24 - Napa Valley College · Aging and the Respiratory System Elastic tissue deteriorates, reducing...

C h a p t e r

24

The Respiratory System

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by Jason LaPres

North Harris College

Houston, Texas

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,

publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Introduction

Cells obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon

dioxide.

The respiratory system facilitates the

exchange of gases between the air and the

blood.

Blood carries oxygen to peripheral tissues.

Blood accepts the carbon dioxide from

peripheral tissues.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Respiratory System

The Respiratory System

Includes the nose, nasal cavity and sinuses,

pharynx, larynx, trachea, and conducting

passageways

The respiratory tract consists of the following:

Conduction portion

Respiratory portion

The respiratory bronchiles

The alveoli



Functions of the Respiratory System

Providing an area for gas exchange

Moving air to and from the exchange surface

Protecting respiratory surfaces

Defending the respiratory system and other tissues

from invasion by pathogenic microorganisms

Producing sounds involved in speaking, singing, or

nonverbal communication

Assisting in the regulation of blood volume, blood

pressure, and the control of body fluid pH



Figure 24.1 Structures of the Respiratory System



Figure 24.2 Histology of the Respiratory Epithelium


The Upper Respiratory System

Structures in the head are part of the upper respiratory system.

Nose

Nasal cavity

Paranasal sinuses

Pharynx



Figure 24.3a, b Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (a) Anterior View (b) Head, Coronal Section



Figure 24.3c Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (c) Head and Neck, Sagittal Section



Figure 24.3d Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (d) Sagittal Section


The Lower Respiratory System

Structures in the neck and thoracic cavity are parts of the lower respiratory system

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli



Figure 24.4a, b, c Anatomy of the Larynx: (a) Larynx, Anterior View; (b) Larynx, Posterior View; (c) Posterior View of Laryngeal Cartilages



Figure 24.4d Anatomy of the Larynx: (d) Larynx, Sagittal Section



Figure 24.5 The Vocal Cords



Figure 24.6 Movements of the Larynx during Swallowing


The Trachea

Also called the windpipe

Walls contain cartilage rings

Enters thoracic cavity anterior to esophagus

Bifurcates at the carina


The Primary Bronchi

Wall structure similar to tracheal wall

One per lung

The right primary bronchus supplies the right lung, and the left supplies the left lung

Right has a larger diameter and descends toward lung at steeper angle; easier for foreign objects to get lodged there


The Primary Bronchi

Figure 24.7 Anatomy of the Trachea and Primary Bronchi


The Lungs

Lungs are divided into lobes:

3 lobes on right: superior, middle, and inferior

2 lobes on left: superior and inferior

Bronchi branch out into smaller bronchioles.

Bronchioles lead to alveoli.


The Lungs

Figure 24.8a Superficial Anatomy of the Lungs (a) Thoracic Cavity, Anterior View


The Lungs

Figure 24.8b Superficial Anatomy of the Lungs: (b) The Right and Left Lungs


The Lungs

Figure 24.9 Bronchi and Bronchioles


The Lungs

Figure 24.10a The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (a) Bronchial Divisions and Bronchopulmonary Segments


The Lungs

Figure 24.10b The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (b) Bronchopulmonary Segments of Left and Right Lungs


The Lungs

Figure 24.10c The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (c) Bronchogram


The Lungs

Figure 24.10d The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs (d) The Bronchial Tree


The Lungs

Figure 24.11a Bronchi and Bronchioles (a) Components of a Lung Lobule


The Lungs

Figure 24.11b, c Bronchi and Bronchioles: (b, c) Histology of the Lung


The Lungs

Figure 24.12 Alveolar Organization


The Lungs

Figure 24.16 Results of Dorothy’s MRI


The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes

Parietal pleura lines the pleural cavity.

Visceral pleura covers the lungs.

Pleural fluid causes membranes to stick together but still slide on one another.


The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes

Figure 24.13 Anatomical Relationships in the Thoracic Cavity


Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation

Inspiratory muscles

Diaphragm

External intercostal muscles

Expiratory muscles

Usually not needed due to elastic recoil of lungs and thoracic cavity

Accessory respiratory muscles

Inspiration

Sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, and scalene muscles

Expiration

Transversus thoracis, oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles

Internal intercostal muscles



Figure 24.14 Respiratory Muscles



Figure 24.15 Respiratory Centers and Reflex Controls


Aging and the Respiratory System

Elastic tissue deteriorates, reducing the lungs’ ability to inflate and deflate.

Movements of the rib cage are restricted by arthritic changes.

Some degree of emphysema is normally found in individuals age 50–70.


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