtvkyfawGudk vkyfjzpfzdkYu rsm;aeygvdrfhr,f/ t0dZÆm&JUoabmu trSm;udk trSefxifae wmyg/ udk,fvkyfaewJh tvkyfudk aumif;w,f tusdK;½Sdw,ftjypfuif;w,f xifNyD; vkyfaewmyg/ 0pDuHeJU ajymqdkrIawGrSmvnf; igajymaewJh pum;urSefw,f/ tjypfuif;w,f/ olwdkYajymwmawGu trSm;awGvdkY xifaeygw,f/

89 90


pdwfeJ Y MuHpnf pdwful;rIawGrSmvnf; tusdK;½S dwmawGtjypfuif;wmawG MuHpnfaew,fvdkY ,lqaeygw,f/ 'g-arm[OD;pD;wJh jyKvkyf ajymqdk MuHpnfrIawGygyJ/

0dZÆmac:wJh ynmOD;pD;wJh um,uH 0pDuH raemuHawGuawmh tcgcyfodrf; tjypfuif;aewm rsm;ygvdrfhr,f/wpfcg wpf&H vkyfrSm;udkifrSm; ajymrSm; qdkrSm; tMuHtpnfrSm;rsm; ½Sdaumif;½SdEdkifygw,f/ ynmqdkwmu tusdK;taMumif; tqdk; taumif;udk em;vnfwJh oabmyg/um,uHeJY raumif;wmawG jyKvkyf&if raumif;usdK;awGjyefvnfcHpm;&r,f/ 'ge oDvpwJh aumif;wJhtvkyfawGvkyf&if aumif;usdK;awG ay;vdrfhr,f/ 0pDuH raemuHeJY tjypfruif;wJh tajymawGajym? olwpfyg; ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif; awG BuHpnfae&ifawmh wefjyeftusdK; w&m;awGuReaction taeeJhraumif;usdK;awG jyefvdrfhr,fqdkwmodaeawmh 0dZÆmOD;aqmifwJh ukd,frI EIwfrI MuHpnfrIawG[mvnf; tcgcyfodrf; taumif;csnf;vdkY rqdkEdkifayr,fh trsm;tm;jzifhawmh tjypfuif;wJh tusdK;½SdwJh um,uH 0pDuHraemuHwdkYjzifh jyKvkyf ajymqdk MuHpnfrIawGom jzpfaeygvdrfhr,f/ ]]ynm½Sd owdvpfcJ}} qdkwJhpum;yHkt& &Hzef&Hcg ukd,ffEIwf pdwftrlt,mwdkYjzifh jyKvkyf ajymqdk MuHpnf pdwful;

rIawGrSm vGJacsmfaewwfwmawGvnf; ½Sdwwfygw,f/xkdjyKvkyf ajymqdk MuHpnfrI ocFg&onf tpdk;r& twåaumifr[kwfaomaMumifh ]tew}å[k bk&m;a[mawmfrlwmyg/

ocFg&mp [d'H bdu©a0 twåm tb0dóHok? e ,d'HocFg&m tmAm"m, oH0awå,sKH?

cspfom;wdkY ocFg&w&m;wdkY twåjzpfukefjim;tHh? emusifcHcuf ESdufpufjcif;iSm rjzpfukef&m/

cE¨mig;yg;½Sd&mwGif ½kyfw&m;u tat;tylpwJhqefYusifbuftaMumif;wdkYaMumifh azmufjyef½kHoufoufygyJ/ odkYaomf ocFg&w&m;awGu aphaqmf wdkufwGef;wJhtcgrSmawmh udk,ftrlt,m EIwftrlt,mjzifh jyKvkyfajymqdk&ygw,f/ vIyf½Sm;&ygw,f/ olYcsnf;oufoufuawmhbmudkrQ jyKvkyf EdkifpGrf;r½Sdyg/ a0'emuvnf; taumif;tm½kH tqdk;tm½kH tv,ftvwftm½kHudk cHpm;½HkoufoufrQygyJ/ bmudkrQjzpfapatmif vkyfEdkifpGrf;r½Sdyg/ onm&JUoabmuvnf; tm½kH(6)yg;udk rSwfom;wJh oabmoufoufygyJ/ Computer Hard Disk xJrSm Detail tao;pdwftcsuftvufawGudk odrf;qnf;xm;wJh oabmrsdK;yg/0dnmPfuvnf; tqif; toH teHY pwJhtm½kHudkod½kH oufoufrQom jzpfygw,f/ bmudkrQjzpfatmif jyKvkyf EdkifpGrf;?

91 92


pDrHEdkifpGrf;? zefwD;EdkifpGrf; r½Sdyg/ jyHK;[ef &,f[ef pum;ajym[efESifh oGm;? &yf? xkdif? avsmif;? £&d,myk'f taygif;udkjzpfapwmu ocFg&w&m; awGu jzpfapwmyg/ ocFg&w&m;awGu aphaqmfwdkufwGef; EId;aqmfay;vdkY oGm;rI? &yfrI? xdkifrI?avsmif;rI? pum;ajymrI? auG;rI? qefYrI vIyf½Sm; rIpwJhtrlt,mawG jzpf&wmyg/

ocFg&-t&aumufawmh a0'em? onmrS<uif;aomapwemOD;aqmifwJh zó? reodum&? avmb? a'go?arm[? tavmb? ta'go? tarm[paom apwoduf(50)udk ,l&ygw,f/ 'Dapwoduf(50)uvnf; udk,ftrlt,m trsdK;rsdK;udk jyKvkyfay;aewmyg/ oGm;jcif;? &yfjcif;?xkdifjcif;? tdyfjcif;? auG;jcif;? qefYjcif;? jyHK;&,fjcif;pwJhvIyf½Sm;rI rSeforQawGudk apwemOD;aqmifwJh ocFg&w&m;awGu jyKvkyfaewmyg/ ½kyfw&m;BuD;uawmh tvkyform;oufoufrdkU ocFg&=emrf w&m;awG cdkif;orQvkyfay;ae&wmyg/ emrf-utcdkif;orm;?½kyf-utvkyform; jzpfygw,f/ocFg&-emrfw&m;u oGm;qdk ½kyf-uoGm;ay;&ygw,f/ tdyfqdk tdyfay;&? xdkifqdkxdkifay;&? pm;qdkpm;ay;&wmyg/ olUtvdktwdkif;bmukdrQ jyKvkyfEkdifpGrf; r½Sdyg/ EIwf>rufí ajymqdkrI rSmvnf; apwemu aphaqmf wdkufwGef;vdkufwJhtcg

avmbocFg&w&m;u OD;aqmifNyD; pD;yGm;a&;eJYywfoufía&mif;a&; 0,fwmudpörsm; ajymjzpfygw,f/ apwem&JUaphaqmfrIaMumifhyJ tavmbocFg&-u OD;aqmifNyD; vSLa&;wef;a&;udpöeJYywfoufwJh pum;rsdK; ajymjzpfygw,f/MuHpnfawG;awm&mrSmvnf; ukodkvf apwemu wdkufwGef;wJhtcgrSmawmh tvSL'gejyKzdkY oDv aqmufwnfzdkY w&m;tm;xkwfzdkYeJU aumif;wJh tvkyfawGudk MuHpnfpdwful; aeygw,f/tukodkvfapwem wdkufwGef;&mrSmawmh owfzdkY jzwfzdkY cdk;0SufzdkY vk,ufzdkY raumif; wmawGudkyJ pdwful; MuHpnfvdkY aeygw,f/

ocFg&u b,fvdkESdyfpufygovJ

udk,f? EIwf? pdwf trlt,mawGjzpfatmif aphaqmfwdkufwGef;aewJh ocFg&w&m;awG[m twåaumifjzpfr,fqdk&if rdrdudk,frESdyfpufoifhygbl;/ tckawmh ESdyfpufvdkY aeygw,f/ b,fvdkrsm; ESdyfpufaeygovJ/ tvdk&ruf vTrf;rdk;ESdyfpufvdkY avmbocFg& OD;aqmifum cdk;rI? wdkufrI? vk,ufrI? owfjzwfrI? tEkMurf;pD;rI? rk'drf;rIpwJh jypfrIawGusL;vGefcJhMuygw,f/ xdkjypfrIawG usL;vGefawmh ,ckb0rSm t½SufwuGJ tusdK;enf;vnf;jzpf&w,f/ tzrf;tqD;vnf; cH&w,f/ tmPmydkifawG&JU n§if;yef;ESdyfpufrIudkvnf; cH&w,f/

93 94


axmifoGif;tusOf;vnf; cscH&w,f/ wrvGefavmuaemufb0rSmvnf; tyg,fi&J usa&muf&ygw,f/ a'goarm[ rmepwJh w&m;qdk;awG OD;aqmifNyD; apwem&JU wdkufwGef;csuft& tjypfruif;wJh pum;awGajymrd? Oya'rvGwfwJh pum;awGqdkrdNyD; pdwfESvHk; rcsrf;ajrUrIvnf; jzpf&ygw,f/ rawmfwmawG MuHpnfNyD;awmhvnf; pdwfqif;&Jjzpf&w,f/ tJ'Dvdk pdwfqif;&J udk,fqif;&J jzpfNyD;awmhocFg&w&m;awGu EdSyfpufvdkY aeygw,f/ tu,fíomtwåaumifjzpfcJhr,fqdk&if xdkuJhodkY qif;&J'ku©trsdK;rsdK;eJYawGU&atmif rESdyfpufwef&m/

vaAÇxp ocFga&ok ]]{0H ar ocFg&m a[mEÅK? {0Har ocFg&m rm ta[ok}} EÅd/

ocFg&w&m;rsm;[m twåaumifjzpfcJhr,fqdk&if ig\jyKvkyftm;xkwfrI ocFg&wdkYonf taumif;csnf; jzpfygap/raumif;wmawG rjzpfygapeJYvdkY awmifhwvdkY &ukef&m\/ocFg&w&m;rsm; twåaumifr[kwfaomaMumifh jyKvkyftm;xkwfrI rSeforQ taumif;csnf; jzpfygap/ raumif;wmawG rjzpfygapeJYvdkY awmifhwr&yg/ tpdk;vnf;r&? rdrdtvdkwdkif;vnf;rjzpfyg/ udk,ftrlt,mjzifh raumif;wmawG? &mZ0wfrI rvGwfwmawG? avmutjypf? oHo&m

tjypf ruif;wmawGvnf; jyKvkyfaeygw,f/ EIwftrlt,mtm;jzifhvnf; olwpfyg; rMum;0Hhremompum;awGeJY qJa&;wkdif;xGm a&&GwfNyD; uavmfwkwfaeygw,f/ pdwftrlt,mjzifhvnf; olwpfyg;owfzdkY jzwfzdkY n§if;yef;zdkY ESdyfpufzdkYvk,ufzdkYeJY olwpfyg;ZeD;r,m; orD;om;udk zsufqD;zdkY MuHaeygw,f/ udk,f? EIwf? pdwftrlt,mjzifh raumif;wmawGjyKvkyf? ajymqdk? MuHpnfaewmrsdK; rvdkvm;ygbl;/ tcgcyfodrf; taumif;awGcsnf; jyKvkyf? ajymqdk? MuHpnfaecsifygw,f/ odkYaomf twåaumif r[kwfaomaMumifh rdrdtvdkodkYrvkduf tpdk;r& tewåom jzpfygw,f/

,o®mp acg bdu©a0 ocFg&m tewåm? wo®mocFg&m tmAm"m, oH0wå EÅd/

cspfom;wdk Y-jyKvkyftm;xkwfrI ocFg&w&m;rsm;tewåjzpfjcif;aMumifh ESdyfpufvdkYaeygw,f/

ocFg&w&m;rsm; tpdk;r& tewåjzpfjcif;aMumifhrdrdtm; yHkpHtrsdK;trsdK; toGiftrsdK;rsdK;eJY ESdyfpufvdkY aewmyg/rdwf,kwf? aqG,kwfeJY aygif;oif;rdwJhtcgrSmawmh 'kp½dkufrsdK;pHk tukefjyKMuawmhwmygyJ/ ]]ygyoð® &rwd raem}} qdkwJhpum;twdkif; owå0gawG&JU pdwfuvnf; raumif;rI 'kp½kdufawGrSmyJ arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufvdkY aewmyg/ ukodkvf

95 96


aumif;rI jyKzdkYMuawmh ]]wDaumifqm;eJYwdkYovdk}} wGefYqkwfwGefYqkwf jzpfaewwfygw,f/ taygif;toif;uvnf;bk&m;oGm; ausmif;wuf w&m;em oifwef;wufzdkY aumif;wJhbufudk qGJac:wJh rdwfaumif; aqGaumif;u enf;NyD;t&ufqdkifeJY 'pöudkoGm;zdkY qGJaqmifwmu rsm;aewmrdkYtaygif;toif;aMumifhvnf; raumif;wmawGjyKvkyf? tjypfruif;wJhpum;awGajym? raumif;wmawG MuHpnfaewmursm;aeygw,f/ avmb? a'go? ocFg&w&m;OD;aqmifwJhukd,f? EIwf? pdwftrlt,mawGeJY 'kp½dkufawGudk jyKvkyf?ajymqdk? MuHpnfwJhtcgrSmawmh t½SufwuGJ tusdK;enf;awGjzpf&? ukd,fqif;&J? pdwfqif;&Jjzpf&? tzrf;tqD; tcsKyftaESmifcH&jcif;wdkYjzifh ESdyfpufaeygw,f/'g-ocFg& w&m;utwår[kwf? tpdk;r&jcif;aMumifhom pdwfqif;&J? udk,fqif;&Jjzpfatmif rdrdukd ESdyfpufvdkYaewmyg/

iSufaysmawmyrm ocFg&m

ocFg&m u'vlyrm

ocFg&m-jyKvkyftm;xkwfrI ocFg&w&m;wdk Yonf?u'vlyrm-iSufaysmawmESifhrjcm;wrl tvm;wlMuukef\/

pdwfrESHYolwpfa,mufu iSufaysmawmBuD;xJ a&mufoGm;NyD; tESpf½Sdw,f? ckdifrmw,f? tcGHtacguf ½Sdw,fvdkY

xifum olYudk,fol iSufaysmawmrif;om;toGif pdwfBuD;0ifvmNyD; ½Sifbk&ifudk ppfaMujimvdkufygowJh/ 'Dtcg ½Sifbk&ifvnf; ppfwyfeJYwufvmNyD; pdpdnufaMuatmif acszsufumiSufaysmawmrif;om;udk owfypfvdkufygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmOyrmeJY Oyar,s wdkufqdkifMunfhvdkuf&if owå0gawGupdwfrESHYol t½l;eJYwlNyD;? cE¨mudk,fBuD;u iSufaysmO,smOf?ocFg&w&m;awGu iSufaysmyif? aorif;u ½Sifbk&ifeJY wlum? temrsdK; 96-yg;a&m*geJY tqdyfvufeufab; ponfwdkYuawmh ppfwyfeJY wlygw,f/

pdwfrESHUol[m iSufaysmawmudk ckdifrmw,f? awmifhwif;w,f? tESpfom&½Sdw,f xifum ½Sifbk&ifudk tHwkípdefac:vdkufovdk owå0gawG[mvnf; um,uH? 0pDuH?raemuH ocFg&w&m;wdkY&JU ajr§mufpm;rIjzifh b0tqufqufwdkY ü aorif;udk tHwkí pdefac:aeMuwmeJY wlygowJh/aorif;udk pdefac:w,fqdkwmuawmh ]]igao&rJYt&G,fra&mufao;ygbl;? aow,fqdkwm toufBuD;wJh tzdk;tzGm;awGyg/ ightoufu i,fi,fav;rdkY raoEdkifao;ygbl;}}ponfjzifhvnf;aumif;? t½G,fa&mufvdkY aoMujyefawmhvnf; ]]aow,fqdkwm udk,fhwpfa,mufwnf;rSr[kwfyJ? vlwumaoaeMuwm rqef;ygbl;}} [kajymum

