29 Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally Sound Co Processing of Hazardous Wastes in Cement...

8/9/2019 29 Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally Sound Co Processing of Hazardous Wastes in Cement Kilns

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UNITED

NATIONS BC

UNEP/CHW.10/6/Add/3/Rev.1

Distr.: General11 November 2011

Oriinal: !nlis"

Conference of the Parties to the Basel Convention

on the Control of Transboundary Movements of

Hazardous Wastes andDear Their Dis!osal

Tenth meetin"

Cartaena# Colombia# 1$%21 O&tober 2011'tem 3 (b) (i) o* t"e +rovisional aenda#

Matters related to the im!lementation of the Convention$scientific and technical matters$ technical "uidelines

Technical "uidelines

Note by the secretariat

ddendum

Technical "uidelines on the environmentally sound

co%!rocessin" of hazardous &astes in cement 'ilnsAt its tent" meetin# t"e Con*eren&e o* t"e ,arties ado+ted# as amended# t"e te&"ni&al

-idelines on t"e environmentall so-nd manaement &o+ro&essin o* "aardo-s astes in &ementilns on t"e basis o* t"e dra*t &ontained in do&-ment N!,/CHW.10/6/Add.3# "i&" as +re+ared bt"e Government o* C"ile. 4"e te5t o* t"e *inal version o* t"e te&"ni&al -idelines is set o-t in t"eanne5 to t"e +resent do&-ment

N!,/CHW.10/1.

711$3819 161211


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UNEP(CHW)*+(,(dd)-(.ev)*

nne/

Technical "uidelines on the environmentally sound co%!rocessin" of

hazardous &astes in cement 'ilns

.evised final version 0-* 1ctober 2+**3

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Contents

'. 'ntrod-&tion...................................................................................................................................8

A. &o+e..................................................................................................................................8;. Overvie o* &ement man-*a&t-rin...................................................................................8C. Co+ro&essin o* "aardo-s aste in &ement ilns.........................................................10

''. Relevant +rovisions o* t"e ;asel Convention and 'nternational


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2. !missions monitorin...........................................................................................91

3. !nvironmental monitorin....................................................................................929. Re+ortin re>-irements........................................................................................93

'. Re*eren&es...................................................................................................................................93

nne/es

Anne5 ': Com+ilation o* +er*orman&e veri*i&ation and trial b-rns res-lts in &ement ilns(Dr. 7are Hele 7arstensen# +ersonal &omm-ni&ation# November 6# 2008)......... ...... .9B

Anne5 '': o-r&es o* air emissions....................................................................................... .........?2

4


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5lossary

""re"ates: ,arti&-late materials -sed in &onstr-&tion s-&" as sand# ravel# &r-s"ed stone and &r-s"edsla.

l'ali by!ass: A d-&t lo&ated beteen t"e *eed end o* t"e iln and t"e +re"eater toer. A +ortion o*t"e iln e5it as is it"dran t"ro-" t"is and >-i&l &ooled b air or ater to avoid e5&essive alali#&"loride and s-l+"-r b-ild-+ on t"e ra *eed. 4"is is also non as iln e5"a-st as b+ass.

lternative fuels and ra& materials 06.3: 'n+-ts to &liner +rod-&tion derived *rom aste streamst"at &ontrib-te ener and/or ra material.

lternative fuels: Wastes it" re&overable ener val-e# -sed as *-els in a &ement iln# re+la&in a+ortion o* &onventional *ossil *-els s-&" as &oal. Ot"er terms in&l-de: se&ondar# s-bstit-te or astederived *-els.

lternative ra& materials: Waste materials &ontainin -seable minerals s-&" as &al&i-m# sili&a#al-mina and iron# "i&" &an be -sed in t"e iln to re+la&e ra materials s-&" as &la# s"ale andlimestone. Also non as se&ondar or s-bstit-te ra materials.

Best available techni7ues 0BT3: 4"e most e**e&tive met"ods o* red-&in emissions and t"e im+a&ton t"e environment as a "ole.

By!ass dust: D-st dis&arded *rom t"e b+ass sstems o* t"e s-s+ension +re"eater# +re&al&iner andrate +re"eater ilns# &onsistin o* *-ll &al&ined# iln *eed material.

Calcination: Heatind-&ed removal# or loss o* &"emi&allbo-nd volatiles ot"er t"an ater. 'n &ementman-*a&t-re t"is is t"e t"ermal de&om+osition o* &al&ite (&al&i-m &arbonate) and ot"er &arbonateminerals t"at ives a metalli& o5ide (mainl CaO) +l-s &arbon dio5ide.

Cement 'iln dust 0C8D3: 4"e *inerained# solid# "i"l alaline material removed *rom &ement ilne5"a-st as b air +oll-tion &ontrol devi&es. @-&" o* t"e C7D material is -nrea&ted ra material#in&l-din ra mi5 at vario-s staes o* b-rnin and +arti&les o* &liner. 4"e term &an be -sed to denote

an d-st *rom &ement ilns# s-&" as t"at &omin *rom b+ass sstems.

Cement: inel ro-nd inorani& material t"at# "en mi5ed it" ater# *orms a +aste t"at sets and"ardens b means o* "dration rea&tions and +ro&esses and t"at# a*ter "ardenin# retains its strent"

and stabilit -nder ater.

Clin'erin": 4"e t"ermo&"emi&al *ormation o* &liner minerals# es+e&iall to t"ose rea&tionso&&-rrin above abo-t 1#300 CE also t"e one in t"e iln "ere t"is o&&-rs. Also non as sinterin

or b-rnin.

Co%incineration !lant: nder Dire&tive 2000/$6/!C o* t"e !-ro+ean ,arliament and o* t"e Co-n&il#an stationar or mobile +lant "ose main +-r+ose is t"e eneration o* ener or t"e +rod-&tion o*

material +rod-&ts and "i&" -ses astes as a re-lar or additional *-elE or in "i&" aste is t"ermalltreated *or t"e +-r+ose o* dis+osal. '* &oin&ineration taes +la&e in s-&" a a t"at t"e main +-r+oseo* t"e +lant is not t"e eneration o* ener or +rod-&tion o* material +rod-&ts b-t rat"er t"e t"ermaltreatment o* aste# t"e +lant s"all be rearded as an in&ineration +lant.

Co%!rocessin": 4"e -se o* s-itable aste materials in man-*a&t-rin +ro&esses *or t"e +-r+ose o*ener and/or reso-r&e re&over and res-ltant red-&tion in t"e -se o* &onventional *-els and/or ra

materials t"ro-" s-bstit-tion.

Destruction and removal efficiency 0D.E3: !**i&ien& in destr-&tion and removal o* a iven orani&&om+o-nd. @at"emati&all# DR! is &al&-lated as *ollos:

DR! F (Win% Wo-t sta&)/Win 100

"ere Winis t"e mass *eed rate o* one +rin&i+al orani& "aardo-s &onstit-ent (,OHC) in t"e astestream *ed to t"e iln# and Wo-t sta&is t"e mass emission rate o* t"e same ,OHC in t"e e5"a-stemissions +rior to release to t"e atmos+"ere.

Destruction efficiency 0DE3: A meas-re o* t"e +er&entae o* a iven orani& &om+o-nd t"at isdestroed b t"e &omb-stion +ro&ess. @at"emati&all# D! is &al&-lated as *ollos:

D! F (Win% Wo-t &omb-stion &"amber)/Win 100

"ere Winis t"e mass *eed rate o* one +rin&i+al orani& "aardo-s &onstit-ent (,OHC) in t"e astestream *ed to t"e iln# and Wo-t &omb-stion &"amberis t"e mass emission rate o* t"e same ,OHC leavin t"e

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iln (-+stream o* all air +oll-tion &ontrol e>-i+ment). 4"e D! re+resents t"e *ra&tion o* t"e orani&s

enterin a iln# "i&" is a&t-all destroedE t"e DR! re+resents t"e *ra&tion o* t"e orani&s enterin ailn and emitted *rom t"e sta& to t"e atmos+"ere.

Dry !rocess: ,ro&ess te&"nolo *or &ement +rod-&tion. 'n t"e dr +ro&ess# t"e ra materials enter t"e

&ement iln in a dr &ondition a*ter bein ro-nd to a *ine +oder &alled t"e ra meal. 4"e dr+ro&ess &ons-mes less ener t"an t"e et +ro&ess# "ere ater is added to t"e ra materials d-rinrindin to *orm sl-rr.

Emissions testin": @an-al &olle&tion o* sta& as sam+les# *olloed b &"emi&al analsis todetermine +oll-tant &on&entrations.

Heatin" 0calorific3 value: 4"e "eat +er -nit mass +rod-&ed b &om+lete &omb-stion o* a iven

s-bstan&e. Calori*i& val-es are -sed to e5+ress t"e ener val-es o* *-els# -s-all e5+ressed inmeaIo-les +er iloram (@J/).

Hi"her heatin" 0calorific3 value 0HH:3: @a5im-m amo-nt o* ener t"at &an be obtained *rom t"e

&omb-stion o* a *-el# in&l-din t"e ener released "en t"e steam +rod-&ed d-rin &omb-stion is&ondensed. Also &alled t"e ross "eat val-e.

8iln line: 4"e +art o* t"e &ement +lant t"at man-*a&t-res &linerE &om+rises t"e iln itsel*# an

+re"eaters and +re&al&iners and t"e &liner &ooler a++arat-s.

8iln: 4"e "eatin a++arat-s in a &ement +lant *or man-*a&t-rin &liner. nless ot"erise s+e&i*ied# it

ma be ass-med to re*er to a rotar iln.;o&er heatin" 0calorific3 value 0;H:3: 4"e "i"er "eatin val-e less t"e latent "eat o* va+oriationo* t"e ater va+o-r *ormed b t"e &omb-stion o* t"e "droen in t"e *-el. Also &alled t"e net "eatval-e.

Precalciner: A iln line a++arat-s# -s-all &ombined it" a +re"eater# in "i&" +artial to almost&om+lete &al&ination o* &arbonate minerals is a&"ieved a"ead o* t"e iln itsel*# and "i&" maes -se o*a se+arate "eat so-r&e. A +re&al&iner red-&es *-el &ons-m+tion in t"e iln# and allos t"e iln to bes"orter# as it no loner "as to +er*orm t"e *-ll &al&ination *-n&tion.

Preheater: An a++arat-s *or "eatin t"e ra mi5 be*ore it rea&"es t"e dr iln itsel*. 'n modern drilns# t"e +re"eater is &ommonl &ombined it" a +re&al&iner. ,re"eaters -se "ot e5it ases *rom t"eiln as t"eir "eat so-r&e.

Pre%!rocessin": Alternative *-els and/or ra materials not "avin -ni*orm &"ara&teristi&s m-st be+re+ared *rom di**erent aste streams be*ore bein -sed as s-&" in a &ement +lant. 4"e +re+aration+ro&ess# or +re+ro&essin# is needed to +rod-&e a aste stream t"at &om+lies it" t"e te&"ni&al and

administrative s+e&i*i&ations o* &ement +rod-&tion and to -arantee t"at environmental standards aremet.

Pyro!rocess system: 'n&l-des t"e iln# &ooler# and *-els &omb-stion e>-i+ment.

.a& mi/(meal(feed: 4"e &r-s"ed# ro-nd# +ro+ortioned# and t"oro-"l mi5ed ra material*eed tot"e iln line.

.ecovery: An o+eration "ere aste is servin a -se*-l +-r+ose b re+la&in ot"er materials t"ato-ld ot"erise "ave been -sed to *-l*il a +arti&-lar *-n&tion# or aste bein +re+ared to *-l*il t"at*-n&tion# in t"e +lant or in t"e ider e&onom.

