Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

SECOND CONTRIBUTION TO HALLUCINOGENIC FUNGI IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

1 Mitko Karadelev & 2 Sofce Spasikova

1 Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Skopje 2 Macedonian Mycological Society, Skopje

ABSTRACT: To date a total of 30 fungi species with hallucinogenic properties have been recorded in the

Republic of Macedonia. These species belong to the genera Claviceps, Elaphomyces,

Panaeolus, Psathyrella, Gymnopilus, Amanita, Pluteus, Psilocybe, Stropharia, Hygrocybe,

Mycena, Rickenella and Vascellum. Due to the presence of various compounds in their fruit

bodies, these fungi can cause the syndromes psilocin–psilocybin, muscarine and ergotism. This

article contains a list of data concerning the distribution and ecology of these species in the

Republic of Macedonia. Most of the species are widespread, and grow on various substrates,

such as soil, dung and enriched soil. There are representatives that are lignicolous, some are

hypogeic, and one species is parasitic.

KEY WORDS: hallucinogenic fungi, distribution, ecology, R. Macedonia

INTRODUCTION To date a total of 30 fungi species with hallucinogenic properties have been

recorded in the Republic of Macedonia. According to Guzman (1983) and

Guzman, Allen & Gartz (2000), the species that belong to this group of fungi can

be divided into four smaller groups, according to the neurotropic compounds

present in their fruit bodies:

1. Species that contain psilocin, psilocybin, baeocystin and nor-baeocystin

and cause the psilocin – psilocybin syndrome (species that belong to the

genera Psilocybe, Gymnopilus, Panaeolus, Copelandia, Hypholoma,

Pluteus, Inocybe, Conocybe, Paneolina, Rickenella, Agrocybe, Galerina

and Mycena);

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

2. Species that contain the ibotenic acid and its derivatives: muscimol and

muscazone and cause tha muscarine syndrome (Amanita muscaria var.

muscaria, A. muscaria var. regalis and A. pantherina);

3. Species that contain ergotine derivatives and cause the ergotism (five

species from the genus Claviceps and two species from the genus

Cordyceps), and

4. Species that have been used as hallucinogenic in sacred rituals in

Mesoamerica, but to date no adequate chemical studies about their

neurotropic properties have been made (eight species from the genus

Boletus, six species from the genus Russula, three species from the

Gasteromycetes: Lycoperdales and Phallales).

In this article the authors have made an attempt to draft a complete list of the

registered and published hallucinogenic species of fungi in the Republic of

Macedonia. According to the published data, as well to the results of the authors’

investigations, out of the 30 species of registered hallucinogenic fungi, 23

species belong to the psilocybin fungi from the first group from the genera:

Panaeolus, Psathyrella, Gymnopilus, Hygrocybe, Pluteus, Psilocybe, Stropharia,

Rickenella; 3 species from the genus Amanita belong to the second group and

cause the muscarine syndrome; 1 species from the genus Claviceps that belong

to the third group and causes the ergotism, and 3 species that belong to the

fourth group and belong to the genera Elaphomyces and Vascellum.

MATHERIALS AND METHODS The material was collected in various forest associations, as well as in pastures,

meadows, at roadsides etc., growing on various substrates: soil, enriched soil,

dung, wood debris, under soil, etc. The species were identified during the field

trips, or later, at the Mycological Laboratory at the Institute of Biology, Faculty of

Natural Science and Mathematics, microscopically, using reagents, such as

Melzers reagent, KOH, sulfovaniline, etc. All the data were put in the MAC

FUNGI database, while most of the species were preserved at the National

Mycological Collection FUNGI MACEDONICI, placed at the Mycological

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

Laboratory at the Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics. For identification

were used the following identification keys and field guides: Guzman (1983),

Moser (1983), Breitenbach & Kränzlin (1991, 1995, 2000), Stamets (1996),

Kriegelsteiner (2000) and Dänke (2001). The nomenclature and synonymy is

made according to Index Fungorum 2005: http://www.indexfungorum.org/.

RESULTS A list of hallucinogenic fungi, with their ecology and distribution in the Republic of

Macedonia is presented. These data are provided by authors’ field investigations

as well as by 20 publications (see legend).

ASCOMYCOTA ASCOMYCETES Fam. Clavicipitaceae

Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.

This ascomycete is a parasite on rye (Secale cereale L.). It is found in rye

plantations throughout the country.

Fam. Elaphomycetaceae

Elaphomyces granulatus Fr.

Ograzhden Mt., Suvolak, 800 m, 2.5.1990, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum,

under soil, exs. MAK 90/4708; Jakupica Mt., Cheples, 1300-1400 m, 12.7.1999,

Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, under soil, exs. MAK 99/245410,17,18.

Elaphomyces reticulatus Vittad.

Pelister Mt., vill. Brajchino, 1000 m, October 2002, Quercetum frainetto-cerris,

under soil18; Galichica Mt., Pljuska, 1000 m, October 1991, Quercetum frainetto-

cerris, under soil 18; Kozhuf Mt., Smrdliva Voda, 800 m, October 1985, Festuco

heterophyllae-Fagetum, under soil18.