97 98


oHa0*r&MuyJ oufawmifhoufom arharh avsmhavsmh ayghaygh qq aewwfMuwm[m aorif;udk tHwkí pdefac:w,f/ Oayu©mjyK vspfvsL½I Ignore vkyfxm;wm[m rxDav;pm;jyKw,fvdk Y qd kvd kygw,f/ ppfonfAd kvfygwd k YwkdufckdufrIaMumifh iSufaysmawm ESifhiSufaysmawmrif;om;wdkYpdpdnufum aoaMu ysufpD; Muovdk aorif; ppfonf &Jrufrsm;eJYawGUwJhtcg tESpfom&uif;wJh ocFg&½kyfemrfw&m;rsm;vnf; tcsdefra½G; tedpöoabmeJY udpöacsmEdkifMuygw,f/ aoEdkifMuygw,f/ wcsdKUu uvva&Munf tcdkufrSm aocJh&wJhb0awGvnf; renf;awmhovdk tjr§Kyftcdkufom;wpftcdkufrSm ysufpD;cJh&wJh b0awGuvnf; ra&wGufEdkifawmhygbl;/ y#doaE¨ aeNyD;aemuf nwdkif; aeYwdkif;em&Dwdkif; rdepfwdkif; puúefYwkdif; cPwdkif;rSm raobl;aomtcsdef[lí r½SdcJhyg/ wcsdefxJrSm udk aocJh&wJh b0aygif;vnf; toacFsteEÅygyJ/

ocFg&w&m; twåjzpfr,fqdk&if raoygapeJYvdk Yawmifhwí&-&rSmyg/ tewåjzpfaomaMumifh (0g) twåaumifr[kwfaomaMumifhom xyfcg xyfcgaoNyD;awmhvnf; ESdyfpuf aewmyg/

ep vAÇwd ocFga&ok ]]{0H ar ocFg&m a[mEÅK? {0Har ocFg&m rm ta[ok}} EÅd/

ig\jyKvky ftm;xkwfr I ocFg&wd k Yonf þod k Ytaumif; csnf;jzpfygap? tqdk;awG rjzpfygapeJYvdk Yawmifhwír&yg/ ig\um,ocFg&? 0pDocFg&? raemocFg&awG[m tjypfuif;NyD; oefY½Sif;pifMu,fwJh ukd,f? EIwf?pdwftrlt,mrsm;om jzpfygap/ roefY½Sif;wJh tjypf½SdwJhuk d,ftrlt,m? EIwftrlt,m? pdwftrlt,mawGrjzpfygapeJYvdkY ocFg&w&m;awGudk awmifhwí r&yg/bmaMumifhvnf;qdkawmh toufaumif r[kwfvdkYygyJ/

ocFg&oHk;yg; þodkYjym;

ocFg&u---ocFg&u---ocFg&u---ocFg&u---ocFg&u---

(1) yknmbdocFg& (ykefnmbdoifcg&-[kzwf)

(2) tyknmbdocFg& (tykefnmbdoifcg&-[kzwf)

(3) tmaeÍÆmbdocFg& (tmeifZmbdoifcg&-[kzwf) tm;jzifhoHk;yg;½dSygonf/

ykn=ukokdvfaumif;rIudk? tbdocFg&=jyKpD&ifwwfwJhapwem? umrukodkvfapwem(8)ckeJY ½lyukodkvfapwem(5)ckudk aumuf&ygw,f/ umrok*wd(7)bHkeJY ½lybHkudk

99 100


a&mufapwwfwJh ocFg&jzpfygw,f/ bk&m;wnf? ausmif;aqmuf? ouFef;uyf? qGrf;uyfpwJh 'gejyKwJhtcg oDvaqmufwnfwJhtcg bm0emtm;xkwfwJhtcgrsm;rSmjzpfwJhpdwfu avmuDumr ukodkvf apwem(8)ckyif jzpfygw,f/ aemufb0rSmawmh vlYbHkeJ Yewfjynf(6)xyfudka&muf&ygw,f/ orxtm;xkwfwJh yk*¾ dKvfrsm;vnf;tm;xkwfqJ tcdkuftwefYrSmawmh avmuDumr ukokdvfapwemyifjzpfNyD; psmef&oGm;vQifawmh ½lyukodkvf ocFg&jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ 0dyóemtm;xkwfwJh yk*¾ d Kvfvnf;tm;xkwfqJ tcdkuftwefYrSmawmh umrukodkvfapwemjzpfNyD; r*f&oGm;vQifawmh r*fukodkvfapwem jzpfygw,f/avmuD umrukodkvfapwemu edAÁmeftxd tusdK;ay;ygw,f/

b,fvdktusdK;ay;ovJqdkwm qef;ppfMunhf&atmif/0¥edódw-ukodkvfapwemeJY 0d0¥edódw-ukodkvfapwem&,fvdkY ESpfrsdK;½Sdygw,f/ ]]vlYb0? ewfb0? vlYpnf;pdrf?ewfpnf;pdrf? ya'o&mZfrif;? {u&mZfrif;? pMum0aw;rif;?ya'o&mZfrif; uawmf? {u&mZfrif;uawmf? pMum0aw;rif;uawmf? AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;uawmf jzpf&ygapom;}}vdkY awmifhwjyKwJh ukokdvfapwem-u oHo&m0#fqif;&Judk awmifhw

NyD; arm[jcH&Hí jyKvkyfwmjzpfjcif;aMumifh tusdK; ay;awmhvl YbH k ? ewfbH kavmufyJ tusd K;ay;ygw,f/ tjrwfrxGufaom ukodkvfjyKenf;vkdY ac:&ygw,f/ 'guawmh0¥edódwukodkvfapwem jzpfygw,f/ ]]r*fzdkvfedAÁmef\taxmuftyHYjzpfygap}}qkdNyD; qkawmif;jyKwJh ukodkvfuynmOD;pD;wJhukodkvfjzpfvdkY 0d0¥edódwukodkvf apwemjzpfygw,f/ ynmOD;pD;wJh avmuD umrukodkvf apwemuedAÁmeftxd tusdK;ay;ygw,f/

(0wfwedwfodw? 0d0wfwedwfodw[kzwf)

Oyrm=rEÅav;vufrSwfjzwfxm;wJh yk*¾dKvfu awmifil?ysOf;rem;? ompnfa&mufygapvdkY qkawmif;aep&m rvdkygbl;/ a&mufudka&mufygw,f/ awmifilavmufvufrSwfjzwfxm;wJh yk*¾dKvfuawmh rEÅav;txd ra&mufEdkifovdkygyJ/ edAÁmeftxd vufrSwfjzwfxm;rSawmh Mum;blwmjzpfwJhvlYpnf;pdrf? ewfpnf;pdrf&zdkY qkawmif;aep&m vkdygtHk;awmhrvm;/

tykn=raumif;rItukodkvfudk? tbdocFg&=jyKpD&ifwwfwJhapwem? tukodkvfapwem(12)ckudk t&aumuf&ygw,f/ aumif;wmvkyf&if ]]apwem}}vdkY ajymMuygw,f/tvSL'ge 0goemygoludk ]]'Dvlu odyfapwemaumif;wJhvl}}

101 102


ponfjzifh ajymwwfygw,f/ ]]oifwef;wufMu? wpfvHk;rSwfrd? ESpfvHk;rSwfrd? rSwfrd oavmuf tusdK;½Sdw,f/ 'grsdK;oifwef;uvnf; ½Smr½Sm;? wufjzpfatmifwufaemf}}ponfjzifh apwemu wkdufwGef;vdkY a&mufvmcJhMuwmyg/'gudkawmh ukodkvf apwemac:ygw,f/ raumif;wm vkyf&mrSmvnf; ]]aMumufraeygeJYuGm? &J&Jomvkyfprf;yg? i&Jqdkwmvnf; wu,f½SdcsifrS ½Sdwm? ½Sdawmhvnf; bmqef;ovJ? olvnf;us ukd,fvnf; usyJ[m}} ponfjzifh apwemu wdkufwGef;vdkY 'kp½dkufawG usL;vGefjzpfygw,f/ 'gusawmhtukodkvfapwemtyknmbdocFg&ac:ygw,f/ aumif;wmjzpfjzpf? raumif;wmjzpfjzpf t&m&mwdkif;rSm apwemuOD;aqmifaewmawmh rarhoifhygbl;/ 'Dapwem udkyJ jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]apwem[H bdu©a0 ur®H 0'grd= uHw&m;jzpfw,f}}vdkYt*FkwådK&frSm a[mawmfrlwmyg/

apwemeJYAkdvfrSL; tbd"r®musrf;rSm Oyrmay;wmu apwem[m AkdvfrSL;eJYwlw,fwJh/AkdvfrSL;[m wdkufyGJrSm &efol wyfawGudk wkdufzdkYvnf; vufatmufi,fom;awGudk ]]b,folub,frSmae? &efolvm&if b,fvdkwdkuf}}ponfjzifh pDrHay;&ovdk udk,fwdkifuvnf; toifhae&m,lNyD; &efoludkckcHwdkufcdkuf&ygw,f/ tJ'DvdkyJ apwemu ukodkvf? tuk

odkvfawG vkyfzdkY wkdufwGef;ay;w,f/ oludk,fwdkifvnf; pDrHuGyfuJjyD; vkyfygw,f/

apwemeJY vuform;q&m

apwemu vuform;q&meJYvnf; wlygw,f/vuform;q&mu wynfhawGudk ]]vTb,fvdkwdkuf? rsOf;b,fvdkypf}}ponfhjzifh ñTefMum;ovdk q&mBuD;ukd,fwdkifuvnf; wynfhawGeJY vkyfygw,f/ apwemuvnf; 'DoabmygyJ/ olwpfyg; wkdufwGef;vdkY vkyf&wJhapwemuwrsdK;? olwpfyg; rwdkufwGef;yJ ukd,fhzmomudk,fvkyfjzpfatmif wdkufwGef;wJh apwemu wrsdK;qdkNyD; ESpfrsdK;½Sdygw,f/pmvdkajymawmh ]]oocFg&duapwemeJY tocFg&duapwem}}jzpfygw,f/ aumif;wmyJvkyfvkyf? raumif;wmyJvkyfvkyfapwemu OD;aqmifpjrJygyJqdkwm oabmayguf em;vnfavmufNyDaygh/ aumif;wmvkyfawmh ]]ukodkvfapwem}}ac:&NyD; raumif;wm vkyfawmh ]]tukodkvf apwem}} ac:ygw,f/ 'guawmh tyknmbdocFg& jzpfygw,f/

tmaeÍÆmbdocFg&? tmaeÍÆ=rwkefrvIyfwnfwnfwHhwHh? tbdocFg&=jyKvkyfpDrHwwfwJhapwem? t½ly ukodkvfawGukdawmh ½lyukodkvfeJY rwlwmaMumifh oD;oefYcGJxm;ygw,f/ ½lypsmef? t½lypsmefcsif;wlayrJh t½lypsmef0ifpm;aewJh

103 104


yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm rwkefrvIyf ausmufwk½kyfuJhodkY wnfwHhaeygowJh/ 'gaMumifh t½lyg0p&ukodkvf apwemav;ckudk]]tmaeÍÆmbdocFg&}} vdkYac:ygw,f/ ocFg&t& r[m ukodkvfpdwf(8)yg;? ½lyukodkvf(5)yg;? t½lyukodkvf (4)yg;? aygif;ukokdvfocFg& (17)yg;rSm½SdwJh apwemeJY tukodkvf ocFg&(12)yg;rSm½SdwJh apwemudk ,l&ygw,f/ocFg& [laom ygVdcsif;wlayr,fh t"dyÜg,ft&aumuf t,ltq rwlwmudkvnf; tpydkif;u wifjycJhNyD;jzpfvdkY odavmufygNyD/

'Dae&mrSm twdwfu ukokdvfocFg&udk jyKcJhvdkY ewf&Gmok*wda&muf&yHkom"uudk xkwfjyygr,f/ wm0wðomewfjynf0,f rmvmbm&Dewfom;[m ewforD;wpfaxmifjcH&HvQuf O,smOfodkY Holiday tm;vyf&uftyef;ajz xGufcJhygw,f/ ewforD;ig;&mu yef;yifay:wuf yef;cl;&if; usefewforD;ig;&muyef;yGifhawG oDuHk;NyD; rmvmbm&D ewfom;udk tvSjyif wefqmqifay; aeygw,f/ xdktcsdefrSm yef;yifay:u ewforD;wpfa,muf pkwdvdkY om0w¬dNrdKU trsdK;orD;wpfa,muf0rf;rSm pGJydkufoaE wnfaeygowJh/ 'Dae&mrSmjyóemwpfcku 'DewforD;tavmif; b,fa&mufoGm; ovJ b,fudk azsmufzsufjypfvdkufovJ qdkwJh jyóemygyJ/'Dvd kyg-ewfawGaowmu rD;Nidrf;vd kufovdk jzpfNyD;

tavmif;rusef&pfwmrdkY b,folrS rodMuyg/ 'gvJ rqdk;bl;xifw,f? oif;j*ØK[fp&dwfrukefawmhbl;aygh? xdkewforD;wjzpfvJ trsdK;orD;av; (16)ESpfa&mufawmh tdrfaxmifusum om;orD;av;a,muf xGef;um;cJhygw,f/ xdktrsdK;orD;u Zmwdó&OmPf&vdkY twdwftaMumif; jyefajymif; owd&aeygw,f/ &wemoHk;yg; udkif;½Idif;NyD; yu©du qGrf;? pma&;wefqGrf;? 0gqdkouFef;? uxdefouFef;pwJh ukodkvfaumif;rIrjywfjyK? oDvaqmufwnf? qGrf;pm;Z&yf wHjrufvSnf;?½Sif;vif;okwfoif? oHCmawmfawGtwGuf aomufa&oHk;a&cyfjcif;?ae&m xkdifcif;jyifay;jcif;pwJh oHCmha0,sm0pövnf;rjywfjyKvdkY aeygw,f/ ukodkvfjyK wdkif;jyKwdkif;vnf; vifawmfarmif rmvmbm&Dewfom;xH jyefjzpfvdkaMumif; qkawmif;yefxGm yw¬emjyK ygowJh/ 'gaMumifh olYemrnfudk]]ywdylZdum}}vdkY ac:Muygw,f/ vifudk jrwfEdk;aumfa&mfylaZmfwJh trsdK;orD;vdk Y t"dyÜg,f&wmaygh/ wpfaeYrSm½kwfw&uf a&m*gjzpfvdkY pkwdysufa<u aovGefjyD; ewfjynfrSmjyefjzpfygw,f/

tvdkufodNyD; apwemo'gw&m; aumif;wmaMumifhykxkZOf&[ef;awmfrsm; ylaqG;aomu a'greójzpfMuumqkawmif;cJhwJhtwdkif; vifawmfarmifrmvmbm&D ewfom;xH rNyD;jywfao;wJh yef;yGifhrsm; qufcl;ay;&if; azsmfajzay;

105 106


aeygowJh/ rmvmbm&Dewfom;u cspfESr wpfreufvHk;b,foGm;aeovJeJY ar;awmh rSefvSyg? ESrawmf pkwdvdkYvlYjynfrSm oGm;jzpfaeaMumif; oHawmfOD;wifygw,f/'guawmh twdwfu ukokdvfyknmbdocFg&awGjyKcJhvdkYewfjynfrSm csrf;omokc cHpm;&wmyg/ vlYjynfrSm tESpfwpf&m½dSNyD; wm0wðomewfjynfrSm (1)&ufjzpfwmrdkUwpfreufavmuf aysmufoGm;jcif;jzpfygw,f/

(ywdylZdum0w¬K-"r®y't|uxm)

twdwfu tukodkvfocFg&uHawG xlaxmifcJhvdkY 'ku©a&muf&yHkawGvnf; trsm;BuD;½SdwmrdkY arhrjypfvdkufygeJYtHk;/trsm;BuD;xJu wpfckxkwfjy&&if om0w¬dNrdKUrSm wdóvkvif omoemhabmif0ifNyD; &[ef;jyK? w&m;usifh? rMumcifOD;wdórSm cEmudk,fwpfckvHk; temBuD;temi,frsm; aygufum wpfudk,fvHk; aoG;jynfykyfawG ,dkpD;xGufus t½kd;tqpfrsm; usdK;aMutufuGJNyD; jyif;xefpGm a0'emcHpm;ae&ygowJh/ bmaMumifh 'DvdkcHpm;ae&ovJ qdkawmh]]b,folrjyK rdrdrI}} qdkwmvdk ol&JUtwdwfb0udk jyefMunhfvdkufawmh uóy bk&m;½Sifvufxufu iSufawGowfNyD;iSufrkqdk;b0eJY touf arG;cJhygw,f/ wcsdKUiSufawGowfa&mif;? a&mif;rukefwJh wcsdKU iSufawGusawmh owfxm;&ifaemufaeYykyfukefrSmpdk;vdkY ajcaxmufuav;awGudkcsdK;xm;?

