233702093 the Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine the Gallic Chronicle of 452 the Chronicle of Marius...

8/18/2019 233702093 the Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine the Gallic Chronicle of 452 the Chronicle of Marius of Avenches

1/18

Such wns

the

life

I

led

from about

the time I

unr

iâ,EntEEn

Ëntil

I war

twenüy.

Finally

my

parrnts'

senre of

responsibility

eompclled

mc,

âgainrt

my

will, I

confess,

to give

up

the

allurements

of

the soft

ltib

rnd forced

me to

take a

wife.

The

ancient name

of

her house rves

rnore

impresrive

than

its

estate, which at the

tirre

was

burdened

with

problems

becausc

of

lack

of

attention from

its

aged owner.

A young

grandchild

who

had

survived

her

father succeeded

to

it, and later

yielded

to my

nuptial torches.

Once

I had

decided

to

bear the burden

laid upon

me, in

only

a few days

I

\Mas

content,

aided by the

ardor

of youth and a

zealous

spirit, to enjoy

the

establishment

I

had

acquired.

Quickly

I

forced myself and

my

people

to

exchange seductive

idleness

for

unaccustomed

activity.

Some of

them I chal-

lenged

with

the example

of

my

own

labor, but

others

I

compelled against

their

will with

the

severity

of a master. And

so, actively

pursuing

the

duties of

my new

situation, I immediately took action to

bring

the

fallow

lands under

cultivation

and

to renew the

exhausted vineyards

with

prompt

attention,

once

I had

learned how.

And I

was first to

pây

my tax obligations ât the

appointed

time,

willingly and of my orü/n accord

-

something

that

seems to

many

â

particulaù

bitter

pill to

swallow;

but

thereby I quickly assured myself of

leisure

to

expend later

upon

private

relaxation.

Paulinus describes the

luxury

of

his household.

As

much

as I enjoyed

pleasing

and welcome amenities,

the

great

devotion

I

had for my

parents

was dearer

still and outweighed them all.

It

bound

me

with

a tie of

overwhelming love,

so

thât

for

the greâter part

of

a

year

we kept

them company, ân ârrangement we

all wanted and

found

rewarding.

Would

that this way

of

life

granted

to us

might

have lasted

longer

by

the

bountiful

gift

of Christ and that

also

the earlier period of

peace

might have

continued.

In so many

rrr/ays

my youth

could

have

done

with the constant

attention

of

my

father's experience, and my education

could

have been fur-

thered

by good

models. But

the completion

of

the third decade

of

life

[a.

4o6]

was

marked

by the

unhappy onset

of

wvo

afflictions.

In

a public

câtâstro-

phe mourned

by

everyone, enemies

were poured

into the

guts

of

the Roman

realm. This

coincided

with

a

private misfortune,

the

death

and funeral of my

father.

For the

last days

of

the end

of

his

life

accorded almost exacdy

with

the

time

when

the

peace was

broken.

But for

me the.destruction

caused to my

home

by the

ravages

of

the

enemy,

though

in

itself

considerable,

was lighter

by

far than the

immeasurable

grief caused by

the death of

my father. He

made

both homeland and home itself

dear

to me. For we had

such

genuine

mutual respect for each

other that

we lived

as

if there were

no

age difference

between us

and our friendship

surpassed that

of friends of the same age.

TER

FOUR

TF{ E

ANTIOUE

CHRON

TCLE

TR.ADNTXONI

I N

TI..NE

FIFTH

AND

SNXTI_N CENTUR.NES

'llwr

,rrc

uo

extensiue nanatiue

histories

Jor

the

fifth

century. Coitemporary

historians

ild

tlul

tuith

euents

under the

western emperors

during

this

period,

but

their

works,

,0r,,rli,?,(§

o.f

eastern

provefiance,

suruiue

as

fragments

embedded

in later sources

(see

ilt

27,

Jt).

For complete examples oJ western historical writing

in

thefiJth

ce,xtu{y

-

antl

.litr

many of that

period\

events

and

much of its chronology

-

we haue

to loole

to

iltnntilcs.

()hronicles

became

a signficant

form

oJ

historical writing

in the western empire in

the

.liurth

century under the infiuence of the work l


2/18

16.

PROSPER OF

AQUITAINE

Prosper

oJ

Aquitaine

(or

ProsJter Tiro) was d natiue

oJ

Giaut

who

tpent

nuu'lr

ü'

his

aduh

lfe in Rome.

He may

haue held an impofiant

position

in

papal drcles,

possibly

dying in

463.

Pyosper

was deeply inuolued

in the

theological disputes

of his

rlay in

both

Caul and Rome,

especially thase concerning grace and

free

will. Hk

ehronicle

is

just

one oJhis

works,

Itwas

conceiueil as an abbreyiation

of thefamous chronicle oJJerome,

with

an

original continuation

by

Prosper

himselJ

that

began

in j78;it

was composed

in

a number of editions between

4y

and

455.

