2nd Great Awakening
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Transcript of 2nd Great Awakening
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2nd Great Awakening
• Religious Reform– Methodists - religion is of the heart not the mind,
not based on memorizing bible verses• Revivals
– Gatherings to spread religion– To be “born again”– Charles Finney – popular preacher
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Religious Groups
• Unitarians - Jesus was less than divine. Against revivals. Focus on character building, not emotional conversion.
• Mormons - Founded by Joseph Smith. New revelation of Christianity, very controversial.
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More Groups• African-American Church
– Christian message spoke of freedom– Political, Cultural, and Social center of community
• Transcendentalists– Emphasized living a simple life– Emerson and Thoreau– Walden
• Shakers– Utopian community, men and women were equal,
shared their belongings, did not marry/have children
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Utopian Communities
• People form communities to escape problems of society.
• Brook Farm is an example.
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Other Reform Movements
• Temperance Movement = Anti-Alcohol– Consumption of alcohol had increased– Men spend money on drinking instead of their
family– Burden is placed on women and children– American Temperance Society
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Public - School Reform• How do public schools operate today?• Horace Mann (Mass.) - grade the schools,
state pays for schools, standardized textbooks, compelling (forced) attendance, longer school year– Very structured, fosters competition between
students. Perfect for an industrializing society.– Think about your GPA.
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Prison Reform
• Dorothea Dix– Jails housed the mentally ill.– She built hospitals for those who had mental
health problems.
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Penitentiary System
• What does it mean?– Penance – open up to God, repent
• Sky light – God can watch you at all times• Individual exercise yard for each cell
• Solitary confinement– No contact with other prisoners– Caused mental illness
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What does the attempt to improve prisons say about America? Is there any connection with the 2nd Great Awakening?
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The Life of a Slave• Two types
– Rural and Urban• Rural
– Plantations, worked all day, controlled by a slave driver
• Urban– Worked as a skilled laborer, more freedom
compared to rural slaves
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Plantation Life
• Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin– Machine that cleaned
cotton.– Increased cotton
production.– Easier to pick out the
seeds
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Anti-Slavery Movement
• Abolition – the call to outlaw slavery
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Abolitionists
• William Lloyd Garrison– The Liberator – His own paper, wanted
immediate emancipation• David Walker
– Wanted blacks to fight for freedom• Frederick Douglass
– An escaped slave– Taught to read– Abolition leader
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In the very first issue of his anti-slavery newspaper, the Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison stated, "I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD."
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Frederick Douglass
• “I appear before the immense assembly this evening as a thief and a robber, I stole this head, these limbs, this body from my master, and ran off with them.”
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The Life of a Slave• Two types
– Rural and Urban• Rural
– Plantations, worked all day, controlled by a slave driver
• Urban– Worked as a skilled laborer, more freedom
compared to rural slaves
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Nat Turner’s Rebellion
• Religious motives• Led 80 followers• Killed almost 60 whites on
plantations• Captured and put to
death• Does this cause fear?
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Slave Owners Defend Slavery
• Virginia debates emancipation– Efforts fail
• Backlash from revolts– New harsh laws put in place on enslaved and free
blacks• Proslavery defenses
– Brings them into a Christian civilization– Myth of a “happy slave”
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Role of Women
• Cult of domesticity• Housework and child care were the only
proper activities for married women• Could not vote or be on a jury• When married her property and money
would be her husband’s• Most lacked guardianship rights to their
children
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Compare and contrast the lives of women today with women in the 1830s.
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Reform
• Sarah and Angelina Grimké– Fought for women’s rights– Also abolitionists– Faced opposition because they were women
• Temperance movement– Helped jump start women’s rights
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Reform
• Women’s Education– Education usually stopped at elementary
school– Began to open new schools for higher
education– They were mocked “they will be educating
cows next”
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How would a lack of education hurt women?
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Seneca Falls Convention
• 300 men and women attended• Wrote a Declaration of Sentiments• Women should be able to participate in all
public issues
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Changing Industry
• Cottage industry– Manufacturers sell raw goods– People buy the goods and make a product– They sell the product back to the manufacturer– The cycle then continues– Artisans – skilled workers, assisted by a journeyman
or an apprentice
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Plantation Life
• Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin– Machine that cleaned
cotton.– Increased cotton
production.– Easier to pick out the
seeds
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How would the cotton gin impact slaves and northern industry?
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Early Factories
• Textile plants• Bring all aspects of production under one roof• Drops cost and speeds up production• Begins in Lowell, Massachusetts
• Watch a clip from Mill Times
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Lowell Mill• Female workers
– Paid less than men– Housed in
dormitories• Conditions
– Long work day– 5 am to 7:30 pm– Only a lunch break– Hot, poor
ventilation
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Lowell Mill
• Strikes over conditions and pay– 15% pay cut– 800 women strike, it was unsuccessful– Local press and clergy criticize the women– Two years later they strike again– Company fired the leaders, most returned to work
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Workers Seek Better Conditions
• The first labor unions• Immigration
– Immigrants work for low wages in bad conditions– Leads to workers being taken advantage of– German, Irish (potato famine)
• National Trades’ Union– Standardize wages and conditions– Met opposition from owners and bankers
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Court Backs Strikers
• Commonwealth v. Hunt• Court declares the journeymen boot makers
could strike to support their interests
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Assignment – Six Panel Cartoon• Draw a cartoon strip about the daily lives of
women working at Lowell Mill.• Include the following.
– Events of their day (from waking up, going to work, lunch breaks, going home, going to sleep)
– Describe their long hours.– Depict a strike – in this scene you need to have
them explain what they dislike about their jobs