wcsdKUtawmifuav;awG csdK;xm;? aemufaeYMuawmhowfNyD;a&mif;wJhtvkyfudk ESpfaygif; rsm;pGm aysmfaysmfBuD;vkyfcJhygw,f/ tJ'D raumif;wJh tukodkvf tyknmbd-ocFg&uHu OD;Zif;wdkY a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufrSmvmNyD; cH&wmyg/ aemufawmh &[EÅmtjzpfeJY y&dedAÁmef0ifpHawmfrloGm;ygw,f/ (ylwd*wåwdórax&f0w¬K? "r®y')

]]i&JrSmty 0#frSmtjrJ}}qdkwJh jrefrmpum;yHkvnf; ½Sdygw,f/ i&JuszdkY tukodkvfuHuawmh vGwfatmifa½SmifvdkY&ygw,f/ Oyrm-a½SUaeaumif;&if trIwGJrS vHk;0uGif;vHk;uRwfvGwf&ovdk wpfr*fwpfzdkvf[laom a½SUaeaumif;&oGm;MuwJh t&d,myk*¾dKvfrsm;rSmawmh tyg,fab;rS vHk;0vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGif h&oGm;ygawmhw,f/ 0#fuawmhb,fvdkyif a½SUaeaumif;aomfvnf; trIrS rvGwfajrmufEdkifovdk t&d,m olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;udkyifvQif csrf;omcGifhray;yg/ ½Sifom&dykwå&mvnf; 0rf;awmfvm;NyD; y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrl&? ½Sifarm*¾vmefvnf; cdk;om;ig;&mowfvdkY y&dedAÁmefpH&? 'gawGuawmh EkpOf b0ujyKcJhwJh raumif;rIuHawGudkjyefvnfay;qyfae&wmygyJ/ aemufqHk; bk&m;½Sifukd,fawmfjrwfBuD;awmifrS 0#fawmf wpfq,fhESpfyg;udk vSvSBuD;cHawmfrlcJh&onfr[kwfygvm;/ ,ck OD;wdót½Sifjrwfvnf;

107 108


twdwfujyKcJhwJh raumif;rI&JUpeufudk tcsufusus cHNyD;rSy&dedAÁmefpHawmfrl&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ]]tukodkvfa½Smif?ukodkvfaqmif? jzLatmifpdwfudkxm;}}vdkY bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfjrwfu EIwfawmfxGufí rdefY>rufawmfrlcJhwmyg/

'Draumif;wJh tukodkvfuHawG tyknmbdocFg&'ku©awGb,folrSrcHpm;csifygbl;/ odkYaomfr&yg/ ocFg&w&m;rsm; ukd,fhtvdkokdYrvdkuf tpdk;r& ydkifqdkifol twår½Sdjcif;aMumifh ]]tewå}}vdkY bk&m;a[mawmfrlygw,f/

ocFg&oHk;yg; (oHaygufvuFm) ocFg&oHk;yg; (oHaygufvuFm) ocFg&oHk;yg; (oHaygufvuFm) ocFg&oHk;yg; (oHaygufvuFm) ocFg&oHk;yg; (oHaygufvuFm)

um, 0pD? raemcsD? oHk;vDocFg&?yknm ykn? tmaeÍÆ? oHk;0ocFg&?

&m&mwkdif;rSm? jyKvkyfwm? rSwfygocFg&?

aumif;wm raumif;wm? jyKMuwm? ocFg&m[kjy?

ukokdvfjyK&m? apwem? olomt"du?

tukodkvfvnf;? xdkYwlyJ? olvnf;y"me?

tukodkvfa½Smif? ukokdvfaqmif? jzLatmifxm;zdkYt"du?

"dwf"gwfjzLrS? 'dkYb0? vljzpf&usdK; eyfrnfy?

Epdwf0dnmPf tewåjzpfyHk

jrefrmjyef

&[ef;wdk Y 0dnmPfonf twår[kwf/ &[ef;wdk Y0dnmPfonf twåjzpfcJhvQif 0dnmPfonf emusifjcif;rjzpf&m/]]ig\ 0dnmPfonf þodkYjzpfap? ig\0dnmPfonfþodkY rjzpfapvifh}} [lívnf; 0dnmPfü (pD&ifí) &&m\/

&[ef;wdkY 0dnmPfonf twår[kwfaomaMumifhemusifjcif;jzpf\/ ]]ig\ 0dnmPfonf þodkYjzpfap? ig\0dnmPfonf þodkY rjzpfapvifh}} [lívnf; 0dnmPfü(pD&ifí) r&tyf[k rdefYawmfrl\/

109 110

¯¯¯¯¯


0dnmPH tewåm

&[ef;wdkY pdwf0dnmPf twåaumif toufaumif0dnmPfaumif vdyfjymaumifr[kwf/ tb,fudk 0dnmPfacgygoenf;?

(aqmifyk'f) (aqmifyk'f) (aqmifyk'f) (aqmifyk'f) (aqmifyk'f) tm½kH,lbd? todoabm? pdwfraemudk?0dnmPfqdk\/ (v,fwDq&mawmfBuD;)

tm½kHudk ,lwwf? odwwfwJhoabmudk 0dnmPfac:&jyD; pdwftpkudkawmh 0dnmPu©E¨m ac:ygw,f/ emrfw&m;awGu tm½kHudk,lwwfwJh oabm½Sdygw,f/ y&rw¬w&m; av;yg;wGif ½kyf(28)yg;u ½kyfy&rw¬w&m;? pdwfapwodufu emrfy&rw¬w&m;? edAÁmefu ½kyfemrfESpfyg;r½SdwJh y&rw¬w&m; jzpfygw,f/ odkYaomf edAÁmefudk ½kyfemrfcJGwJhtcgrSmawmh emrfw&m;xJygygw,f/ pdwf? apwodufemrfw&m;u ta0;teD;rSm½SdwJh tm½kHudk,lwwf ñGwfwwfwJhoabm½SdNyD; edAÁmef[laomemrf w&m;uawmh tñGwfcHemrfw&m;jzpfygw,f/ ]]ighudkñGwfMu? ighudkudkif;Mu?ighudk½Idif;Mu? ighudkMunhfMu? ighudkOD;wdkufMu}} qdkwJh tñGwfcHemrfw&m;jzpfygw,f/ ]]tm½kHawGUwdkif; ñGwfudkif; zGm;zGm;emrfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;}}qdkwJh pum;t& pdwf&JUoabmu ta0;rSm½SdwJh tm½kHa&m teD;rSm½SdwJh tm½kHyg

,lwwf ñGwfwJhoabmyg/ ]],ck 'DuaeNyD; jrefrmjynfvSrf;tm½kHjyKMunfhvdkuf? uav;awGwef;pDjyD; xrif;awmif;aewmawGU&vdrfhr,f? a½Twd*Hkbk&m; vSrf;tm½kHjyKvdkufvnf; a½Twd*HkyHkawmfBuD; zl;&vdrfhr,f/ 'g-pdwf0dnmPf&JU oabmyg/ 'D-0dnmPf uawmh twåy&d,m,f 0dnmPfr[kwfyg/ re?rem,wem? pdwf?0dnmPf[lí jrefrmpum;rSm tvQif;oifhovdk oHk;wwf Muygw,f/ t"dyÜg,fuawmh twlwlygyJ/

0dnmPfajcmufyg; þodkYjym;

(aqmifyk'f)(aqmifyk'f)(aqmifyk'f)(aqmifyk'f)(aqmifyk'f) xkd0dnmPfum;? jrifMum;eHvsuf? xdodcsuf[k?ajcmufcktusOf;/ (v,fwDq&mawmfBuD;)

0dnmPfqdkwm jrifodpdwf? Mum;odpdwf? eHodpdwf?pm;odpdwf? xdodpdwf? MuHodpdwfqdkNyD; ajcmufyg;½Sdygw,f/rsufpdeJY tqif;eJYqHkawmh jrifodpdwf jzpfygw,f/ jrifodpdwfudkvnf; igaumifvdkY xifrSwfaeygw,f/ em;eJY toHeJYqHkawmh Mum;odpdwf? ESmacgif;eJYteHYeJYqHkawmh eHodpdwf? vQmeJYt&omeJY qHkawmh pm;odpdwf? cEmudk,feJY awGUxdp&m eJYqHkawmh xdodpdwf? raemeJYMuHawG;p&meJYqHkawmh MuHodpdwfjzpfygw,f/ xdkMum;od pdwf? eHodpdwf? pm;od pdwf? xdodpdwf?MuHodpdwfawGudkvnf; igaumiftaeeJY pGJvrf;aeygw,f/igMum;w,f/ Mum;wmigyJponfjzifh xifrSwfpGJvrf; aeyg

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w,f/ wenf;tm;jzifh 0dnmPfonf tusdK;0dyguf0dnmPf?ukodkvf0dnmPf? tukodkvf0dnmPf? Mud,m0dnmPf[kav;rsdK;½Sdygonf/ xdkav;rsdK;wGif 0dygufac:aom tusdK;0dnmPf wpfrsdK;om uHocFg&aMumifh jzpfygw,f/ xkd0dyguf?0dnmPfpdwfuvnf; y#doaEwnfaeaompdwfESifh y#doaEaeNyD;rS aemuf umvüjzpfaom 0dnmPf[k ESpfrsdK; ½Sdygonf/ygVdvdk ajymawmh y#doaE¨0dnmPfeJY y0wåd0dnmPf jzpfygw,f/ y#doaE 0dnmPfudk tusOf;csKyfajym&vQif oHao'Zy#doaE¨=NiduyfwG,fwm&m t&yfü jzpfyGg;aomowå0gtwdwfujyKcJhaom tukodkvfuHocFg&wdkYaMumifh t[dwftukov0dyguf 0dnmPfpdwfjzifh y#doaEäe&aomydk;avmufvef; ponfESifh twdwfu ukodkvfuHocFg&wdkYudkxlaxmifcJ hojzifh y'kr®mMumyef;ü y#doaEäe&aomy'kra'0Drdzk&m;? 0g;vHk;acgif;ü y#doaEae&aom a0VK0wDrdzk&m;? refusnf;yifü y#doaEäe&aom pdÍörme0dumwdkYuawmh ukov0dyguf 0dnmPfjzifh y#doaEäecJhMu ygw,f/ Moyygwdu y#doaE¨qdkwmu vufajcudk,ft*FgtjynhftpHkjzifh cHkausmfusa&mufvmouJhokd Y jzpfaomewfjA[®mrsm;onf ukov0dyguf0dnmPfjzifh y#doaEäeaom Oyywfyk*¾dKvfrsm; jzpfygw,f/ t@Z y#doaEu

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wcsdKUyk*¾dKvfrsm;u 'Db0toufaumif? 0dnmPfaumifav; aemufb0? aemufcE¨mopfajymif;jzpfw,fvdkY,lqMuw,f/'gqdk oów'd|d=rjywfrpJ 0dnmPfaumifav; jrJw,fqdkwJh t,lrSm; jzpfygw,f/ wcsdKUusawmh 'Db0'DcE¨mao&if NyD;wmyJ? jywfwmyJ? aemufb0opf twGufbk&m;ocifu 0dnmPfawmf topfzefqif;ay;w,fvdkY,lMuw,f/ 'gqdk Oapä''d|d= jywfw,fqdkwJh t,lrSm; jzpfygw,f/

wHqdyfOyrm rSwfzdkY&m

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117 118


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tvGJtrSm;xif ig olwpfyg; yk*¾dKvf owå0g Mum;w,fvdkYpGJvrf;aewmaMumifh aomw 0dnmPfac: Mum;od pdwfursufvSnhfjyaewmeJY wlygw,f/ Cme0dnmPf eHodpdwf?Zd0Sg0dnmPf pm;odpdwf? um,0dnmPf xdodpdwf? raem0dnmPf MuHawG;pdwfwdkY jzpf&mrSmvnf; xdkenf; wlyif jzpfygonf/ ½Snfvsm;rnfpdk;í tus,fra&;awmhyJ tm;vHk;enf;rSDjyD; odEdkifavmufjyDrdkU---

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pdwf&JUoabmu 'l&*FrH=a0;eD;pMum0Vm urÇmrdk;ajrjcm;uGmayvnf; oGm;apvdk&m xkdxkdtm½kHXmeodkY cPcsufcsif; vufiif;ruGm tm½kHjyKaomtm;jzifh oGm;vm Edkifygw,f/ {upm&H=tazmfrrSD; wyg;wnf;om oGm;vmavh½Sdygw,f/ taygif; tazmfr½Sdyg/ to&D&H=vHk;&yf o@mefyHk[efedrdwf t&dyf ta&mif[lívnf; r½Sdyg/ pdwfuvHk;vHk;vnf;r[kwf/ jym;jym;vnf;r[kwf/ 0dkif;0dkif; vnf; r[kwfyg/*k[mo,H=ESvHk;om;wnf;[laom [',0w¦K vIdPf*lrSmom udef;atmif;ygw,f

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pGJwJh tcgrSmawmh EGm;ydkif½Siftzrf;qD;cH&ygw,f/ xdktcgEGm;ydkif½Sif odkYr[kwf EGm;ausmif;om;u rdrdEGm;udk csnfwdkifrSmBudK;eJYcsnfxm;? csnfwdkifrS½kef;xGufwJh EGm;udk BudrfvHk;eJY ½kdufay;? Mumawmh b,frSroGm;awmhyJ csnfwdkifrSmyJ 0yfvdkYaeygawmhw,f/ xdkYtwl EGm;ausmif;om;eJYwlwJh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfuvnf;EGm;eJUwlwJh rdrdpdwfudk ESmoD;0 ac:wJhcsnfwdkifrSm owd[laom BudK;jzifh csnfxm;NyD; vGifhxGuf oGm;wJhpdwfudk 0D&d,[laom BudrfvHk;jzifh ½kdufum ESmoD;0 csnfwdkifodkY xyfumxyfumwifay;&if Mumawmh b,frS roGm;awmhyJ ESmoD;0rSm uyfNy D;wnfaeygawmhw,f/ pdwfud k ' Denf;eJ YqHk;ray;&ygw,f/

pdwåH 'EÅH okcg0[H? pdwåH *kwåH okcg0[H ("r®y't|uxm)

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129 130


vnf;&wmyJ/ raocif aysmfaysmfae&bdkY ta&;BuD;w,fponfjzifh pdwfudk jzpfcsifwmjzpf r½IryGm; ypfxm;r,fqdk&ifypöKyÜefvnf;qif;&J oHo&mvnf; tyg,fi&JeJYawGY&zdkYursm;aeygvdrfhr,f/ ]]pwåma&m tyg,m oua*[o'dom}}tyg,fav;bHkuawmhjzifh rdrdwdkY&JU tjrJ ae&mtdrfeJY wlygowJh/ OD;Zif;wdkY&JU cE¨mrSmMunfhvdkuf&if pu©K 0dnmPfac:wJhjrifodpdwfu tqif;rsdK;pHk ½lyg½kHeJYawGUwJhtcg avmba'gopwJh udavomawG jzpf&ygw,f/ ½lyg½kHacsmacsmvSvSeJYawGUawmh om,mwyfrufwJh avmbjzpf&NyD; udk,feJUroifhjrwfwJh yk*¾dKvfeJYawGUawmh a'gojzpf&ygw,f/ r½IryGm;'Dtwdkif;xm;&ifawmh jrifpdwf&JUaemufrSm avmb a'gopwJh udavomawGyJ jzpfvdkYaerSmyg/ tJ'Dpu©K0dnmPfac:jrifodpdwfu tjrJwnfraeyg/ jzpfvdkufysufvdkuf ay:vdkufaysmufvdkufeJY rsufpdwrSdwf vQyfwjyuftwGif;rSm uka#wpfodef;avmufjzpfNyD; ysufaeygowJh/ jzpfNyD; ysufaevdkYrjrJwJhtedpöyg/ jzpfysuf'gPfudkcHae&vdkY qif;&JwJh 'ku©yg/ukd,fhtvdkrvdkuf tpdk;r&vdkY tewåyg/ jrifodpdwfuav;jzpf ysuf tedpö 'ku© tewå jzpfygw,f/ rsufpdeJY tqif;u½kyfw&m;yg/ ½kyf&JU oabmuvnf; ]]½kyÜwDwd ½lyH}}t&jzpfysufNyD; azmufjyef aewmyg/ a½S;a½S; ½kyfawG jzpfNyD;

ysufoGm;/ aemufaemuf ½kyftopfawG tpm;xdk; jzpfvmygw,f/ xdkt½kyfopfrsm;vnf; MumMumwnfraeyg/ysufvdkYoGm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ½kyfw&m;vnf; jzpfysufrdkUrjrJ qif;&J tpdk;r&yg/ xdk½kyfemrfawG bmaMumifhjzpfovJqdkawmh twdwfu jyKcJhwJh uH ocFg&awGaMumifh jzpf&wmyg/taMumif;rJh jzpfaeMuonfr[kwf? taMumif;aMumifhjzpfMuwmyg/