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

BASIDIOMYCOTA GASTEROMYCETES

Fam. Lycoperdaceae

Vascellum pratense (Pers.) Kreisel

Kozhuf Mt., between summer resort "Mihajlovo" and Crvena Zemja, 1200-1400

m, 10.7.2005, at roadsides, soil, exs. MAK 05/5053; between summer resort

"Mihajlovo" and Lokvichki, 9.7.2005, beech forest, soil, exs. MAK 05/4998;

Pelister Mt., from PTT resort to mountain house Kopanki, 1340-1610 m,

21.9.1983, meadow, soil; Kumanovo, near vill. Miladinovci, Pinus plantings, soil;

Osogovski Planini Mt., vill. Konopnica, 1100 m, 3.9.2002, meadow, soil;

Skopska Crna Gora Mt., between vill. Gornanje and vill. Blace, 700 m,

25.1.2003, degraded oak forest, soil; Katlanovo, St. Bogorodica Monastery, 200

m, 23.10.2002, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis, soil, exs. MAK 02/2885; near Skopje, Vodno, between St. Pantelejmon and Sredno Vodno, 800 m,

12.10.1998, meadow, soil, exs. MAK 98/196319; Matka, 250-300 m, 25.10.1998,

meadow, soil, exs. MAK 98/1884; Bistra Mt., Mavrovo, Bunec, 1350-1400 m,

25.9.1998, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, soil, exs. MAK 98/181414; Ruen Mt., vill. Staro Nagorichane, 600 m, 30.11.2002, degraded stands (Paliurus, Q.

pubescens, Crataegus), soil, exs. MAK 02/2932.

BASIDIOMYCETES

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

Panaeolus acuminatus (Schaeff.) Quél.

(syn. Panaeolus rickenii Hora)

Near Skopje, Katlanovska Banja, 250-350 m, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis, soil,

PRM1,5; Galichica Mt., vill. Stenje, 900 m, 10.10.2000, Quercetum frainetto-

cerris, soil, exs. MAK 00/4631.

*Panaeolus ater (J.E. Lange) Kühner & Romagn.

Veles, vill. Gorno Vranovci, 8.11.1998, Querco–Castanetum, soil, under

Quercus, exs. MAK 98/1861.

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

Panaeolus campanulatus (L.) Quél.

(syn. Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus (Fr.) Quél.)

Near Skopje, Katlanovska Banja, 250-350 m, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis, soil,

PRM1,5.

*Panaeolus fimicola (Pers.) Gillet

Pelister Mt., between Palisnopje and hotel "Molika", 1400 m, 19.10.2005, Digitali

viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, soil, exs. MAK 05/5583.

*Panaeolus olivaceus F.H. Møller

Prespa, vill. Nakolec, 850 m, 20.6.2003, Salicetum, soil, exs. MAK 03/3255.

Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus (Bull.) Quél.

Pelister Mt., around Kopanki, 1600 m, September 2002, Digitali viridiflorae-

Pinetum peuces, dung15,17,18; vill. Lavci, 800-900, 18.10.2004, mixed forest,

dung, exs. MAK 04/4996; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., vill. Ljubanci, Zgurovci, 800

m, 9.10.2005, meadow, dung, exs. MAK 05/5475; Kozhuf Mt., Dudica, 2100 m,

12.6.2005, pasture, dung, exs. MAK 05/5489; Strumica, Monospitovsko Blato,

250 m, 14.10.2000, Periploco graece-Alnetum glutinosae, dung, exs. MAK

00/4630; Galichica Mt., vill. Stenje, 900 m, 10.10.2000, Quercetum frainetto-

cerris, dung, exs. MAK 00/4629; Berovo, 850 m, May, 2004, meadow, dung,

exs. MAK 04/400920; near Skopje, Vodno, 950 m, 17.5.2002, Pinus plantings,

dung, exs. MAK 02/263717,18; Jablanica Mt., between vill. Gorna Belica and vill.

Visni, 15.06.2006, meadow, dung, exs. MAK, 06/2388.

*Panaeolus reticulatus Overh.

Pelister Mt., vill. Rotino, 1000 m, 26.10.2004, meadow, soil, exs. 04/4960.

Panaeolus semiovatus var. semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Lundell & Nannf.

(syn. P. semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Lundell & Nannf.; Anellaria semiovata

(Sowerby) A. Pearson & Dennis)

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

Pelister Mt., around vill. Trnovo 1000 m, 26.5.2002, meadow, dung15; around

Kopanki, 1650 m, September, 2002, meadow, dung17,18; Golemo Ezero, 2400 m,

8.10.2001, high mountain pasture, dung, exs. MAK 01/8715; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., dung, ZA5; vill. Ljubanci, Las, 800-900 m, 1.5.2006, meadow, dung, exs.