.otary 'iln: A iln &onsistin o* a entl in&lined# rotatin steel t-be lined it" re*ra&tor bri&. 4"eiln is *ed it" ra materials at its -++er end and "eated b *lame *rom# mainl# t"e loer end# "i&"is also t"e e5it end *or t"e +rod-&t (&liner).

Trial burn: !missions testin +er*ormed *or demonstratin &om+lian&e it" t"e destr-&tion andremoval e**i&ien& (DR!) and destr-&tion e**i&ien& (D!) +er*orman&e standards and re-latoremission limitsE is -sed as t"e basis *or establis"in alloable o+eratin limits.

:ertical shaft 'iln 0:


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bbreviations and acronyms

ACG'H Ameri&an Con*eren&e o* Governmental 'nd-strial Hienists ("tt+://.a&i".or)

A4@ Ameri&an o&iet *or 4estin and @aterials ("tt+://.astm.or/)

;A4 ;est Available 4e&"ni>-e

;A4A!< ;A4 Asso&iated !mission


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=C =-alit &ontrol

;C e&retariat o* t"e ;asel Convention ("tt+://.basel.int/)

4!= 4o5i& e>-ivalent

4HC 4otal "dro&arbon

4


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?) ?ntroduction

) -iress-bstantial ener it" tem+erat-res o* over 2#000 C re>-ired in t"e &ement ilns. !a&" ton o*&ement +rod-&ed t+i&all re>-ires 60%130 ilorams o* *-el oil# or its e>-ivalent# and abo-t10? 7W" o* ele&tri&it (


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10. 'n 200B# lobal &ement +rod-&tion as estimated at 2.8 billion tonnes# it" C"ina res+onsible

*or abo-t "al* o* t"e orlds +rod-&tion (Da Hai et al.# 2010E nited tates Geoloi&al -rve# 2008).!stimates +-t orld &ement &ons-m+tion rea&"in 3.9 billion tonnes b 2020# it" t"e &orres+ondinin&reases in ener# ra materials needs and +oll-tant mass emissions (DerS# 2008).

11. Cliner b-rnin is t"e most im+ortant +"ase o* t"e +rod-&tion +ro&ess in terms o* t"eenvironmental im+a&t asso&iated it" &ement man-*a&t-re. De+endin on t"e s+e&i*i& +rod-&tion+ro&esses# &ement +lants &a-se emissions to air and aste emissions to land. 4"is in&l-des &ement ilnd-st (C7D)# "ere re&&lin ba& into t"e +rod-&tion +ro&ess ma be restri&ted. !missions to ater

ma also o&&-r in at+i&al &ases. Noise and odo-rs &an also "ave an e**e&t.

12. . 4"e e +oll-tants released to air are +arti&-lates# nitroen o5ides (NOM) and s-l+"-r dio5ide(O2) (!',,C;# 2010). Ot"er emissions in&l-de: &arbon o5ides (CO# CO2)# +ol&"lorinateddibeno+dio5ins and dibeno*-rans (,CCDs/,CDs)# volatile orani& &om+o-nds (OC)# metalsand t"eir &om+o-nds# "droen &"loride (HCl) and "droen *l-oride (H). 4"e t+e and >-antit o*

air emissions de+end on varin +arameters# *or e5am+le# t"e ra materials and *-els -sed and t"et+e o* +ro&ess.

13. Cement man-*a&t-rin is also asso&iated it" im+a&ts o* reso-r&e e5tra&tion (*ossil *-el#

limestone and ot"er minerals) -+on environmental >-alit# biodiversit# lands&a+e aest"eti&s and t"ede+letion o* nonreneable or slol reneable reso-r&es# s-&" as *ossil *-els or ro-ndater(;attelle# 2002).

C) Co%!rocessin" of hazardous &aste in cement 'ilns19. Co+ro&essin in reso-r&eintensive ind-stries involves t"e -se o* aste in man-*a&t-rin+ro&esses *or t"e +-r+ose o* ener and reso-r&e re&over# red-&in t"e -se o* &onventional *-els andra materials t"ro-" s-bstit-tion. 'n +arti&-lar# t"e &o+ro&essin o* "aardo-s aste in &ement ilnsallos t"e re&over o* t"e ener and mineral val-e *rom aste "ile &ement is bein +rod-&ed.

1?. Co+ro&essin is a s-stainable develo+ment &on&e+t based on t"e +rin&i+les o* ind-striale&olo *o&-ssin on t"e +otential role o* ind-str in red-&in environmental b-rdens t"ro-"o-t t"e+rod-&t li*e &&le (@-t et al.# 200$E 7arstensen# 2008a). One o* t"e most im+ortant oals o* ind-striale&olo is to mae one ind-strs aste anot"ers ra material (O!CD# 2000). Wit"in t"e &ementind-str t"e -se o* astes as *-el and ra materials is a +ositive# *orardt"inin e5am+le.

16. Co+ro&essin astes serve a -se*-l +-r+ose in re+la&in materials t"at o-ld "ave ot"erise

been -sed in &ement man-*a&t-rin# t"ereb &onservin nat-ral reso-r&es. nder t"e ;aselConvention t"is &onstit-tes an o+eration T"i&" ma lead to reso-r&e re&over1# re&&lin#

re&lamation# dire&t re-se or alternative -sesU -nder &ateories R1 (T-se as a *-el or ot"er means toenerate enerU) and/or R? (Tre&&lin/re&lamation o* ot"er inorani& materialsU) o* +art ; o* Anne5' to t"e Convention.

1$. 4"e ;asel Convention +la&es obliations on &o-ntries t"at are +arties to ens-re t"eenvironmentall so-nd manaement (!@) o* "aardo-s and ot"er astes. 'n t"is reard# t"e -idin+rin&i+le *or se&-rin a more s-stainable aste manaement sstem is t"e aste "ierar&" o*manaement +ra&ti&es# in&l-din ivin d-e &onsideration to t"e +rote&tion o* t"e environment and"-man "ealt". 4"is +la&es aste +revention or avoidan&e in a +reeminent +osition. W"ere asteavoidan&e is not +ossible# re-se# re&&lin and re&over o* aste are +re*erable alternatives to non

re&over o+erations. As an e5am+le# &o+ro&essin in &ement ilns +rovides an environmentall so-ndreso-r&e re&over o+tion +re*erable to land*illin and in&ineration.

1B. ossil *-els and ra materials "ave been s-&&ess*-ll s-bstit-ted b vario-s t+es o* astes in

&ement ilns in A-stralia# Canada# !-ro+e# Ja+an and t"e nited tates o* Ameri&a sin&e t"e beinnino* t"e 18$0s (G4K/Hol&im# 2006). 4"e e5+erien&es o* vario-s I-risdi&tions it" t"e -se o* "aardo-sand non"aardo-s astes as *-els and/or ra materials in &ement ilns is revieed b CC@! (1886)#!A (1888a)# 4ier et al. (2001) and 7arstensen (200$a)# amon ot"ers.

18. Alt"o-" t"e +ra&ti&e varies amon individ-al +lants# &ement man-*a&t-re &an &ons-mesini*i&ant >-antities o* astes as *-el and non*-el ra materials. 4"is &ons-m+tion re*le&ts t"e+ro&ess &"ara&teristi&s in &liner ilns# "i&" ens-re t"e &om+lete breadon o* t"e ra materials intot"eir &om+onent o5ides and t"e re&ombination o* t"e o5ides into t"e &liner minerals. 4"e essential+ro&ess &"ara&teristi&s *or t"e -se o* "aardo-s and ot"er astes# *ed to t"e iln via a++ro+riate *eed

+oints# &an be s-mmaried as *ollos (!',,C;# 2010):

1 'n a&&ordan&e it" t"e !-ro+ean Co-rt o* J-sti&es I-dement o* 13 ebr-ar 2003 delivered in &ase

C9?B/00.

*+


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(a) @a5im-m tem+erat-res o* a++ro5imatel 2#000 C (main *irin sstem# *lame

tem+erat-re) in rotar ilnsE

(b) Gas retention times o* abo-t B se&onds at tem+erat-res above 1#200 C in rotar ilnsE

(&) @aterial tem+erat-res o* abo-t 1#9?0 C in t"e sinterin one o* rotar ilnsE

(d) O5idisin as atmos+"ere in rotar ilnsE

(e) Gas retention time in t"e se&ondar *irin sstem o* more t"an 2 se&onds at

tem+erat-res above B?0 CE in t"e +re&al&iner# t"e retention times are &orres+ondinl loner andtem+erat-res are "i"er

(*) olids tem+erat-res o* B?0 C in t"e se&ondar *irin sstem and/or t"e &al&inerE

() ni*orm b-rno-t &onditions *or load *l-&t-ations d-e to t"e "i" tem+erat-res ats-**i&ientl lon retention timesE

(") Destr-&tion o* orani& +oll-tants be&a-se o* "i" tem+erat-res at s-**i&ientl lonretention timesE

(i) or+tion o* aseo-s &om+onents s-&" as H# HCl# and O2on alaline rea&tantsE

(I) Hi" retention &a+a&it *or +arti&lebo-nd "eav metalsE

() "ort retention times o* e5"a-st ases in t"e tem+erat-re rane non to lead to

*ormation o* ,CDDs/,CDsE

(l) im-ltaneo-s material re&&lin and ener re&over t"ro-" t"e &om+lete -se o* *-elas"es as &liner &om+onentsE

(m) ,rod-&ts+e&i*i& astes are not enerated d-e to a &om+lete material -se into t"e &liner

matri5 (alt"o-" some &ement +lants dis+ose o* C7D or b+ass d-st)E

(n) C"emi&almineraloi&al in&or+oration o* nonvolatile "eav metals into t"e &linermatri5.

20. 4"e n-mero-s +otential bene*its +ossible t"ro-" t"e -se o* "aardo-s and ot"er astes in&ement man-*a&t-rin +ro&esses b t"e re&over o* t"eir material and ener &ontent in&l-de: t"ere&over o* t"e ener &ontent o* aste# &onservation o* nonreneable *ossil *-els and nat-ral

reso-r&es# red-&tion o* CO2 emissions# red-&tion in +rod-&tion &osts# and -se o* an e5istin

te&"nolo to treat "aardo-s astes (see# *or e5am+le# @ant-s# 1882E ;attelle# 2002E W;CD# 200?E7arstensen# 200$b).

21. 4"e most dire&t bene*it is t"e embodied ener in alternative *-els t"at is "arnessed b &ement+lants as t"is re+la&es demand *or *ossil *-els (@-rra and ,ri&e# 200B). ossil *-el de+enden& isred-&ed and savins are made t"ro-" reso-r&e &onservation. 4"e amo-nt o* *ossil *-el demand t"at isdis+la&ed de+ends# amon ot"er *a&tors# on t"e &alori*i& val-e and ater &ontent o* t"e alternative *-el.

22. 'n addition# t"e *-el s-bstit-tes ma "ave loer &arbon &ontents (on a mass basis) t"an *ossil*-els# and alternative ra materials t"at do not re>-ire sini*i&antl more "eat (and *-el) to +ro&ess#ma &ontrib-te +art o* t"e CaO needed to mae &liner *rom a so-r&e ot"er t"an CaCO3 (an Oss#200?). 4"ere*ore# anot"er dire&t bene*it o* aste &o+ro&essin in &ement man-*a&t-rin is a +otentialred-&tion in CO2 emissions. 'nteratin &ement iln &o+ro&essin it"in an overall aste

manaement strate ma o**er a +otential to red-&e net lobal CO2 emissions relative to a s&enario

"ere aste is &omb-sted in an in&inerator it"o-t ener re&over (!A# 1888bE C!@;R!A#2008).

23. 4"e -se o* alternative materials to re+la&e traditional ra materials red-&es t"e e5+loitation o*

nat-ral reso-r&es and t"e environmental *oot+rint o* s-&" a&tivities (W;CD# 200?E C!@;R!A#2008).

