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2nd Post Lab- Bio 22

Kimberly S. Beltran

DB CAS

UP Manila

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Outline:

a. External Anatomy of theFrogb. Integumentary Systemc. Skeletal Systemd. Muscular System

e. Muscle Physiologyf. Nervous System

g. Nervous Response

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External Anatomy ofthe Frog

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Part Function/Description

External Nares Paired openings close to the tip of the head

(snout) leading to the olfactory organs within

Upper Eyelid Immovable, stout border of the eye

Nictitating membrane Movable translucent lower eyelid

TympanumActs as the eardrum and is found lying below andbehind the eye

Hump Rounded protuberance found at the dorsal part

which divide back into fore- and a hind part

Forelimb Attached to the narrower side of the forepart and

is made up of 3 segments: upper arm/brachium,middle forearm/antebrachium, terminal hand or

manus

Hand/Manus Consist of short wrist or carpus, a palm or

matacarpus, and fingers or digits which are only

4

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Part Function/Description

Hindlimbs Attached to the narrow waistline and is made up

of 3 segments: an upper, stout thigh, a middle

slender shank/crus, and a long foot/pesFoot Consist of a very long ankle/ tarsus, an

instep/metatarsus and toes/digits which are 5 in

number

Vocal Sacs Use by male frogs to advertise their presence.

They are usually thrown into folds called vocalcords

Cloaca & Cloacal Vent Chamber for solid collection while the vent serves

as an outlet for feces, urine, eggs or sperm

Browspot Light colored spot located slightly in front of theeye and is called rudimentary third eye

Prehallux Rudiment of the sixth missing toe

Rectum & Anus Chamber for feces while anus is the posterior

opening of a rectum

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ExternalFeature

Male Female

Size Smaller Bigger

Pigmentation Dark Scattered

pigmentsThumb Swollen Not swollen

Tympanum Smaller larger

Vocal Sacs Seen Cannot be

distinguished

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Integumentary System

Kimberly S. BeltranDB CAS

UP Manila

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Amoeba sp.-amorphous

-body is entirelycovered with rigidplasma membranewhich is also used for

locomotion

Paramecium sp.-body is entirely

covered with ciliaemployed forlocomotion, foodcapture and protection

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Grantia sp.-outer epithelium is calledpinacoderm which is made up ofsquamous type cells called

pinacocytes-middle layer is made up of gelatinousmatrix called mesohyl whichcontaines ameboid cells and skeletalelements-the inner layer is made up of collarcells called choanocytes

Hydra sp.-outer layer (epidermis) is made upof cuboidal epithelium . Nematocystand cnidocytes are the uniquestructures found in this layer which

functions for food gathering,defense, & attachment-middle gelatinous layer is calledmesoglea-inner layer (gastrodermis) is made

up of large, ciliated , columnarepithelium

gastrodermis

epidermis

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Dugesia sp.-Outer covering is

ciliated epidermiswhich contains rodshape rhabditesandis use to form a

protective mucussheath around thebody-Made up of viscid

and releaser gland-Dorsal surface isunciliated while theventral is ciliated

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Fasciola sp.-body covering or

tegument is syncitial- The tegument isalso provided withvarious penetration

glands to producecyst material, organsfor adhesion likesuckers and hooks aswell as spines forthem to easily attachto their host

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Lumbricus sp/Earthworm- The body is covered by thin,transparent cuticle secreted bythe hypodermis.-the cuticle primarily protects thebody from physical and chemicalinjury and contains numerouspores to allow the secretion topass and is mark by striae causing

the surface to appear iridescent

Ascaris sp/Nematode-Outer body covering ismade up of thick, non-

cellular cuticle secreted bythe hypodermis.-The hypodermis is syncytialand are primarily collagen

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3- spines; 2- ossicles

Starfish-the skin is ciliated and hard

due to the presence ofossicles, spines, spicules &granules which are CaCO3 incomposition-the integument is important

for protection & locomotion

Arthropods-the hardening ofcuticle in the

arthropods is due tothe presence of chitin,a tough, resistant,nitrogenouspolysaccharide-It is essential forprotection, prevention

of water loss, supportand bouyancy.-The chitin is secretedby the hypodermis

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Frog Skin-Skin is made up of 2 layers:epidermis and dermis-The epidermis is subdividedinto stratum corneum andgerminativum while thedermis is made up of stratumspongiosum and compactum