MAK 06/1907; Osogovski Planini Mt., Ponikva, near Children's resort, 1400 m,

13.6.2005, meadow, Fagus and Quercus forest, dung, exs. MAK 05/841; Shar Planina Mt., Ceripashina, 1950 m, 14.7.1995, meadow, dung; Kitka Mt., 1000-

1200 m, 11.5.2002, meadow, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, dung, exs. MAK

02/267320; Strumica, vill. Koleshino, 300 m, 14.10.2001, meadow, Periploco-

Alnetum glutinosae, dung (coprophilous), MAK 01/56620.

Panaeolus sphinctrinus (Fr.) Quél.

(Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus (Fr.) Quél.)

Jakupica Mt., vicinity of mountain hut Karadzica, 1400, conifer plantation (Pinus

nigra, P. sylvestris, P. strobus, Larix sp., Picea sp.), dung, herb. Sy.4,5; Osogovski Planini Mt., Ponikva, 1500-1600 m, 20.9.2001,

Calaminthograndiflorae-Fagetum, dung; Pelister Mt., Gjavato, old road to Bitola,

1150 m, 24.4.2002, small forest of Alnus glutinosa, dung, exs. MAK 02/248720;

Strumica, Grlieva Ceshma, 30.4.2002, Osmunda Stand, grassy places near

Osmunda stands, dung, exs. 02/266720; Veles, vill. Gorno Vranovci, 8.11.1998,

Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, dung, exs. MAK 98/178620.

Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.

Pelister Mt., on the foot of the mountain, 750 m, meadow, soil 20.

Fam. Coprinaceae

Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire

Jakupica Mt., Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, herb. Sy4,5; Cheples, 1300-1400

m, 10.7.1999, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, trunk of Fagus10; Cheples,

1300-1400 m, 11.7.1999, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, enriched soil, exs.

MAK 99/2455; Shar Planina Mt., Jelak, 1750 m, Abieti-Piceetum scardicum,

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

enriched soil20; Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, on Fagus17; Ruen Mt., vill.

Staro Nagorichane, 300 m, 3.6.2004, meadow, enriched soil, exs. MAK

04/401120; Skopje, MANU, near the r. Vardar, 250 m, 14.4.2002, enriched soil,

exs. MAK 02/260120.

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Gymnopilus junonius (Fr.) P.D. Orton

(syn. Gymnopilus spectabilis (Fr.) Sing.)

Kitka Mt., near Mt. house Kitka, 800-900 m, October 1999, Orno-Quercetum

petraeae, trunk of Quercus; Bistra Mt., Mavrovo, Bunec, 1350-1400 m,

25.9.1998, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, log of Fagus, exs. MAK

98/19788,17,18.

Gymnopilus sapineus (Fr.) Maire

Pelister Mt., Kopanki, 1650 m, 21.9.2002, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces,

trunk of Pinus peuce, exs. MAK 02/313615;

Fam. Pluteaceae

Amanita muscaria var. muscaria (L.) Lam.

(syn. Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.)

Pelister Mt., around mountain house Kopanki; 1640-1700 m; 3.10.2001, Digitali

viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, soil15,17,20; between mountain house Kopanki and

Palisnopje, 1640-1540 m, 4.10.2001, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces,

soil15,17,20; Kopanki, 1650 m, 6.10.2000, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, soil,

exs. MAK 00/458015,17; Caparska Preseka, 1500, 8.10.2001, Digitali viridiflorae-

Pinetum peuces, soil15,17,20; vill. Magarevo20; r. Rotinska Reka20; hotel "Molika",

soil20; Begova Cheshma, 1400-1500 m, Gentiano luteaea-Pinetum peuces

abietetosum, soil, ZA2,5,15,20; Begova Cheshma, 1400-1500 m, Digitali viridiflorae-

Pinetum peuces, soil, ZA2,5,15,17,20; Golema Livada, soil20; Bistra Mt., Mavrovo,

Bunec, 1050-1100 m, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, soil5,17; vicinity of

Mavrovo Lake, 1300-1400 m, summer-fall 1998-1999, Calamintho grandiflorae-

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

Fagetum, soil8,17; Mavrovo, Bunec, experimantal plot, 1350-1400 m, 25.9.1998,

Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, soil8,17; vill. Galichnik, Kuliche, 1360 m,

8.8.2002, Pinus plantings, soil16; Mavrovo, 1400 m, Fago-Abietetum meridionale,

soil18; Kozhuf Mt., Smrdliva Voda, 800 m, 24.10.2005, beech forest, soil, under

Betula, exs. MAK 05/5548; between vill. Konjsko and vill. Huma, 700-750 m,

23.9.1995, Pinus plantings, soil; between vill. Majdan and Tribor, 800-1400 m,

8.10.1998, Abieti-Fagetum with Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris, soil; Fagetum,

soi, ZA5,17; Krusha, 1000 m, Abieti-Fagetum, soil20; vill. Konjari, 1100 m, Fagus

and Pinus nigra forest, soil18,20; Belantrok locality, 1250 m, Abieti-Fagetum, soil,

ZA5,17; Smrdliva Voda, 1000 m, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, soil18,20;

Jakupica Mt., bellow Begovo Pole, 1600 m, Pinetum mughi silicicolum, soil,

herb. Sy., ZA4,5,17; Preslap, 1000 m, Quercetum frainetto-cerridis, soil, herb. Sy.,

ZA4,5,17; Kitka Mt., 1000-1300 m, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, soil, herb. Sy.