29. Cost savins t"at are derived *rom t"e -se o* +ree5istin iln in*rastr-&t-re to &o+ro&ess

aste t"at &annot be minimied or ot"erise re&&led avoid t"e need to invest in +-r+oseb-iltin&inerators or land*ill *a&ilities (G4K/Hol&im# 2006E @-rra and ,ri&e# 200B). nlie dedi&ated astein&inerators# as" resid-es *rom "aardo-s aste materials &o+ro&essed in &ement ilns arein&or+orated into t"e &liner so t"ere are no end +rod-&ts t"at re>-ire *-rt"er manaement.

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2?. 't is o* -tmost im+ortan&e t"at &o+ro&essin o* "aardo-s aste in &ement ilns is +er*ormed

onl a&&ordin to best available te&"ni>-es (;A4)2"ile meetin re>-irements set o-t *or in+-t#+ro&ess and emission &ontrols. 'n t"is &onte5t# t"e +revention or minimiation o* t"e *ormation ands-bse>-ent release o* -nintentional +ersistent orani& +oll-tants (,O,s) is t"e s-bIe&t o* Arti&le ? o*t"e to&"olm Convention on ,ersistent Orani& ,oll-tants. G-idan&e on ;A4 and +rovisional-idan&e on best environmental +ra&ti&es (;!,) "ave been +-blis"ed b t"e Convention e&retariatand ado+ted b t"e Con*eren&e o* t"e ,arties to t"e Convention in its de&ision C3/?. Ot"er so-r&es

o* +arti&-lar relevan&e are t"e !-ro+ean Commissions ;A4 re*eren&e do&-ments (;R!s) "i&"

"ave been iss-ed *or &ement# lime and manesi-m o5ide man-*a&t-rin (!',,C;# 2010)# astetreatment ind-stries (!',,C;# 2006)# and on t"e eneral +rin&i+les o* monitorin (!',,C;# 2003).

26. ;R!s +resent t"e res-lts o* an e5&"ane o* in*ormation &oordinated b t"e !-ro+eanCommission and &arried o-t -nder Dire&tive 200B/1/!C ('nterated ,oll-tion ,revention and ControlDire&tive)# beteen !-ro+ean nion member tates# ind-stries &on&erned and nonovernmentalenvironmental oraniations. 4"ese +rovide -idan&e to !-ro+ean nion @ember tates on ;A4 andasso&iated emission levels# in addition to +rovidin ot"er -se*-l se&tors+e&i*i& in*ormation.

2$. An a++ro+riate national leal and re-lator *rameor it"in "i&" "aardo-s astemanaement a&tivities &an be +lanned and sa*el &arried o-t s"o-ld ens-re t"at t"e aste is +ro+erl"andled t"ro-" all o+erations# *rom t"e +oint o* eneration -ntil its dis+osal. ,arties to t"e ;asel andto&"olm &onventions s"o-ld also e5amine national &ontrols# standards and +ro&ed-res to ens-re t"at

t"e are in areement it" t"e &onventions and it" t"eir obliations -nder t"em# in&l-din t"ose t"at

+ertain to !@ o* "aardo-s astes.2B. Co+ro&essin o* "aardo-s aste s"o-ld be +er*ormed onl in &ement ilns t"at *-ll meet

+ermit re>-irements and *ollo a++li&able lo&al re-lations. or e5am+le# *or *a&ilities &o+ro&essin"aardo-s and ot"er astes lo&ated in t"e !-ro+ean nion# t"e re>-irements o* Dire&tive 2000/$6/!C(Waste 'n&ineration Dire&tiveE to be re+la&ed in Jan-ar 2019 b Dire&tive 2010/$?/! on ind-strialemissions) and t"e Dire&tive 200B/8B/!C (Waste rameor Dire&tive) a++l.

??) .elevant !rovisions of the Basel Convention and ?nternational

;in'a"es

) 5eneral !rovisions of the Basel Convention

28. 4"e ;asel Convention# "i&" entered into *or&e on ? @a 1882# sti+-lates t"at antransbo-ndar e5+ort# im+ort or transit is +ermitted onl "en bot" t"e movement and t"e dis+osal o*t"e "aardo-s astes are environmentall so-nd.

30. ,arara+" 1 o* Arti&le 2 (TDe*initionsU) o* t"e ;asel Convention de*ines astes as Ts-bstan&esor obIe&ts "i&" are dis+osed o* or are intended to be dis+osed o* or are re>-ired to be dis+osed o* bt"e +rovisions o* national laU. ,arara+" 9 o* Arti&le 2 de*ines dis+osal as Tan o+eration s+e&i*ied inAnne5 'U to t"e Convention. ,arara+" B de*ines t"e environmentall so-nd manaement o*

"aardo-s astes or ot"er astes as Ttain all +ra&ti&able ste+s to ens-re t"at "aardo-s astes orot"er astes are manaed in a manner "i&" ill +rote&t "-man "ealt" and t"e environment aainstt"e adverse e**e&ts "i&" ma res-lt *rom s-&" astesU.

31. ,arara+" 1 o* Arti&le 9 (TGeneral obliationsU) establis"es t"e +ro&ed-re b "i&" +arties

e5er&isin t"eir ri"t to +ro"ibit t"e im+ort o* "aardo-s astes or ot"er astes *or dis+osal s"allin*orm t"e ot"er +arties o* t"eir de&ision. ,arara+" 1 (a) states: T,arties e5er&isin t"eir ri"t to+ro"ibit t"e im+ort o* "aardo-s or ot"er astes *or dis+osal s"all in*orm t"e ot"er ,arties o* t"eirde&ision +-rs-ant to Arti&le 13U. ,arara+" 1 (b) states: T,arties s"all +ro"ibit or s"all not +ermit t"ee5+ort o* "aardo-s or ot"er astes to t"e ,arties "i&" "ave +ro"ibited t"e im+ort o* s-&" aste"en noti*ied +-rs-ant to s-b+arara+" (a).U

32. ,arara+"s 2 (a)%(d) o* Arti&le 9 set o-t e +rovisions o* t"e Convention +ertainin to !@#aste minimiation and dis+osal +ra&ti&es t"at mitiate adverse e**e&ts on "-man "ealt" and t"eenvironment:

T!a&" ,art s"all tae a++ro+riate meas-res to:(a) !ns-re t"at t"e eneration o* "aardo-s astes and ot"er astes it"in it is red-&ed to

a minim-m# tain into a&&o-nt so&ial# te&"noloi&al and e&onomi& as+e&tsE

2 7s s"o-ld not be &onsidered as an o+tion *or ;A4 (N!,# 200$). @an 7s +lants "ave virt-all noenvironmental &ontrols in +la&e# and t"e nat-re o* t"e te&"nolo +re&l-des e**e&tive -se o* modern d-st (and

ot"er emission) &ontrols (7arstensen# 2006a).

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(b) !ns-re t"e availabilit o* ade>-ate dis+osal *a&ilities# *or t"e environmentall so-nd

manaement o* "aardo-s astes and ot"er astes# t"at s"all be lo&ated# to t"e e5tent +ossible# it"init# "atever t"e +la&e o* t"eir dis+osalE

(&) !ns-re t"at +ersons involved in t"e manaement o* "aardo-s astes or ot"er astes

it"in it tae s-&" ste+s as are ne&essar to +revent +oll-tion d-e to "aardo-s astes and ot"erastes arisin *rom s-&" manaement and# i* s-&" +oll-tion o&&-rs# to minimie t"e &onse>-en&est"ereo* *or "-man "ealt" and t"e environmentE

(d) !ns-re t"at t"e transbo-ndar movement o* "aardo-s astes and ot"er astes isred-&ed to t"e minim-m &onsistent it" t"e environmentall so-nd and e**i&ient manaement o* s-&"astes# and is &ond-&ted in a manner "i&" ill +rote&t "-man "ealt" and t"e environment aainst t"eadverse e**e&ts "i&" ma res-lt *rom s-&" movement.U

B) 5eneral considerations on environmentally sound mana"ement

33. !@ is a broad +oli& &on&e+t it"o-t a &lear -niversal de*inition at t"e &-rrent time.Hoever# +rovisions +ertainin to !@ as it a++lies to "aardo-s astes it"in t"e ;asel andto&"olm &onventions# and also t"e Oranisation *or !&onomi& Coo+eration and Develo+ment(O!CD) &ore +er*orman&e elements (dis&-ssed in t"e ne5t t"ree s-bse&tions)# +rovide internationaldire&tion t"at is also s-++ortive o* !@ e**orts -nder a in vario-s &o-ntries and amon ind-strial

se&tors.

*) Basel Convention

39. 'n +arara+" B o* its Arti&le 2# t"e ;asel Convention de*ines !@ o* "aardo-s astes or ot"erastes as Ttain all +ra&ti&able ste+s to ens-re t"at "aardo-s astes or ot"er astes are manaed ina manner "i&" ill +rote&t "-man "ealt" and t"e environment aainst adverse e**e&ts "i&" mares-lt *rom s-&" astesU.

3?. 'n +arara+" 2 (b) o* Arti&le 9# t"e Convention re>-ires ea&" +art to tae t"e a++ro+riatemeas-res to Tens-re t"e availabilit o* ade>-ate dis+osal *a&ilities *or t"e environmentall so-ndmanaement o* "aardo-s or ot"er astes# t"at s"all be lo&ated# to t"e e5tent +ossible# it"in it#

"atever t"e +la&e o* t"eir dis+osalU# "ile in +arara+" 2 (&) it re>-ires ea&" +art to# Tens-re t"at+ersons involved in t"e manaement o* "aardo-s astes or ot"er astes it"in it tae s-&" ste+s asare ne&essar to +revent +oll-tion d-e to "aardo-s astes and ot"er astes arisin *rom s-&"manaement and# i* s-&" +oll-tion o&&-rs# to minimie t"e &onse>-en&es t"ereo* *or "-man "ealt" and

t"e environmentU.36. 'n +arara+" B o* Arti&le 9# t"e Convention re>-ires t"at T"aardo-s astes or ot"er astes# tobe e5+orted# are manaed in an environmentall so-nd manner in t"e tate o* im+ort or else"ere.4e&"ni&al -idelines *or t"e environmentall so-nd manaement o* astes s-bIe&t to t"is Conventions"all be de&ided b t"e ,arties at t"eir *irst meetinU. 4"e +resent -idelines are intended to ive a

more +re&ise de*inition o* !@ in t"e &onte5t o* &o+ro&essin "aardo-s astes in &ement ilns#in&l-din a++ro+riate treatment and dis+osal met"ods *or t"ese aste streams.

3$. everal e +rin&i+les ere arti&-lated in t"e 1889 *rameor do&-ment on t"e +re+aration o*

te&"ni&al -idelines *or t"e environmentall so-nd manaement o* astes s-bIe&t to t"e ;aselConvention. 't re&ommends a n-mber o* leal# instit-tional and te&"ni&al &onditions (!@ &riteria)s-&" as:

(a) A re-lator and en*or&ement in*rastr-&t-re to ens-re &om+lian&e it" a++li&able

re-lationsE

(b) ites or *a&ilities are a-t"oried and are o* an ade>-ate standard o* te&"nolo and

+oll-tion &ontrol to deal it" "aardo-s astes in t"e a +ro+osed# in +arti&-lar tain into a&&o-ntt"e level o* te&"nolo and +oll-tion &ontrol in t"e e5+ortin &o-ntrE

(&) O+erators o* sites or *a&ilities at "i&" "aardo-s astes are manaed are re>-ired# as

a++ro+riate# to monitor t"e e**e&ts o* t"ose a&tivitiesE

(d) A++ro+riate a&tion is taen in &ases "ere monitorin ives indi&ations t"at t"emanaement o* "aardo-s astes "as res-lted in -na&&e+table releasesE

(e) ,eo+le involved in t"e manaement o* "aardo-s astes are &a+able and ade>-ateltrained in t"eir &a+a&it.

