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Transcript of 2a; cells
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Lecture 2a:Cells
Lecture 2a:Cells
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Plasma Membrane
Forms the boundary of the cell
It is the ‘gatekeeper’ for the cell
Here is a simple bilayer
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Plasma Membrane
There are proteins imbedded in the membrane - these are the keymasters
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Membrane ProteinsThere are several different functions that the membrane proteins perform for the cell - write in the definitions!
Channel
Transport
Recognition
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Membrane Proteins
There are several different functions that the membrane proteins perform for the cell - write in the definitions!
Receptor
Signal molecule
Enzymatic
Junction
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Eukaryotic Cells
Have a membrane-bound nucleus
Organelles
The ‘organs’ of the cell- the organelles concentrate the molecules needed for various functions in one place
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NucleusNucleus: where the DNA is, the CEO of the cell
Chromatin: ‘uncoiled’ DNA- long strands of DNA, what condenses into chromosomes during cell division
Some RNA and protein are in chromatin too
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Nucleus and RibosomesMessenger RNA (mRNA) takes the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes
mRNA is made in the nucleus
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of the ribosomes
rRNA is made in the nucleolus
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Nucleus
The nucleus has a double membrane- the nuclear envelope, with pores that allow various RNA/ proteins in and out.
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Anatomy of the Nucleus
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Ribosomes
The site of protein synthesis - receives mRNA from nucleus
Has two subunits: large and small
Some free-floating, some attached to endoplasmic reticulum
Proteins made on ER move inside it; where finalization takes place
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Endomembrane System
The membranous parts of the cell that help to organize it
Includes: nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi appratus, vesicles
Vesicle: membranous sac
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Endoplasmic ReticulumThe factory of the cell
Rough ER: Makes proteins, studded with ribosomes
Smooth ER: makes lipids, specific to cell type
ex: smooth ER in testes makes testosterone
Both make transport vesicles
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Golgi Apparatus
It is the transport station of the cell
Receives transport vesicles from ER
Modifies proteins or lipids
Sorts and organizes products for shipment, either to cytoplasm or out of the cell
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Lysosomes
The body’s recycling plant
Specialized vesicles that digest waste or unused molecules or cell parts
Contain enzymes
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Vacuoles
Super-size vesicles with specialized functions
Water in plant cells
Color, toxins in plant cells
Fat cells store lipids in vaculoles
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Energy Organelles
Chloroplasts: plants
Mitochondria: plants and animals
Things common to both:
Bound by double membrane, then another membrane inside
Have their own DNA and ribosomes; theory is that they are derived from bacteria that invaded eukaryotic cells
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts: Where plants do their magic! - Turn sunlight into glucose
This is photosynthesis
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Chloroplasts
Parts to know:
Stroma: Inner space - Where enzymes that make glucose are
Thylakoids: disklike sacs, which when stacked together are called
Granum - this is where pigments capture sunlight
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MitochondriaVery small- but very important!
Make ATP, the energy molecule, via
Cellular Respiration
Can move from place to place as needed
adenosine triphosphate: ATP
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Mitochondria
Parts to know:
Matrix: inner area, contains enzymes to break down carbohydrates
Cristae: highly folded inner membrane
Where ATP is actually made
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Structure and MotionCytoskeleton: provides structure
Microtubules: small hollow cylinders
Provide structure and pathways
Intermediate filaments
Support between nucleus and membrane
Actin Filaments
Form a web inside membrane
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Structure and Motion
Motor Proteins
Three proteins used: myosin, kinesin, dynein
Myosin moves entire cell in some way
Others attach with organelles to move them around the cell
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Structure and Motion
Cilia and Flagella
Used to move the entire cell around
Single-celled organisms
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The Outer Layer
Cell Wall
All plant cells have this - where the cellulose is
Gives the plant its strength, both through structure and by joining to other cells
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The Outer Layer
Extracellular Matrix
In animal cells, Provides stucture to animal
Where you find collagen and elastin
Can be very strong or rather weak, depending on the tissue
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The Outer LayerJunctions
Adhesion: Creates sturdy but flexible sheet of cells - like in the bladder
Tight: plasma membranes attach to each other - cells that are barriers
Gap: allows cells to communicate, it is the joining of two identical membrane channels - what allows heart cells to contract as one unit