ZA4,5,17; vicinity of mountain hut Karadadzica, 1400 m, conifer plantings (Pinus

nigra, P. sylvestris, P. strobus, Larix sp., Picea sp.), soil, herb. Sy., ZA4,5,17;

Krushevo, 1300-1400, planted Pinus nigra stands, soil 5,17; 1300-1400 m,

Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, soil5,17,18; 1300-1400, conifer plantings, soil5,17;

Belasica Mt., above vill. Bansko, 20.10.1996, Pinus sylvestris plantings, soil;

Kavadarci., vill. Vitachevo, 28.9.1998, Pinus plantings, soil20; Osogovski Planini Mt., Ponikva, 1500-1600, 20.9.2001, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, soil, exs.

MAK 01/80517,18,20; Gevgelija, Bolovan, 150 m, 20.11.1997, Juglando-

Platanetum orientalis, soil.

*Amanita muscaria var. regalis (Fr.) Sacc.

(syn. Amanita regalis (Fr.) Michael)

Kozhuf Mt., vill. Konjsko, 600 m, 23.10.2005, Pinus nigra plantings, soil, exs.

MAK 05/5551;

Amanita pantherina (DC.) Krombh.

Pelister Mt., vill. Brajchino, 1200 m, 15.8.2002, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum,

soil; July 2001, Pinetum peuces, soil12; Golema Livada, 1300 m, mixed forest

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

(Betula, Populus, Pinus peuce, Abies), soil17,20; Begova Cheshma, 1400-1500,

Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, soil, ZA;2,5,15,17; Veles, vill. Smilovci,

21.9.1996, oak forest, soil20; vill. Oraov Dol, Kadiica, 18.6.1993, beech forest,

soil; Kavadarci, vill. Vitachevo, 28.9.1998, Pinus plantings, soil20; vill. Lavci, 800-

900 m, 18.10.2004, mixed forest, soil, exs. MAK 04/4984; Skopje, Hipodrom,

240 m, 7.11.1993, meadow, soil20; near Skopje, Katlanovo, 16.10.2002, Pinus

plantings, soil; Katlanovo, 250 m, oak-hornbeam forest, soil17,20; vill. Bulachani,

700, 2.6.2002, oak forest, soil, exs. MAK 02/916; Kozhuf Mt., between vill.

Konjsko and vill. Huma, 700-750 m, 23.9.1995, Orno-Quercetum petraeae, soil;

Visoka Chuka, 1100 m, 20.6.1998, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, soil17,20;

near r. Slivka, 800, 12.7.2004, Fagetum, soil20; road to Asan Cheshma, 750-1350

m, 11.7.2004, beech forest, soil, exs. MAK 04/415120; Mala Rupa, 1000 m,

16.7.2004, mixed forest (Fagus, Pinus, Abies), soil20; Resa, 700-800 m,

14.7.2004, Quercetum, soil20; footpath to vill. Huma, 800, 5.10.1996, beech

forest, soil; Smrdliva Voda, 800, 24.10.2005, beech forest, soil; Fagetum, soil5,17;

way to Mala Rupa, 1000, 16.7.2004, mixed forest (Fagus, Pinus, Abies), soil,

exs. MAK 04/4152; between summer resort "Mihajlovo" and Cvrstec, 1250-1500,

13.7.2005, beech forest, soil; Bistra Mt., vicinity Mavrovo Lake, 1300-1400,

summer-fall 1998-1999, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, soil8,17; Mavrovo,

Bunec, experimantal plot, 1350-1400, 25.9.1998, Calamintho grandiflorae-

Fagetum, soil8,17; between vill. Lazaropole and vill. Tresonche, 1300, 12.7.2003,

Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, soil14,16,17; Mavrovo, Abies forest, soil17;

Belasica Mt., above vill. Bansko, 20.10.1996, Fagetum, soil; Ograzhden Mt., Suvi Laki, 1100-1300, 19.10.1996, beech-pine forest, soil; Galichica Mt., vill.

Oteshevo, 900, 9.11.2002, oak forest, soil20; Kichevo, between vill. Tuin and vill.

Popovjani, Shumjak, 800, 5.11.2002, oak forest, soil; Bigla Mt., 4.6.2005, oak

forest, soil, exs. MAK 05/5351; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., vill. Rashtak,

1.10.1998, oak forest, soil; Fagus forest, soil17; above vill. Chucher – Sandevo,

600, 6.10.1998, degaded oak forest (Querco-Carpinetum orientalis), soil;

Kumanovo, vill. Vince, 700-800, 27.10.2002, meadow, soil17,20; Osogovski Planini Mt., Ponikva, 1500-1600, 20.9.2001, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum,

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

soil, exs. MAK 01/80617,20; Ponikva, 13.6.2005, Fagus and Quercus forest, soil,

exs. MAK 05/1577; Kitka Mt., Preslap, 1000, 24.6.1994, deciduous forest

(Fagus, Carpinus betulus, Quercus cerris), soil; Krushevo, Fagus forest, soil17;

Jakupica Mt., Fagus forest, soil17; Preslap, 1000, Quercetum frainetto-cerridis,

soil, herb. Sy.4,5,17; Plachkovica Mt., Fagus forest, soil17; Shar Planina Mt., vill.