3B. 4"e 1888 ;asel De&laration on !nvironmentall o-nd @anaement# ado+ted b t"eCon*eren&e o* t"e ,arties to t"e ;asel Convention at its *i*t" meetin# &alls -+on t"e +arties to en"an&eand strent"en t"eir e**orts and &oo+eration to a&"ieve !@ t"ro-" +revention# minimiation#

*-


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re&&lin# re&over and dis+osal o* "aardo-s and ot"er astes s-bIe&t to t"e Convention# tain into

a&&o-nt so&ial# te&"noloi&al and e&onomi& &on&ernsE and t"ro-" *-rt"er red-&tion o* transbo-ndarmovements o* "aardo-s and ot"er astes s-bIe&t to t"e Convention.

38. 4"e ;asel De&laration lists a n-mber o* a&tivities t"at s"o-ld be &arried o-t in t"is &onte5t#

in&l-din:

(a) 'denti*i&ation and >-anti*i&ation o* t"e t+es o* aste bein +rod-&ed nationallE

(b) ;est +ra&ti&e a++roa&" to avoid or minimie t"e eneration o* "aardo-s astes and

red-&e t"eir to5i&it# s-&" as t"e -se o* &leaner +rod-&tion met"ods or a++roa&"esE

(&) ,rovision o* sites or *a&ilities a-t"oried as environmentall so-nd to manae astesand# in +arti&-lar# "aardo-s astes.

2)


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4able 1

5eneral !rinci!les for co%!rocessin" of hazardous and other &astes in cement 'ilns

Principle Description

4"e astemanaement"ierar&" s"o-ld be

res+e&ted

Waste s"o-ld be &o+ro&essed in &ement ilns "ere more

e&oloi&all and e&onomi&all rob-st met"ods o* re&over are notavailable

Co+ro&essin s"o-ld be &onsidered an interated +art o* aste

manaement

Co+ro&essin s"o-ld be in line it" t"e ;asel and to&"olm

Conventions and ot"er relevant international environmental areements

Additional emissionsand neative im+a&ts

on "-man "ealt"m-st be avoided

Neative e**e&ts o* +oll-tion on t"e environment and "-man "ealt"

m-st be +revented or e+t at a minim-m

Air emissions *rom &ement ilns &o+ro&essin aste &annot be

statisti&all "i"er t"an t"ose not involved in &o+ro&essin aste

4"e >-alit o* t"e&ement m-st remain-n&"aned

4"e +rod-&t (&liner# &ement# &on&rete) m-st not be -sed as a sin

*or "eav metals

4"e +rod-&t m-st not "ave an neative im+a&ts on t"e

environment (*or e5am+le# as determined b lea&"in tests)

4"e >-alit o* t"e +rod-&t m-st allo *or endo*li*e re&over

Com+anies t"at &o+ro&ess m-st be>-ali*ied

Ass-re &om+lian&e it" all las and re-lations

Have ood environmental and sa*et &om+lian&e re&ords

Have +ersonnel# +ro&esses# and sstems in +la&e &ommitted to

+rote&tin t"e environment# "ealt"# and sa*et

;e &a+able o* &ontrollin in+-ts to t"e +rod-&tion +ro&ess

@aintain ood relations it" +-bli& and ot"er +arties involved in

lo&al# national and international aste manaement s&"emes

'm+lementation o*&o+ro&essin m-st

&onsider national&ir&-mstan&es

Co-ntrs+e&i*i& re>-irements and needs m-st be re*le&ted in

re-lations and +ro&ed-res

'm+lementation m-st allo *or t"e b-ild-+ o* t"e re>-ired

&a+a&it and t"e set-+ o* instit-tional arranements

'ntrod-&tion o* &o+ro&essin m-st be in line it" ot"er &"ane

+ro&esses in t"e aste manaement str-&t-re o* a &o-ntr

o-r&e: G4K/Hol&im (2006)

4able 25eneral re7uirements for co%!rocessin" of hazardous and other &astes in cement 'ilns

(1) An a++roved environmental im+a&t assessment and all re>-ired national/lo&al li&enses#+ermits# a-t"orisations and +ermissions

(2) Com+lian&e it" all relevant national and lo&al re-lations

(3) -itable lo&ation# te&"ni&al in*rastr-&t-re# storae and +ro&essin e>-i+ment

(9) Reliable and ade>-ate +oer and ater s-++l

(?) A++li&ation o* ;A4 *or air emissions +oll-tion +revention and &ontrol# alon it"&ontin-o-s emission monitorin to ens-re &om+lian&e it" re-lation and +ermits

(veri*ied t"ro-" re-lar baseline monitorin)(6) !5it as &onditionin/&oolin and lo tem+erat-res (V 200C) in t"e air +oll-tion &ontrol

devi&e to +revent dio5in *ormation

($) Clear manaement and oranisational str-&t-re it" -nambi-o-s res+onsibilities#re+ortin lines and *eedba& me&"anism

(B) An error re+ortin sstem (in&ident +reventive and &orre&tive a&tion) *or em+loees

(8) =-ali*ied and silled em+loees to manae astes and "ealt"# sa*et and environmentaliss-es

(10) Ade>-ate emeren& and sa*et e>-i+ment and +ro&ed-res# and re-lar trainin

(11) A-t"orised and li&ensed &olle&tion# trans+ort and "andlin o* "aardo-s astes

(12) a*e and so-nd re&eivin# storae and *eedin o* "aardo-s astes

(13) Ade>-ate laborator *a&ilities and e>-i+ment *or "aardo-s aste a&&e+tan&e and *eedin

&ontrol(19) Ade>-ate re&ord ee+in o* astes and emissions

*9


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(1?) Ade>-ate +rod-&t >-alit &ontrol ro-tines

(16) 'm+lementation o* an environmental manaement sstem (!@) in&l-din a &ontin-o-sim+rovement +roramme

(1$) 'nde+endent a-dits (overnment san&tioned or ot"erise)# emission monitorin andre+ortin

(1B) tae"older dialo-es it" lo&al &omm-nit and a-t"orities# and me&"anisms *orres+ondin to &omments and &om+laints

(18) O+en dis&los-re o* +er*orman&e and &om+lian&e veri*i&ation re+orts on a re-lar basis

o-r&e: Ada+ted *rom o-t" A*ri&an Government De+artment o* !nvironmental A**airs and 4o-rism(2008) and 7arstensen (2008a)

B) Considerations &hen selectin" &astes for co%!rocessin"

99. 4"e stri&t >-alit &ontrols *or &ement +rod-&ts and t"e nat-re o* t"e man-*a&t-rin +ro&essmean t"at onl &are*-ll sele&ted "aardo-s and non"aardo-s aste is s-itable *or -se in &o+ro&essin (W;CD# 200?). 'n t"e ;R! iss-ed *or t"is se&tor b t"e !-ro+ean Commission# t"e bestavailable te&"ni>-e is to &arr o-t a &are*-l sele&tion and &ontrol o* all s-bstan&es enterin t"e iln toavoid and/or red-&e emissions (!',,C;# 2010).

9?. W"en de&idin on t"e s-itabilit o* a "aardo-s aste *or &o+ro&essin t"e &"emi&al&om+osition o* t"e &ement and t"e ris o* damae to t"e environment or +-bli& "ealt" and sa*et m-st

be taen into a&&o-nt. 't is re&ommended t"at a li*e&&le a++roa&" o* t"e &om+lete re&over &"ain o*"aardo-s astes be -sed to assess t"e available re&over o+erations.

96. As a basi& r-le# t"e -se o* "aardo-s aste in &ement man-*a&t-rin s"o-ld add val-e to t"e+ro&ess# *or e5am+le t"e "eatin val-e and t"e material val-e o* t"e mineral &om+osition# "ilemeetin a++li&able re-lations and +ermit re>-irements. Alt"o-" astes it" a "i" metal &ontent

ill enerall not be s-itable *or &o+ro&essin# be&a-se t"e o+eratin &"ara&teristi&s o* &ement +lantsare variable t"e +re&ise &om+osition o* a&&e+table astes ill de+end -+on ea&" +lants abilit to"andle an +arti&-lar aste stream.

9$. 4"e -se o* &ement ilns as a dis+osal o+eration not leadin to reso-r&e re&over (i.e.# t"edestr-&tion or irreversible trans*ormation o* "aardo-s aste &onstit-ents)# s"o-ld be &onsidered onli* t"ere are environmental bene*its : *or e5am+le# NO5 red-&tion t"ro-" *lame &oolin or "en t"ereis no ot"er &oste**e&tive and environmentall so-nd dis+osal o+tion at t"e lo&al level. ,ermit

re>-irements s"o-ld be set a&&ordinl.

9B. W"ere &ement ilns are -sed *or t"e destr-&tion o* "aardo-s aste &onstit-ents# alternativedis+osal ro-tes need to be &are*-ll assessedE stri&t environmental# "ealt" and sa*et standards ad"eredtoE and t"e >-alit o* t"e *inal +rod-&t not im+aired. 'n &o-ntries "ere t"ere are no strinentre>-irements *or t"e *inal +rod-&t# a++li&ation o* ;A4 and ;!, are &onsidered even more im+ortant(N!,# 200$).

98. As a res-lt o* t"e "eteroeneo-s nat-re o* aste# blendin and mi5in o* di**erent "aardo-sand non"aardo-s aste streams ma be re>-ired to -arantee a "omoeneo-s *eedsto& t"at meetss+e&i*i&ations *or -se in a &ement iln. ;lendin o* "aardo-s astes s"o-ld not# "oever# be

&ond-&ted it" t"e aim o* loerin t"e &on&entration o* "aardo-s &onstit-ents to &ir&-mventre-lator re>-irements. As a eneral +rin&i+le# t"e mi5in o* astes s"o-ld be +revented *romleadin to t"e a++li&ation o* an -ns-itable (nonenvironmentall so-nd) dis+osal o+eration

(!',,C;# 2006)3.

*) Hazardous &astes suitable for co%!rocessin" in cement 'ilns

?0. A ide rane o* "aardo-s astes are s-itable *or &o+ro&essin# b-t be&a-se &ement iln

emissions are sites+e&i*i t"ere is no -ni*orm anser to t"e t+e o* aste t"at &an be -sed in as+e&i*i& +lant. 4"e sele&tion o* astes is in*l-en&ed b vario-s *a&tors. 4"ese in&l-de: t"e nat-re o* t"easteE its "aardo-s &"ara&teristi&sE available aste manaement o+erationsE iln o+erationE ramaterial and *-el &om+ositionsE aste *eed +ointsE e5"a-st as &leanin +ro&essE res-ltin &liner>-alitE eneral environmental im+a&tsE +robabilit o* *ormation and release o* ,O,sE +arti&-lar astemanaement &onsiderationsE re-lator &om+lian&eE and +-bli& and overnment a&&e+tan&e (an Oss

and ,adovani# 2003E G4K/Hol&im# 2006E N!,# 200$E !',,C;# 2010).

3 'n t"e !-ro+ean nion t"e re>-irements &on&ernin t"e mi5in o* "aardo-s aste o* t"e Dire&tive

200B/8B/!C a++l.

