28122012062835 Barcode Technology

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CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION:

BARCODE is a method of automatic identification & data

collection, also known as the Universal Product Code (UPC).

BARCODE is use the Binary System for coding & decoding. It has the

series of bars & space representing alpha numeric information. Each bar

represent 1 &space represent 0.

Example of the bar code from a 3-liter bottle of Diet Coke

FIGURE[1]

Seminarstopics.com 1


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1.1. What is Barcode ?

A barcode is an optical machine-readable representation of data,

which shows certain data on certain products. Originally, barcodes

represented data in the widths (lines) and the spacings of parallel lines,

and may be referred to as linear or 1D (1 dimensional) barcodes or

symbologies. They also come in patterns of squares, dots, hexagons and

other geometric patterns within images termed 2D (2 dimensional)

matrix codes or symbologies. Although 2D systems use symbols other

than bars, they are generally referred to as barcodes as well. Barcodes

can be read by optical scanners calledbarcode readers, or scanned from

an image by special software.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UPC_A.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable


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FIGURE [2]

1.2. How It Works?The last digit of the UPC code is called a check digit.

FIGURE [3]

1. Add together the value of all of the digits in odd positions (digits 1,

3, 5, 7, 9 and 11).0 + 5 + 7 + 1 + 4 + 2 = 19

2. Multiply that number by 3.

19 * 3 = 57

3. Add together the value of all of the digits in even positions (digits 2,

4, 6, 8 and 10).

7 + 6 + 8 + 6 + 1 = 28

4. Add this sum to the value in step 2.

57 + 28 = 85



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5. Take the number in Step 4. To create the check digit, determine the

number that, when added to the number in step 4, is a multiple of 10.

85 + 5 = 90

The check digit is therefore 5

CHAPTER 2.

HISTORY OF UPC BARCODE :

1952 :

First patent was issued to Joseph Woodland & Bernard

Silver.

1966:

theNational Association of Food Chains (NAFC) held a

meeting where they discussed the idea of using

automated checkout systems.

1973 :

Mr. George Laurer of IBM conducted research work and invented

a code in rectangular bars.

The Universal Product Code was the first bar code symbology

widely adopted in April 1973.

1974 :

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Food_Chains&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Food_Chains&action=edit&redlink=1


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UPC become the first consumer item ever scanned and that was

the beginning of the bar code world.

1976:

UPC led to the adoption of the EAN code format, similar to UPC,

in December 1976.

CHAPTER 3.

TYPES OF BARCODE :

Universal Product Code(UPC) and European Article Number

(EAN) in general are the two types of bar codes.

Grocery industry formally established UPC as the standard bar

code symbology for product marking.

There are five versions of UPC & two versions of EAN code. The

valid characters are 0,1,2.9.

Out of five versions of UPC code two versions namely UPC-A

and UPC-E are widely used. Other three versions namely UPC-B,

UPC-C and UPC-D are not in wide use.

Two versions of EAN are EAN-13 and EAN-8.

3.1. UPC :

It is known as Universal Product Code.

There are five versions of UPC :



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3.1.1.UPC version A :

It is the basic version of UPC and is usually seen on grocery store

items. This is the symbology that encodes 12 digits. Grocery industry

formally established UPC as the standard bar code symbology for

product marking.

3.1.2.UPC Version E :

UPC version E is the next most common version of UPC. It is zero

suppression version of UPC. The code is smaller because it drops out

zeros which would otherwise occur in a symbol.

Other Versions :-

3.1.3.UPC version B :

It is a special version originally developed to handle the National

Drug Code and National Health Related Items Code. It allows for 11

digits plus one product type code. This version does not have any

modulo check digit.

3.1.4.UPC version C :



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It is a special code designed to promote industry-wide compatibility.

The code is 12 digits long with a product type digit and a modulo check

sum digit.

3.1.5.UPC version D :

Itis a variable message length version of UPC. The symbol must

contain at least 12 digits. The first digit is a product type code. This is

followed by 10 information carrying digits. The twelfth digit is a

modulo check sum, and

this is followed by a variable number of digits.

