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Module 1: Getting Startedwith Databases and

Transact-SQL in SQLServer 2008

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Module 1: Getting Started with Databases andTransact-SQL in SQL Server 2008

Overview of SQL Server 2008

Overview of SQL Server Databases

Overview and Syntax Elements of T-SQL

Working with T-SQL Scripts

Using T-SQL Querying Tools

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Lesson 1: Overview of SQL Server 2008

Overview of Client/Server Architecture

SQL Server Components

SQL Server Management Tools

SQL Server Database Engine Components

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Client Computer

Overview of Client/Server Architecture

Two-tier

OLE DB Components

Multitier

SQL Database Server

Client Computer

SQL Database Server

Business Logic

Display Code

Application Server

Display Code

Business Logic

OLE DB Components

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SQL Server Components

Server Components Description

SQL Server Database

EngineCore service for storing and processing data

Analysis ServicesTools for creating and managing analytical

processing

Reporting ServicesComponents for creating and deploying

reports

Integration ServicesTools for moving, copying, and transforming

data

The Database Engine also features these components:

Service Broker

Full-Text Search Replication

Notification Services

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SQL Server Management Tools

Management tools Description

SQL Server

Management Studio

An environment to access, configure,

manage, and administer SQL components

SQL Server

Configuration Manager

An interface to provide management for

SQL services, protocols, and client aliases

SQL Server ProfilerA GUI tool to profile and trace the

Database Engine and Analysis Services

Database Engine

Tuning Advisor

An application to create an optimal sets

of indexes, indexed views, and partitions

Business Intelligence

Development Studio

An IDE for creating Analysis Services,

Reporting Services, and Integration

Services solutions

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SQL Server Database Engine Components

Components Description

ProtocolsWays to implement the external interface to the SQL

Server

Relational

Engine

Interface into the storage engine, composed of

services to interact with the underlying database

storage components and features

Storage

Engine

Core of SQL Server, a highly scalable and available

service for data storage, processing, and security

SQLOS

Operating system with a powerful API, which brings

together all system components, enabling innovation of

SQL Servers scalability and performance, providing

manageability and supportability features

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Lesson 2: Overview of SQL Server Databases

Overview of Relational Databases

What Is Normalization?

The Normalization Process

SQL Server Database Objects

Overview of Data Types

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Overview of Relational Databases

Orders

OrderID

CustomerID

EmployeeID

OrderDate

ShippedDate

ShipVia

Freight

Order Details

OrderID

ProductID

UnitPrice

Quantity

Products

ProductID

ProductName

SupplierIDUnitPrice

UnitsInStock

Discontinued

Relational databases store data in multiple interrelated tables

The tables have one-to-many relationships

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What Is Normalization?

Benefits

Accelerates sorting and indexing

Allows more clustered indexes

Helps UPDATE performance

More compact databases

The process for removing redundant data from a database

Disadvantages

Insertion of code in tables

Increase in tables to join Slower data retrieval

Difficulty in data model query

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First Normal Form

Second Normal Form

Third Normal Form

The Normalization Process

Order Details

ProdCategory

Product1

Product2

Order Details

ProdCat_ID

ProductID

Accounts

Address

PostCode

City

Accounts

Accountnumber

Address

PostCode

PostCode

PostCode

City

State

Orders

Quantity

Price

Total

Orders

Quantity

Price

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SQL Server Database Objects

Objects Notes

Tables Contain all the data in SQL Server databases

Views Act like a virtual table or a stored query

IndexesEnable fast retrieval, built from one or more columns in

table or view

TriggersExecute a batch of SQL code when an insert, update or

delete command is executed against a specific table

Procedures Accept parameters, contain statements, and return values.

Constraints Prevent inconsistent data from being placed in a column

Rules Specify acceptable values that can be inserted in column

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Overview of Data Types

Approximate numerics

Date and time

Exact numerics Unicode character strings

Binary strings

Other data types

Character strings

Data types are organized into the following categories:

Each column, variable, expression, parameter has a data type

A data type specifies the type of data the object can hold:

integers, characters, monetary data, date and time, binary

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Lesson 3: Overview and Syntax Elements of T-SQL

A History and Definition of ANSI SQL and T-SQL

Categories of SQL Statements

Introduction to Basic T-SQL Syntax

Types of T-SQL Operators

What Are T-SQL Functions?

What Are T-SQL Variables?

What Are T-SQL Expressions?

Control-of-flow Statements

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A History and Definition of ANSI SQL and T-SQL

ANSI-SQL defined by the American National StandardsInstitute

Microsoft implementation is T-SQL, or Transact SQL

Other implementations include PL/SQL and SQL ProceduralLanguage.

Developed in the early 1970s

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GRANT CONTROL SERVER TO user_name;

Categories of SQL Statements

DML Data Manipulation Language

SELECT ProductID, Name, ListPriceFROM Production.Product

COMMIT TRANSACTION Inner2;

CREATE USER user_name

INSERT Table1 VALUES (1, 'Row #1')

DQL - SQL Select Statements

DCL Data Control Language

DDL Data Definition Language

TCL - Transactional Control Language

GRANT CONNECT TO guest;

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Introduction to Basic T-SQL Syntax

SELECT ProductID, Name, ListPriceFROM Production.ProductWHERE ListPrice > $40ORDER BY ListPrice ASC

There are four primary properties to the SELECT statement

The number and attributes of the columns in the result set1

The tables from which the result set data is retrieved2

The conditions the rows in the source tables must meet3

The sequence which the rows of the result set are ordered4

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Types of T-SQL Operators

Type Operators

Arithmetic operators +, -, *, /, %Vacation + SickLeave AS 'Total PTO'

Assignment operator =SET @MyCounter = 1

Comparison operators =, , , !, >=,

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What Are T-SQL Functions?