*,


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?1. 4"e o+erator s"o-ld develo+ a aste eval-ation +ro&ed-re to assess +otential im+a&ts on t"e

"ealt" and sa*et o* orers and t"e +-bli +lant emissions# o+erations and +rod-&t >-alit. ariablest"at s"o-ld be &onsidered "en sele&tin aste in&l-de (W;CD# 200?E N!,# 200$):

(a) 7iln o+eration:

(i) Alali (sodi-m# +otassi-m# et&.)# s-l+"-r and &"loride &ontent: !5&essive in+-tso* t"ese &om+o-nds ma lead to b-ild-+ and blo&aes in t"e iln sstem.W"ere t"ese &annot be &a+t-red in t"e &ement &liner or iln d-st# a b+ass ma

be re>-ired to remove e5&ess &om+o-nds *rom +re"eater/+re&al&iner ilnsstems. Hi" alali &ontent ma also limit re&&lin o* C7D in t"e iln itsel*E

(ii) Heatin (&alori*i&) val-e: 4"e e +arameter *or t"e ener +rovided to t"e

+ro&essE

(iii) Water &ontent: Overall moist-re &ontent ma a**e&t +rod-&tivit# e**i&ien& andalso in&rease ener &ons-m+tion. 4"e ater &ontent o* aste needs to be

&onsidered in &onI-n&tion it" t"at o* &onventional *-els and/or ra *eedmaterialsE

(iv) As" &ontent: 4"e as" &ontent a**e&ts t"e &"emi&al &om+osition o* t"e &ement and

ma re>-ire an adI-stment o* t"e &om+osition o* t"e ra mi5E

(v) !5"a-st as *lo rate and aste *eed rate: -**i&ient residen&e time is needed

*or t"e destr-&tion o* orani&s and to +revent in&om+lete &omb-stion d-e toaste over&"arinE

(vi) tabilit o* o+eration (*or e5am+le# d-ration and *re>-en& o* CO tri+s) and t"eastes state (li>-id# solid)# +re+aration (s"redded# milled) and "omoeneitE

(b) !missions:

(i) Orani& &ontent: Orani& &onstit-ents are asso&iated it" emissions o* CO2 andma res-lt in emissions o* CO and ot"er +rod-&ts o* in&om+lete &omb-stion(,'Cs) i* aste is *ed t"ro-" -ns-itable +oints or d-rin -nstable o+eratin&onditionsE

(ii) C"loride &ontent: C"lorides ma &ombine it" alalis to *orm *ine# di**i&-lt to&ontrol +arti&-late matter. 'n some &ases# &"lorides "ave &ombined it" ammonia

+resent in t"e limestone *eed. 4"is +rod-&es "i"l visible deta&"ed +l-mes o**ine +arti&-late it" a "i" ammoni-m &"loride &ontentE

(iii) @etals &ontent: 4"e nonvolatile be"avio-r o* most "eav metals allos most to+ass strai"t t"ro-" t"e iln sstem and be in&or+orated into t"e &liner.'ntrod-&ed volatile metals ill +artl be re&&led internall b eva+oration and&ondensation -ntil e>-ilibri-m is rea&"ed# t"e ot"er +art bein emitted in t"e

e5"a-st as. 4"alli-m# mer&-r and t"eir &om+o-nds are "i"l volatile as to alesser e5tent are &admi-m# lead# seleni-m and t"eir &om+o-nds. 4"e *a&t t"atd-st &ontrol devi&es &an onl &a+t-re t"e +arti&lebo-nd *ra&tion o* "eav metalsand t"eir &om+o-nds needs to be taen into a&&o-nt. Wood treated it"+reservatives &ontainin &o++er# &"romi-m and arseni& also re>-ires s+e&ial&onsideration it" reard to t"e e**i&ien& o* t"e e5"a-st as &leanin sstem.

@er&-r is a "i"l volatile metal# "i&"# de+endin on t"e e5"a-st astem+erat-re is +resent in bot" +arti&leborne and va+o-r *orms in t"e air +oll-tion&ontrol e>-i+ment (!',,C;# 2010)E

(iv) Alali b+ass e5"a-st as &an be released *rom eit"er a se+arate e5"a-st sta& or*rom t"e main iln sta& in sstems e>-i++ed it" an a++ro+riate b+ass. 4"esame "aardo-s air +oll-tants are *o-nd in bot" t"e main and alali b+asssta&s. W"ere an alali b+ass sstem is installed# a++ro+riate &ontrol o* t"ee5"a-st to atmos+"ere also needs to be +rovided on t"e b+ass e5"a-st# similar tot"at mandated *or t"e main e5"a-st sta& (N!,# 200$)E

(v) Hi" s-l+"-r &ontent in ra materials# *-el and aste ma res-lt in t"e release o*O2E

(&) Cliner# &ement and *inal +rod-&t >-alit:

(i) Hi" levels o* +"os+"ate ma dela settin timeE

*=


18/55


(ii) (Hi" levels o* *l-orine ill a**e&t settin time and strent" develo+mentE

(iii) Hi" levels &"lorine# s-l+"-r and alali ma a**e&t overall +rod-&t >-alitE

(iv) 4"alli-m and &"romi-m &ontent &an adversel a**e&t &ement >-alit and ma&a-se alleri& rea&tions in sensitive -sers. -ors#still bottoms and rea&tion resid-es *rom t"e man-*a&t-re# *orm-lation# s-++l and -se o* basi& orani&&"emi&als# +lasti&s# snt"eti& r-bber# manmade *ibres# orani& des# +iments# orani& +esti&ides and+"arma&e-ti&alsE aste inE astes *rom t"e +"otora+"i& ind-strE tars and ot"er &arbon&ontainin

astes *rom anode man-*a&t-re (al-mini-m t"ermal metall-r)E astes *rom metal dereasin andma&"iner maintenan&eE astes *rom te5tile &leanin and dereasin o* nat-ral +rod-&tsE +ro&essastes *rom t"e ele&troni& ind-str (G4K/Hol&im# 2006).

?9. 4"e *olloin astes s"o-ld not# in +rin&i+le# be &o+ro&essed in &ement ilns:

(a) Radioa&tive or n-&lear asteE

(b) !le&tri&al and ele&troni& aste (easte)E

(&) W"ole batteriesE

(d) Corrosive aste# in&l-din mineral a&idsE

(e) !5+losivesE

(*) Canide bearin asteE

() Asbestos&ontainin asteE

9 Dire&tive 2003/?3/!C o* t"e !-ro+ean ,arliament and o* t"e Co-n&il# o* 1B J-ne 2003# Amendin *or t"e26t" 4ime Co-n&il Dire&tive $6/$68/!!C Relatin to Restri&tions on t"e @aretin and se o* Certain

Danero-s -bstan&es and ,re+arations (Nonl+"enol# Nonl+"enol !t"o5late and Cement).

*>


19/55


(") 'n*e&tio-s medi&al asteE?

(i) C"emi&al or bioloi&al ea+ons destined to destr-&tionE

(I) Waste &onsistin o*# &ontainin or &ontaminated it" mer&-rE

() Waste o* -nnon or -n+redi&table &om+osition# in&l-din -nsorted m-ni&i+al aste.

??. 'ndivid-al *a&ilities ma also e5&l-de ot"er astes de+endin on lo&al &ir&-mstan&es.

?6. 'n eneral t"ese astes are not re&ommended be&a-se o* "ealt" and sa*et &on&erns#

+otentiall neative im+a&ts on iln o+eration# &liner >-alit and air emissions# and "en a +re*erablealternative aste manaement o+tion is available. -rt"er details +ertainin to t"e abovementionedastes ma be *o-nd in G4K/Hol&im (2006).

?$. 'n+-ts o* astes &ontainin or &ontaminated it" mer&-r to t"e iln s"o-ld be avoided ande+t to a minim-m. As limitin t"e amo-nt o* mer&-r in t"e aste does not ass-re lo mer&-r airemissions *rom t"e iln# an emission limit val-e *or mer&-r s"o-ld also be in +la&e.

2) Waste recovery or dis!osal not leadin" to recovery in cement 'ilns

?B. '* sele&ted aste streams it" re&overable ener val-e meet s+e&i*i&ations# t"e &an be -sed

as alternative *-els in a &ement iln to re+la&e a +ortion o* &onventional *-els. imilarl# aste streams&ontainin -se*-l &om+onents s-&" as &al&i-m# sili&a# al-mina and iron# e..# aste tres# &an be -sedto re+la&e ra materials s-&" as &la# s"ale and limestone. Wastes meetin bot" sets o* re>-irements

ma be s-itable *or +ro&essin *or bot" ener and materials re&over.

?8. Conversel# aste &omb-stion in a &ement iln it"o-t an s-bstit-tion# solel *or t"e +-r+oseo* destr-&tion or irreversible trans*ormation o* "aardo-s s-bstan&es in astes# s"o-ld not be&onsidered a re&over o+eration.6

60. 4o distin-is" beteen o+erations t"at lead to reso-r&e re&over and t"ose t"at do not# s+e&i*i&&riteria ma need to be develo+ed to eval-ate t"e &ontrib-tion o* t"e aste to t"e +rod-&tion +ro&ess#o-tlined in *i-re '. ome a++roa&"es "ave been +ro+osed t"at &onsider# *or e5am+le# eit"er t"e "i"eror t"e loer "eatin val-e o* t"e aste to assess its ener val-e# and t"e materials &"emi&al&om+osition (as"# CaO or CaCO3# iO2# Al2O3# e2O3# O3# and/or ater) to assess its mineral

val-e (Keevalin# 188$E 7o++eIan and Keevalin# 2002E G4K/Hol&im# 2006). An e5am+le is+rovided in *i-re ''.

61. Alt"o-" *or all +ra&ti&al +-r+oses astes it"o-t ener or mineral val-e s"o-ld not be

&onsidered *or &o+ro&essin# t"e "i" tem+erat-res# lon residen&e times and o5idiin &onditions+rovided b &ement ilns mae it +ossible. At t"e re>-est o* national or lo&al overnments# ilns &anbe -sed *or t"e +-r+ose o* t"e destr-&tion or irreversible trans*ormation o* "aardo-s s-bstan&es in+arti&-larl +roblemati& aste streams# s-&" as obsolete +esti&ide sto&s. 4"is# "oever# is an a&tivitt"at *alls o-tside t"e s&o+e o* &o+ro&essin and needs to be assessed on a &aseb&ase basis andareed -+on Iointl b re-lator a-t"orities and o+erators. 4rial b-rns ma need to be &ond-&ted to

demonstrate t"at +er*orman&e &riteria are met.

62. 't s"o-ld be noted t"at &ement ilns are +rimaril +rod-&tion +ro&essors *or &liner and not allo+eratin &onditions are ideal *or t"e destr-&tion o* "aardo-s s-bstan&es. or e5am+le# &ement ilns

tend to o+erate at loer e5"a-st o5en levels and more elevated &arbon mono5ide levels t"anello+erated in&inerators. 4"e t"ermal treatment o* orani& astes re>-ires "i" tem+erat-re# lonresiden&e time# t"e availabilit o* ade>-ate o5en and s-**i&ient mi5in beteen t"e orani&

&om+o-nds and t"e o5en. Good desin and o+eration are t"-s &riti&al to t"e -se o* &ement ilns *ort"is a++li&ation# ot"erise sit-ations &an arise in &ement ilns "ere astes are not treated ade>-ateli* t"e are not introd-&ed +ro+erl or available o5en levels are too lo. (N!,# 200$).

? Alt"o-" la& o* re-lations (or t"eir en*or&ement) overnin "ealt" &are aste manaement#

+arti&-larl sereation at t"e so-r&e# ill liel &a-se some *a&ilities to not a&&e+t t"is t+e o* aste based on

"ealt" and sa*et &on&erns# +ro&ess &onditions in &ement ilns o-ld be a++ro+riate to dis+ose o* in*e&tio-sastes.'n &o-ntries "ere o&&-+ational "ealt" and sa*et leislation so allos# s-&" astes ma be &o+ro&essed

in &ement ilns.6 nder t"e ;asel Convention t"e term Tdis+osalU is -sed to re*er to o+erations listed in bot" Anne5 '.A

(o+erations "i&" do not lead to t"e +ossibilit o* reso-r&e re&over# re&&lin# re&lamation# dire&t re-se or

alternative -ses) and Anne5 '.; (o+erations "i&" ma lead to reso-r&e re&over). Hoever# in some &o-ntries#

dis+osal re*ers onl to t"e o+erations s+e&i*ied in Anne5 ' A# t"at is to sa# to s-&" o+erations "i&" do not lead

to an *orm o* re&over. 4"e destr-&tion o* "aardo-s s-bstan&es ma be &overed b o+erations R1 or D10 o*Anne5 '.