Gorno Jelovce, July 1998, beech forest, soil9,17; Nidze Mt., Chemerikata, 1640

m, July 2002, Pinetum sylvestris, soil, exs. MAK 02/88813; Karadzica Mt., oak

forest, soil17.

Pluteus cervinus var. cervinus P. Kumm.

(syn. Pluteus atricapillus (Batsch) Fayod)

Pelister Mt., from PTT resort to mountain house Kopanki, 1340-1610 m,

21.9.1983, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, soil15; vill. Malovishte, St. Ana

Monastery, 1200-1400 m, 22.7.1989, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, Fagus 6,7;

vill. Lavci, 800-900 m, 18.10.2004, mixed forest, rotten wood of Alnus sp., exs.

MAK 04/4993; around Kopanki, 1500-1700 m, 19.10.2005, Digitali viridiflorae-

Pinetum peuces with Fagus, soil; Jakupica Mt., 1300 m, 8.7.1999, Calamintho

grandiflorae-Fagetum, log of Fagus, exs. MAK 99/204710; vill. Gorno Vranovce,

8.11.1998, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, log of Fagus, exs. MAK 98/185720;

Fagus, herb. Sy.3,4,5; on Quercus, herb. Sy.3,4,5; Ograzhden Mt., Ezhovo Brdo,

1100-1300 m, 12.7.2000, mixed forest (Fagus, Pinus sylvestris and P. nigra),

rotten branches of Fagus, exs. MAK 00/146911; below Baltova Chuka, 1620 m,

20.7.2000, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, on Fagus11; Shar Planina Mt., r.

Ljubotenska Reka, 1400-1600 m, 17.7.1997, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum,

Fagus, exs. MAK 97/29629; r. Ljubotenska Reka, 1400-1600 m, 13.7.1997,

Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, on Fagus9; Ljuboten, 1500-1800 m, Fagetum

subalpinum serbicum, on Fagus; PRM; h. N.M.P. 490785; 490781; 4907571,5;

Bistra Mt., Mavrovo, Bunec, experimantal plot, 1350-1400, 25.9.1998,

Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, soil8; Karadzica Mt., Shashkovica, 1500-1600

m, 29.7.1997, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, on Fagus; Kichevo, between

vill. Tuin and vill. Popovjani, Shumjak, 800 m, 10.10.2002, oak forest, Quercus;

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

between vill. Tuin and vill. Popovjani, Shumjak, 800 m, 5.11.2002, oak forest

Quercus; near Skopje, Vodno, near vill. Krushopek, 800 m, 30.10.2004, at

roadsides, soil, exs. MAK 04/414719,20; Skopje, between vill. Ilinden and vill.

Jurumleri, 250 m, 22.4.1999, Populus nigra and Betula plantings, Populus, exs.

MAK 99/3930; Demir Kapija, Stojkova Chuka to Kaludjerska Chuka, 450-600 m,

21.5.2005, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis with Pinus plantings, root of

broadleaved tree; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., Preslap, 1280 m, Calamintho

grandiflorae-Fagetum, on Fagus5; Ramno, 1450-1500 m, Calamintho

grandiflorae-Fagetum, on Fagus5; Kozhuf Mt., on Fagus6; between summer

resort "Mihajlovo" and Cvrstec, 1250-1500 m, 13.7.2005, beech forest, rotten

wood of Fagus, exs. MAK 05/5019; Visoka Chuka, 1000 m, July 1998, Festruco

heterophyllae-Fagetum, on Fagus; Nidze Mt., Kopanki, 1400 m, 16.7.2002,

mixed forest (Pinus sulvestris, Abies, Populus tremula), soil, exs. MAK 02/567113.

Pluteus salicinus (Pers.) P. Kumm.

Jakupica Mt., Fagus, herb. Sy.3,4; Cheples, 1400-1500 m, 11.7.1999,

Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, stump of Fagus; exs. MAK 99/245017,18;

Ograzhden Mt., Ezhovo Brdo, 1100-1300 m, July 2000, mixed forest (Fagus,

Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris), rotten branches of Fagus17,18; Kozhuf Mt., between

summer resort "Mihajlovo" and Vasov Grad, 12.7.2005, mixed forest (Fagus,

Quercus, Pinus), on Fagus17,18; vill. Konjari, 1000 m, 13.10.2000, Festuco

heterophyllae-Fagetum, rotten wood of Fagus, exs. MAK 00/463417,18; Veles, vill.

