25975956 Methods of Data Collection (1)

8/9/2019 25975956 Methods of Data Collection (1)

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SAMRITI GOELMBA LECTURER


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METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION.

The task of data collection begins after a researchproblem has been defined and research designplan has been made.

Two types of data:1) Primary data

2)Secondary data


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COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA.

y There are several methods of collecting primary data.

Important one are:-

1.Observation Method2.Interview Method

3.Through Questionnaires

4.Through Schedules


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OBSERVATION METHODy The observation method is most commonly used

method specially in studies relating to behavioural

sciences.y In a way we all observe things around us.

y Under this the information sought by way ofinvestigators own direct observation without asking

from the respondents.


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OBSERVATION METHODADVANTAGES1. Subjective bias is eliminated,if observation is

done accurately.2. Information under this is related to what is

currently happening,it is not complicated byeither the past behaviour or future intentions orattitudes.

3. This method is independent of respondentswillingness to respond & as such is relatively lessdemanding of active cooperation on the part of

respondents .4. It is particularly suitable in studies which dealwith subjects who are not capable of givingverbal reports of their feelings.


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DISADVANTAGES

1. Expensive method.2. Information provided by this method is

very limited.3. Sometime unforseen factors may interfere

with the observational task.4. At times ,the fact that some people are

rarely accessible to direct observation

creates obstacle for this method to collectdata effectively.


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INTERVIEW METHODy Interview method of collecting data involves

presentation of oral-verbal stimuli & reply in same.

It can be used through:-

y PERSONALINTERVIEW

y TELEPHONEINTERVIEW

Personal interview method requires a person known asthe interviewer asking questions generally in a face-to-

face contact to the interviewee.


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INTERVIEW METHOD (personal)

Advantagesy More information& that too

in greater depth can beobtained.

y Flexibility to restructurequestion is always there.

y Personal information can aswell be obtained easily underthis method.

y

Language of interview can beadopted to the ability ofinterviewee.

Disadvantagesy Expensive method when

widely spread geographicalsample is taken.

y Personal bias of intervieweras well as that of respondent.

y More time consuming.

y Selecting ,training&supervising the field staff is

required


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Telephone interviewsAdvantages

y It is more flexible incomparison to mailingmethod.

y Recall is easy ; callbacks aresimple and economical.

y Interviewer can explainrequirements more easily.

y No field staff is required.

y Representative and widerdistribution of sample ispossible.

DISADVANTAGES

y Surveys are restricted torespondents who havetelephone facilities.

y Extensive geographicalcoverage may get restricted bycost considerations.

y Possibility of the bias ofinterviewer is relatively more.

y Questions have to be short

and to the point.


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THROUGH QUESTIONNAIRESy This method of data collection is quite popular,

particularly in case of big enquiries.yA questionnaire consists of a number of questions

printed in a definite order on a form.y The questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are

expected to read & understand the questions & writedown the reply in the space meant for the purpose inthe questionnaire itself.


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QUESTIONNAIRESADANTAGESy Low cost even when the

universe is large &is widely

spread.y It is free from bias of

interviewer.

y Respondents have adequatetime to give well thought outanswers.

y Large samples can be madeuse of & thus the results canbe made more reliable.

DISADVANTAGESy Low rate of return of the

duly filled in questionnaires.

y

Only educated&cooperating respondentscan be used.

y No control over thequestionnaire once it is sent.

y This method is slowest of

all.


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THROUGH SCHEDULESy This method is very much like the same as questionnaire

but difference is of enumerator only.

y

These enumerators along with schedules go torespondents put to them the question from performaand record the replies in the space meant for the same.


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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUESTIONNAIRE&SCHEDULES1.Questionnaire is generally sent through

mail to informants to be answered.

2.Data collection is cheap.

3.Non response is usually high as manypeople do not respond.

4.It is not clear that who replies.5.The questionnaire method is likely to

be very slow since many respondentsdo not return the questionnaire.

6.No personal contact is possible in caseof questionnaire.

1.Schedules is generally filled by theresearch worker or enumerator, whocan interpret the questions whennecessary.

2.Data collection is more expensive as

money is spent on enumerators.3.Non response is very low because this is

filled by enumerators.4.Identity of respondent is known.5.Information is collected well in time.

6.Direct personal contact is established.


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COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA

Following characterstics of data should be considered before using data:

1. Reliability of data

2. Suitability of data

3. Adequacy of data


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CASE STUDY METHOD

o Case study method involves a careful and complete observation of asocial unit,be that unit a family,an institution or a cultural group

o It places more emphasis on the full analysis of a limited no. Of events

o It is an intensive investigation

o The main object is to locate the factors that account for the behaviouralpatterns of the given unit


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y Researcher can take one single social unit or more of suchunits for his study purpose

y Selected unit is studied intensively

y Apporach having to be qualitatively

y Mutual inter-relationship is known

y Behavioural pattern of unit is studied

y Fruitful hypothese


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ADVANTAGES

y Enable us to fully understand the behaviour pattern

y Personal experience

y Formulation of relevant hypothese

y Intensive study of social unit

y Benefitial in knowing nature of units with nature ofuniverse

y Enhance experience

y Study of social changes


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LIMITATION

y Case situation are seldom comparable

y False gernalisation

y

Time consumingy Based on several assumptions

y Can be used only in a limited sphere

y Response of investigator

25975956 Methods of Data Collection (1)

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