½kyfemrfwdkY&JU taMumif;udkodawmh taMumif;rJhjzpfw,fvdkY rSm;,Gif;pGm,lxm;wJh ]]ta[wku'd|d}}uif;ygw,f/½kyfemrfwdkY&JU tjzpfudkjrifawmh jywfw,f Nidrf;w,fqdkwJh]]Oapä' 'd|d}}uif;ygw,f/ tysufudkjrifawmh ckdifw,f jrJw,f wnfwhH w,fvdkY t,lrSm;wJh ]]oów'd|d}} uif;ygw,f/ rsufpdeJY tqif;u ½kyfw&m;? jrifodpdwfu emrfw&m;? jrifpdwfjzpf&mrSm ig olwpfyg; a,musfm; rdef;ryk*¾dKvf owå0gr[kwf ½kyfemrfESpfyg; om½Sdw,fvdkY odvdkufawmh ]]ouúm,'d|d}} uif;ygw,f/

OD;Zif;wdkY oEÅmefrSm jzpfwJhpdwfu ajcmufyg;½Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dajcmufyg;u = jrifodpdwf? Mum;odpdwf? eHodpdwf?pm;odpdwf? xdodpdwf? awG;awmMuHpnfpdwfwdkY jzpfygw,f/,ck jrifodpdwfeJY ywfoufNyD; udavomrjzpfatmif

131 132


½IyGm;yHkudk OmPfrSDoavmuf ajymNyD;ygNyD/ em;eJYtoHeJYqHkawmhMum;odpdwfjzpfygw,f/ xdkpdwfudk r½IryGm; 'Dtwdkif;xm;vdkY'ku©a&muf&yHkudk wdkwkdusOf;usOf; ajymjyygr,fh/ oD[kdVfuRef;rSm psmeftbdnmOf& omraPi,f wpfyg;½Sdygw,f/ wpfaeYOyZösm,fq&mu r[mapwDrSm yef;awGeJYylaZmfzdkY [dr0EÅmrSyef;rsm;udk wefcdk;jzifh ,laqmifNyD; q&mtm; ay;ygw,f/q&mu ighwynfh odyfwefcdk;BuD;wmyJ? 'Dwefcdk;MumMumwnfEdkifyghrvm;eJY qifjcifMunfhvdkufawmh rMumcifyJavQmusvdkY rsufpduef;wJh ,ufuef;onfreJY nm;awmhr,fqdkwm odojzifh tusdK;taMumif;jy qHk;rygaomfvnf;oHa0*r&yJ ighq&m bmawGavQmufajymaeygvdrfhqdkNyD;rMum;csifa,mifaqmif xGufoGm;ygw,f/ rMumrDaumif;uifu psmefeJYoGm;aewkef; ajrjyifrSm yef;cl;aewJh,ufuef;onf rav;&JU oDcsif;oHMum;? xkdtoHudk om,mwyfrufNyD; psmefavQmum ,ufuef;onfrav;eJY nm;oGm;NyD;aemuf pum;rsm;&efjzpfvdkY wkwfeJYaygufvdkuf&mrsufvHk;uef;oGm;ygw,f/ rax&fBuD;u 'gudkjrifvdkY Mo0g'ay;cJhwmyg/ Mum;odpdwf uvnf; MumMumwnfrae? jzpfysuf rjrJ qif;&J tpdk;r& tedpö 'ku© tewåyg/ xdkpdwfudkr½IryGm; 'Dwdkif;xm;&if Mum;odpdwf&JU aemufu udavom

jzpfygw,f/ ½IyGm;ay;vdkufawmh udavom rjzpfyJ csrf;omoGm;ygw,f/ usefpdwfawGrSmvnf; enf;rSDum ½I&rnf jzpfygonf/ (rZösdryPÖot|uxm? 170)

½kyfemrfESpfyg;jzpfysufu 'ku©opöm? tqufrjywf'vpyf jzpfysufaewmudk odwJhOmPfu r*¾opöm? jzpfysufudkjrifawmh ½kyf emrf&JUtay:rSm wG,fwm wyfrufrI r&Sduif;oGm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ork',opöm aoygw,f/ wPSmavmb aoawmh aemufb0 y#doaE¨ rae&awmhyg/'guawmh eda&m"opöm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh jzpfysuf u'ku©opöm? odwJhOmPfu r*¾opöm? aowmu ork',opöm? aemifcE¨m rvmwmu eda&m"opöm jzpfygw,f/½IrSwfyGm;rsm; usifhBuH vdkufemp&mawGrsm;vGef;vdkY pdwfysufaewJh &[ef;awmf uav;vnf; jrwfpGmbk&m; rdefYawmfrlwJhwpfckwnf;aom pdwfudk pl;pdkufNyD; ½IrSwfyGm;rsm; tm;xkwfvdkufwJhtcgrSmawmh r*fqdkuf zdkvf0if edAÁmefjrifoGm; ygawmhw,f/ ("r®y't|uxm? yxr? 189)

(aqmifyk'f)

½kyfemrfESpfjzm aMumif;aMumifhom? rSefpGmjzpfvm&?

taMumif;udkjrif?aMumif;rJhpif? rSwfvQif ta[wkujy?

133 134


tjzpfudkjrif? jywfw,fxif? uif;pifOapä'?

tysufudkjrif? jrJw,fxif? uif;pifoów?

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r½IryGm;? pdwfwdkif;xm;? awGUjim;ab;'ku©?

pdwf\jzpfyHk? ysufoGm;yHk? vHk;pHk½IrScsrf;om&?

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tedpöjzifh tewåudk jyawmfrlyHk

rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,f? pdwfqdkNyD; (6)yg; ½Sdygw,f/ 'gudkawmh cE¨mudk,fxJrSm ½SdaejzpfaewJh w&m;rdkYoN*ØK[frSm twGif;tm,we(6)yg;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ tqif;?toH? teHY? t&om? tawGU oabmtm½kHqdkwJh (6)yg;uawmh cE¨mudk,f&JU A[d'¨jyifyrSmjzpfvdkY tjyiftm,weac:ygw,f/ jrifodpdwf? Mum;oddpdwf? eHodpdwf? pm;odpdwf?xdodpdwf? MuHodpdwfqdkwJh 0dnmPf(6)yg;? tm;vHk;(18)yg;?'gudk "gwfwpfq,fh½Spfyg; ac:ygw,f/ rsufpdeJYtqif;eJY

qHkawmh jrifodpdwf jzpfygw,f/ a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JUOmPfxJrSmjrifodpdwfuav;jzpfNyD; ysufoGm;w,f/ ay:NyD;aysmufoGm;w,f/ cPcsif;jzpfvdkuf ysufvdkuf ay:vdkuf aysmufvdkufqdkwJh oabmw&m;u rjrJwJh tedpö? 'DtedpöawGUvm&wJhtcgrSmawmh ]]a½S;wkef;u rysufrpD; tjrJ wnfaewJhtwåaumif igaumif½Sdaew,fvdkY xifxm;w,f/ odkYaomf0dyóemOmPfwif ½IqifjcifvdkufwJhtcgrSmawmh jzpfNyD;ysufay:NyD;aysmufoGm;wJh oabmw&m;awGyJ awGUae&w,f/twåaumif igaumif toufaumifvdyfjymaumif 0dnmPfaumif r½Sdygvm;vdkY odjrifvmwJh tcgrSmawmh tewåudkjrifw,fac:ygw,f/ em;eJYtoHeJY qdkawmh Mum;odpdwfjzpfygw,f/ ESmacgif;eJY teHUqHkawmh eHodpdwf? vQmeJYt&omeJYqHkawmh pm;odpdwf? cEmukd,feJY awGUxdp&meJYqHkawmh xdodpdwf? raemeJYMuHawG;p&mtm½kHeJY qHkawmh MuHodpdwfwdkYjzpfygw,f/ jzpfwdkif; jzpfwkdif;aom pdwfawG[m jzpfNyD;ysufay:NyD;aysmufoGm;Muwmyg/ xm0&jrJjrH ckdifcHY wnfwHhaew,f&,fvdkY r½Sdyg/ 'gaMumifh tedpöjzpfygw,f/ 'DrjrJwJhoabmudk awGUvm&wJhtcgrSmawmh cdkifw,f jrJw,f wnfwHhw,f b,fawmhrS rysufawmhbl;vdk Y ,lqxm;wJhtwår½SdawmhwmrdkY tedpöjzifh tewåudk jyawmfrlygw,f/

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'ku©jzifhtewåudk jyawmfrlyHk

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opöuy&dAdkZf\twåpGJ

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'gurqef;ygbl;/ ,ckacwfrSmvnf; tESpfom&r½SdwJh rdpäm0g'awGu tESpfom& jynfh0ppfrSefwJh Ak'¨0g'Ak'¨vrf;pOfudk t,lrSm; rdpäm'd|dvdkY qkdovdkyJaygh/ opöuy&dAkdZfBuD;vnf; tewå0g'udk rdpämt,lvdkY ajymaeygw,f/olYwynfhawGudkvnf; ig&[ef;a*gwreJY 0g'NydKifrvdkY/ rif;wdkYvkdufcJhMu/ tm;aumif;armif;oefwJh a,musfm;wpfa,mufu odk;i,fav;wpfaumifudk tarT;qGJNyD; a0SY,rf;ypfvdkufovdk &[ef;a*gwrudkvnf; 0g'a&;&meJY a0SU,rf;ypfvdkufr,f-[k qdkum jrwfpGmbk&m;xH 0g'NydKif&ef vmcJhygw,f/bk&m;xH a&mufawmh ]]t½Sifa*gwr wynfhawGudk b,fvdkqHk;rygovJ}} vdkY ar;wJhtcg jrwfAk'¨-u ]]cE¨mig;yg; rjrJqif;&J tpdk;r& twåaumif toufaumif 0dnmPfaumif

137 138


vdyfjymaumif r½SdaMumif; qHk;rw,f}}[k ajzvdkufygw,f/opöu-u &[ef;a*gwr rsdK;aphrsm; opfyifrsm;[m

ajrBuD;udkrSDí pnfyifBuD;yGm; Mu&ygw,f/ vlawG&JU cGeftm;AveJY vkyf&wJh tvkyfawGrSmvnf; ajrBuD;udkrSDNyD; pnfyifBuD;yGm; Mu&ygw,f/ xdkYtwl aumif;rI raumif;rI uHawGvnf; ½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf ac:wJh twåaumifudkrS Dí vkyf&ygw,f/ aumif;usdK; qdk;usdK;udkvnf;tJ'DtwåuyJ cHpm;ygw,f/ cEm ig;yg;twår[kwf&ifaumif;usdK; qdk;usdK;udk b,folu cHpm;rvJ vdkYar;ygw,f/'Dawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u opöu oif[m ½kyfudk ig\twå?a0'emudk ig\twå? onmudk ig\twå? ocFg&udk ig\twå? 0dnmPfudkig\twåvdkY qdkvdkygovm;/ t½Sifa*gwruREkfyfESifhwuG tm;vHk;u 'DvdkqdkvdkMuygw,f/ ]]opöuigbk&m; u oifhudkar;aewm/ tjcm;vlawGqGJrxnfheJY}}vdkYrdefYawmfrlvdkufwJhtcg ]][kwfygw,f/ t½Sifa*gwr uREkfyfonfyif cE¨m ig;yg;udk ig\twåjzpfw,fvdkY qdkvdkygw,f}}[k 0efcHygw,f/

aemuf-jrwfpGmbk&m;u qufNyD;ar;awmf rlygw,f/]]opöu oif[m ½kyfudkig\twåvdkY qdkw,f/ xkd½kyfü ig\½kyfonf þodkY jzpfygap/ ig\½kyfonf þodkYrjzpfygapeJYvdkY

oifhtvdktwdkif; jzpfyg&JUvm;/ oifhpDrHovdk jzpfyg&JUvm;}}vdkYar;ygw,f/ tvdk twdkif;jzpfw,f/ tpdk;&w,fqkd&if oif&JU½kyfcE¨mBuD;udk ydsKjypf Eke,fi,f½G,fwJh½kyfjzpfvm&ef tpdk;&&JUvm; pDrHí &&JUvm;vdkY ar;p&m jzpfvmvdrfhr,f/ tvdktwdkif; rjzpf/ tpdk;r&yg[k qdkjyefvQifvnf; tewå 0g'udkvufcH&ma&mufvdrfhr,f/ opöu BuD;[m xGefwHk; rsdKxm;wJhpyg;BuD;a>rvdk axG;&cuf rsdK&cuf jzpfaeygw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u wpfBudrfar;rajz? ESpfBudrfar; aomfvnf; rajzyJa&iHkEIwfydwf qdwfqdwfaeygw,f/ ]]opöu- igbk&m; ½SifwdkYoHk;Budrfar;vdkY rajz&if oif&JUOD;acgif; ckESpfpdyf ckESpfrTm uGJoGm;vdrfhr,f}}vdkY rdefYawmfrlygw,f/ 'DtcsdefrSm ewfbDvl;u0&ZdefvufeufudkifNyD; OD;acgif;ay:u csdefxm;ygw,f/'gudkawmh opöueJY jrwfpGmbk&m; ESpfOD;om jrifygw,f/

opöu-u ao&rSmaMumufNyD; ]]t½Sifa*gwrjyefar;yg/ tuREkfyfajzygawmhr,f}}vdkY qdkum jrwfpGmbk&m;u]]opöu oif[m½kyfudk ig\twåvdkYqdkw,f/ xdk½kyfüig\½kyfonf þodkYjzpfygap/ ig\½kyfonf þodkY rjzpfygapeJYvdkY oifhtvdk twdkif;jzpfyg&JUvm;/ oifpDrHovdk jzpfyg&JUvm;}}vdkY ar;ygw,f/ rSefyg t½Sifa*gwr þodkY jzpfygap/þodkYrjzpfygapeJYvdkY awmifhwr&yg/ uREfkyf tvdktwdkif;

139 140


rjzpfyg[k ajzygw,f/ opöu oif[ma½SU pum;eJY aemufpum; rnDyJ jzpfaew,f owdxm;NyD; ajzyg/oif[m tpu igbk&m;udk 0g'eJYwifNyD; qGJ,rf;ypfvdkufr,f qdkNyD; vmcJhwmr[kwfvm;/ OyrmeJY ajym&vQif opfom; tESpfudk tvdk½Sdol[m iSufaysmyifudk t&if;tzsm;jzwfNyD; tzwfudkcGmMunfhwJhtcg tESpfrqdkxm;eJY tumawmifrS rawGU&yJjzpfygw,f/ oif&JUtwå0g'uvnf; iSufaysm wHk;vdk tESpfryg Avmudk,fwnf; tcsnf;ESD;om jzpfae ayonf[k rdefYawmfrlvdkufygw,f/ (yPÖmot|uxm? 'k)

wH uð rnx bdu©a0 ½lyH edpöH0g tedpöH0gwd?