3.2. EAN :

It is known as European Article Number.

There are two versions of EAN :

3.2.1.EAN-8 Version :

EAN-8 is an 8 digit code. EAN-8 has a left hand guard pattern,

four odd parity digits, a center guard pattern, four even parity

digits, and a right hand guard pattern. An EAN-8 bar code has two

flag digits, five data digits and one check digit.



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FIGURE [4]

3.2.2.EAN-13Version:

EAN-13 is a 13 digit code. Standard EAN has 10 numeric

characters, 2 or 3 flag characters which are usually a code for the

country of EAN and a check digit. It is identical to UPC version A.

The thirteen digits are divided into three blocks: country code, item

number, check digit.

FIGURE [5]



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CHAPTER 4.

BARCODE TECHNOLOGY :

Bar Code technology became universally accepted in 1966.

Barcode has three major components

4.1.Softwere Installation :



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Software installed in a computer generates a unique bar code-

the black & white lines which actually represents a unique identification

tag.

4.2.Special bar Code Printer :

Printed & pasted on product.

4.3.Bar Code Reader :

Reads & identifies the unique code & matches with the details of

product already present in the computer.

CHAPTER 5.

BARCODE REPRESENTATION :

A barcode is an Optical Machine-Readable representation of data,

which shows the certain data on certain product.



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It can be represented in two forms-

a.) 1D or Linear barcode representation.b.) 2D or Matrix barcode representation.

a.) 1D or Linear representation :

if the barcode represented data in width ( lines) & the spacing of

parallel lines, then it will be referred to as a 1D or Linear barcode

representation .

Ex. : All version of UPC & EAN .

b.) 2D or Matrix representation :

if the barcode represented in squares, dots, hexagon & other

geometric patterns with in image termed as 2D or Matrix barcode

representation.

Ex. : boiler plate text as 4 segment data matrix 2D, semacode matrix

2D,

QR code ,high capacity color barcode 2D matrix etc.

5.1. 1D OR LINEAR REPRESENTATION :



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Symbology

Continuous

or

discrete

Bar

widthsUses

U.P.C. Continuous ManyWorldwide retail, GS1

approved

Codabar Discrete TwoOld format used in libraries,

blood banks, airbills

Code 25 Non-

interleaved 2 of 5Continuous Two Industrial (NO)

Code 25 Interleaved

2 of 5

Continuous Two Wholesale, Libraries (NO)

Code 39 Discrete Two Various

Code 93 Continuous Many Various

Code 128 Continuous Many Various

Code 128A Continuous Many Various

Code 128B Continuous Many Various

Code 128C Continuous Many Various

Code 11 Discrete Two Telephones

CPC Binary Discrete Two Post office

DUN 14 Continuous Many Various

EAN 2 Continuous ManyAddon code (Magazines),

GS1 approved

EAN 5 Continuous ManyAddon code (Books), GS1

approved

EAN 8, EAN 13 Continuous ManyWorldwide retail, GS1

approved

EXAMPLE OF 1D BARCODE REPRESENTATION :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Product_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codabarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-out-of-five_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-out-of-five_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleaved_2_of_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleaved_2_of_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_128http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_128Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_128Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_128Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPC_Binary_Barcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DUN_14&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAN_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAN_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAN_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAN-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Product_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codabarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-out-of-five_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-out-of-five_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleaved_2_of_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleaved_2_of_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_128http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_128Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_128Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_128Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPC_Binary_Barcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DUN_14&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAN_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAN_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAN_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAN-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS1


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1.) UPC-A barcode symbol :

first & last digit always placed outside the symbol to indicate quiet

zones that the necessary for barcode scanners to work properly.

FIGURE [6]

2.) EAN-13 barcode symbol :

first digit is always placed outside the symbol, additionally right quiet

indicator (>) is used to indicate quiet zone, that are necessary for

barcode scanner to work properly.

FIGURE [7]

5.2 2D OR MATRIX REPRESENTATION :



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It is similar to a linear (1-dimensional) barcode, but has more data

representation capability.

