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Global Warming

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CO2 needs to be added to the list!

Not regulated as apollutant under theU.S. Clean Air Act.

But most emissionsare CO2

A greenhouse gas Contributes to

global climatechange

In the US

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Sources of C02

US emissions

1. 40 %

Petroleum

products

2. 34 % coal

3. 20 % naturalgas

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Greenhouse Effect

In a greenhouse, light enters but IR cannotescape

CO2 in atmosphere allows light rays to enter

but traps IR CO2 % in atmosphere has increased from 280

ppm in pre-Industrial time to present day

value of 375.64 ppm (2003 data), 387 ppm(2009 data)

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Rise in atmospheric CO2 in the last 50 years

Why the see-saw pattern? Why Mauna Loa?

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Mauna_Loa_Carbon_Dioxide-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Mauna_Loa_Carbon_Dioxide-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Mauna_Loa_Carbon_Dioxide-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Mauna_Loa_Carbon_Dioxide-en.svg

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Other Greenhouse Gases

Methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide

Rice paddy, extraction of fossil fuel, raising of livestock (bovine flatulence) cause increase in methane

Cutting of forests kills CO2 sink

Some effects might be opposite of CO2: SO2

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Increasing concentration of

greenhouse gasesGas Historic Level Current Level Warming

potential

comapred to

CO2

Lifetime in

Atmosphere

(years)

CO2 280 ppm 387 ppm 1 5-200

CH4 700 ppb 1720 ppb 23 12

N2O 275 ppb 314 ppb 300 114

CFCs 0 ppt level 4000-8000 5-100

Perfluoro-

methane (PFC)

40 pt 80 ppt 5700 50,000

Sulfur

Hexafluoride

(SF6)

0.01 ppt 3 ppt 22,000 3200

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Greenhouse Effect: Is it Real?

How much CO2=How much rise of T?

More T = more evaporation = more cloud = LessTemp

Real rise or natural fluctuation? Data for the last 10ka indicate upto 6 C fluctuation Little ice age (1450 1850)

About 2/3rd of the centuries warming has taken place inthe last 25 years: 1990s were the warmest decade of the20th century

Based on 14,000 land and sea records from all over theworld

Ice core patternsvaried between 180 and 280 ppm in thelast half million years

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Evidence to Support Global Warming

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

An international panel of scientists and government officialsestablished in 1988

Generated reports on the synthesis of scientific information

concerning climate change 4th Assessment report 2007

Documents observed trends in surface temperature, precipitationpatterns, snow and ice cover, sea levels, storm intensity

The IPCC concluded that it is more than 90%likely that most global warming is due to humans

The Debate over climate change is over 84% of people surveyed think humans contribute to global warming

Predicts future changes

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Effects of Global Warming

Sea level rise

Extreme weather

Decreasing Biodiversity Decline in Food Production

Effect on Health

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Greatest air pollution problem: Global Warming

www.nelson.wisc.edu/outreach/energy2006

http://bp0.blogger.com/_iKGmOafHiwQ/SINKm0LsigI/AAAAAAAAAgA/cDnBZas-PUM/s1600-h/preaching+to+reduce+greenhouse+emissions.gif

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Greenhouse Effect: Problems

Increasing ocean temperature:

0.06 C between 1955 and 1995

Oceans hold 10X heat than what has been used to raisethe global temperature

An increased amount of heat storage in the oceanspreceded all earlier rapid warming

Rise of temperature : Drier climate?

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Satellites that detect and observe different

characteristics and features of the Earth's atmosphere,

lands, and oceans are often referred to as environmental

satellites.

Most environmental satellites have one of two types of

orbits: geosynchronous (GOES) or sun-synchronous(POES)

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Sea Surface Temperature

Sea surface-temperature is one important type ofdata that GOES and POES provide.

Temperature changes influence the behavior offish, can cause the bleaching of corals, and

affects weather along the coast. Satellite images of sea-surface temperature also

show patterns of water circulation. Examplesinclude locations of upwelling, characterized bycold waters that rise up from the depths, often

near the coasts; and warm water currents, suchas the Gulf Stream.

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Steve Riser and ARGO lab3000 free floating package of sensors

Crates a ocean temperature map upto 1500 m depth

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http://www.argo.net/index_flash.html