2G Mobile Communication Systems - tu- · PDF file2G Mobile Communication Systems ......

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2G Mobile Communication Systems 2G Review: GSM Services Architecture Protocols Call setup Mobility management Security HSCSD GPRS EDGE

Transcript of 2G Mobile Communication Systems - tu- · PDF file2G Mobile Communication Systems ......

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2G Mobile Communication Systems

2G Review: GSM

Services

Architecture

Protocols

Call setup

Mobility management

Security

HSCSD

GPRS

EDGE

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Cellular Communication Systems 2Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)

Definition:

a network established and operated by an administration to provide land-based mobile telecommunications services to the public

a PLMN may be regarded as an extension of a network (e.g. an ISDN)

a PLMN consists of a collection of areas within a common numbering plan (e.g. same National Destination Code) and a common routing plan

PLMNs are independent telecommunication entities

Source: 3GPP 23.002-5.5.0

o

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Cellular Communication Systems 3Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

GSM: Mobile Services

GSM offers

several types of communications

voice connections

data connections

short message service

multi-service options (combination of basic services)

Three service domains (a “mobile” model of ISDN)

Bearer Services (E2E data, L3 SAP)

Teleservices (application-specific)

Supplementary Services

GSM-PLMN

transit

network

(PSTN, ISDN)

source/

destination

network

TE TE

R, S (U, S, R)Um

MT

MS

PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network

MS: Mobile Station

MT: Mobile Termination (radio-specific part)

TE: Terminal

bearer services

teleservices

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Cellular Communication Systems 4Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Bearer Services

Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points

Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)

Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)

data service (circuit switched)

synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s

asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s

data service (packet switched) –> superseded by GPRS

synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s

asynchronous: 300 - 9600 bit/s

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Cellular Communication Systems 5Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Teleservices

Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones

mobile telephonyprimary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering nearly ISDN quality (bandwidth of 7 kHz);

Today: Fullrate codec (FR–13kb/s), halfrate (HR-5.6kb/s), Enhanced Fullrate (EFR-12.2kb/s)

emergency numbercommon number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all service providers; free of charge; connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)

multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible

Non-Voice Teleservices

group 3 fax

voice mailbox (implemented in the GSM network)

Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal using the signaling channel, thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS

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Cellular Communication Systems 6Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Supplementary services

Services in addition to the basic services

cannot be offered stand-alone

similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link

may differ between different service providers, countries and protocol

versions

Important services

call forwarding

identification: forwarding of caller number

suppression of number forwarding (CLIP, CLIR)

automatic call-back

conferencing with up to 7 participants

locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)

...

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Cellular Communication Systems 7Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country

GSM system comprises 3 subsystems

RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects

MS (mobile station)

BSS (base station subsystem) or GSM RAN (radio access network)

BTS (base transeiver station)

BSC (base station controller)

NSS (network and switching subsystem):

call forwarding, handover, switching

MSC (mobile services switching center)

LR (location register): HLR and VLR

OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network

AuC (authentication centre)

EIR (equipment identity register)

OMC (operation and maintenance centre)

CN (core network)

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Cellular Communication Systems 8Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

GSM: overview

fixed network

BSC

BSC

MSC MSC

GMSC

OMC, EIR,

AUC

VLR

HLR

NSS

with OSS

RSS

VLR

BTS BTSBTS BSC: n:1 (tree)BSC MSC: n:1 (tree)MSC – VLR: 1:1MSC – MSC: meshed network

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Cellular Communication Systems 9Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

GSM: elements and interfaces

NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN, PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O

Um Interface (MS and BTS):radio, air interface

Abis Interface (BTS and BSC)

Interfaces B,...,H within NSS (between MSC, VLR and HLR)

A Interface (BSC and MSC)

o

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Cellular Communication Systems 10Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Radio subsystem

The Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centers

Components

Base Station Subsystem (BSS) or RAN

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

radio components including sender, receiver, antenna

one BTS can cover several cells

Base Station Controller (BSC)

switching between BTSs,

controlling BTSs,

managing of network resources,

mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)

BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection

Mobile Stations (MS)

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Cellular Communication Systems 11Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller

Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTS

BTS comprises radio specific functions of lower layers (PHY, MAC)

BSC manages and controls the radio channels in the BTS and terrestrial

channels to BTS and MSC

Design Principle: “central intelligence” = BSC, “dumb radio station” = BTS

Functions BTS BSC

Management of radio channels X

Frequency hopping (FH) X X

Management of terrestrial channels X

Mapping of terrestrial onto radio channels X

Channel coding and decoding X

Rate adaptation X

Encryption and decryption X X

Paging X X

Uplink signal measurements X

Traffic measurement X

Authentication X

Location registry, location update X

Handover management X

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Cellular Communication Systems 12Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

possible radio coverage of the cell

idealized shape of the cellcell

segmentation of the area into cells

GSM: cellular network

use of several carrier frequencies

not the same frequency in neighboring cells

cell radius varies from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density, geography, transceiver power etc.

hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on geography)

if a mobile user changes cells-> handover of the connection to the neighbor cell

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Cellular Communication Systems 13Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

GSM: Air Interface

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) / FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

123124. . .

890 MHz 915 MHz

123124. . .

935 MHz 960 MHz

200 kHz

Uplink Downlink

frequency

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

time

Downlink

87654321

4,615 ms

= 1250 bit

Uplink

87654321

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Cellular Communication Systems 14Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

FramingModulation

(GMSK)

GSM: Voice Coding

Voice codingChannelcoding

FramingModulation

(GMSK)

114 bit/slot114 + 42 bit

Guard (8.25 bits): avoid overlap with other time slots (different time offset of neighboring slot)

Training sequence: select the best radio path in the receiver and train equalizer

Tail: needed to enhance receiver performance

Flag S: indication for user data or control data

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

GSM TDMA frame

GSM time-slot (normal burst)

4.615 ms

546.5 µs577 µs

tail user data TrainingSguard

space S user data tailguard

space

3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3

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Cellular Communication Systems 17Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Network and switching subsystem (NSS)

NSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM

switching, mobility management, interconnection to other networks, system control

Components

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC - several BSC can belong to a MSC

Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)

Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data, permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR

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Cellular Communication Systems 18Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Operation subsystem

The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation,

management, and maintenance of all GSM subsystems

Components

Authentication Center (AUC)

generates user-specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR

authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals

and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

registers GSM mobile stations and user rights

stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes

even localized

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network

subsystem

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Basic Functions in GSM Systems

Connection Setup

Handover

Location management

Roaming

Authentication

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Cellular Communication Systems 20Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Connection Setup & Radio Resource Assignment

BSBSC MSC

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Cellular Communication Systems 21Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Mobile Terminated Call (MTC)

PSTNcalling

stationGMSC

HLR VLR

BSSBSSBSS

MSC

MS

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8 9

10

11 12

13

1610 10

11 11 11

14 15

17

1: calling a GSM subscriber

2: forwarding call to GMSC

3: signal call setup to HLR

4, 5: request MSRN from VLR

6: forward responsible MSC to GMSC

7: forward call to

current MSC

8, 9: get current status of MS

10, 11: paging of MS

12, 13: MS answers

14, 15: security checks

16, 17: set up connection

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Cellular Communication Systems 22Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Mobile Originated Call (MOC)

PSTN GMSC

VLR

BSS

MSC

MS1

2

6 5

3 4

9

10

7 8

1, 2: connection request

3, 4: security check

5-8: check resources (free circuit)

9-10: set up call

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Cellular Communication Systems 23Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Handover

The problem:

Change the cell while communicating

Reasons for handover:

Quality of radio link deteriorates

Communication in other cell requires less radio resources

Supported radius is exceeded (e.g. Timing advance in GSM)

