CHAPTER 23 THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH- CENTURY CRISIS: World War I.
27 the Great Twentieth-Century Crisis
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Transcript of 27 the Great Twentieth-Century Crisis
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The Great Twentieth-Century
Crisis
Two Successful Revolutions
Distinctive Culture of the20th Century
The Great Depression
Nazi Germany and USSR
Democracies Weak Response
The Russian Revolution
Background to Revolution
Russia was unprepared bothmilitary and technologically for
the total war of World War I
Lacking guns, soldiers using broomsticks to train and sent to
the front without ries
The Russian army sufferedincredible lossestwo million
soldiers were killed, andanother four to six million
wounded or six millionwounded or captured
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Beginnings of Upheaval
Czar Nicholas II was anautocratic ruler whose wife,Alexandra was German born
*Grigori Rasputin, anuneducated Siberian peasant
who claimed to be a holy manhis inuence made him animportant power behind the
throneAssassinated in 1916,
poisoned, shot, beat, anddrowned
The March Revolution
A series of strikes led byworking-class women
broke out in the capitalcity of *Petrograd
The government hadstarted bread rationingafter the price of bread
had skyrocketedStrikes shut down
factories demandingPeace and Bread
The czar tried to dissolve theDuma, or legislative body. Aprovisional government wasestablished which urged the
czar to step down, eventuallydoing so
*Alexander Kerensky, nowhead of provisional
government, continued thewar
*The Soviets challenged thisgovernment and its policiesthe *Bolsheviks came to power
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The Rise of Lenin
The *Bolsheviks began as asmall faction of Marxistparty called the RussianSocial Democrats led by
*V. I. Lenin
He believed that only a
violent revolution coulddestroy the capitalistsystem
German military leaders,hoping to create
disorder in Russia,shipped Lenin to Russia
ushering in a newstage of the Revolution
They promised an end tothe war the
redistribution of all land,etc.
Peace, Land, Bread
The Bolsheviks SeizePower
Lenin and Leon Trotsky took over the government
The Bolsheviks renamedthemselves the Communists
and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovskthey gave up
eastern Poland, Ukraine,Finland, and the Baltic
Real peace did not come,however, because the country
soon sank into civil war
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Civil War in Russia
Many people wereopposed to the new
Communist regimeLiberals and anti-Leninist socialists
The Allies sentthousands of troops to
various parts of Russiain the hope of bringing
Russia back into the war
The Red Army wasforced to ght on
many fronts againstthese opponents
Members of the localsoviet murdered theczar and his familyand burned their
bodies in a nearbymine shaft
Triumph of theCommunists
A policy of *war communismwas used to ensure regularsupplies for the Red Army
A new Red secret police (Cheka) began a Red Terror aimed at the
destruction of all those whoopposed the new regime
Communism transformedRussia into a centralized stateand was largely hostile toward
the Allied powers
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The Great Depression
Uneasy Peace, Uncertain SecurityThe peacesettlement
created new boundaries and
new states
The settlementleft nations
unhappy andGermans
vowed to revisethe terms of the
Treaty of Versailles
A Weak League of Nations
The peace settlement includedunwise provisions that could
serve as new causes forconict
The League of Nations wasnot very effective in
maintaining the peace
Failure of the united States to join the league was oneserious problem with the
organization
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French Demands
Desire for security led the Frenchgovernment to demand strictenforcement of the Treaty of
Versailles
Reparations to be paid byGermany peaked at 132 billion
German marks (33 billiondollars)almost a Trillion
dollars today
The German government couldnot afford this and France
occupied the Ruhr Valley andmine the region
10,000 dollars
Million dollars1001 Billion Dollars
1 Trillion Dollars
Double Stacked
15.5 Trillion Dollarsin debt
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Ination in Germany
German workers went instrike due to loss of
nancesthe governmentprinted money as a
solution to this
The deutsche mark soon became worthless:
19144.2 marks to 1 dollar
19234.2 trillion marks to1 dollar
*The Dawes Planwas an American
attempt to balance
Germany byloaning them 200million dollars,
leading to aheavy American
investment inEurope
The Treaty of LocarnoA spirit of cooperation wasfostered by the foreign ministers
of Germany and France
*The Treaty of Locarno,guaranteed Germanys new