&[ef;wdkY ,ckigar;r,fh taMumif;t&mudk b,fvdkrSwfxifMuoenf;/ ½kyfw&m; jrJovm;/ rjrJbl;vm;vdkY bk&m;uar;awmf rlygw,f/ tedpöHbaEÅ=½kyfw&m;rjrJygbk&m;vdkYyÍö0*¾D&[ef; rsm;u ajzygw,f/

tedpörnfyHk

tedpöH c,a|e-ukefqHk;ysufpD;oGm;wJh teufoabmaMumifh tjrJr½Sd tedpöyg/ ½kyf a0'em onm ocFg&0dnmPf ac:wJh cEmig;yg;[m jzpfNyD;wnfraeyJ ukefaysmufysufpD;oGm;wJh teufoabmaMumifh tedpörnfygw,f/wenf;tm;jzifh [kwGm tbm0awm tedpöm=jzpfay:vmNyD;

aemuf r½SdawmhyJ ysufpD;oGm;jcif;? ukefaysmufoGm;jcif;aMumifhvnf;yJ tedpörnf ygw,f/ cEmig;yg;½kyfemrf w&m;rsm;[m jzpfNyD;wnfraeyg/ rsufpdwrSdwf? vQyfwjyuf? vufjypfwwGuftwGif;rSmyJ tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm rjzpfawmhyJ ukefaysmufysufpD;oGm;wJh twGufaMumifh tedpörnfygw,f/

'ku©rnfyHk

tbdPSorÜ#dyDVemuma&m 'ku©vu©PH= pum;t& rjywfESdyfpufaeaom tjcif;t&monf qif;&J [lírSwfodaMumif;vu©Pmjzpfygw,f/ b,fvdkESdyfpuf aeygovJ/ jzpf ysuf ay: aysmufvu©Pmtm;jzifh ESdyfpuf aewmyg/ Oyrm= opfyifrS opf½GufawG &ifha&mfNyD; a<uusvmumxdkae&mrSm t½GufEkav;awG tpm;xdk;jzpfvmygw,f/ xdkopf½GufEkav; rsm;vnf; wjznf;jznf; &ifha&mfum a<uus ajrcMu&ygw,f/ wzef opf½GufEkav;rsm;tpm;xdk; jzpfvmjyefw,f/ 'Doabm ygyJ/ ½kyfemrfrsm;uvnf; a½S;a½S;½kyfawGjzpfNyD; ysufysufoGm;um xdkae&mrSm½kyftopfawG tpm;xdk;jzpfvmygw,f/ xdk½kyf rsm;vnf;jzpfNyD;wnfraeyJ ysufpD;oGm;um jzpfvdkuf ysufvdkuf eJYrjywfESdyfpufaewJhtwGufaMumifh 'ku©rnfygw,f/

(r[mpnfq&mawmfBuD;tmabmf)

141 142


NtewårnfyHk

t0o0ea|etewåm=tvdkodk Yrvdkufjcif; rdrdoabmtwdkif; rjzpfjcif;aMumifh tewårnfygw,f/tomrdua|e tewåm=ydkifqdkifol r½SdwJhtwGufaMumifhvnf;yJ tewårnfygw,f/ oknwa|etewåm=jyKvkyf pDrHzefwD;wwfaom teuf oabmrS uif;qdwfaomaMumifhvnf; tewårnfygw,f/ twå y#dau©ya|e=wdw¬dwdkYurysufrpD; tjrJxm0& wnfwHhw,fvdkY pGJ,lxm;aomtwåudk y,fjcif;teufoabmaMumifhvnf;yJ tewårnfygw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u yÍö0*¾D&[ef;awmfrsm;udk

]]cspfom;wdkY ½kyfw&m;jrJovm;? rjrJbl;vm;}}vdkY ar;wJhtcgrSm&[ef;awmfrsm;u ]]rjrJygbk&m;}}vdkY wnDwñGwfwnf;ajzMuygw,f/ 'Dvdkajzwmuawmh okwr,nmPfeJYajzvnf; &ygw,f/ rcufygbl;/ ,ck OD;Zif;wdkY oifwef;om;awGvnf; ]]jrJygw,f}}vdkY b,folrS ajzr,fr[kwfbl;/a½SUydkif;u tawmfav; oabmaygufvmNyDrdkY ]]rjrJyg}}vkdYyJajzMurSmyJ/ 'guawmh Mum;zl;xm;wJh okwr,eJYajzwmjzpfygw,f/ yÍö0*¾D&[ef;awmfrsm;u OD;Zif;wdkYwawGvdkMum;okweJYajzwm r[kwfyg/ ig;&ufywfvHk;yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfxm;vdkY jzpfay:vmwJh bm0emr,nmPfjzifh wu,fjzpfysufaewJhoabmudk xdk;xGif;odNyD; ]]tedpöm baEÅ=rjrJygbk&m;}}vdkY ajzMum;avQmufxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/

,H yem edpöH 'ku©H 0g wH okcH 0gwd

cspfom;wdkY rjrJwJh ½kyfw&m; qif;&Jovm;/ csrf;omovm;vdkY ar;awmfrlwJhtcg ]]'ku©HbaEÅ=qif;&Jygw,fbk&m;}}vdkY ajzMuygw,f/ jzpfNyD;ysufum rjrJwJh½kyfw&m;BuD;rdkYcsrf;omw,fqdkwm rjzpfEdkifyg/ 'DygVduawmh cE¨mig;yg;½kyfemrfw&m;awG wpfcsufuav;rS rcsrf;om? qif;&Jtpkom jzpfonf[laom t"dyÜg,fudk jyygw,f/

143 144


,H yemedpöH 'ku©H 0dy&dPmr"r®H? uv’H Ek wH orEk-yódwHk {wH rr? {aom[ro®d? {aom ar twåmwd

xdk rjrJ qif;&J azmufjyef ysufpD;aewJh ½kyfw&m;BuD;udk ighOpöm igjzpfw,f ig&JUtwåyJvdkY ½IjrifoHk;oyfjcif;iSmoifhyg tHk;rvm;/ ]]aem a[ wH baEÅ=roifhygbk&m;}} vdkYajzygw,f/ ]]{wH rr}} 'D½kyfw&m;BuD;[m ighOpömyJvdkY xifwmu wPSmeYJ pGJxifwm jzpfygw,f/ udk,fhypönf; r[kwfayrJh udk,fhOpömtaeeJY odrf;ydkufNyD; om,mESpfouf ygw,f/Shopping xGufwJhtcg Design vSvSav; awGUawmh ukd,fh[mtaeeJY pGJvrf;NyD; wPSmeJY odrf;ydkuf ygw,f/ 'DtusÐeJYabmif;bDu igeJYqdkodyfvdkufrSm? ESpfOD;rSm ½TifjrL;rdkY tqifxl;av;eJYqdk odyfprwf usrSmyJponfjzifh pGJvrf;NyD; wPSmeJYodrf;ydkufygw,f/ a[m'D qGJBudK;av;u igeJYqdk b,fvdkvdkufrSef;rodbl; qdkwmawG[mvnf; ukd,fhypönf;r[kwfayrJhpGJvrf;NyD; wPSmeJY odrf;ydkufaeMu wmygyJ/

(uvH[krzwf&? uefvef[kzwfyg)

vuf½Sd rdrdwkdY &½Sdxm;wJh ½kyfw&m;BuD;u tjrJrjywfjzpfysufaewmudk obm0trSeftwdkif; bm0emr, nmPfjzifhodwJh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf[m wkduftdrftdkBuD;xJrSm ae&wJholvdkygyJ/ b,fawmhrsm; NydKusrvJ NydKusrvJeJY wxdwf

xdwf wvefYvefY jzifhae&ovdk rdrdwdkY ½kyfw&m;tay:rSmvnf; om,mwyfrufwJhpdwfawG uif;aeygw,f/ jrL;wl;aysmfyg; zD;vdrf; jyKjyif wefqmqifcsifwJh pdwfawGuif;?Holiday xGufcsifwJhpdwfawG ukefcrf;vmum cEm&JUtay:wG,fwmwJhpdwfawG crf;ajcmuf vmNyD; &ufydkif; aeYydkif;em&Dydkif; rdepfydkif;twGif;rSmyJ tedpö oabmeJY udpöacsmawmhrJhvlemudk awGU&jrif&wJhtcg tdrfaxmifzuftjzpfeJYom,mrIr½Sdawmhovdk ½kyfemrfw&m;&JU tay:rSmvnf;om,mrI r½Sdawmhygbl;/ 'g-wu,f tvkyfvkyf Munhf&ifcEm&JUtay:rSm NiD;aiGU ½GHrkef; pdwfysufvmrSmuawmh vlwdkif;jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ w&m;xl;&wm r[kwfao;ygbl;/ yÍö0*¾D&[ef;awmfrsm;uawmh wu,ftm;xkwf t[kwf NiD;aiGYumyg;pyfzsm;uwif avQmufwmr[kwfyJeJY &ifxJESvHk;om;xJuxGufvmwJh NiD;aiGUoHjzifh ]]aem a[wH baEÅ=rjrJ qif;&Jazmufjyef ysufpD;aewJh ½kyfw&m;udk ighOpömyJ[lí rodrf;ydkufoifhyg bk&m;}} vdkYavQmufvdkufygw,f/

{aom [ ro®d = þ½kyfw&m;onf igyJvdkYvnf;rmeeJY pGJvrf;ygw,f/ rsufpd½kyf em;½kyfponftay:rSmrSDNyD;rmefwufygw,f/ighrsufpdaumif;w,f/ ighrsufpdMunhfvdkuf&if bmrqdk oJoJuJGuGJ½Sdw,fqdkNyD;vnf; rmefwufygw,f/

145 146


ighem;-uaumif;w,f/ tm;vHk;i,fi,fuvdkyJ yDyDjyifjyifMum;ae& w,fponfjzifh em;udkpGJNyD;vnf; rmefwuf ygw,f/ ESmacgif; uvnf; teHYrsdK;pHk tukeferf;½SLvdkY&w,f/vQmuvnf; bmpm;pm;tukefaumif;w,f/ t&om½Sdw,fqdkNyD; rmefwufygw,f/ ighcE¨mu usef;rmw,f/ temuif;w,f/ bma&m*grSr½Sdbl; qdkNyD;vnf; rmefwufygw,f/raemuvnf; twdwfu taMumif;t&mawG tukefrSwfrdw,f/ rSwfnmPfaumif;w,f/ pOf;pm;nmPfaumif;w,fponfjzifh rmefwufygw,f/ odkYaomf ½kyfemrfwdkY&JU oabmtwdkif; jzpfysufrdkY MumMumwnf raeyg/ ighrsufpdaumif;w,f/ Munfw,feJYajymaewkef; [kduysufaeNyD/ tjzpf½Sd&iftysufqdkwm aemufuuyfvdkuf aewmyg/ tjrJwrf; jzpfaeonf r[kwfyg/ 0dyóemnmPf &ifhoefvmwJh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfrSmawmh igh-rsufpdaumif;w,f? em;aumif;w,fponfjzihf ajymaewkef;yJ ysufpD;oGm;wJh oabmudk jrifjrifae&vdkY rsufpd?em;ponf tay:rSm rmewufp&m r½Sd awmhyg/ 'gaMumifh ½kyf[m igjzpfw,fvdkY pGJvrf;&ef oifhygrvm;qdkwJh tar;udk yÍö0*¾D&[ef;awmfrsm;u ]]roifhygbk&m;}}vdkYbm0emr,nmPfjzifh avQmufMuygw,f/

{aom ar twåm = 'D½kyfw&m;udk igh&JUtwåyJvdkYpGJvrf;wmu 'd|dpGJjzpfygw,f/ rsufpd½kyf? em;½kyf ponfwdkY[mrdrdoEÅmeftjrJwnfaew,f/ tvdktwdkif;jzpfw,f ponfjzifh pGJvrf;ygw,f/ odkYaomf tqif;½kyf toH½kyf ponfwdkY[m cPrpJ jzpfysufaeMuwmyg/ tjrJwnf aew,fqdkwm r½Sdyg/ tvdktwdkif;vnf;rjzpfyg/ rdrd tvdk twkdif;om jzpfr,fqdk&if ig\ rsufpdonf tjrJwrf; Munf vifaeygap/ rrIefygapeJYvdkY awmifhwvdkY&ç&rSmyg/ awmifhwr&vdkY t½Sifbk&m;pmvHk;awGu ao;w,f/ rjrif&bl;/ yGdKifhBuD;MuD;½kdufay;ygponfjzifh ajymae &wmyg/ awmifhwr&vkdYyJ Power rsufrSefawGwyfay;NyD; tultnD awmif;ae&wmyg/ cE¨mudk,fBuD;uvnf; rdrdtvdkrvdkufvdkY wjznf;jznf; ttdkpm&if;oGif;um acgif;ay:u qHyifawG rMumcPaq;qdk;ay;ae&wm r[kwfvm;/rsufESm aygif;wifay;& eJYtrsdK;rsdK; jyKjyifay;ae&wmyg/ ½kyfw&m;udk twåaumifigaumiftaeeJY pGJvrf;zdkYr½Sdyg/ 'gaMumifh ]]aem a[wH baEÅ= rjrJ qif;&J azmufjyefaewJh ½kyfw&m;BuD;udk ig\twå[lí'd|djzifh pGJvrf;&ef roifhygbk&m;}}vdkY yÍö0*¾D &[ef;awmfrsm;uavQmufxm;Muygw,f/

147 148


]]a0'em edpöm0g tedpöm0gwd=cHpm;rIa0'em edpövm;tedpövm;}} vdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u ar;vdkufygw,f/ a0'emuokc 'ku© Oayu©moHk;rsdK; ½Sdygw,f/ b,fa0'emrS tjrJxm0& wnfaew,f&,fvdkY r½Sdyg/ jzpfNyD;ysuf ay:NyD;aysmufwmrdkY ]]tedpöm baEÅ = rjrJygbk&m;}} vdkYavQmufxm;ygw,f/ ]],H yemepöH 'ku©H 0gwH okcH0gwd = rjrJwJh a0'emcsrf;omovm; qif;&Jovm;}}vdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u ar;wJhtcgrSmawmh ]]'ku©H baEÅ = qif;&Jygw,fbk&m;}}vdkY ajzygw,f/ ]],H yemedpöH 'ku©H 0dy&dPmr"r®H uv’H EkwH orEk-yódwHk {wH rr? {aom [ro®d? {aom ar twåmwd=rjrJ qif;&J azmufjyef ysufpD; aewJh a0'emudk ighOpöm igjzpfw,f ig&JUtwåyJ}} vdkY ½Ijrifjcif;iSm oifhjrwfygtHk; rvm;vdkY ar;awmfrlwJh tcgrSmawmh ]]aema[wH baEÅ= a0'emudkigha0'emyJ? a0'em igjzpfw,f/ a0'em ig&JU twåyJvdkYr½Ijrifoifhygbk&m;}} vdkY avQmufxm;ygw,f/

onmrjrJyHkponfukd jyqkdcsuf

]]onmedpöm0g tedpöm0gwd = rSwfom;rIonm jrJovm; rjrJbl;vm;}}wJh/ onm-u tm½kHajcmufyg;udk rSDNyD;jzpfwmrdkY (6)rsdK;½Sdygw,f/ tqif;rsdK;pHk ½lyg½kHudk rSwfrdwJhonm? toHrsdK;pHk o'g½kH? teHrsdK;pHk*Em½kH? t&omrsdK;pHk&om½kH?

tawGUtxdrsdK;pHk azm|AÁm½kH? MuHodwJh"r®m½kH[lí trsdK;rsdK;tpm;tpm;½Sd&m tqif;udkrSwfom;wJh onmvnf; tjrJwnfraeyg/ ysufoGm;NyD; aemufonmu qufrSwfom;aeygw,f/ jzpfNyD;ysufaevdkY ]]tedpöm baEÅ = rjrJygbk&m;}}vdkYavQmufygw,f/ ]],H yemedpöH 'ku©H0gwH okcH0gwd = xkdrjrJwJhonm qif;&Jovm; csrf;omovm;}}ar;awmh ]]'ku©H baEÅ=qif;&Jygw,fbk&m;}}vdkY ajzygw,f/ ]],HyemedpöH 'ku©H0dy&dPmr "r®H uv’HEk wH orEkyódwk {wHrr? {aom[ro®d? {aom ar twåmwd= xdkrjrJ qif;&J azmufjyef ysufpD;aewJh onmudk ighOpöm igjzpfw,f ig&JUtwåyJ [lí pGJvrf;jcif;iSm oifhjrwfygtHk;rvm;}}vdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u ar;awmhyÍö0*¾D&[ef;awmfrsm;u ]]aem a[wH baEÅ= roifh jrwfygbk&m;}}vdkY jyefMum;avQmufxm;ygw,f/

ocFg&rjrJyHkponfudk jyqkdcsuf

]]ocFg&m edpöm0g tedpöm0gwd = aphaqmftm;xkwfrIocFg&w&m;rsm; jrJovm; rjrJbl;vm;}}vdkY ar;awmfrlygw,f/ukd,ftrlt,mjzpfatmif EIwftrlt,mjzpfatmif pdwftrlt,mjzpfatmif apwemOD;aqmifwJh ocFg&w&m;awGu aphaqmfwdkufwGef;ay;aewmyg/ 'Dvkdvkyfvdkuf? 'Dpum;ajymvdkuf? 'DvdkMuHvdkufeJY wkdufwGef;ay;aevdkY jyKvkyf ajymqdk