Symbology Notes3-DI Developed by Lynn Ltd.

ArrayTag From ArrayTech Systems.

Aztec CodeDesigned by Andrew Longacre at Welch Allyn (now Hand

Held Products). Public domain.

Small Aztec

CodeSpace-saving version of Aztec code.

Chromatic

Alphabet

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an artistic proposal by C. C. Elian; divides the visible

spectrum into 26 different wavelengths - hues.Chromocode uses black, white, and 4 saturated colors.

Codablock Stacked 1D barcodes.

Code 1 Public domain.

Code 16K Based on 1D Code 128.

Code 49 Stacked 1D barcodes from Intermec Corp.

ColorCodeColorZip developed colour barcodes that can be read by

camera phones from TV screens; mainly used in Korea.

Compact MatrixCode

From Syscan Group, Inc.

CP Code From CP Tron, Inc.

CyberCode From Sony.

d-touchreadable when printed on deformable gloves and stretched

and distorted.

DataGlyphsFrom Palo Alto Research Center (also known as Xerox

PARC).

Datamatrix From RVSI Acuity CiMatrix/Siemens. Public domain.Increasingly used throughout the United States.

Datastrip Code From Datastrip, Inc.

EXAMPLE OF 2D BARCODE REPRESENTATION :

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3-DI&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_Aztec_Code&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_Aztec_Code&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromatic_Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromatic_Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code_1&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ColorZip&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact_Matrix_Code&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact_Matrix_Code&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CP_Code&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyberCodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DataGlyphs&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datamatrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datastrip_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3-DI&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_Aztec_Code&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_Aztec_Code&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromatic_Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromatic_Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code_1&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ColorZip&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact_Matrix_Code&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact_Matrix_Code&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CP_Code&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyberCodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DataGlyphs&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datamatrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datastrip_Code


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1.) Boiler plate text as four segment data matrix 2D :

FIGURE [8]

2.) semacode data matrix 2D :

FIGURE [9]



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3.) QR Code: Quick Response the most popular 2D barcode in

Japan

is promoted by Google .

FIGURE [10]

4.)High Capacity Color Barcode :



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FIGURE [11]

CHAPTER 6.

ADVANTAGES OF BARCODE :

In point-of-sale management, the use of barcodes can provide very

detailed up-to-date information on key aspects of the business, enabling

decisions to be made much more quickly and with more confidence. For

example:

Fast-selling items can be identified quickly and automatically

reordered to meet consumer demand,

Slow-selling items can be identified, preventing a build-up of

unwanted stock,



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The effects of repositioning a given product within a store can be

monitored, allowing fast-moving more profitable items to occupy

the best space,

Historical data can be used to predict seasonal fluctuations very

accurately.

Items may be repriced on the shelf to reflect both sale prices and

price increases.

When a manufacturer packs a box with any given item, a Unique

Identifying Number (UID) can be assigned to the box.

A relational database can be created to relate the UID to relevant

information about the box; such as order number, items packed,

qty packed, final destination, etc.

CHAPTER

7.

DISADVANTAGES OF BARCODE :

Source of additional cost -- The only disadvantage is that data is

coded in the barcode. This can be an additional cost.

However the key to an effective barcode system is to

generate the barcode as cost to the source of the data as possible.



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CHAPTER 8.

APPLICATIONS OF BARCODE :

Bar Code is essentially used for 100% accurate & speedy data entry.

The major applications are

Retail

Manufacturing



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Quality control

Packing

Ware housing

Service industry such as Courier Industry, Hospital and Library

Management

Export Industry

CHAPTER 9.

BIBLIOGRAPHY :

http://www.managementsupport.com/barcode.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/barcode

http://www.managementsupport.com/barcode.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/barcodehttp://www.managementsupport.com/barcode.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/barcode


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http://www.satoeurope.com/en/about/barcode.html

CHAPTER

10.

REMARK :
http://www.satoeurope.com/en/about/barcode.htmlhttp://www.satoeurope.com/en/about/barcode.html

28122012062835 Barcode Technology

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