*@


20/55


i-re '

Hazardous &aste acce!tance decision !rocess

2+


21/55


i-re ''

E/am!le of a &aste acce!tance decision chart

Does t"e aste or met"od &om+l

it" t"e &om+ans AR +oli&X

As" Y ?0P and ra materials (Z) in

as" Y B0PX

Ra materials (Z) Y 0P and HH o*

t"e rest Y B@J/

HH o* total aste Y B@J/ and

ra materiales (Z) F 0P

re*-se

a&&e+t

a&&e+t

Resol-tion o* a lo&al aste

manaement +roblemX

a&&e+t

a&&e+t

re*-se

no

es

no

no

no

no

es

HH: Hi"er "eatin (&alori*i&) val-e

AR: Alternative *-els and ra materials

(Z) CaO# iO2# Al2O3# e2O3# O3

es

es

es

!ner re&over

!ner [ material re&over

Waste destr-&tion

@aterial re&over

o-r&e: G4K/Hol&im (2006)

-) Destruction efficiency of hazardous or"anic substances

63. ,ro*essionall s-+ervised and inde+endentl veri*ied trial b-rns s"o-ld be &ond-&ted todemonstrate destr-&tion o* ,O, astes. (7arstensen# 200Ba). 'n advan&e# t"e o+erator s"o-lddemonstrate to t"e satis*a&tion o* t"e &om+etent a-t"orities t"at t"e baseline o+eration is +ro+erl

&ontrolled it" sa*e-ards in +la&e aainst +otential environmentall damain abnormal o+erations.4"e re>-irements set o-t in table 2 s"o-ld be t"oro-"l &onsidered.

69. A trial b-rn is -sed to determine t"e *a&ilits destr-&tion and removal e**i&ien& (DR!) or

destr-&tion e**i&ien& (D!) to veri* its abilit to e**i&ientl destro ,O,s in an irreversible andenvironmentall so-nd manner. 4"is involves t"e sele&tion# sam+lin and analsis o* a +rin&i+al

orani& "aardo-s &onstit-ent (,OHC) in t"e aste *eed to determine its in+-t and emission rates. Atrial b-rn t+i&all &onsists o* a series o* tests# one *or ea&" set o* o+eratin &onditions in t"e *a&ilit.4"ree r-ns are normall +er*ormed *or ea&" test.

6?. D-rin t"e trial b-rn o+eratin limits are establis"ed *or ma5im-m "aardo-s aste *eed andma5im-m iln +rod-&tion rate# +arameters t"at ma adversel a**e&t t"e attainment o* t"edemonstrated DR! or D! d-rin ro-tine o+erations (7arstensen# 2008b). ,ermit limits are establis"ed*or t"ese +arameters s-bse>-ent to t"e trial b-rn.

66. 4"e +otential -se o* &ement ilns to t"ermall destro +ol&"lorinated bi+"enls (,C;s) "asbeen investiated in man &o-ntries. 4"e DR!s determined *rom several trial b-rns indi&ate t"atelldesined and ello+erated &ement ilns are e**e&tive at destroin ,C;s. A DR! o* 88.8888 +er

&ent is re>-ired b several I-risdi&tions *or ,C;s (*or e5am+le# -nder t"e nited tates 4o5i&-bstan&es Control A&t# 4CA)# "i&" &o-ld be -sed as an indi&ative ;A4 standard (N!,# 200$).

6$. A *a&ilit s"o-ld demonstrate its &a+abilit to destro (&omb-stion) or remove (settlin in

d-&tor or air +oll-tion &ontrol devi&es) at least 88.8888 +er &ent o* tareted ,O,s. @oreover# a

2*


22/55


,CDDs/,CDs emission limit o* 0.1 n 4!=/Nm3E$s"o-ld be met -nder testin &onditions (;C#

200$). !5istin emission limit val-es s"o-ld also be met.

6B. An alternative a++roa&" +rovidin t"e same >-alitative in*ormation to trial b-rns# -nder orst&ase &onditions# "as been +ro+osed b 7arstensen (2008b). 4"is re>-ires a baseline emissions st-d

it" no "aardo-s aste *ed to t"e iln. A sinle test is t"en r-n to obtain destr-&tion +er*orman&e and+oll-tant emissions data "ile *eedin "aardo-s aste into t"e iln. ;ot" tests are &ond-&ted -ndernormal o+eratin &onditions# meetin an emissions limit *or ,CDDs/,CDs o* 0.1 n 4!=/Nm3andot"er re-lator re>-irements. 4"is a++roa&" *or +er*orman&e veri*i&ation# toet"er it" ade>-ate

sa*et arranements# in+-t &ontrol and o+erational +ro&ed-res# is t"o-"t to se&-re t"e same level o*environmental +rote&tion as &-rrent re-lation in t"e !-ro+ean nion (G4K/Hol&im# 2006). 4"is

a++roa&" as -sed to demonstrate a DR! o* 88.8888868 +er &ent *or *enob-&arb and 88.8888B32 +er&ent *or *i+ronil in a &ement iln in iet Nam (7arstensen et al.# 2006).

68. A &om+ilation o* +er*orman&e veri*i&ation and trial b-rns res-lts is +rovided in anne5 ' to t"e

+resent -idelines.

C) Auality assurance(7uality control

$0. A &om+re"ensive +roramme *or >-alit ass-ran&e (=A) and >-alit &ontrol (=C) s"o-ld bea++lied. 4"e aim is to ens-re t"at t"e +rod-&t meets standard s+e&i*i&ations# +lant o+erations are not

neativel a**e&ted b t"e -se o* "aardo-s astes# environmental +rote&tion and to red-&e "ealt" andsa*et riss. =A is ne&essar *or ens-rin t"at all data and t"e de&isions res-ltin *rom t"at data are

te&"ni&all so-nd# statisti&all valid# and +ro+erl do&-mented.

$1. A =A +lan s"o-ld be +re+ared to "el+ ens-re t"at t"e monitorin# sam+lin# and analti&al datameet s+e&i*i& obIe&tives *or +re&ision# a&&-ra and &om+leteness and to +rovide t"e *rameor *oreval-atin data >-alit. 4"e +lan s"o-ld &over aste streams and +rod-&t materials "andled at t"e*a&ilit it" detailed instr-&tions *or t"e *olloin:

(a) Oraniation and res+onsibilitiesE

(b) =A obIe&tives *or data meas-rement o* +re&ision# a&&-ra &om+leteness#

re+resentativeness# and &om+arabilitE

(&) am+lin +ro&ed-resE

(d) am+le "andlin and &-stodE

(e) Analti&al +ro&ed-resE

(*) =C &"e&s (blans# s+ies# re+li&ates# et&.) and *re>-en&E

() 'nstr-ment/e>-i+ment testin# ins+e&tion# or maintenan&eE

(") 'nstr-ment/e>-i+ment &alibration +ro&ed-res and *re>-en&E

(i) Data revie# veri*i&ation# validation# and re+ortin.

$2. Ade>-ate laborator desin# in*rastr-&t-re# e>-i+ment# and instr-mentation s"o-ld be +rovidedand maintained to ens-re t"at all re>-ired analses are &om+leted in a timel manner. ,eriodi& tests o*t"e laborator s"o-ld be &onsidered to eval-ate and im+rove +er*orman&e.

$3. a*et and "ealt" s"o-ld be taen into &onsideration "en &ond-&tin sam+lin. !m+loees&arrin o-t sam+lin re>-ire trainin *or t"e "aards asso&iated it" aste# "andlin +ro&ed-res#+rote&tive &lot"in and e>-i+ment. 4"ose involved in sam+lin a&tivities s"o-ld be *-ll aare o*a++li&able =A/=C +ro&ed-res.

$9. ;A4 *or aste >-alit &ontrol in &ement man-*a&t-rin +ro&esses is o-tlined b t"e !',,C;(2010):

(a) 4o a++l =A sstems to -arantee t"e &"ara&teristi&s o* astes and to analse anaste t"at is to be -sed as ra material and/or *-el in a &ement iln *or: maintenan&e o* >-alit overtimeE +"si&al &riteria# *or e5am+le# emissions *ormation# &oarseness# rea&tivit# b-rnabilit# &alori*i&val-eE &"emi&al &riteria# *or e5am+le# &"lorine# s-l+"-r# alali and +"os+"ate &ontent and relevantmetals &ontentE

(b) 4o &ontrol t"e amo-nt o* relevant +arameters *or an aste t"at is to be -sed as ramaterial and/or *-el in a &ement iln# s-&" as &"lorine# relevant metals (*or e5am+le# &admi-m#

mer&-r# t"alli-m)# s-l+"-r# total "aloen &ontentE

$ Dr basis# &orre&ted to 11 +er&ent O2# 101.3 ,a and 2$3.1? 7.

22


23/55


(&) 4o a++l =A sstems *or ea&" aste load.

$?. 'nternal a-dits s"o-ld be &arried o-t it" a *re>-en& t"at ens-res =A/=C +ro&ed-res are in-se and t"at +ersonnel &on*orm to t"em. 'nde+endent t"ird +art a-dits s"o-ld be &ond-&ted at leastann-all or as re>-ired to determine t"e e**e&tiveness o* t"e im+lemented >-alit sstem. A-dit re+orts

s"o-ld be s-bmitted to manaement it" re>-irements to &orre&t observed de*i&ien&ies.

D) Health and safety as!ects

$6. Healt" and sa*et s"o-ld be a &ons&io-s +riorit and interated into all as+e&ts o* o+erations

d-rin "aardo-s aste manaement. Overall and s+e&i*i& +ersonnel re>-irements# t"e &"ain o*&ommand# and individ-al roles and res+onsibilities# s"o-ld be &learl establis"ed.

$$. A "ealt" and sa*et +roramme s"o-ld be desined to identi*# eval-ate# and &ontrol sa*et and"ealt" "aards# and +rovide *or emeren& res+onse *or "aardo-s aste o+erations. 4"e &ontent and

e5tent o* t"is +roramme s"o-ld be +ro+ortionate to t"e t+es and derees o* "aards and rissasso&iated it" s+e&i*i& o+erations.

$B. Ade>-ate do&-mentation and in*ormation on sa*e "aardo-s aste "andlin# o+eratin

+ro&ed-res and &ontinen& meas-res s"o-ld be available. 4"ro-" o+enness and trans+aren*a&ilit manaement s"o-ld ens-re t"e or*or&e is *-ll in*ormed abo-t "ealt" and sa*et meas-resand standards. !asil -nderstood sa*et and emeren& instr-&tions s"o-ld be +rovided to em+loeesand &ontra&tors in advan&e.

$8. 'n t"e !-ro+ean nion# t"e ;A4 in&l-des t"e a++lian&e o* "aardo-s aste sa*et manaementto t"e "andlin# storae# and t"e *eedin o* "aardo-s aste materials. or e5am+le# -sin a ris baseda++roa&" a&&ordin to t"e so-r&e and t+e o* aste# *or t"e labellin# &"e&in# sam+lin and testino* aste to be "andled. (!',,C;# 2010).

*) Hazard analysis

B0. Haards and +otential e5+os-res s"o-ld be determined and a++ro+riate &ontrols s"o-ld be in+la&e to maintain em+loee "ealt" and sa*et. Haards re>-irin t"e -se o* +ersonal +rote&tivee>-i+ment (,,!) s"o-ld be identi*ied. Assessments s-&" as Iob "aard analsis (JHA)# Iob sa*etanalsis (JA)# sa*et analsis re+orts (AR)# +ro&ess "aard analsis (,HA)# and Iob# tas# and"aard analsis (J4HA)# are re&ommended.