149 150


MuHpnfrI jzpf&wmyg/ xdkocFg&w&m;rsm;jzpfNyD; ysufoGm;wmrdkY ]]tedpöm baEÅ = rjrJygbk&m;}}vdkY avQmuf ygw,f/]],H yemedpöH 'ku©H 0g wH okcH 0gwd= xdkrjrJwJh ocFg&w&m;qif;&Jovm; csrf;omovm;}}vdkY jrwfpGm bk&m;u ar;wJhtcgrSm ]]'ku©H baEÅ=qif;&Jygw,fbk&m;}} vdkUajzMuyg w,f/]],H yemedpöH 'ku©H 0dy&dPmr "r®H? uv’HEkwH orEkyódwHk{wH rr? {aom[ ro®d? {aom ar twåm wd=xdkrjrJqif;&J azmufjyef ysufpD;aewJh ocFg&w&m;udk ighOpöm? igjzpfw,f? ig&JUtwåyJ[lí pGJvrf;jcif;iSm oifhjrwf ygtHk; rvm;}}vdkY ar;awmfrlwJhtcgrSm &[ef;awmfrsm;u ]]aem a[wHbaEÅ=roifhjrwfygbk&m;}}vdkY ajzMum; avQmufxm;Muygw,f/

0dnmPfrjrJyHkponfudk jyqdkcsuf

]]0dnmPH edpöH0g tedpöH0gwd = pdwf0dnmPf jrJovm;rjrJbl;vm;}}vdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u ar;ygw,f/ pdwfudk 0dnmPfvdkY oHk;ygw,f/ wcsdKUae&mawGrSm ]re}vdkY oHk;wm½Sdygw,f/avmb a'gopwJhw&m;qdk;awGudkvnf; jrefrm-u avmbpdwf a'gopdwfponfjzifh pdwfvdkYyJ oHk;avh½Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dpdwfudk tjrJxm0& wnfaew,fvdkYxifygw,f/ Television

Munfh&if; xrif;pm;&mrSm rsufpduvnf; t½kyfMunfh? em;

uvnf; toHudk em;axmif? ESmacgif; uvnf; teHYudkerf;½SL? yg;pyfuvnf;pm;? cE¨mudk,fuvnf; xdkifcHkeJYxd?pdwfuvnf; [kdawG; 'DawG;qkdawmh jrifpdwf Mum;pdwf eHpdwfpm;pdwf xdodpdwf awG;awmMuHpnfpdwfqdkNyD; ajcmufckjzpfvdkYaeygw,f/ 'Dpdwf(6)yg; wNydKifeuf jzpfovm;qdkawmh rjzpfEdkifyg/wpfckNyD;rS wpfckjzpf&ygw,f/ jrifpdwfwpfckwnf;rSmudkyJ tjrJrjywf qufum qufum jzpfaew,fvdkY xif&ayrJh qufwdkufrjzpfyg/ a½SUpdwfjzpfNyD; ysufoGm; aemufpdwftopfjzpfvm? xdk-aemuf pdwfvnf; MumMumrwnf ysufvdkYoGm;ygw,f/ jzpfysufrdkY ]]tedpöH baEÅ=rjrJygbk&m;}}vdkY ajzygw,f/ ]],H yemedpöH 'ku©H 0g wH okcH0gwd=xdkrjrJwJh pdwfonf qif;&Jovm; csrf;omovm;}}vdkY ar;ygw,f/ 'gudkawmh ]]'ku©H baEÅ=qif;&Jygw,fbk&m;}}vdkY ajzygw,f/]],HyemedpöH 'ku©H 0dy&dPmr"r®H? uv’H Ek wH orEkyódwHk{wH rr? {aom[ ro®d? {aom ar twåm wd=xkdrjrJqif;&J azmufjyef ysufpD;aewJhpdwfudk ighOpöm? igjzpfw,f?igh&JUtwåyJvdkY pGJvrf;jcif;iSm oifhjrwfygtHk; rvm;}}vdkY bk&m;uar;awmh ]]aema[wH baEÅ=roifhjrwfygbk&m;}}vdkY yÍö0*¾D&[ef;awmfrsm;u ajzMuygw,f/ 'guawmh cEmig;yg; pDppfyHkjzpfygw,f/

151 152


ouúm,'d|dac:yHk

ouúm,+'d|d? cE¨mig;yg;[m y&rw¦tm;jzifhtxift½Sm; wu,ftppftrSef½S dvdk Y ]]ouúm,}}ac:ygw,f/ xif½Sm; ½SdwJh cE¨mig;yg; tppftrSefudk rppfrrSefvGJvGJrSm;rSm; ig olwpfyg; a,musfm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0g[lí ½Ijrif oHk;oyfjcif;udk ]]'d|d}} ac:ygw,f/ 'Dawmh]]ouúm,}}qdkwm tppftrSef½Sdwm? ]]'d|d}}qdkwmu rppfrrSef½Ijrifwm? tppftrSef vGJvGJrSm;rSm;½Ijrifjcif;udk]]ouúm,'d|d}}ac:ygw,f/

cE¨mig;yg;xJu ½lyu©E¨mudk ---

(u) {wH rr= þ½kyfonf ig\Opömwnf;/ (wPSmjzifhpGJvrf;jcif;)

(c) {aom[ ro®d= þ½kyfonf igyifjzpfonf/ (rmejzifh pJGvrf;jcif;)

(*) {aom ar twåm= þ½kyfonf ig\twåjzpfonf/ ('d|djzifhpGJvrf;jcif;)

wPSm rme 'd|doHk;rsdK;jzifh aeYpOf½IjrifoHk;oyfajymqdkaeMuwmyg/ 'Dw&m;oHk;yg;udkawmh ]]yyÍö}}oHo&mudk csJUxGifwwfwJhw&m;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ ½kyfw&m;tay:rSm 'DoHk;yg;eJY

pGJvrf;oHk;oyfovdk usefwJh a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfw&m;rsm;rSmvnf; xdkenf;wl oHk;oyfajymqdkygw,f/ cE¨mig;yg;udk tusOf;csKyfvdkufawmh ½kyf emrf ESpfyg;jzpfygw,f/½kyfemrfawGuvnf; jzpfNyD; ysufaewmyg/ tjrJwnfaew,f&,fvdkYr½Sdyg/ ]]ighOpöm}}vdkY wPSmeJY pGJvrf;aewkef;oluysufoGm; ygNyD/ ]]igyJuG}}vdkY rmeeJY pGJvrf;aewkef;olur½Sdawmhygbl;/ ]]ig\ukd,fydkiftwå}}vdkY 'd|deJYpGJvrf;aewkef; oluaysmufoGm;ygNyD/ tb,fodkYvQif pGJvrf;zdkYaumif;EdkifawmhrSmvJ/ rpGJvrf;oifhawmh onfomwnf;/

V V V V V

153 154


Rouúm,'d|dESpfq,fouúm,'d|dESpfq,fouúm,'d|dESpfq,fouúm,'d|dESpfq,fouúm,'d|dESpfq,f

½lyH twåawm orEkyówd? ½ly0EÅH0g twåmeHorEkyówd? twåed0g ½lyH orEkyówd? ½lyo®ð0g twåmeHorEkyówd? (cE¨0*¾oH,kwf? AEëokwf)(cE¨0*¾oH,kwf? AEëokwf)(cE¨0*¾oH,kwf? AEëokwf)(cE¨0*¾oH,kwf? AEëokwf)(cE¨0*¾oH,kwf? AEëokwf)

(1) ½kyfudktwå[lí½Ijcif;/

(2) ½kyf½Sdaomtwå[lí½Ijcif;/

(3) twåü½kyf[lí½Ijcif;/

(4) ½kyfütwå[lí½Ijcif;/

½lyu©Emü ½IyHk½Ienf;av;rsdK;jym;ygw,f/ tJ'Dav;rsdK;udk pDppfMunhfvdkufawmh ---

(1) ½kyfudktwå[lí½Ijcif; = ½kyfESifhtwå ruGJrjym;wom;wnf;[k,lqjcif; jzpfygw,f/

(2) ½kyf½Sdaomtwå[lí½Ijcif;=½kyfESifhtwå cJGJjcm;í,lqjcif; jzpfygw,f/

(3) twåü½kyf[lí½Ijcif;=twåudk trSDcHtjzpf,lqjcif; jzpfygw,f/

(4) ½kyfütwå[lí½Ijcif;=½kyfudktrSDcHtjzpf ,lqjcif;jzpfygw,f/

þuJhodkY ½lyu©E¨mwpfyg;tay:rSm av;rsdK;uGJjym;ovdk a0'emu©Em? onmu©Em? ocFg&u©Em? 0dnmPu©EmwdkYtay:rSmvnf;av;rsdK;pD uGJjym;ygw,f/

'gaMumifh (5 »4=20) ouúm,'d|d ESpfq,fjzpfvmygw,f/ þum; ouúm,'d|d ESpfq,fjzpfyHk tusOf;wnf;/

ed,wrdpäm'd|doHk;yg;

ed,wrdpäm'd|doHk;yg;rSm-ew¬du'd|d? ta[wku'd|d?tud&d,'d|dwdkY jzpfygonf/

ed,w=pGJpGJjrJjrJ? rdpäm'd|d=rSm;,Gif;aomt,l?

(1) ew¬du'd|d=qdkonfrSm owå0gwdkYtm; aumif;usdK; raumif;usdK;udkay;wwfaom ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH[lonfr½Sd?aumif;wmvkyfvnf; aumif;usdK;r&? raumif;wmvkyfvnf; raumif;usdK;rcHpm;&[k ,ljcif;jzpfygonf/

155 156


(2) ta[wku'd|d=owå0gwdkYrSm a½S;taMumif;[lí r½Sd? taMumif;rJhjzpfvm&onf[k ,ljcif;jzpfonf/

(3) tud&d,'d|d= 'ge oDv bm0emukokdvfaumif;rI jyKvkyfaomfvnf; aumif;rIrjzpf? olUtoufowf?olUom;r,m; jypfrSm;vnf; raumif;usdK;rjzpf[lí ,ljcif;jzpfonf/ uHESifh uH\tudsK;udk vHk;vHk;y,faom 'd|dBuD;oHk;yg;jzpfygonf/ xdk'd|d oHk;rsdK; pGJpGJjrJjrJ ,lxm; aomyk*¾dKvf[mwrvGefavmu aemuf b00,f i&JodkYom usa&muf&ygonf/ þ'd|dudk rpGefYorQ umvywfvHk; i&Jüom b0tqufqufjzpf&NyD; urÇmysufoGm;onftxd i&JrS rvGwfEdkifyg/ uHESifh uH\tusdK; vufcH,HkMunfaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;um;þ'd|doHk;yg;rS vGwfygonf/ (y#dpöorkyÜg''DyeD)

rdpäm'd|dajcmufq,fhESpfyg;

(62)yg;aom rdpäm'd|dt,lwdkYonfvnf; vlomrefwdkUüjzpfaom 'd|drsdK;r[kwfyg/ ty,fy#doaE udkvnf; rjzpfapEkdifyg/ xkdt,ludk rpGefYorQ oHo&m0#fxJrS rvGwfEdkif½kHom ½Sdygonf/ oów'd|d(44)yg;ESifh Oapä' 'd|d(18)yg;aygif; rdpäm'd|d ajcmufq,fhESpfyg; jzpfygonf/ (oDvu©E0*¾? jA[®pmvokwf)

ouúm,'d|dESpfq,f a&wGufyHktus,f

y&rw¬tm;jzifh xif½Sm;½Sdaom cE¨mig;yg;taygif;onf ]]oaEÅm uma,m ouúma,m}}[lonfESifhtnDouúm,rnf\/ xdkouúm,rnfaom cEmig;yg; taygif;üjzpfaom t,lrSm;rIonf ]]ouúm,'d|d}} rnfygonf/

½lyu©Emü ouúm,'d|dav;rsdK;

(1) ½lyH twåawm orEkyówd = ½kyfudktwå[lí½Ijcif; (0g) ½kyfESifhtwå ruGJrjym; wom;wnf;[k,lqjcif;jzpfygw,f/ ]],H ½lyH? aom t[H? a,m t[H? wH ½lyH=tMuif½kyfonf xdkigwnf;? tMuifigonf xdk½kyfwnf;}}[k½kyfESifhtwåudk ESpfrsdK;rjym; wpfyg;wnf;om ½Ijrifjcif; jzpfygonf/ Oyrm-za,mif;wdkifrD;udkMunfhí qDrD;vQHonfyifqDrD;a&mifjzpfonf/ qDrD;a&mifonfyif qDrD;vQHjzpfonf[kqDrD;a&mifESihf qDrD;vQHudk ESpfrsdK;ruGJ wpfrsdK;xJ ½IovdkrSwf&ygrnf/

(2) ½ly0EÅH 0g twåmeH orEkyówd=½kyf½Sdaomtwå[lí½Ijcif; (0g) ½kyfESifhtwå cJGJjcm;í ,lqjcif; jzpfygw,f/ pdwf apwoduf emrfw&m;udk twå[k pGJ,lxm;NyD;opfyifrSm t&dyf½Sdovdk xdktwåudkvnf; ½kyf½Sdonf[k ,lqjcif;jzpfygonf/

157 158


(3) twåed 0g ½lyH orEkyówd = twåü ½kyf½Sd\[lí½Ijcif;(0g)twåudk trSDcHtjzpf ,lqjcif; jzpfygw,f/pdwf apwoduf emrfw&m;udkyif twå[lí ,lqNyD; ]]yef;ü&eHYwnf½SdouJhodkY}} twåü ½kyfwnf½Sdonf/ rSDaeonf [k,lqum twåü ½kyfudktzefzef txyfxyf ½Ijrifjcif; jzpfygonf/

(4) ½lyo®ð 0g twåmeH orEkyówd= ½kyfü twå½Sd\ [lí ½Ijcif;(0g)½kyfudktrSDcHtjzpf ,lqjcif; jzpfygw,f/ywåjrm; MuKwfü ywåjrm;wnf½SdouJhodkY emrfw&m;udkyiftwå[k pGJ,lNyD; ½kyfü twåudk tzefzef txyfxyf½Ijcif;?½kyfütwåwnf½Sdonf/ ½kyfütwårSDaeonf[k ,lqjcif;jzpfygonf/

{wHrr=½kyfonf ig\Opömjzpf\/ ½kyfESifhtwåudkwuGJwjym; wjcm;pDxm;í rSwfxifjcif; jzpfonf/ {aom[ ro®d= ½kyfonf igjzpf\/ ½kyfESifhtwåudk ESpfrsdK;rcGJ wwGJwnf;rSwfxifjcif;onf/ {aom ar twåm= ½kyfonfig\twåwnf;/ ½kyfESifhtwå wjcm;pDcGJ rSwfxifjcif; jzpfonf/

a0'emu©Emü ouúm,'d|dav;rsdK;

(1) a0'eH twåawm orEkyówd= a0'emudk twå[lí½I\/

(2) a0'em0EÅH0g twåmeH orEkyówd = a0'em½Sdaomtwå[lí½I\/

(3) twåed 0g a0'eH orEkyówd = twåü a0'em½Sd\[lí½I\/

(4) a0'em,0g twåmeH orEkyówd=a0'emü twå½Sd\[lí½I\/

eHygwf (1)tvdk a0'emudk twå[lí rSwfxifjcif;onf a0'emonfyiftwå? twåonfyif a0'em[k a0'emESifh twåudkESpfrsdK;rcGJ wpfrsdK;wnf;om jzpfonf[k rSwfxifjcif; jzpfonf/ eHygwf (2? 3? 4)wdkYum; ½kyf onm ocFg&0dnmPf wdkYudk twå[lí pGJ,lNyD; a0'emwjcm; twåwjcm;jzpfonf[k rSwfxifjcif;jzpfonf/