Gorno Vranovci, 8.11.1998, Querco-Castanetum, Castanea, exs. MAK 98/4313;

Bistra Mt., dam Mavrovo, 1100-1300 m, 24.10.2000, beech forest Fagus, exs.

MAK 02/375920; Galichica Mt., Pljuska, 1000 m, 10.10.2001, Quercetum frainetto

cerris, soil, exs. MAK 01/85017,18.

Fam. Strophariaceae

Psilocybe coprophila (Bull.) P. Kumm.

Jakupica Mt., vill. Gorno Vranovce, 700-800 m, 8.11.1998, Festuco

heterophyllae-Fagetum, dung, exs. MAK 98/391917,18; Shar Planina Mt., Jelak,

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

1700-1800 m, 16.10.2000, Piceetum excelsae-subalpinum scardicum, dung, exs.

MAK 00/2732;

Psilocybe inquilina (Fr.) Bres.

(syn. Psilocybe muscorum (P.D. Orton))

Pelister Mt., above vill. Slivnica, 1050 m, 21.4.2002, Quercetum frainetto cerris,

soil, moss Rhacomitrium, exs. MAK 02/265617,18;

Psilocybe montana (Pers.) P. Kumm.

(syn. Psilocybe physaloides (Bull.) Quél.)

Pelister Mt., around Kopanki, 1600 m, 19.10.2005, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum

peuces, soil, exs. MAK 05/5321; between mountain house Kopanki and

Palisnopje, 1640-1540 m, 4.10.2001, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, soil,

exs. MAK 01/14315,17,18; Prespa Lake, Strict Nature Reserve "Ezerani", 850 m,

18.4.2002, meadow, soil, exs. MAK 02/265317,18;

Psilocybe phyllogena (Peck) Peck

(syn. Psilocybe rhombispora (Britzelm.) Sacc.)

Kozhuf Mt., Mihajlovo to Chvrstec, 1250-1500 m, 13.7.2005, beech forest,

leaves reminants, exs. MAK 05/5268; near r. Stara Reka, 18.7.2005, beech

forest, leaves remnants; around Mihajlovo, 1200 m, 12.7.2005, beech forest,

leaves remnants, exs. MAK 05/4942, revised by Gaston Guzman, Jablanica Mt.: from vill. Visni to vill. Gorna Belica, 15.06.2006, beech forest, leaves remnants,

exs. MAK 06/392; between vill. Gorna Belica and vill. Vevchani, 15.06.2006,

beech forest, leaves remnants, exs. MAK 06/2322;

Psilocybe subcoprophila (Britzelm.) Sacc.

Katlanovo, St. Jovan Veterski Monastery, 150-200 m, 23.10.2002, Juniperus

excelsa forest, dung, exs. MAK 02/287117,18;

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

Psilocybe subviscida var. velata Noordel. & Verduin

(syn. Psilocybe bullacea (Bull.Fr.) Kumm.)

Pelister Mt., around vill. Trnovo, 1200 m, 26.5.2002, Festuco heterophyllae-

Fagetum with Populus tremula, leaves reminants of Populus tremula 17,18; vill.

Rotino, 1050 m, 25.4.2002, Pinus peuce plantings, fallen branch of Pinus

peuce15,17,18; Prespa Lake, Strict Nature Reserve "Ezerani", 22.4.2002,

Salicetum, meadow, close to Salix purpurea, exs. MAK 02/265217,18; Strict Nature

Reserve "Ezerani", 21.4.2002, Salicetum, meadow, close to Salix purpurea, exs.

MAK 02/2664 17,18;

Stropharia coronilla (Bull.) Fr.

Bogdanci, 150 m, 12.12.2005, meadow in Querco coccifero-Carpinerum

orientalis, soil, Kozarnik, 200 m, 3.1.2006, meadow in Querco cocciferae-

Carpinetum orientalis, soil; Pelister Mt., between hotel "Molika" and mountain

house Kopanki, 1100 m, 26.4.2002, meadow with Juniperus communis and

Pinus peuce, sandy ground, pure soil, exs. MAK 02/250315,17,18; near Skopje,

Vodno, 750-1000 m, 16.10.2002, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis, soil, exs. MAK

02/280117,18; Vodno, near vill. Krushopek, 800 m, 28.10.2004, meadow, soil;

Vodno, near vill. Sopishte, 800 m, 4.12.2005, Pinus nigra plantings, soil; Vodno,

near vill. Krushopek, 11.10.2005, meadow, soil; Osogovski Planini Mt., vill.

Konopnica, 1200 m, 5.6.2003, Orno-Quercetum petraeae, soil20; vill. Konopnica,

1200 m, 5.6.2003, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, soil20; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., above vill. Chucher – Sandevo, 600 m, 6.10.1998, degaded oak forest

(Querco-Carpinetum orientalis), soil; vill. Brodec, 1000 m, 6.10.1998, Querco-

Carpinetum orientalis, soil; near vill. Ljubanci, Orlovac, 400 m, 21.10.2004,

meadow, soil; vill. Ljubanci, Zgurovci, 800 m, 2.10.2005, meadow, soil; Demir Kapija, vill. Miletkovo, 8.10.1998, meadow, soil; vill. Chiflik, October 2004,

meadow, soil; Bistra Mt., Mavrovo, Bunec, experimantal plot, 1350-1400 m,

September, 1998, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, soil8; Mavrovo, Bunec,

1100-1300 m, 24.10.2000, meadow, soil, exs. MAK 02/3749; Gevgelija, vill.