2) ccess and hazard control

B1. 4o eliminate or &ontrol orer e5+os-re to "aards# t"e *olloin s"o-ld be &onsidered inorder o* +re*eren&e:

(a) !nineerin &ontrols to +re&l-de orer e5+os-re b removin or isolatin t"e "aard.

or e5am+le# ventilation or -se o* remotel o+erated material "andlin e>-i+mentE

(b) Administrative &ontrols to manae orer a&&ess to "aards and establis" sa*e orin+ro&ed-res. or e5am+le# se&-rit meas-res to +revent -na-t"oried or -n+rote&ted a&&ess to

"aardo-s astes onsiteE

(&) ,,!# "en enineerin or administrative &ontrols are not *easible or do not totalleliminate t"e "aard.

B2. 4"ese &ontrols are desined to red-&e and maintain em+loee e5+os-re belo nationalo&&-+ational e5+os-re limit val-es. '* t"ese are not available# internationall re&onied e5+os-re

levels s"o-ld be &onsidered.

B3. !5am+les in&l-de: t"e 4"res"old


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s"o-ld be sele&ted to +rote&t aainst an +resent or +otential "aard and a++ro+riate to t"e tas

s+e&i*i& &onditions and d-ration.

B6. All +ersonnel involved in "aardo-s aste o+erations s"o-ld be *-ll aare o*: e>-i+mentsele&tion and -se# maintenan&e and storae# de&ontamination and dis+osal# trainin and +ro+er *it#

donnin and do**in +ro&ed-res# ins+e&tion# in-se monitorin# +roramme eval-ation# and e>-i+mentlimitations.

4) Trainin"

B$. !m+loees s"o-ld be e**e&tivel trained to a level determined b t"eir Iob *-n&tion andres+onsibilit. 4"is s"o-ld be &arried o-t +rior to t"em bein +ermitted to enain in "aardo-s asteo+erations t"at &o-ld e5+ose t"em to "aardo-s s-bstan&es# sa*et# or "ealt" "aards. 4rainin

a&tivities s"o-ld be ade>-atel monitored and do&-mented in terms o* &-rri&-l-m# d-ration# and+arti&i+ants.

BB. 4"e trainin s"o-ld &over sa*et# "ealt" and ot"er "aards +resent on t"e *a&ilitE -se o*

+ersonal +rote&tive e>-i+mentE or +ra&ti&es to minimie riss *rom "aardsE sa*e -se o* enineerin&ontrols and e>-i+ment on t"e siteE medi&al s-rveillan&e# in&l-din re&onition o* sm+toms and sinst"at &o-ld indi&ate over e5+os-re to "aards. 4"ose enaed in "aardo-s emeren& res+onse s"o-ldalso be a++ro+riatel trained.

9) Medical surveillance

B8. A medi&al monitorin +roramme s"o-ld be im+lemented to assess and monitor em+loee"ealt" bot" +rior and d-rin em+loment. An e**e&tive +roramme s"o-ld &onsider t"e *olloin&om+onents as a minim-m:

(a) ,reem+loment s&reenin# to determine *itness*ord-t# in&l-din t"e abilit to or

"ile earin ,,!# and +rovide baseline data *or *-t-re e5+os-resE

(b) ,eriodi& medi&al monitorin e5aminations (t"e &ontent and *re>-en& o* "i&" de+endon t"e nat-re o* t"e or and e5+os-re)# to determine bioloi&al trends t"at ma mar earl sins o*&"roni& adverse "ealt" e**e&tsE

(&) ,rovisions *or emeren& and a&-te nonemeren& treatments.

,) Emer"ency res!onse

80. !meren& +lans and +ro&ed-res s"o-ld be establis"ed *or t"e +rote&tion o* t"e or*or&e and

+-bli& be*ore "aardo-s aste o+erations bein. An !meren& Res+onse ,lan# ens-rin a++ro+riatemeas-res to "andle +ossible onsite emeren&ies and &oordinate o**site res+onse# s"o-ld be in +la&e.As a minim-m# t"is +lan s"o-ld address t"e *olloin:

(a) ,reemeren& +lannin and &oordination it" o-tside emeren& res+ondersE

(b) ,ersonnel roles# lines o* a-t"orit# trainin and &omm-ni&ation +ro&ed-resE

(&) !meren& re&onition and +revention +ro&ed-resE

(d) a*e distan&es and +la&es o* re*-eE

(e) ite se&-rit and &ontrol +ro&ed-resE

(*) !va&-ation ro-tes and +ro&ed-resE

() ite ma++in "i"li"tin "aardo-s areas# site terrain# site a&&essibilit and o**site+o+-lations or environments at +otential risE

(") De&ontamination +ro&ed-resE

(i) !meren& medi&al treatment and *irst aid +ro&ed-resE

(I) ,ersonal +rote&tive and emeren& e>-i+ment at t"e *a&ilitE

() !meren& alertin and res+onse +ro&ed-resE

(l) Do&-mentin and re+ortin to lo&al a-t"oritiesE

(m) Criti>-e o* res+onse and *ollo-+ +ro&ed-res.

81. !meren& e>-i+ment# s-&" as *ire e5tin-is"ers# sel*&ontained breat"in a++arat-s# sorbents

and s+ill its# and s"oer/ee as" stations s"o-ld be lo&ated in t"e immediate vi&init o* "aardo-saste storae and +ro&essin areas.

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82. 4"e ,lan +ro&ed-res s"o-ld be re"earsed re-larl -sin drills and mo& sit-ations# and

revieed +eriodi&all in res+onse to ne or &"anin &onditions or in*ormation.

83. Arranements s"o-ld be made to *amiliarie lo&al a-t"orities and emeren& res+onders it"t"e lao-t o* t"e *a&ilitE +ro+erties o* "aardo-s aste "andled at t"e *a&ilit and asso&iated "aardsE

+la&es "ere *a&ilit +ersonnel o-ld normall be orinE *a&ilit entran&es and +ossible eva&-ationro-tes. Arranements areed to b lo&al a-t"orities# "os+itals and emeren& res+onse teams s"o-ld bedes&ribed in t"e !meren& Res+onse ,lan.

E) Communications and sta'eholder involvement89. tae"olders are t"ose "o see t"emselves as +otentiall a**e&ted b t"e o+erations o* a*a&ilit. 4"ese &an be individ-als and ro-+s on a lo&al# national# or international s&ale and in&l-denei"bo-rs# &omm-nit oraniations# em+loees# trade -nions# overnment aen&ies# t"e media#nonovernmental oraniations# &ontra&tors# s-++liers and investors.

8?. ,-bli& &omm-ni&ation is t"e +rovision o* in*ormation t"ro-" media so-r&es# in&l-dinbro&"-res# ebsites# nes+a+ers# radio and television. tae"older involvement is &on&erned it"&omm-nit members and ot"ers it" an interest in t"e *a&ilit# t"ro-" +-bli& meetins# +resentations#advisor &ommittees# and +ersonal a++roa&"es. ;ot" s"o-ld *orm +art o* t"e normal o+erations o* a+lant.

86. a&ilities s"o-ld "ave &lear obIe&tives *or orin it" stae"olders. 4"is in&l-des a realisti&times&ale *or enaement# &ommittin ne&essar reso-r&es and a illinness to *ind m-t-allbene*i&ial o-t&omes. Advi&e *or t"e desin and develo+ment o* a &omm-ni&ations and stae"older

involvement +lan is +rovided b nited tates !,A (1886)# H-nd et al. (2002)# and 4"e !nvironmentCo-n&il (200$)# amon ot"ers.

8$. O+erators and re-lator a-t"orities s"o-ld be +re+ared to address +-bli& &on&erns over

+ossible im+a&ts o* &o+ro&essin and strive to establis" e**i&ient &omm-ni&ation met"ods to e5+laint"e a&tivities. O+erators +lannin on -sin "aardo-s aste s"o-ld +rovide all ne&essar in*ormationto allo stae"olders to -nderstand t"e -se o* t"e astes in t"e &ement iln "ile ill-stratin t"emeas-res t"at o-ld be im+lemented to avoid adverse im+a&ts.

?:) Environmentally sound &aste acce!tance and !re%!rocessin"

) ?ntroduction

8B. D-e to t"e "eteroeneit o* aste# +re+ro&essin is re>-ired to +rod-&e a relativel -ni*ormaste stream *or &o+ro&essin in &ement ilns. 4"is aste stream s"o-ld &om+l it" t"e te&"ni&aland administrative re>-irements o* &ement man-*a&t-re and -arantee t"at environmental standardsare metB. 'n some &ases# *or e5am+le -sed oil or tres# astes ma be -sed asdelivered and it"o-t

+re+ro&essin.

88. Attention s"o-ld be +aid to t"e sele&tion o* s-itable aste materials# "et"er t"e are &olle&teddire&tl *rom t"e enerators or t"ro-" intermediaries. O+erators s"o-ld ens-re t"at onl "aardo-s

aste oriinatin *rom tr-stort" +arties is a&&e+ted and deliveries o* -ns-itable aste re*-sed.

100. Consideration s"o-ld be iven to t"e interit o* all +arti&i+ants t"ro-"o-t t"e s-++l &"ain.or e5am+le# onl >-ali*ied# a-t"oried and li&ensed trans+ort &om+anies s"o-ld be -sed in order toavoid a&&idents and in&idents d-e to t"e in&om+atibilit o* +oorl labelled or +oorl &"ara&terised

astes bein mi5ed or stored toet"er.

101. 4"ese re&ommendations onl +rovide eneral indi&ations. +e&i*i& "andlin re>-irementss"o-ld be identi*ied on t"e basis o* t"e &"emi&al and bioloi&al &"ara&teristi&s o* individ-al aste

streams# environmental and "ealt" e**e&ts# t"e sa*et o* +ersonnel# and &om+lian&e it" +ermittinre>-irements and lo&al re-lations.

B) Waste acce!tance

102. ,rior nolede o* astes is ne&essar to ens-re t"at t"e aste *alls it"in t"e re>-irementso* t"e *a&ilits +ermit and ill not adversel a**e&t t"e +ro&ess. or instan&e# to avoid o+eratin+roblems it"in t"e iln# t"e im+a&t o* "aardo-s aste on t"e total in+-t o* &ir&-latin volatileelements# s-&" as &"lorine# s-l+"-r or alalis# re>-ires &are*-l assessment +rior to a&&e+tan&e. +e&i*i&

B ,re+ro&essin s"o-ld be &arried o-t be&a-se it is a te&"ni&al re>-irement *rom t"e iln o+erator to

-arantee a "omoeneo-s and stable *eedsto& and not to &ir&-mvent aste a&&e+tan&e +ro&ed-res.

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a&&e+tan&e &riteria *or t"ese &om+onents s"o-ld be set b ea&" *a&ilit based on t"e +ro&ess t+e and

on t"e s+e&i*i& iln &onditions.

103. Generators o* "aardo-s aste s"o-ld in most &ir&-mstan&es no t"e &om+osition# nat-reand +roblems asso&iated it" t"eir aste# ens-rin t"at all relevant in*ormation is +assed on to t"ose

involved in its s-bse>-ent manaement.

109. Haardo-s and non "aardo-s aste a&&e+tan&e &om+rises to staes: +rea&&e+tan&e (ors&reenin) and onsite a&&e+tan&e. ,rea&&e+tan&e involves t"e +rovision o* in*ormation and

re+resentative sam+les o* t"e aste to allo o+erators to determine s-itabilit be*ore arranements arein +la&e *or a&&e+tan&e. 4"e se&ond stae &on&erns +ro&ed-res "en t"e aste arrives at t"e *a&ilit to&on*irm +revio-sl a++roved &"ara&teristi&s.