Prosper\

chronicle was infiuenced .by

another

Jorm

of

contemporary

historical

recoril-

keeping,

consulay

annals.

Sinæ Republican times, the

year

in Roman practice

had

been

named'after the two consuls

who

took

ffice

on

t

January;by

late imperial

conuention,

one consul was

named

from

the West and one

ÿom

the East. Lists

of these

consuls cir-

culated,

often with

octasional and brieJ annotations

that might be used by chroniclers or

historians; suruiving

examples of

annals

sometimes

contain ytrecise

dates

for

important

public

euents.

Proslter

adopted consular chronology

for

his

chronicle,

combining it with

a

system

of his own

deuising that

numbered

years

from

Christ\

crucifixion.

In

the excerpts below,

a

selection

of the

years

Jor

the

eailier

portions

of Prosper\

continuation is giuen. From

the

year

4og

the

chronicle is complete;

the

years

»ith

con-

suls

but no euents

giuen

in Mommsen's edition

haue

been

omitted.

No attempt

has

been

made to

distinguish

uarious

recensions,

but

in

a couple of cases I haue

giuen

vari-

ants.

I

haue

combined

the dating schemes into one

line:

the

number

oJ

the

years

from

Chrbt\

passion,

followed

by the names (usually

two) of the

consuls

for

the

year

in

question. Prosper\ dating can

readily be incorporated

into

the later anno

domini

scheme of dating, which has

been

placed

in the

margin.

Source:

Prosperi

Tironis epitoma chronicon,

ed. Th.

Mommsen,

Clronlca

Mitora r,

MGH

AA

9

(r892), pp.

385-485.Translation

by

A.C.

Murray.

a.37e Year

352

[from

Christh passion].Âusonius

and Olybrius

[consuls].

-

...In this

period,

Priscillian, bishop of Gallaecia, established from the

dogma

of the

Manichees

and Gnostics the heresy bearing his name.

a.

i8r

Year

354.

Syagrius and Eucherius.

Martin,

bishop of the,city of Tours in Gaul, was famous for many

exam-

ples

o[

miracles...

a.

382

Year

355.Antonius

and

Syagrius.

Athanaric, king

of the Goths, was killed at Constantinople

on

the

fifteenth

day after he had

been received

thcre...

a.

384

Year

357.

Richomer

and C)learclrus.

Honorius,

the

son ofTheod«rsius

wrs

born.

§iriciur'pr$ided

over thê Romen

church Efter Drnnnrut ü

tha

thirry*ixth

buhop'

In

Britein Maximus

wâs medc empercr by

a mudny

of

the

loldiers,

He

;6Etl

crïri3ed

ov€r to Gaul.

Gratian

was dcfcatcd at

Parii through

the

treach-

Ë{

of thc

mester of

the

soldiers, Merobaudes, end

f,eeing

was

captured

and

lÉlled

at

Lyons.

Maximus

mâde his sonVictor

his colleague

in

power.

Valentinian

[l],

forty-second

emperor,

reigned

for I

years with Theodo-

liur,

Ye.r

ish.

nt

adius and Bauto,

,,,Priscillian,

knowing

he

would be condemned

at the Synod

of Bordeaux,

rpperled

to

the

emperor

[Maximus].

He was tried

at

Trier and, along

with

Ettcltnltia,

wife

of Delfidius

the teacher of

rhetoric,

Latroniânus, and

other

Psrtners

in

his

error,

wâs

put

to

death by

Euvodius,

Maximus's

praetorian

pref'ect,At

Bordeaux a

cefiatî

disciple

of

Priscillian called Urbica

was

stoned.

to

dcatl'r

on account

of

her

pbstinate

impiety

by an unruly

mob.

Yelr

3fir.Theodosius

for the

second time and

Cynegius.

'l'he

usurper

Maximus,

despoiled

of his royal

garments, appeared

before

Vele

tttinian

and

Theodosius at

the

third

milestone

from Aquilea

and

was con-

deurned

to

death.

His

sonVictor

was

killed

in

Gaul by Count

Arbogàst

in the

mnlc

yeâr.

Yclr

36z.Timasius

and

Promotlls.

llishops

Itacius and lJrsacius,

on account

of

the

destruction of

Priscillian,

wlrose

accusers they

were, were

deprived

of

the

communion

of the

church.

Yeur

365.Arcadius

for

the second

time

and

Rufinus.

'l'he

extreme

severiry

of

Arbogast,

master of

the soldiers, droveValentinian

tnt()

committing

suicide

at Vienne

by

hanging

himself. On

the

death

of

Valcntinian,

Arbogast, who

was burdened

with

the

way the emperor

died, as

corrrrnander of

the

army, made

Eugenius emperor

in Gaul'

'I'heodosius,

forry+hird

emperor, already

in

power

for

14 years,

reigned

for

I

yclrs

with

his

sons

Arcadius

and Honorius.