(1) igMunfhaumif;w,f/ igpm;aumif;w,f [k rSwfxifjcif;um; okca0'emürSwfxifyHkwnf;/

(2) igMunhfraumif; igpm;raumif;[k rSwfxifjcif;um;'ku© a0'emürSwfxifyHkwnf;/

(3)igpm;aumif;wmvnf;r[kwf pm;raumif;wmvnf;r[kwf[k rSwfxifjcif;um; Oayu©ma0'emü rSwfxif yHkwnf;/a0'em igjzpfonf[k rSwfxifjcif;onfum; a0'em

159 160


ESifh twåudk wpfckwnf; rSwfxifjcif;wnf;/ a0'emonfig\Opömjzpfonf/ cHpm;rIonf ig\cHpm;rI jzpfonf/ ig\cHpm;rIonf aumif;\/ ig\cHpm;rIonf raumif;/ig\cHpm;rIonf taeawmfjzpf\[k rSwfxifjcif;um;a0'emESifhtwåudk wjcm;pD cGJxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

onmu©E¨mü ouúm,'d|dav;rsdK;

(1)onH twåawm orEkyówd = onmudk twå[k½I\/

(2) onm0EÅH0g twåmeH orEkyówd = onm½Sdaomtwå[k½I\/

(3) twåed 0g onH orEkyówd = twåüonm½Sd\[k ½I\/

(4) onm,0g twåmeH orEkyówd = onmütwå½Sd\ [k½I\/

onmudk twå[lí½Ijcif;um; onmESifhtwåudkwpfckwnf;,lí onmonfyiftwå? twåonfyif onm[k rSwfxifjcif;wnf;/ (2? 3? 4)wdkYum; ½kyf a0'em ocFg&0dnmPfwdkYudk twå[kpGJ,lí onmuwjcm; twåu wjcm;[k rSwfxifjcif; jzpfonf/

(1) onmigjzpfw,f igrSwfom;wwfw,f/

igrSwfrdw,f igrSwfnmPfaumif;w,f ponfxifrSwfyHkwnf;/ onmonf ig\Opömjzpf\/ onmwjcm; twåwjcm;xifrSwfyHkwnf;/ ]]'DvlUudk igodw,f/ igrSwfrd w,f/'DtaMumif;t&mudk igaumif;aumif;rSwfrdwmaygh}}[kpdwfjzpfjcif;onf ½lyonmü jzpfaom 'd|djzpfygonf/]]'DtoHuq&mawmfOD;0dpdwåtoHyJ? igaumif;aumif;rSwfrdwmaygh}}[k jzpfjcif;um; o'´onmü jzpfaom'd|dwnf;/

ocFg&u©Emü ouúm,'d|dav;rsdK;

(1) ocFga& twåawm orEkyówd=ocFg&wdkYudktwå[k ½I\/

(2) ocFg&0EÅH 0g twåmeH orEkyówd=ocFg&½Sdaomtwå[k½I\/

(3) twåed 0g ocFga& orEkyówd=twåü ocFg&½Sd\[k ½I\/

(4) ocFga&ok 0g twåmeH orEkyówd=ocFg&wdkYütwå½Sd\[k½I\/

trSwf(1)ü ocFg&ESifh twåudk wpfckwnf;jyKíocFg&wdkYonfyiftwå? twåonfyif ocFg&wdkY[lí ocFg&ESifh twåudk ESpfrsdK;rcGJyJ wpfrsdK;wnf;om[k pGJ,l\/ trSwf

161 162


(2? 3? 4) wdkYüum; ocFg&wdkYESifh twåudk wjcm;pD,lítrSwf(1)um; ocFg&udkyif twå[k rSwfxifygonf/trSwf(2? 3? 4)wdkYum; ½kyf a0'em onm 0dnmPfwdkYudk twå[kpGJ,lí twåuwjcm; ocFg&uwjcm; pGJ,lrSwfxif jcif;jzpfonf/

ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk igjzpf\[k pGJ,l&mü ocFg&ESifhtwåudk wpfrsdK;wnf;xm;í pGJ,ljcif;jzpfonf/ ocFg&wdkYonf ig\ Opömjzpfukef\[k pGJ,l&mü ocFg&ESifhtwåudkwjcm;pDxm;í pGJ,ljcif;jzpfonf/

iguHaumif;w,f/ igapwemaumif;w,f/ ighapwemu olrsm;apwemeJY rwlbl;[k qdk&mü apwemüjzpfaom 'd|djzpfygonf/ &wemoHk;wef uH uH\tusdK;udkig r,HkMunf? igoHo,jzpfonf[k pGJ,l&mü 0dpdudpämüjzpfaom ouúm,'d|dwnf;/ &wemoHk;yg; uH uH\ tusdK;udk ig,HkMunfonf/ igMunfndKonf[k qdk&mü o'¨güpGJ,laom ouúm,'d|djzpfygonf? apwemonf igjzpfonf?apwem½Sdaomig? igü½Sdaomapwem? apwemwdkYü wnfaomig[k toD;oD; pGJ,ljcif; jzpfonf/ ocFg&u©E¨m (50)wdkYü xdkenf;wlyif pGJ,l rSwfxifygonf/

0dnmPu©E¨mü ouúm,'d|dav;rsdK;

(1) 0dnmPH twåawm orEkyówd= 0dnmPfudktwå[k ½I\/

(2) 0dnmP0EÅH 0g twåmeH orEkyówd = 0dnmPf½Sdaom twå[k½I\/

(3) twåed 0g 0dnmPH orEkyówd = twåü0dnmPf½Sd\ [k½I\/

(4) 0dnmPo®ð 0g twåmeH orEkyówd = 0dnmPfütwå½Sd\[k½I\/

trSwf(1)um; 0dnmPfESifhtwåudk wpfckwnf;jyKí0dnmPfonfyiftwå? twåonfyif 0dnmPf[k pGJ,l\/trSwf (2? 3? 4)wdkYum; 0dnmPfESifh twåudk wjcm;pDjyKípGJ,lrSwfxif jcif;jzpfygonf/ (edAÁme*grdeD y#dy'g)

þuJhodkY cEmig;yg;wGif wpfyg;vQif av;rsdK;pDjym;aomaMumifh (4 »5=20) ouúm,'d|d ESpfq,f jzpfygonf/

t&d,myk*¾dKvfESifh ouúm,'d|d

cEmig;yg;wpfyg;yg;tay:üjzpfap? ig;yg;vHk;tay:üjzpfap jcHKí ig-[lívnf;aumif;? ig-oGm;onf? ig-vmonf? ig-pm;onf? ig-tdyfonfponfjzifhvnf;aumif;?

163 164


pGJvrf; ajymqdk jcif;onf ]]ouúm,'d|d}} jzpfygonf/ igolwpfyg; a,musfm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvfowå0gtrSefwu,f½Sd\[krSwfxif jcif;½SdMuukefaom ykxkZefwdkYonf ig-[laompum;? ol-[laompum;? a,musfm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0g[laom pum;udk wpfavmuvHk; tkef;tkef;<uuf<uuf ajymqdk aeMuygw,f/ ajymwdkif;ajymwdkif;vnf; a,musfm; rdef;ryk*¾dKvf owå0g½Sdw,f/ ig-½Sdw,f ol-½Sdw,fvdkY pdwfxJrSmrSwfxifaeMuwmyg/ ouúm,'d|dt<uif;rJY y,fNyD;aombk&m; &[EÅmpaom t&d,molawmfaumif;BuD; rsm;vnf;ighoydwf? ighouFef;? ighausmif;ponfjzifh orkwdopöm a0g[m&taejzifh avmuvlom;rsm; rSnfhac:owfrSwf orkwfxm;tyfaom toHk;tEIef;odkYvkdufí ykxkZOfrsm;ajym ouJhodkY ig-[lí ac:a0:oHk;EIef; ajymqdkMuaomfvnf; pdwfxJwGifrl ig olwpfyg; a,musfm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0g wu,ft[kwf½Sdonf[k rSwfxifawmfrrlMuyg/ xdkYaMumifh t&d,molawmfaumif;BuD;rsm; ac:a0:oHk;EIef;aom ]]ighouFef;ighoydwf ighausmif;}}[laom toHk;tEIef;onf orkwdopöma0g[m&rQomjzpfNyD; ]]ouúm,'d|d}} rjzpf[k rSwf&ygrnf/

U U U U U

X

tpJGoHk;yg;uif;atmif ½kyfudk½IyHk

wo®m wd[ bdu©a0 ,HudÍöd ½lyH twDwm em*wypöKyÜEéH tZöswåH0g A[d'¨g0g MoVm&duH0g okckrH0g [DeH0gyPDwH0g ,H 'la& oEÅdau0g? oAÁH ½lyH ]]aewH rr?aeaom[ro®d? e ar aom twåm}} wd {0 arwH ,xm-blwH or®yÜnm, '|AÁH?

165 166


&[ef;wdk Y ,ckjycJhonfhtwdkif; igh[myJ? igyJ?ightwåyJ[k ½IjrifxifrSwf&ef roifhaomaMumifh twdwfjzpfap? tem*wfjzpfap? ypöKyÜefjzpfap? udk,fwGif;ujzpfap?ukd,fy ujzpfap? tMurf;jzpfap? tEkjzpfap? t,kwftnHhjzpfap? taumif;tjrwfjzpfap? ta0;jzpfap? teD;jzpfap½kyf[lorQ udk ]]igh[mr[kwf igr[kwf ightwår[kwf}}[kudk,fydkifOmPfjzifh trSeftwdkif; odjrifatmif ½IrSwftm;xkwf&rnf/

r[mpnfq&mawmfBuD;\ tmabmfudk tajccHí½kyfw&m;½IyHkudk 'DaeYajymoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ twdwftem*wf ypöKyÜefponfjzif h (11)rsdK; jyxm;ygw,f/umvoHk;yg;jzifh a0zefxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ twdwfqdkwmvGefcJhaom b0rsm;ujzpfap? ,ckb0rSmvnf; a½S;a½S;umvrsm;ujzpfap jzpfcJhNyD; csKyfcJhNyD;aomw&m;rsm;udktwdwf½kyf[k ½IrSwf&ygrnf/ ,ckrjzpfao;yJ aemufumvaemufb0rsm;rSjzpfrnhf ½kyfw&m;rsm;udk tem*wfac:ygw,f/ ypöKyÜefqdkwmuawmh ,ckavmavmq,f jzpfaeqJ½kyfw&m;rsm;jzpfygw,f/ jzpfpOftaeeJY ajym&&ifawmh jzpfNyD;jzpfqJ jzpfvwåHHHU twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜefjzpfygw,f/umvoHk;yg;jzifhcJGvdkuf&if rdrdoEÅmef olwpfyg;oEÅmefrSm

jzpfaewJhw&m;tm;vHk; ,l&ygrnf/ odkYaomf 0dyóem½I&mrSmrdrdoEÅmefuw&m;om y"mejzpfNyD; jyifyw&m;rsm; ½kyfrsm;udktEkrmetm;jzifh rSef;qNyD; qifjcif&rSm jzpfygw,f/

rdrdoEÅmefuw&m;qdk&mrSmvnf; tem*wfw&m;awG[m ,ckr½Sdao;onfhtwGuf rSef;q½IzdkY&m trSeftwdkif;rjzpfEdkifyg/ twdwfw&m;rsm;rSmvnf; a½S;b0u w&m;awGudkawmh rSef;qNyD;½IvdkY rodEdkifyg/ ,ckb0rSmawmifvGefcJhaom ESpf v &uf em&Dydkif;twGif;avmufu w&m;awGawmif y&rw¬oabmw&m;taeeJY jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;wmrdkYtrSeftwdkif; odzdkY cufcJvSygonf/ ]]*päaEÅm 0g *pämrDwdyZmemwd? edodaEém 0g edodaEémrSDwd yZmemwd}} ponfjzifhr[mowdy|meokwfrSm a[mawmfrlxm;onfhtwdkif;oGm;aeqJ &yfaeqJ xdkifaeqJ avsmif;aeqJ tcdkuftwefYypöKyÜefumvudkom 0dyóem½I &rnf[k ñTefjyxm;onfudkaxmufíaomfvnf;aumif;? ]]ypöK yÜEéÍö ,H"r®H? ww¬ ww¬0dyówd}} jzpfqJypöKyÜefumvü ½kyf emrfw&m;rsm;udk0dyóem½I&rnf[k a[mawmfrlaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;?rdrdoEÅmefü ypöKyÜefjzpfqJ ½kyfemrfw&m;rsm;udkom pwifí0dyóem ½I&rnfjzpfygonf/

oGm;qJtcdkuftwefYudk ½I&mrSmawmh b,fwpfvSrf;

167 168


nmwpfvSrf; vSrf;NyD;oGm;&m0,f b,fajcvSrf; tcdkuftwefYrSmyif jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;ygNyD/ wpfvSrf;twGif;rSmvnf; tpdwfpdwfajcmufyg;½dSygw,f/ <ujcif; ajr§mufjcif; vSrf;jcif; csjcif;xdjcif; zdjcif;[lí jzpfygw,f/ <uqJtcdkuftwefYrSmjzpfaewJh ½kyfawG[m ajr§mufqJtcdkuftwefY ra&mufcif<uqJtcdkufrSmyJ jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;ygw,f/ ajr§mufqJtcdkuftwefYrSm jzpfwJh ½kyfawG[mvnf; vSrf;qJtcdkufra&mufcifajr§mufqJtcdkuf twefYrSmyJ jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;ygw,f/ vSrf;qJtcdkuftwefY csqJ tcdkuftwefY xdqJtcdkuftwefY zdqJtcdkuftwefYrSm jzpfaewJh 0ga,m½kyfwdkY[mvnf; jzpfqJtcdkuftwefYrSmyJ jzpfNyD;awmh ysufoGm;Muwmyg/

twdwfumvu jzpfcJhwJh½kyfawG[mvnf; ypöKyÜefumvra&mufcif twdwfumvrSmyJ ysufoGm;cJhygNyD/ypöKyÜefrSm jzpfqJ½kyfawG[mvnf; tem*wfra&mufcifypöKyÜef umvrSmyJ jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;ygw,f/ aemiftem*wfumvrSm jzpfvwHU½kyfrsm;[mvnf; olYumvrSmyJ jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/'gaMumifh ½kyf[lorQ[m tedpö csnf;ygyJ/ tjzpf tysufu tjrJrjywf ESdyfpufaevdkY 'ku©? tpkd;r&udk,fhtvdk rvdkuf ukd,fhoabmtwdkif; rjzpfyJ olUoabmtwdkif; jzpfysufaevdkY twåaumifr[kwf[k ½IjrifEdkifzdkY &m

twGuf ]]aewH rr= þ½kyfw&m;onf igh[mr[kwf}} ponfjzifh ½I&rnf[k ñTefjyawmfrlygonf/ aewH rr ponfjzifhEIwfuqdkNyD; ½I&rSmvm;qdkawmh 'Dvdkr[kwfyg/ rjrJ qif;&Jtpdk;r&wJhoabmudk a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JUOmPfxJrSm xifxif½Sm;½Sm; yDyDjyifjyif jrifvmNyDqdk&if ]]igh[m r[kwf igr[kwfig&JU twår[kwf}} qdkwmvnf; ½INyD;om; jzpf oGm; ygw,f/jrJw,fxifvdkY ]]igacsmw,f? igvSw,f? igusufoa& ½Sdw,f? ighcEmu ig;&HUukd,fvHk;av;vdkyJ MunfhvdkY aumif;vdkufwm}}ponfjzifh rmefwufaewmyg/ rjrJbl; jrifoGm;&ifawmh]]ear aom twåm}} 'g-ightwår[kwf? ig tpdk;r&qkdwmjrifoGm;NyDrdkY rmefwufp&m taMumif; r½Sdawmhyg/

jrifcdkufrSm jrifwJh½kyfw&m;awG[m Mum;qJtckduftwefYodkY ra&mufcif jrifqJtcdkufrSmyif ysufvdkYoGm;ygw,f/ Mum;cdkufrSm jzpfwJh½kyfawG[mvnf; jrifqJtcdkuftwefY ra&mufcif Mum;cdkufrSmyJ ysufoGm;Muwmyg/ eHcdkufpm;cdkuf xdodcdkuf awG;awmMuHpnfcdkufrSm jzpfwJh½kyfrsm;[mvnf; olUtcdkufrSmyJ jzpfvdkYysufoGm;ygw,f/ rsufpdwpfrSdwfuav;awmifrS wnfvdkYraeMuyg/ rjrJwJh w&m;awGyJvdkY odaewJhtwGuf ]]{wH rr='gigh[myJ}}vdkY wPSmeJYvnf; rpGJvrf;awmhyg ]]{aom [ ro®d='gigyJ}}vdkY *kPf,lNyD;