Overload in current cell

Maintenance

Lin

k q

ualit

y

Link to cell 1 Link to cell 2 time

cell 1

cell 2

Handover margin (avoid ping-pong effect)

cell 1 cell 2

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Cellular Communication Systems 24Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

4 types of handover

(Anchor)

MSCMSC

BSC BSCBSC

BTS BTS BTSBTS

MS MS MS MS

12 3 4

• intra-cell handover: within same BTS, handled by BSC

• inter-cell handover/intra BSS: within same BSS, handled by BSC

• inter-cell handover/inter BSS: between BSCs at the same MSC

• inter-cell handover/inter MSC: between BSCs of different MSCs

(Anchor MSC: the initial MSC, which started the connection, keeps control)

GMSC

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Cellular Communication Systems 25Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

X

BSBS

Before

X

BSBS

During

X

BSBS

After

GSM: Handover Principle

“Hard” handover, “make before break” Mobile assisted handoff/handover (MOHA):

MS sends regular measurement reports to network (own cell, neighbor cells, every 480 ms) Network (old BSC) decides upon handover (when, target cell) Network (old BSC) sets up new communication path Network (old BSC) instructs the MS to execute handover

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Cellular Communication Systems 26Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Handover procedure (change of BSC)

HO access

BTSold BSCnew

measurement

result

BSCold

Link establishment

MSCMS

measurement

report

HO decision

HO required

BTSnew

HO request

resource allocation

ch. activation

ch. activation ackHO request ack

HO commandHO command

HO command

HO completeHO complete

clear commandclear command

clear completeclear complete

„Make-before-break“ strategy

make

break

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Cellular Communication Systems 27Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

Security in GSM

Security service

System was designed with a moderate level of security to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response.

access control/authentication user SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): secret PIN (personal identification

number)

SIM network: challenge response method

no authentication of network!

confidentiality

voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)

anonymity

temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)

newly assigned at each new location update

encrypted transmission

3 algorithms specified in GSM

A3 for authentication (“secret”, open interface)

A5 for encryption (standardized)

A8 for key generation (“secret”, open interface)

“secret”:

• A3 and A8

available in the

Internet

• network providers

can use stronger

mechanisms

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Cellular Communication Systems 28Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

GSM - authentication

A3

RANDKi

128 bit 128 bit

RAND

SRES* =? SRES

A3

RAND Ki

128 bit 128 bit

SRES 32 bit

SRES

Authentication Request (RAND)

Authentication Response (SRES 32 bit)

mobile network

AuC

MSC

SIM

Ki: individual subscriber authentication key SRES: signed response

SRES* 32 bit

Challenge-Response:• Authentication center provides RAND to Mobile

• AuC generates SRES using Ki of subscriber and

RAND via A3

• Mobile (SIM) generates SRES using Ki and RAND

• Mobile transmits SRES to network (MSC)

• network (MSC) compares received SRES with one

generated by AuC

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Cellular Communication Systems 29Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

GSM - key generation and encryption

A8

RANDKi

128 bit 128 bit

Kc

64 bit

A8

RAND Ki

128 bit 128 bit

SRES

RAND

encrypted

data

mobile network (BTS)

MS with SIM

AuC

BTS

SIM

A5

Kc

64 bit

A5

MS

data data

cipher

key

Ciphering:• Data sent on air interface ciphered for security• A8 algorithm used to generate cipher key• A5 algorithm used to cipher/decipher data• Ciphering Key is never transmitted on air

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Cellular Communication Systems 30Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

2G+: GSM Evolution

Limits of GSM

limited capacity at the air interface:

data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s

advanced coding allows 14,4 kbit/s

not enough for web browsing and multimedia applications

=> EDGE

inappropriateness for bursty and non-symmetrical data traffic

=> GPRS

Extensions

HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution)

EGPRS (EDGE und GPRS)

GERAN (GSM Interface to UMTS)