10?. ail-re to ade>-atel s&reen aste sam+les +rior to a&&e+tan&e and a &on*irmation o* its&om+osition on arrival at t"e installation ma lead to s-bse>-ent +roblems. 'na++ro+riate storae#mi5in o* in&om+atible s-bstan&es# and a&&-m-lation o* astes &o-ld o&&-r.

*) Pre%acce!tance

106. A +rea&&e+tan&e# or +res"i+ment s&reenin# +roto&ol s"o-ld ens-re t"at onl +ro+erl andsa*el "andled "aardo-s aste streams are a++roved *or s"i+ment to t"e *a&ilit. -&" +roto&ol is

ne&essar to:

(a) !ns-re re-lator &om+lian&e b s&reenin o-t -ns-itable astesE

(b) Con*irm t"e details relatin to &om+osition# and identi* veri*i&ation +arameters t"at&an be -sed to test aste arrivin at t"e *a&ilitE

(&) 'denti* an s-bstan&es it"in t"e aste t"at ma a**e&t its +ro&essin# or rea&t it"ot"er reaentsE

(d) A&&-ratel de*ine t"e rane o* "aards e5"ibited b t"e aste.

10$. 4"e o+erator s"o-ld obtain in*ormation on t"e nat-re o* t"e +ro&ess +rod-&in t"e aste#in&l-din its variabilit. Ot"er re>-ired des&ri+tions in&l-de: &om+osition (&"emi&als +resent andindivid-al &on&entrations)E "andlin re>-irements and asso&iated "aardsE t"e >-antit and t"e *orm o*

aste (solid# li>-id# sl-de et&)E sam+le storae and +reservation te&"ni>-es. 'deall# in*ormations"o-ld be +rovided b t"e aste enerators. Alternativel a sstem *or t"e veri*i&ation o* t"ein*ormation +rovided b an intermediaries s"o-ld be &onsidered.

10B. stems *or t"e +rovision and analsis o* aste re+resentative sam+les s"o-ld be in +la&e. 4"easte sam+le s"o-ld be taen b a &om+etent te&"ni&ian and t"e analsis &arried o-t b a laborator#+re*erabl a&&redited it" rob-st =A/=C met"ods and re&ord ee+in and a &"aino*&-stod+ro&ed-re s"o-ld be &onsidered. 4"e o+erator s"o-ld &arr o-t a &om+re"ensive &"ara&terisation(+ro*ilin) and testin it" reard to t"e +lanned +ro&essin *or ea&" ne aste. No aste s"o-ld bea&&e+ted it"o-t sam+lin and testin bein &arried o-t. 4"e e5&e+tion is -n-sed# o-tdated or

o**s+e&i*i&ation -n&ontaminated +rod-&ts t"at "ave a++ro+riate @D or +rod-&t data s"eets.

108. A Waste Analsis ,lan (WA,) s"o-ld be +re+ared and maintained to do&-ment +ro&ed-res-sed to obtain a re+resentative aste sam+le and to &ond-&t a detailed &"emi&al and +"si&al analsis.

A WA, s"o-ld address meas-res -sed to identi* +otentiall rea&tive and in&om+atible astes. 8'ts"o-ld in&l-de testin o* a re+resentative sam+le to >-ali* t"e aste *or -se at t"e *a&ilit(+rea&&e+tan&e) and to veri* its &onstit-ents (a&&e+tan&e). -rt"er testin o* sam+les taen d-rin or

a*ter aste +re+ro&essin or blendin s"o-ld be -sed to veri* t"e >-alit o* t"e res-ltant stream.

110. O+erators s"o-ld ens-re t"at t"e te&"ni&al a++raisal is &arried o-t b >-ali*ied# e5+erien&edsta** "o -nderstands t"e &a+abilities o* t"e *a&ilit.

111. Re&ords o* +rea&&e+tan&e s"o-ld be maintained at t"e *a&ilit *or &rossre*eren&in andveri*i&ation at t"e aste a&&e+tan&e stae. 'n*ormation s"o-ld be re&orded and re*eren&ed# available atall times# re-larl revieed and e+t -+ to date it" an &"anes to t"e aste stream.

2) 1n%site acce!tance

112. Onsite veri*i&ation and testin s"o-ld &on*irm aste &"ara&teristi&s it" t"e +rea&&e+tan&ein*ormation. A&&e+tan&e +ro&ed-res s"o-ld address:

8 4"e nited tates !,A do&-ment# \A @et"od o* Determinin t"e Com+atibilit o* Haardo-s Wastes\(!,A600/2B00$6)# &ontains +ro&ed-res to eval-ate >-alitativel t"e &om+atibilit o* vario-s &ateories o*

astes.

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(a) ,rea++roved astes arrivin onsite# s-&" as a +rebooin sstem to ens-re t"at

s-**i&ient &a+a&it is available

(b) 4ra**i& &ontrolE

(&) C"e& *or do&-ments arrivin it" t"e loadE

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(b) -antit o* aste +resent onsite at an one time# in a++ro+riate -nitsE

(b) ;readon o* aste >-antities bein stored +endin onsite +ro&essinE

(&) ;readon o* aste >-antities onsite *or storae onl# t"at is# aaitin trans*erE

(d) ;readon o* aste >-antities b "aard &lassi*i&ationE

(e) 'ndi&ation o* "ere t"e aste is lo&ated relative to a site +lanE

(*) Com+arison o* t"e >-antit onsite aainst total +ermittedE

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() Com+arison o* time t"e aste "as been onsite aainst +ermitted limit.

C) Waste stora"e and handlin"

191. A*ter de&idin t"e astes s-itabilit# t"e o+erator s"o-ld "ave sstems and +ro&ed-res in+la&e *or trans*er to a++ro+riate storae sa*el.

192. Considerations *or aste storae on t"e installation s"o-ld in&l-de:

(a) -ate alarms *or abnormal &onditions s"o-ld be +rovided.

19?. torae desin s"o-ld be a++ro+riate to maintain aste >-alit *or t"e &om+lete storae

+eriod. ereated storae s"o-ld be in +la&e to +revent in&idents *rom in&om+atible astes and as ameans o* +reventin es&alation s"o-ld an in&ident o&&-r. 'ndivid-al storae re>-irements on a+arti&-lar installation ill be de+endent on a *-ll assessment o* ris.

196. Wit"in t"e *a&ilit# s+e&i*i& storae area &"ara&teristi&s s"o-ld re*le&t t"e +ro+erties o* t"e

aste t"at +oses t"e reatest ris t"at &an be a&&e+ted. 'n eneral# t"e storae &riteria s"o-ld also taeinto a&&o-nt t"e -nnon nat-re and &om+osition o* astes# as t"is ives rise to additional riss and-n&ertainties. 'n man &ases# t"is -n&ertaint means t"at "i"er s+e&i*i&ation storae sstems area++lied *or astes t"an *or ell&"ara&terised ra materials.

19$. Containerised astes s"o-ld be stored -nder &over# +rote&ted *rom "eat# dire&t s-nli"t andrain# -nless t"e aste is non to be -na**e&ted b s-&" ambient &onditions.

19B. or &ontainerised astes# t"e desin s"o-ld be s-&" to +revent a&&-m-lation o* "aardo-sastes beond t"e alloable storae times&ale. or li>-id astes# mi5in or aitation to +reventsettlin o* solids s"o-ld be &onsidered. 't ma be ne&essar to "omoenise tan &ontents it"me&"ani&al or "dra-li& aitators. De+endin on t"e aste &"ara&teristi&s# some tans ma need to be"eated and ins-lated.

198. 4"e &onstr-&tion# material sele&tion and desin o* e>-i+ment# s-&" as tans# +i+elines# valves#and seals s"o-ld be a++ro+riate *or t"e &"ara&teristi&s o* t"e aste. 4"e s"o-ld be s-**i&ientl&orrosion +roo*# and o**er t"e o+tion o* &leanin and sam+lin.

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1?0. Ade>-ate ventilation s"o-ld be +rovided in &onsideration to a++li&able or e5+os-re

-idelines. ,eriodi& monitorin s"o-ld be &onsidered *or o+en stored astes t"at ma emit OC.

1?1. A *ire +rote&tion sstem a++roved b lo&al a-t"orities# *or e5am+le# a lo&al *ire de+artment#s"o-ld be in +la&e. A-tomati& *ire dete&tion sstems s"o-ld be -sed in aste storae areas as ell as

*or *abri& *ilters and ele&trostati& +re&i+itators (!,)# ele&tri&al and &ontrol rooms# and ot"er identi*iedris areas. Contin-o-s# a-tomati& tem+erat-re meas-rement o* t"e s-r*a&e o* astes in t"e storae +its&an be -sed to trier an a&o-sti& alarm to indi&ate tem+erat-re variations.

1?2. A-tomati& *ire s-++ression sstems s"o-ld be -sed "en storin *lammable li>-id aste andin ot"er ris areas. oam and &arbon dio5ide &ontrol sstems +rovide advantaes in some&ir&-mstan&es# *or e5am+le# *or t"e storae o* *lammable li>-ids. Water sstems it" monitors# ater&annons it" t"e o+tion to -se ater or *oam# or dr +oder sstems s"o-ld be -sed# as a++ro+riate#de+endin on t"e nat-re o* t"e "aards on site.

2) 1!erational considerations

1?3. Written +ro&ed-res and instr-&tions *or t"e -nloadin# "andlin# and storae o* astes onsites"o-ld be in +la&e. 't s"o-ld be ens-red t"at &"emi&all in&om+atible astes are sereated.Com+lian&e s"o-ld be a-dited re-larl.

1?9. 4o avoid t"e need *or additional "andlin and trans*er "aardo-s astes s"o-ld be stored in t"esame &ontainers (dr-ms) t"at ere -sed *or deliver.

1??. Desinated ro-tes *or ve"i&les &arrin s+e&i*i& "aardo-s astes s"o-ld be &learl identi*iedit"in t"e *a&ilit. Onsite trans+ortation s"o-ld minimie ris to t"e "ealt" and sa*et o* em+loees#t"e +-bli& and t"e environment. 4"e o+erator s"o-ld ens-re t"at ve"i&les are *it *or +-r+ose it"res+e&t to &om+lian&e it" relevant re-lations.

1?6. All loads s"o-ld be +ro+erl identi*ied# sereated a&&ordin to &om+atibilit (so t"at an+otential s+ills do not &reate &"emi&al sa*et "aards)# and se&-red to +revent slidin or s"i*tin d-rintrans+ort. ,ersonnel s"o-ld be dire&ted and trained to -se e>-i+ment onl as intended# and not toe5&eed t"e rated &a+a&it o* &ontainers# ve"i&les# and ot"er e>-i+ment.

1?$. A++ro+riate sinae indi&atin t"e nat-re o* "aardo-s astes s"o-ld be in +la&e at storae#sto&+ilin# and tan lo&ations.

1?B. Containers s"o-ld be e+t in ood &ondition# *ree o* dents# not leain or b-lin# and &losed

not in -se. Container storae areas s"o-ld "ave at least a eel ins+e&tion.

1?8. @aintenan&e or s"o-ld be a-t"oried b +lant manaement# and &arried o-t a*ter t"e area"as been &"e&ed b a s-+ervisor and all ne&essar +re&a-tions "ave been taen. +e&ial +ro&ed-res#

instr-&tions# and trainin s"o-ld be in +la&e *or ro-tine o+erations s-&" as:

(a) Worin at "ei"ts# in&l-din +ro+er tieo** +ra&ti&es and -se o* sa*et "arnessesE

(b) Con*ined s+a&e entr "ere air >-alit# e5+losive mi5t-res# d-st# or ot"er "aards m

29 Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally Sound Co Processing of Hazardous Wastes in Cement...

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Transcript of 29 Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally Sound Co Processing of Hazardous Wastes in Cement...