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

Stojakovo, 80 m, December 1993, meadow, soil18; Kozhuf Mt., vill. Konjari, 1100

m, October 2000, Fagus and Pinus nigra forest, dung18.

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Hygrocybe psittacina (Schaeff.) P. Kumm.

Karadzica Mt., mixed fir and beech forest, soil17; Jakupica Mt.: Babina Rupa,

1900-2000 m, 13.7.1999, mountain pasture, soil10; near the pick Solunska Glava,

2300-2400 m, 13.7.1999, mountain pasture, soil; exs. MAK 99/234310; near Skopje, Vodno, 800 m, 20.10.2002, Querco-carpinetum orientalis, soil, exs. MAK

01/288117; Vodno, 750-1000 m, 16.10.2002, Querco-carpinetum orientalis, soil,

exs. MAK 02/279217; Pelister Mt., around Palisnopje, 1500 m, 6.10.2001, Digitali

viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces with Fagus, soil, exs. MAK 01/3715; Kozhuf Mt., r.

Konjska Reka, 400 m, 20.5.2002, Juglando-Platanetum orientalis, soil, exs. MAK

02/263420.

Rickenella fibula (Bull.) Raithelh.

(syn. Gerronema fibula (Bull.) Singer)

Korab Mt., around Kepi Bard, 2600 m, 4.9.2005, high mountain pasture, wet

place soil, among mosses, exs. MAK 05/5085; Veles, vill. Gorno Vranovci,

7.11.1998, Querco-Castanetum, meadow, soil, exs. MAK 98/4326; Jakupica Mt., grassy places, soil, herb. Sy.4,5; vill. Gorno Vranovci, November 1998, meadow,

soil; r. Babuna, between vill. Teovo and r. Brezica, 300-350 m, 17.5.2003, at

roadsides, soil20; Pelister Mt., Caparska Preseka, 1300 m, 30.9.2002, Digitali

viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, soil, exs. MAK 02/357015; between mountain house

Kopanki and Palisnopje, 1640-1540 m, 4.10.2001, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum

peuces, soil, exs. MAK 01/15415,20;

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

LEGEND: 1Pilat & Lindtner (1939) 2Tortich (1968) 3Tortich Cekova (1975) 4Sylejmani (1980) 5Tortich (1988) 6Karadelev (1993) 7 Karadelev (1995) 8 Karadelev (2000) 9 Karadelev et al. (2002a) 10 Karadelev et al. (2002b) 11 Karadelev et al. (2002c) 12 Karadelev et al. (2002d) 13 Karadelev et al. (2002e) 14 Karadelev et al. (2003) 15 Karadelev, Kost & Rexer (2003) 16 Karadelev & Rusevska (2004a) 17 Karadelev et al. (2004b) 18 Karadelev & Spasikova. (2004c) 19 Rusevska & Karadelev (2004) 20 Karadelev & Spasikova (2004d)

MAK = Macedonian National Mycological collection (FUNGI MACEDONICI)

PRM = Collection of fungi at the National Museum in Prague, The Czech

Republic

ZA = Collection of fungi at the Botanical department, Faculty of science, Zagreb,

Croatia

herb. Sy. = private herbarium of Sami Sylejmani

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

DISCUSSION

For the past several years, the hallucinogenic fungi in the Republic of Macedonia

have been collected and observed, and completely reviewed for the first time in

Karadelev & Spasikova (2004c). In the past reviews, as well as in this one, the

authors have made attempts to draft a final list of hallucinogenic species of fungi,

relying to several sources (Guzman 1983; Koike & al. 1981; Ohenoja & al. 1987;

Stamets 1996, Guzman Allen & Gartz, 2000; Guzman, 2005). As it appeared,

this was not at all simple. Many of the sources mentioned are contradictory to

one another, bringing confusion about the actual hallucinogenic properties of

some species. However, in this paper, we emphasize the ecology and

distribution of these fungi in the Republic of Macedonia, not their chemical

composition.

Considering the fact that this group of fungi has been investigated mainly through

systematic investigation of fungi in the Republic of Macedonia, the localities

where these fungi have been found have not been visited regularly and not by

identical number of times. As the aspect of macrofungi changes with the

seasons, it is obvious that the frequency and quantity of these species should be

established by more intensive research.