169 170


txifBuD;p&m r½SdwJh twGuf rmeeJYvnf; pGJvrf;cGifhr½Sdawmhovdk ]]{aom ar twåm='g igh-twåyJ}}vdkY 'd|deJYvnf;rpGJvrf;awmhygbl;/

twdwf? tem*wf½kyfrsm;udk tEkrmejzifh oHk;oyfqifjcifyH kuawmh vGefNyD;aom twdwfumvawGujzpfcJhwJh½kyfawGvnf; xdktcdkuftwefYumvrSmyif jzpfNyD;awmh ypöKyÜef umvra&mufcif twdwfumvrSmyJ ysufoGm;ygw,f/ xdkokdY jzpfvdkuf ysufvdkufrdkY rjrJ qif;&J tpdk;r&jzpfygw,f/ aemif tem*wfumvrSm jzpfay:vmrnfh ½kyfawGvnf; xdkxdktcdkuf twefYrSmyif jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;rSmjzpfvkdYtedpö 'ku© tewå[kyif oHk;oyfqifjcif&rSm jzpfygw,f/'guawmh umvoHk;yg;eJY ywfoufNyD; ½IqifjcifyHkjzpfygw,f/ tZöswå½kyf A[d'½kyf rdrdoEÅmefrSm jzpfwJh½kyf olwpfyg;oEÅmefrSm jzpfwJh½kyfrsm;vnf; rsufpdwpfrSdwf twGif;rSmysufoGm;vdkY rjrJ qif;&J tpdk;r&yg/ 0ifav xGufavudk ½SL½Iduf&mrSm tjyifavu ESmacgif;twGif;odkY wpfydkif;pD wpfydkif;pD jywfjywfNyD; 0ifvmovdk ESmacgif;twGif;rS ½IdufxkwfvdkufwJh twGif;avuvnf; wpfydkif;pD xGufoGm;wmudkw&m;tvkyftm;xkwfwJh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf[m orm"dOmPf&ifhoefvmwJhtcg jrifvm&ygw,f/ Oyrm aq;vdyf

aomufwJh tcg aq;vdyfrD;cdk;awG wpfydkif;pD wpfydkif;pD wkd;wdk;NyD; xGufoGm; 0ifoGm;ovdkygyJ/ xdktwGif;avac:wJh0ga,m½kyfvnf; tjyif ra&mufcif ESmacgif;wGif;rSmyJ ysufoGm;ovdk tjyifav 0ga,m½kyfvnf; ESmacgif;twGif;ra&mufcif tjyifrSmyJ ysufoGm;wmaMumifh rjrJ qif;&Jtpdk;r&[k ½IrSwf&ygrnf/

uav;b0u ½kyfEkuav;rsm;[mvnf; vlBuD;b0½kyfMurf;tjzpfra&mufcif ysufoGm;ygw,f/ temuif;uGmusef;rmaewJh ½kyfEkav;rsm;vnf; rusef;rrm av;vHwJh½kyfMurf;tjzpf ra&mufcif ysufoGm;vdkY tedpö 'ku© tewåygyJ/ cE¨mudk,fu "mwfBuD;av;yg; rrQwvdkY av;vH xdkif;rIdif;NyD;aewJh½kyfqdk;½kyfnHhawGvnf; "mwfBuD;av;yg;nDñGwfvdkYoufawmifh oufom jzpfwJh ½kyfaumif;½kyfjrwf ra&mufcifrSmyJ jzpfNyD; ysufoGm;vdkY ½IrSwfae&if; ysufoGm; aysmufoGm;ygw,f/ teD;rS vludk jrif&ifvnf; jrifw,fvdkY ½IrSwf&if;orm"dOmPfawG tm;aumif;aewJh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfrSm ysufysufoGm;wmudk awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk jzpfysufrdkYrjrJ qif;&J tpkd;r&[k ½I&rSmyg/þtewåvu©P okwåefrSmawmhtwdwf½kyf tem*wf½kyf ypöKyÜef½kyf twGif;½kyf tjyif½kyf tMurf;½kyf tEk½kyf tnHh½kyf tjrwf½kyf ta0;½kyf teD;

171 172


½kyf[lí (11)rsdK;udk ½IrSwfqifjcif oHk;oyf&rSm jzpfygw,f/

aewH rr = ighOpömr[kwfygwum;/

aeaom [ ro®d = igr[kwfygwum;/

ear aom twåm = ig&JU twåvdyfjym r[kwfygwum;[lí½IwmeJY tedpö 'ku© tewåvkdY ½Iwm tusdK;&jcif; twlwlygyJ/

]]tedpö}} vdkY½I&if ]]ig}} qdkwJh rmejyKwfygw,f/

]]'ku©}} vdkY½I&if 'ku©rSef;od&if b,fenf;eJYrS ighOpömqdkwJhwPSm rpGJawmhyJ ]]wPSm}} jyKwfygw,f/

]]tewå}}vdkY ½I&if ightwåvdyfjymqdkwJh ]]'d|d}} jyKwfygw,f/

'gu tedpö 'ku© tewå½IwJhbufu Munfhajymwmyg/]]aewH rr = ighOpöm r[kwfygwum;}} vdkY½I&if ]]avmbwPSm}} jyKwfygw,f/

]]aeaom [ ro®d =igr[kwf igr[kwf}} vdkY½I&if ]]rme}} jyKwfygw,f/

]]ear aom twåm = ightwå r[kwf}} vdkY½I&if toufaumiftwåaumifvdkY pGJvrf;xm;wJh ]]'d|d}} jyKwfygw,f/

(rSwfcsuf) --- ypönf;tay:rSm wG,fwmwyfruftvdk&ruf BuD;wJh yk*¾dKvfqdk&if ]]aewH rr = ighOpömr[kwf}}[k xyfcg xyfcg ½Iay;&ygw,f/ rmeBuD;wJh yk*¾dKvfqdk&if

]]aeaom [ ro®d = igr[kwf igr[kwf}} vdkY½Iay;&ygr,f/twå'd|d tpGJoefwJhyk*¾dKvf igvkyfwmrStrSef? igajymwmrSt[kwf[k twåpGJ BuD;vGef;wJh yk*¾dKvfqdk&ifawmh]]e ar aomtwåm=ightwå r[kwf}} [k ½Iay;&ygrnf/

r,SuiSufESifh {wH rr

jrwfp Gmbk&m;vufxufu om0w¬ d jynfr Smuka#av;q,fOpöm<u,f0NyD; om;orD;rxGef;um;wJhola|;BuD;wpfOD; ½SdcJhygw,f/ xdkrQavmuf <u,f0csrf;omaom ypönf;rsm;udk ]]ighOpöm ighypönf;}} taeeJY pGJvrf;NyD;rpm;&uf raomuf&uf rvSL&uf rwef;&ufeJY ray;rvSLvdkESajrm0efwdkvsufom aecJhygw,f/ qDOD;axmywf tpm;tpmrsm;udk rpm;yJ/qefuGJ xrif; ykef;&nf[if;udkom pm;vsufae\/ &wemckESpfyg;jzifh pDjc,fxm;aom tmZmenfjrif;uaom &xm;udk roHk;aqmif opfom;&xm; udkomtoHk;jyKcJhw,f/ umodwdkif;jzpf El;nHhaom t0wfudk r0wfyJzsifMurf;t0wfudkom 0wfcJhw,f/ a&TxD;udk raqmif;yJopf½Gufrdk;aomxD;udkom aqmif;cJhygw,f/

173 174


rdrdydkif ypönf;rsm;udk ukd,fwdkifvnf; roHk;aqmifolwpfyg;vnf; ray;&uf tvSL'gevnf;rjyK ]]ighypönf;ighypönf;}}[k wPSmavmbeJY pGJvrf;aewkef; pkwdjywfa<uaovGefaomtcgrSmawmh ]]a&m½k0}} i&Jü jzpf&NyD; tarGqufcHrnfh om;orD;r½Sdí &wemrsm;udk bk&ifhb@awmftjzpf odrf;ydkufum (7)&ufywfvHk; eef;awmfodkY o,faqmif&avmufatmif ypönf;awGu rsm;jym;cJhygw,f/ tJ'Dola|;BuD;uG,fvGefNyD; (8)&ufajrmufaeYrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;zl;arQmf&efoGm;aomtcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]'umawmfrif;BuD; rvmwm MumNyD/ bmawGrsm; tvkyf ½IyfaeovJ}}vdkYar;awmfrlwJhtcg aumovrif;BuD;u ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;tm*EÅKu ola|;BuD;aovdkY tarGqufcHrnfhol r½Sdojzifhusef&pfaom &wemrsm;udk bk&ifhb@mawmftjzpf odrf;ydkufum eef;awmfodkY &xm;jzifh (7)&ufywfvHk; o,faqmifae&vdkY rvmjzpfygbk&m;/ oHk;rukefatmif ypönf;OpömawGaygrsm;ygvsuf ray;rvSLvdk ESajrm0efwdk vQufom bDvl;apmifhaom a&uefuJhodkYjzpf&um rdrdvnf; roHk;aqmifolwpfyg;vnf; ray;&ufyJ ]]ighypönf; ighypönf;}}eJY pGJvrf;&if;aorif;r&P\ cHwGif;0odkYom oufqif;us a&mufcJh &yg

w,f/ bmtaMumif;aMumifhjzpfygoenf; jrwfpGmbk&m;}}vdkYrif;BuD;u avQmufxm;wJh tcg---

]]'umawmfrif;BuD; b,folrjyK rdrdrI qdkwmvdkxdkola|;onfyif xdktrIrsm;udk jyKcJhayonf}} [k rdefY awmfrlum ]]r,Su}} Zmwfawmfudk a[mawmfrlygonf/ a½S;wkef;u r,Su trnf½SdwJhiSufwpfaumif ½SdcJhw,f/ rSnfh0if;aom toD;wdkYjzifh jynfhpHkaom anmifMuwfyifodkY uyfa&mufNyD;]]r,SH r,SH = ighOpöm ighOpöm ightoD; ightoD;}} eJY jrnfwrf;vQufaepOf wjcm;iSufrsm; a&mufvmum xdkrSnfh0if;aomtoD;rsm;udk cJpm;vsuf vdk&mt&yfodkYom ysHoef;oGm;cJhMuygw,f/ aemufxyfiSufwpftkyf a&mufvmNyD; toD;rsm;udk cJpm;vsuf vdk&mt&yfodk Yom ysHoef;oGm;cJhMujyefygw,f/ toD;r½SdawmhayrJh xdkr,Su iSufuawmh]]ighOpöm ighOpöm? ightoD; ightoD;}} This is mine, This is

mine eJY jrnfwrf;vdkYom usef&pfygw,f/xdkYtwlyJ 'umawmfrif;BuD; tcsdKUaom yk*¾dKvf

rsm;[m &½Sdxm;aom ypönf;Opömrsm;udk rdrdvnf; roHk;aqmif olwpfyg;vnf; ray;&uf ESajrm0efwdkvufomighOpöm ighOpöm vdkY avmbeJYodrf;ydkuf&if; &efolrsdK;ig;yg;\pm;rsdK0g;rsdKjcif;cH&um qHk;½IH;Mu&NyD; wrvGefavmu aemuf

175 176


b0rSmawmh ,kwfedrfhatmufusaom b0odkYom vm;a&muf&w,f[k rdefYawmfrlygonf/

ypönf;Opömaygrsm;jcif;

ypönf;Opömaygrsm;&jcif;taMumif;uawmh= twdwfb0u w*¾&odcDyapöuAk'g t½Sifjrwftm; qDOD; axmywfrsm; avmif;vSLcJhaom ukodkvfaMumifh jzpf&ygonf/ ypönf;rsm;udk oHk;aqmifcHpm;vdkpdwf r½Sdonfum;=yapöuAk'¨gt½Sifjrwftm; qDOD;axmywfrsm; avmif;vSLNyD;aemuf]]ightvkyform;awG auR;vdkuf&&if b,favmuf tusdK;½SdrvJ/ tvkyfawG ydkvkyfvdkY 0ifaiGawGrsm;rsm;&um ydkNyD;csrf;omvmvdrfhr,f/ ckawmh qDOD; axmywfawGpm;NyD;'DuwHk; wpfaeukef ouFef;ajcuef? acgif;NrD;jcHKtdyfawhmrSm}}qdkNyD; ty&apwem ysufuGufcJhaomaMumifh jzpf&ygonf/om;orD; rxGef;um;jcif;taMumif;um; twdwfb0wpfckutpfudk\om;udk tarGcGJay;&rSm pdk;ojzifh owfcJhaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/ þtrIrsm;udk xdkola|;onfyif jyKcJhjcif;jzpfojzifh ]]b,folrjyK rdrdrI}} qdkwmvdk xdkola|;onfyifjyefvnf ay;qyfae&ygonf/ twdwfoHo&mu Murf;wrf;

wJh yef;csD um;csyfudk xdkola|;udk,fwdkif a&;qGJ cJhwmaMumifhoHo&mrSm yHkpHtrsdK;trsdK;eJY b0tzHkzHkwGif pHkvifpGm jzpfcJh&ayw,f[k r,SuZmwfawmfudk OyrmjyKí a[mMum;cJhygonf/ (quúedygwf r,SuZmwfawmf)

&[ef;wdkY ½kyf(11)rsdK;udk ]]igh[m r[kwf? ig r[kwf?ightwå r[kwf}} [k ukd,fydkifOmPfjzifh trSeftwdkif; odjrifatmif tm;xkwf&rnf/

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯

177 178


Hvu©Pa&;oHk;yg; zHk;uG,fxm;

(1) tedpövu©Pmudk oEÅwd-uzHk;uG,fxm;onf/

(2) 'ku©vu©Pmudk £&d,mykxf-uzHk;xm;onf/

(3) tewåvu©Pmudk Ce-uzHk;xm;onf/

(1) tedpövu©Pmudk oEÅwd-uzHk;uG,fxm;onf/oEÅwdqdkwm tpOfrjywfjzpfaejcif;vdkY t"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/ygVdrSm ]]OyÜg' Xdwd b*F}}qdkNyD; oHk;ck½Sdygw,f/ OyÜg'-ujzpfjcif;? Xdwd-uwnfjcif;? b*F-uysufoGm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/'DygVd oHk;yk'fudk ygVdouf jrefrma0g[m&eJY ajym&if Oyg'f

XD bifvdkYajymygw,f/t"dyÜg,fu jzpf wnf ysufaygh/ tjzpfeJYtysufu xif½Sm;NyD; XDqkdwJh wnfaewJhtcdkufu rxif½Sm;yg/ ½kyfemrf w&m;awG jzpfysufaevdkY rjrJwJh tedpövdkYbk&m;a[mawmfrl wmyg/

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179 180


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(2) cE¨mig;yg; tedpö 'ku© tewå½IyHk?

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(5) yÍö0*¾D&[ef;wdkY &[EÅmjzpfMuyHk [lí tydkif;BuD;ig;ydkif;udkawGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/

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[kwfwdkif; rSefpGm aumif;jrwfaom 0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifh odjrifyHkudk jyawmfrlygw,f/

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(1) ½lyu©Em tewåjzpfyHk

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p acg bdu©a0 ocFg&m tewåm? wo®m ocFg&m

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(5) 0dnmu©E¨m tewåjzpfyHk

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,o®mp acg bdu©a0 0dnmPH tewåm? wo®m 0dnmPH

tmAm"m, oH0wåwd? e p vAÇwd 0dnmaP ]]{0H ar

0dnmPH a[mwk? {0H ar 0dnmPH rm ta[moD}} wd?

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wH uð rnx bdu©a0 ½lyH edpöH0g tedpöH 0g wd?

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orEkyódwHk ]]{wH rr? {aom[rod®? {aom ar twåm}}

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,xmblwH or®yÜnm, '|AÁH?

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(29) a':tHk;Munf rdom;pk/

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usyfig;aomif;ESpfaxmiftvSL½Sif(30) Mrs Claudie (Germany)

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2nd_tayar_of_myat_buddha

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