-Unique structures found inthe frog skin includes thechromatophores, poison andmucus glands which arenecessary for protection and

respiration

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Frog Skin Human Skin

Epidermal layers Stratum corneumS. germinativum Stratum corneumStratum lucidum

Stratum granulosum

S.germinativum

Dermal layers S. spongiosum

S. compactum

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

Glands Poison & mucus Sweat, sebaceous,

mammary glands

Pigments Guanophores/iridophores/

melanophores

melanophores

Unique Structures Poison & mucus glands Hair and other skin

derivatives

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Skeletal System

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Types of SkeletonA. Hydroskeleton-mass of fluid or

plastic parenchyma enclosed withina muscular wall to provide supprtnecessary for antagonistic muscleaction

B. Exoskeleton-skeleton secreted bythe ectoderm/epidermis

C. Endoskeleton- a skeleton within theliving tissues of an organism

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Type Composition

Radiolarians Shell/testa Strontiumsulfate/ silica

Arthropods Cuticle Chitin,

CaCO3

Molluscs Mantle/shell CaCO3,

chonchiolin

Echinoderms Ossicles/spines

CaCO3,

Turtle Scutes, Plates CaCO3,

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Type Composition

Sponges Spicules,spongin

CaCO3, silica

Corals corals CaCO3, chitin

Vertebrates bone CaPO4,

MgPO4.

collagen

matrix,mucopolysacc

haride

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Regions Cartilage Membrane

Cranium Exoccipitals

sphenethmoid

Fronto-parietals

parashenoids

Nasal Capsules Sphenethmoid

Mesethmoid

Nasal

Vomer

Auditory capsules

Visceral Arches

Prootic

Palatines

Pterygoids

Squamosal

Premaxillae

Maxillae

Quadratojugal

Lower Jaw Mentomeckelians Angulo-splenialsDentaries

Hyoid Posterior cornua None

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Muscular System

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Parts of a Skeletal Musclea. Belly-fleshy part of the muscle

b. Tendons- attach the belly to theskeleton

c. Aponeurosis- stout band which

attach the muscle to the surfaceof another muscle

d. Origin- point of attachment whichremains relatively fix

e. Insertion- relatively movable pointof attachment

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Actions of Skeletal Musclea. Extensors- straighten a part

b. Flexors-bends a partc. Adductors- draws a part towardsthe midline

d. Abductors-draws a part away fromthe midline

e. Levator- raises a partf. Depressor-lowers a part

g. Protractors- causes a part to bethrust forward or outward

h. Retractors-pulls it back

i. Rotators- rotates a part

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How are muscles name?a. Attachments (scapulohumeris)b. Action and size (adductor magnus)c. Shape and Locomotion (biceps

femoris)d. Location and Direction (external

oblique)

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Nervous System

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Early Late Adults Function

Forebrain

(prosence

phalon)

Telencephalon Cerebrum Motor area controls

voluyntary muscle

movements; sensory cortex

is the center of conscious

perception of touch,

pressure, vibration, pain,

temerature and taste;

association areas integrate

and process sensory dataDiencephalon Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Part of limbic system;

integrates sensory info

arriving at thalamus

Controls autonomic

functions; sets appetitivedrives (thirst, hunger, sexual

desire) and behavior; sets

emotional states; secretes

ADH, oxytocin; secrets

releasing factors for anterior

pituitary

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Early Late Adults Function

Midbrain

mesen

Mesen Optic lobes

Midbrain nuclei

Integrates visual information with

other sensory inputs; relays

auditory information

Involuntary control of muscle

tone; processing of incoming

sensations and outgoing motor

commands

Hindbrain

rhomben

Myelen Cerebellum

Pons

Involuntary coordination & control

of outgoing movements for equili

brium, muscle tone, posture

Links cerebellum with other brain

centers and with medulla and

spinal cord; modifies output ofrespiratory centers in medulla

Meten Medulla

oblangata

Regulates heart rate and force of

contraction; vasomotor control;

sets rate of respiration; relays info

to the cerebellum

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