A total number of 30 species of fungi were recorded. These fungi belong to 12

genera, from which, three species belong to Ascomycota (Claviceps purpurea,

Elaphomyces granulatus, E. reticulatus), while the rest of the species belong to

Basidiomycota, where only Vascellum pratense belongs to the class

Gasteromycetes, the others belong to the class Basidiomycetes. Among these

species, the genus Panaeolus is presented with the largest number of species,

total of 10 species, while the other genera are presented with less

representatives, as follows: Psilocybe (6), Amanita (3), Elaphomyces,

Gymnopilus and Pluteus (2 species each), while the genera Claviceps,

Stropharia, Higrocybe, Psathyrella, Rickenella and Vascellum are presented with

1 species each. According to our investigations and previously published data,

the most frequent of these species are Amanita muscaria var. muscaria, A.

pantherina and Pluteus cervinus var. cervinus, while the species Amanita

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

muscaria var. regalis, Elaphomyces granulatus, Gymnopilus junonius, G.

sapineus, Panaeolus ater, P. acuminatus, P. fimicola, P. olivaceus, P. reticulatus,

P. inquilina and P.subcoprophila have occurred at only one locality each in the

Republic of Macedonia.

The following species are lignicolous: Gymnopilus junonius (Quercus, Fagus),

Gymnopilus sapineus (Pinus peuce), Pluteus cervinus var. cervinus (Fagus,

Quercus, Alnus, Populus, root of broadleaved tree), Pluteus salicinus (Fagus,

Castanea), Psathyrella candolleana (Fagus), Psilocybe phyllogena (leaves

reminants of Fagus), Psilocybe subviscida var. velata (P. peuce, Populus

tremula); the following species are terricolous: Amanita muscaria var. muscaria,

A. muscaria var. regalis, A. pantherina, Hygrocybe psittacina, Panaeolus

acuminatus, Panaeolus ater, Panaeolus fimicola, Panaeolus campanulatus,

Panaeolus olivaceus, Panaeolus reticulatus, Panaeolus subbalteatus, Psilocybe

montana, Psilocybe inquilina, Rickenella fibula, Stropharia coronilla and

Vascellum pratense; while the species Panaeolus ater, Panaeolus fimicola,

Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus, Panaeolus semiovatus var.

semiovatus, Panaeolus sphinctrinus, Psilocybe coprophila and Psilocybe

subcoprophila were found growing on dung (coprophiluous). Two species were

found growing under soil (hypogeic) (Elaphomyces granulatus, E. reticulatus)

and Claviceps purpurea is a parasite on rye (Secale cereale L.).

These species were found in various forest associations, mostly beech:

Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum; oak:

Quercetum frainetto-cerris, Orno-Quercetum petraeae, Querco–Castanetum;

other deciduous forests: Juglando-Platanetum orientalis, Salicetum albae-

fragilis, Alnetum glutinosae; conifer: Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, Pinus

sylvestris plantings, Pinetum mughi silicicolum, Abieti-Fagetum, forest of Pinus

nigra, Gentiano luteaea-Pinetum peuces abietetosum, Pinetum sylvestris, Abieti-

Piceetum scardicum, Piceetum excelsae-subalpinum scardicum, Juniperus

excelsa forest; mixed deciduous and conifers forests: Fagus and Pinus nigra;

Abieti-Fagetum; Populus nigra and Betula plantings, etc., as well as at

roadsides, Osmunda regalis stands, meadows and mountain pastures.

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

The species Panaeolus ater, Panaeolus fimicola, Panaeolus olivaceus,

Panaeolus reticulates and Amanita muscaria var. regalis are new data for the

Republic of Macedonia.

The most of the species cause the psilocin – psilocybin syndrome (23), while

only three (the three species of the genus Amanita) cause the muscarine

syndrome, Claviceps purpurea causes the ergotism and Elaphomyces

granulatus, E. reticulatus and Vascellum pretense belong to the group of fungi

used in sacred rituals. According to some sources, some of these fungi are with

questioned hallucinogenic properties. In this paper are taken into consideration

all fungi about which the authors have found literature data for their

hallucinogenic properties, including Internet sources.

CONCLUSION Total number of 30 species are provided here. These species belong to the

genera Claviceps, Elaphomyces, Panaeolus, Psathyrella, Gymnopilus, Amanita,

Pluteus, Psilocybe, Stropharia, Hygrocybe, Mycena, Rickenella and Vascellum.

The species Amanita muscaria var. muscaria, A. pantherina and Pluteus

cervinus var. cervinus are most frequent, while the species Amanita muscaria

var. regalis, Elaphomyces granulatus, Gymnopilus junonius, G. sapineus,

Panaeolus ater, P. acuminatus, P. fimicola, P. olivaceus, P. reticulatus, Psilocybe

phyllogena, P. inquilina and P.subcoprophila have occurred very seldom in the

Republic of Macedonia. These species are tericolous, lignicolous, coprophilous,

hypogeic and parasites. The list provides the distribution of these species in the

Republic of Macedonia, where a large number of new localities are presented,

while 5 species are new for the Republic of Macedonia.

Address: 1 Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics

Arhimedova 5, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, The Republic of Macedonia

mitkok@iunona.pmf.ukim.edu.mk

Second Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in R. Macedonia

2 Macedonian Mycological Society

Arhimedova 5, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, The Republic of Macedonia

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