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Cellular Communication Systems 31Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)

continuous use of multiple time slots for a single user

(on a single carrier frequency)

asynchronous allocation of time slots between DL and UL

gain: net data rate up to 115,2 kbps (allocation of all 8 traffic channels)

mainly software update

additional HW needed if more than 3 slots are used

Uplink

Downlink

71 2 3 84 5 6 1 2

71 2 3 84 5 6 1 2

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Cellular Communication Systems 32Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

Introducing packet switching in the network

Using shared radio channels for packet transmission over the air:

multiplexing multiple MS on one time slot

flexible (also multiple) allocation of timeslots to MS (scheduling by PCU Packet Control Unit in BSC or BTS)

using free slots only if data packets are ready to send (e.g., 115 kbit/s using 8 slots temporarily)

standardization 1998, introduction 2001

advantage: first step towards flexible data services

carrierTS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Multiplexing Multislot capability

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Cellular Communication Systems 33Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

connection-orientedpacket switched core

GPRS architecture and interfaces

MS BSS GGSNSGSN

MSC

Um

EIR

HLR/

GR

VLR

PDN /

Internet

Gb Gn Gi

SGSN

Gn

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Cellular Communication Systems 34Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)

Enhanced spectral efficiency depends on:

Size of frequency band

Duration of usage

Level of interference with others (power)

EDGE Technology:

EDGE can carry data speeds up to 236.8 kbit/s for 4 timeslots (theoretical maximum is 473.6 kbit/s for 8 timeslots)

Adaptation of modulation depending

on quality of radio path GMSK (GSM standard – 1 bit per symbol)

8-PSK (3 bits per symbol)

Adaptation of coding scheme (redundancy) depending

on quality of radio path (9 coding schemes)

Gain: data rate (gross) up to 69,2 kbps (compare to22.8 kbps for GSM)

complex extension of GSM!

NodeB

UE 1

UE 2

Near-far problem

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Cellular Communication Systems 35Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS

GSM

RAN

Base station

Base stationcontroller

Base station

Base station

MSC

ISDN

GSM Core (Circuit switched)

HLRAuCEIR

GMSC

TransmissionATM based

GSM

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Cellular Communication Systems 36Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS

GPRS Core (PacketSwitched)

SGSN

GGSN

Inter-net

GSM

RAN

Base station

Base stationcontroller

Base station

Base station

MSC

ISDN

GSM Core (Circuit switched)

HLRAuCEIR

GMSC

TransmissionATM based

GSM+GPRS

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Cellular Communication Systems 37Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

2G to 3G Evolution: GSM – GPRS - UMTS R99

GPRS Core (PacketSwitched)

SGSN

GGSN

Inter-net

GSM

RAN

Base station

Base stationcontroller

Base station

Base station

UTRAN

Radio networkcontroller

Base station Base station

Base station

MSC

ISDN

GSM Core (Circuit switched)

HLRAuCEIR

GMSC

TransmissionATM based

GSM+GPRS+UMTS R99

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Cellular Communication Systems 38Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS R5 - IMS

GPRS Core (PacketSwitched)

SGSN

GGSN

Inter-net

GSM

RAN

Base station

Base stationcontroller

Base station

Base station

UTRAN

Radio networkcontroller

Base station Base station

Base station

TransmissionIP based

3G Core

GERAN

GERAN + UMTS R5 + IMS

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Cellular Communication Systems 39Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim Oct-16

References

Jochen Schiller: Mobile Communications (German and English), Addison-Wesley, 2000

(most of the material covered in this chapter is based on the book)

Michel Mouly, Marie-Bernadette Pautet: The GSM System for Mobile Communications. Telecom Pub, Juni 1992

Jörg Eberspaecher, u. a.: GSM Switching, Services and Protocols. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2001

Siegmund Redl, u. a.: GSM and Personal Communications Handbook. Artech House, 1998

Gunnar Heine: GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation. Artech House Mobile Communications Library. Artech House Publishers, 1998