western borders with France andBelgiumleading to an era of
European peace
The Kellogg-Briand pact lednations to renounce war as aninstrument of national policy but such promises provedworthless without a way to
enforce these promises
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The GreatDepression
Economiccollapse and
GreatDepression
emerged in 1924
*Depression is aperiod of low
economicactivity and
risingunemployment
Causes of the DepressionTwo factors played a major role inthe start of the Great Depression:
(1) A series of economicdownturnsprinces for farm
products, especially wheat
(2) International nancial crisisinvolving the US stock market
During the 1920s, the US stock market was booming but by 1929,
the stock market crashed;Germanys market in reaction
completely collapsed
Responses to theDepression
One British worker in everyfour was unemployed
40 percent of the Germanlabor force was out of work
and homeless
These desperate time led to
increased government activityin the economy and led to
renewed interests in Marxistdoctrines and Communism
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Democratic Statesafter the War
Germany
A German democratic stateknown as the *Weimar
Republic was created but facedserious economic problems
Savings disappeared and
pushed the middle classtoward more radical political
parties as Germany was struck by the Great Depression
France became the strongestpower on the European continent
In June 1936, a coalition of leftistpartiesCommunists, Socialists,
and Radicalsformed thePopular Front government
The French New Deal gaveworkers the right to *collective
bargainingthe right of unions tonegotiate with employers over
wages and hours
The Popular Fronts policies failedto solve the problems of the
depression
Great Britain Coal, Steel, and Textilemanufacturing after the war
declined dramatically, leadingto a rise in unemployment
The Labour Party failed tosolve the nations economic
problems
*John Maynard KeynesGeneral Theory of Employment,
Interest, and Moneycondemning free economies
and that governments shouldnance labor projects, eventhrough *decit spending
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The United States
By 1932, US industrialproduction had fallen
almost 50 percent from its1929 level
The Democrat *FranklinDelano Roosevelt led an
active governmentintervention in the
economy known as the*New Dealthe publicworks and the Works
Progress Administration(WPA)
The Social Security Actcreated a system of old-
age pensions and
unemployment insurance
None of these resolvedthe US spiraling
economyonly the USentry into WWII and
weapons industry brought full employment
and industry
The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
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The Rise of Dictators
By 1939, only two majorEuropean states
remained democraticFrance and Great Britain
*Totalitarian statesemerged to control the
political, economic,social, intellectual, and
cultural lives of itscitizens
These totalitarian stateswanted to conquer the
minds and hearts of
their subjectsinuencing throughmass propaganda
A single party emergedas the head of the stateand all were expectedto achieve the goals of
the singular vision
Fascism in Italy
*Benito Mussolini establishedthe rst European fascist
movement in Italy
He organized a new politicalgroupFascio di Combattimento
(League of Combat)fromwhich the term * fascism derives
This philosophy which gloriesthe state above the individual
by emphasizing the need for astrong central government led
by a dictatorial ruler
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Rise of Fascism
Italy experienced severeeconomic problems after World
War I
Socialists spoke of revolutionand Mussolini formed bands of
armed fascists called*Blackshirts whom crushed
socialists and would-becommunists
Either we are allowed togovern, or we will seize power
Mussolini was namedprime minister by theKing of Italy in 1922,
making movementstoward a Fascist
dictatorship
Formed a secretpolice called the
OVRA and creatednew and more
authoritarian laws
The Fascist State
Mussolini used variousmeans to establish
complete control over theItalian people, particularly
media
Fascist youth groupsincluded about 66 percent
of the population from 8 to18, focused on military
activities and values
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Mussolini nevermaintained complete
control over the Italianstate nor did he gain
totalitarian control seenin Hitlers Germany
Mussolinis regime alsogave the Church land
and money. In return, theCatholic Church urgedall to support the Fascist
regime
A New Era in theSoviet Union
Once civil war in Russia
was over, peasants beganto sabotage the communistprogram by hoarding food
Agricultural disaster led toindustrial collapse
Down with Lenin andhorseesh. Bring back the
czar and pork.
