24518_Major+Building+Systems

8/11/2019 24518_Major+Building+Systems

1/4

MAJOR BUILDING SYSTEMS

Substructure the portion belo the outsi!e "roun!

le#el$ The p%rts o& the substructure th%t !istribute

buil!in" lo%!s to the "roun! %re 'non %s &oun!%tions$

Superstructure the portion o& % buil!in" th%t e(ten!s

%bo#e the outsi!e "roun! le#el$ It inclu!es %lls)

colu*ns) be%*s) +oors) roo&s) !oors) in!os) lintels)

st%irc%ses) etc$

I. SUBSTRUCTURES

,oun!%tion th%t portion o& the structur%l ele*ents

th%t c%rr- or support the superstructure o& the buil!in"$

,ootin" th%t portion o& the &oun!%tion o& % structure

hich !irectl- tr%ns*its the colu*n lo%! to the

un!erl-in" soil or roc'$

,oun!%tion Be! re&ers to the soil or roc' !irectl-

bene%th the &ootin"$

TY.ES O, ,OOTING/$ 0%ll ,ootin"

1 is si*pl- %n enl%r"e*ent o& the botto* o& the

%ll th%t ill su2cientl- !istribute the lo%! to

the &oun!%tion soil$1 nor*%ll- use! %roun! the peri*eter o& %

buil!in" %n! perh%ps &or so*e o& the interior

%lls$

3$ 4olu*n ,ootin"3$/$ Isol%te! ,ootin"

1 is use! to support the lo%! o& % sin"le colu*n$1 *ost co**onl- use! &ootin" here the lo%!s

%re rel%ti#el- li"ht %n! the colu*ns %re not

closel- sp%ce!$

3$3$ 4o*bine! ,ootin"1 % &ootin" pro#i!e! &or to colu*ns$1 necess%r- hen % colu*n is #er- close to the

boun!%r- o& the propert-$

3$5$ 4ontinuous ,ootin"1 % t-pe o& &ootin" co**on to *ore th%n to

colu*ns$1 necess%r- i& the colu*ns in % ro %re closer

or i& SB4 o& soil is lo$

3$6$ R%&t or M%t ,ootin"1 is % continuous rein&orce! concrete sl%b o#er

% l%r"e %re% use! to support *%n- colu*ns

%n! %lls$1 use! hen the lo%! on the colu*n is 7uite

hi"h or hen the SB4 o& soil is lo$

3$8$ .ile ,ootin" o& ,oun!%tion.ile 1 % structur%l *e*ber o& s*%ll cross1section %re%

ith re%son%ble len"th !ri#en !on the "roun! b-

*e%ns o& h%**er or #ibr%tor- "ener%tor$

.ier 1 re&ers to % l%r"e cross1section%l !i*ension) e%ch

c%p%ble o& tr%ns*ittin" the entire lo%! &ro* % sin"le

colu*n !on to % st%ble str%tu*$I*port%nt ,unctions or Uses o& .iles

1 %s &riction pile utili9in" its &ull len"th$1 %s soil co*p%ctor$1 %s en! be%rin" colu*ns$1 %s st%bili9ers o& b%n's$

1 %s sheetin"$

II. SUPERSTRUCTURES

Lo%! Be%rin" Structures: In this t-pe o& structure the

lo%! on the structure is tr%ns&erre! #ertic%ll- !on%r!

throu"h %lls$ Lo%!s &ro* roo& %n! +oors "ettr%ns&erre! to %ll %n! then %ll h%s to tr%ns&er these

lo%!s %s ell %s sel&1ei"ht$

,r%*e! Structures: In this t-pe o& structures % &r%*e

or' o& colu*ns) be%*s %n! +oors %re built ;rst$ Then

%lls %re built to p%rtition the li#in" %re%$ The %lls %re

sub


2/4


3/4


Lo%! Be%rin" 0%lls: I& be%*s %n! colu*ns %re not

use!) lo%! &ro* roo& %n! +oors %re tr%ns&erre! to

&oun!%tion b- %lls$ The- %re to be !esi"ne! to

tr%ns&er lo%! s%&el-$

.%rtition 0%lls: In &r%*e! structures p%rtition %lls %re

use! to !i#i!e +oor %re% &or !ierent utilities$ The- !o

not c%rr- lo%! lo%!s &ro* +oor %n! roo&$ The- h%#e toc%rr- onl- sel&1ei"ht$

T-pes o& E(terior 0%lls

Unit *%sonr- consists o& s*%ll units) such %s cl%-

bric') concrete bloc') "l%ss bloc') or cl%- tile hel!