Functions Notes

Rowset Return objects that can be used as table references

Examples: CONTAINSTABLE, OPENDATASOURCE, OPENQUERY

Aggregate Operate on a collection but returns a single value

Examples: AVG, CHECKSUM_AGG, SUM, COUN

Ranking Return a ranking value for each row in a partition

Examples: RANK, DENSE_RANK

Scalar Operate on a single value and then return a single value

Examples: CREATE FUNCTION dbo.ufn_CubicVolume

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What Are T-SQL Variables?

declare @food varchar(20)set @food = 'ice cream'WHERE Description = @food

DECLARE @local_variable as

Variables in batches and scripts are typically used to:

Count the number of times a loop is performed

Hold data to be tested by a control-of-flow statement

Save data values to be returned by a function return value

A Transact-SQL local variable is an object that can hold asingle data value of a specific type

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What Are T-SQL Expressions?

Expressions can be combined if one of these is true:

The expressions have the same data type

The data type with the lower precedence can be converted

to the data type with the higher precedence

Symbols and operators evaluated to obtain a single value

SELECT ProductID, Variable_N +2

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Control-of-flow Statements

These are the control-of-flow keywords:

GOTO

IF...ELSE

BEGIN...END BREAK

CONTINUE

WHILE

RETURN WAITFOR

IF Boolean_expression

BEGIN{ sql_statement | statement_block }ENDELSE

{ sql_statement | statement_block }

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Lesson 4: Working with T-SQL Scripts

What Are Batch Directives?

Structured Exception Handling

Commenting T-SQL Code

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What Are Batch Directives?

IF @cost

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Structured Exception Handling

BEGIN TRY-- Generate divide-by-zero error.SELECT 1/0;

END TRYBEGIN CATCH

-- Execute error retrieval routine.

EXECUTE usp_GetErrorInfo;END CATCH;

RAISERROR (N'This is message %s %d.', -- Message text.

10, -- Severity,1, -- State,N'number', -- First argument.5); -- Second argument.

-- The message text returned is: This is message number 5.GO

TRY/CATCH

RAISERROR

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Commenting T-SQL Code

The use of a beginning /* and ending */ creates comments

The double dash comments to the end of line

/*This is a comment

*/

--This is a comment

Comments are statements about the meaning of the code

When used, there is no execution performed on the text

There are two ways to comment code using T-SQL:

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Lesson 5: Using T-SQL Querying Tools

Tools for Querying SQL Server 2008 Databases

An Introduction to SQL Server Management Studio

What Is a SQL Server Solution?

Creating SQL Server Solutions

Executing Queries in SQL Server Management Studio

Generating Reports in Microsoft Office Excel

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Tools for Querying SQL Server 2008 Databases

Tool Description

SQL ServerManagement Studio

Used for interactive creation of T-SQL scripts

To access, configure, manage, and create

many other SQL Server Objects

Microsoft Office Excel A spreadsheet used by financial and

business professional to retrieve data

SQLCMD

A command used by administrators for

command line and batch files processing

SQLCMD S server\instance i C:\script

PowerShell An environment used by administrators forcommand line and batch processing

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An Introduction to SQL Server Management Studio

Support for writing and editing queries or scripts

Integrated source control for solution and script projects

Supports most administrative tasks for SQL Server

An integrated Web browser for quick browsing

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SQL Server Management Studio provides two

containers for managing database projects:

What is a SQL Server Solution?

A project is a set of files, plus related metadata

A solution includes projects and files that define the solution

When you create a project, a solution is created to contain it

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Creating SQL Server Solutions

Use these containers to:

Implement source control on queries and scripts

Manage settings for your solution

Solutions contain scripts, queries, connection informationand files that you need to create your database solution

Handle the details of file management

Add items useful to multiple projects in to one solution

Work on miscellaneous files independent from solutions

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Executing Queries in SQL Server Management Studio

Executing queries occurs when in a query session by:

Create queries by interactively entering them in a querywindow

Load a file that contains T-SQL and then executecommands or modify then execute

Selecting the Execute Icon

Pressing the F5 key

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Generating Reports in Microsoft Office Excel

Connect to Database Server1

Select Database and Table2

Save Data Connection File3

Import Data and Select Format4

Lab: Using SQL Server Management Studio and

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Exercise 1: Explore the components and execute queries

in SQL Server Management Studio

Exercise 2: Start and use sqlcmd

Exercise 3: Generate a report from a SQL Server database

using Microsoft Office Excel

Lab: Using SQL Server Management Studio andSQLCMD

Logon information

Virtual machine NY-SQL-01User name Student

Password Pa$$w0rd

Estimated time: 60 minutes

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Lab Scenario

You are the database administrator of Adventure Works.

The Human Resources department requires that yougenerate several reports by using SQL Server 2008. You

need to generate reports with a list of employee

addresses sorted by departments or a list of addresses

of employees residing in the United States. You also

need to analyze the details of the newly hired employees

by using a database diagram in SQL Server Management

Studio.

To do this, you will explore and execute queries in SQLServer Management Studio, generate reports from the

AdventureWorks database, and examine the database

diagram in SQL Server Management Studio.

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Lab Review

Why would we execute a T-SQL command using sqlcmd?

What tools did we use in the lab to query the database?

How is Excel useful when querying SQL Server 2008databases?

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Module Review and Takeaways

Review Questions

Best Practices

Tools