Lenins New EconomicPolicy
*New Economic Policy(NEP)a modiedversion of the oldcapitalist system
Once stability returned,the new state was
formalized under thename Union of SovietSocialist RepublicsUSSR or Soviet Union
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The Rise of Stalin *Politburoa committeeresponsible for policy-making
A faction emerged:One group, led by Leon
Trotsky, wanted to end theNEP and launch a rapid
industrialization leading to aglobal exporting of
Communism
Another group, led by *JosephStalin, wanted to continue
Lenins NEP and built a stablestate internally
Five-Year Plans
Stalin made a signicant shiftin economic policy in 1928,
ending the NEP
*Five-Year Plans areeconomic goals for ve-year
periods
They sought to transformRussia virtually overnight
from an agricultural into anindustrial country
The First emphasized maximumproduction of capital goods and
armaments; The Second focused onsteel production in Russia
numbers of workers increased bymillion but housing actually
declined
*Collectivization was a system inwhich private farms were
eliminatedgovernments owned allof the land while the peasants
worked it
Resistance from peasants led tohoarding crops and killing livestock
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Costs of StalinsPrograms
Collectivization wasdone at tremendous cost
10 million peasants diedin the famines of 1932
and 1933
The Old Bolshevikswere put on trial andcondemned to death;Millions were sent toforced labor camps in
Siberia
Hitler and Nazi Germany
Hitler and His Views
*Adolf Hitler was born in 1889and wanted to become an
artist but was rejected by theVienna Academy of Fine Arts
The core of his idea was racistand extreme nationalism
He joined the GermanWorkers Party, eventually
taking total control andrenaming it *National SocialistGerman Workers Party in
short the Nazi party
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He formed a militia knownas Storm Troops, or
Brownshirts; He attemptedto lead an uprising againstthe government but was
quickly defeated
*Mein Kampf My Struggle
It was laced with anti-Semitism, anticommunism
and liked to SocialDarwinian thoughthe
and his party soughtlebensraum (living space)
Rise of Nazism
Hitler expanded theNazi Party, soon
becoming the largestparty in the*Reichstag the
German parliament
Hitler promised tocreate a new
Germany, appealingto national pride,
honor, and militarism
Victory of Nazism
Right-wing elites looked toHitler for leadership
which allowed him to become chancellor andcreate a new government
1933, the Reichstag passedthe *Enabling Act, giving
the government the power
to ignore the constitutionfor four years while itissued laws to deal withthe countrys problems
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Hitler became a dictatorappointed by the
parliamentary bodyitself
The civil service waspurged of Jews and
democratic elements;*concentration campswere established for
such undesirables
Hitler soon garnered thetitle *Fhrer or Leader
The Nazi State, 1933-1939
The development of an*Aryan racial state that
would dominate Europeand possibility the worldfor generations to come
Aryansancient Greeks,Romans, Germans, theHoly Roman Empire,
German Empire of 1871
*Third Reich
The State and Terror
Nazi totalitarian stateused used terror and
repression
Schutzstafen (GuardSquadrons) known as
the SS headed by*Heinrich Himmler
For Himmler, the goal of the SS was the further the
Aryan master race
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Economic Policies
Hitler used publicworks projects andgrants to private
construction rms toput people back to
work
He undertook a
massive rearmamentprogram, leading toeconomic prosperity
The Nazis announced newracial laws at the annualparty rally in Nuremberg
*Nuremberg laws excluded Jews from German
citizenship and forbademarriages between Jews andGerman citizens; Yellow Star
of David
*Kristallnachtnight of shattered glass; Nazis
burned synagogues anddestroyed some seven
thousand Jewish businesses