to"ether b- ce*ent such %s *ort%r$

.%nel %lls consist o& units *uch l%r"er th%n unit

*%sonr-$ A p%nel *%- e(ten! &ro* &oun!%tion to roo&

in sin"le1stor- buil!in"$

,r%*e! %lls consist o& slen!er) #ertic%l) closel-

sp%ce! structur%l *e*bers) tie! to"ether ithhori9ont%l *e*bers %t top %n! botto*) %n! e(terior

%n! interior &%cin"s$

Ter*inolo"ies:e%!er t-pe o& be%*s th%t support structur%l

*e*bers %roun! openin"s in +oors) roo&s) %n! %lls$Lintel li"ht hori9ont%l be%*s th%t support %lls %t

+oor le#els in *ulti1store- buil!in"s or th%t c%rr- thep%rt o& %lls %bo#e openin"s &or !oors %n! in!os$Stu! %n upri"ht post or support) one o& % series o&

#ertic%l structur%l *e*bers hich %ct %s the

supportin" ele*ent in % %ll or p%rtition$

D$ ROO,INGT-pes o& Roo&s%$ ,l%t Roo&s these roo&s %re ne%rl- +%t$ oe#er

sli"ht slope =not *ore th%n /C? is "i#en to !r%in out

the r%in %ter$b$ .itche! Roo&s in the %re%s o& he%#- r%in &%lls %n!

sno &%ll slopin" roo& %re use!$ The slope o& roo& sh%ll

be *ore th%n /C$ The slopin" roo&s %re pre&erre! in

l%r"e sp%nne! structures li'e or'shops) &%ctor-

buil!in"s %n! %rehouses$c$ Shells %n! ,ol!e! pl%te Roo&s shell roo& *%- be

!e;ne! %s % cur#e! sur&%ce) the thic'ness o& hich is

s*%ll co*p%re! to the other !i*ensions$

T-pes o& .itche! Roo&s%$ Sin"le Roo&: I& the sp%n o& roo& is less th%n 8 *$ In %l

these roo&s r%&ters pl%ce! %t CC ** to FCC **

sp%cin" %re *%in *e*bers t%'in" lo%! o& the roo&$

b$ Double or .urlin Roo&s: ,or sp%ns *ore th%n 8 *

!ouble purlin roo&s %re pre&erre!$ The inter*e!i%te

support is "i#en to r%&ters b- purlins supporte! o#e

coll%r be%*s$

c$ Trusse! Roo&: I& sp%n is *ore) % &r%*e or' o&

slen!er *e*bers is use! to support slopin" roo&s$

.urlins %re pro#i!e! o#er the trusses hich in turn

support roo& sheets$

Ter*inolo"ies:Ri!"e the hori9ont%l line %t the


4/4


R%&ter hori9ont%l *e*ber slopin" up &ro* the %ll

pl%te to the ri!"e %n! e(ten!in" !on to the e%#es$.urlin % hori9ont%l *e*ber l%i! hori9ont%ll- on the

princip%l r%&ters o& % roo& to support the co**on

r%&ters on hich the roo& co#erin" is l%i!$4oll%r Be%* hori9ont%l *e*ber use! to pro#i!e

inter*e!i%te support &or opposite roo& r%&ters) usu%ll-

loc%te! in the *i!!le thir! o& the r%&ters$E%#es Bo%r! % bo%r! th%t is n%ile! #ertic%ll- %t the

en!s o& roo& r%&ters@ so*eti*es supports % "utter$Strut % br%ce or %n- piece o& % &r%*e hich resists

thrusts in the !irection o& its on len"th) *%- be

upri"ht) !i%"on%l or hori9ont%l$B%ttens strip o& oo! use! &or %tt%chin" roo;n" tiles)

sh%'es) shin"les) etc$) to % roo& or %ll$

24518_Major+Building+Systems

Documents

Transcript of 24518_Major+Building+Systems