Yclr

367.Arcadius

for the third time

and Honorius

for the second.

.fohn

the

hermit monk

was renowned.

He

had been

granted the

gift

of

prophecy and

predicted that

Theodosius,

who

was consulting

him

on

the

outcome

of

the campaign

he

was

mounting

against Eugenius, would

be

vic-

lorious.


3/18

â.3ej

Year

368.

Olybrius

end

Prrbinur,

Theodosius

defeated

and

killed

Eugcnius,

Augustine,

the

disciplc

of

the

blessed

Ambrose

and

eminent

ln

eloquence

and

learning,

was

made bishop

at

Hippo

in Africa'

At this

time, Claudian,

the

distinguished

poet, became

well known.

Theodosius

died

at

Milan.

Arcadius,

forty-fourth

emperor,

already

in power

fot tz

yeats, reigned

13

years with

his brother

Honorius...

a.4o6

Year

379.Arcadius

for

the sixth

time

and

Probus.

vandals

and

Alans crossed

the

Rhine

and

entered

Gaul

on

December

3r.

a.4o7

Year

38o.

Honorius

ôr

the seventh

time

andTheodosius

for

the second.

Constanline

arose

in

Britain

as

a

usurper

and crossed

to

Gaul.

a.

4o8

Year

38r.

Bassus and

Philippus.

Arcadius

died

in ConstantinoPle.

Honorius,

forthy-fifth

emperor,

reigned

for

r5

years with

Theodosius

[II],

the

son

of

Honorius's

brother.

a.4oe

year

3gz.

Honorius for

the eighth

time

andTheodosius

for the

third.

TheVandals

took

Spain.

Attalus

was

made

emperor

at

Rome.

He

was soon

deprived

of

power but

remained

connected

with

the

Goths.

a.4ro

Year

383.

SenatorVaranes.

Rome

was

captured

by

the

Goths

under

the

command

of

Alaric'

and

for

this

reason

there

was

on-try a

consul

for

the

east,

a

practice

followed

the next

year

as

well.

Year

384.

Augustus

Theodosius

ôr the

fourth

time'

constantine

was defeated

and

captured

by Honorius's

generals,

constan-

tius

and

Ulfila,

at

the

town ofArles. Count

Gerontius

killed

Constantine's

son

Oonstans,

who

had

begun

his rule

in Spain,

passing the

usurper's

role

to

a

ecftilirl

Maximus.

ar

*g

YÉêt

3t5.

Hçnorius

for the

ninth

time

and

Theodosius

for the

fifth.

In

§prin Maxiurlrs

was removed

from

power and

was

granted

his

life

ill-v/i11

lfeUæ

€he

mOdereti.u

and

insignificance

of the

man did

not

merit

§}d

hir effêctltiort

of

ltrthoriry.

At

thic

time,

Hetos,

r

holy

nan

and

dieeiple

of

blomcd

Mrtda'

wru

driræn

out

of

Arles

by

iB

people

while

he

preBided

over the eity

nl

bbhopi

he

wao

S,itrtu*

end

ntt

*uUjo.t

to

âny

ehârgÇ,

In

his

place $,e

od.in_ed

Patttelus,

Érieud

and

acquâintence

of

Constantius,

master

of

the

soldie*,

whose

fevor

he

prucured,

This

affair

wâs

a

subject

of

great disagrccments

âmong

the

bishops

of

thc

region,

l,

4?,

Yeer'.11i6.

Senator

Lucius.

His

colleague

in the

consulship

was

Heraclian'

who

was

responsible

for

Fvolution in Africa

and

deprived

of

his honor

and

his

life'

The

tsurgundians

acquired

part

of

Gaul

near

the

Rhine'

The

brothers

Jovinus

and

Sebastian

seized

power

in

Gaul

and

were

killed'

At

that

time

the

Briton

Pelagius

set

forth

the

doctrine

bearing

his

name

egainst

the

grace

of

Christ;

Caelestius

and

Julian

[of

Eclanum]

were

his

assis.

trnts,

He

attracted

many

people

to

his

erroneous

views'

He

proclaimed

that

enclt

person

is

guided

to

righteousness

by

his

own

will

and

receives

as

much

grâ(:eashedeserves,sinceÀdam'ssininjuredonlyhimselfanddidnotalso

iriuct

his

descendants.

For

this

reason

it would

be

possible

for

those

so

wishing

to

bt:

completely

without

sin

and for

all

little

children

to

be born

as

innocent

àr

wâs the

first

man

before

transgression;

nor

are

children

to

be

baptized

so

tlteycanbedivestedofsinbutsotheycanbehonoredwiththesacramentof

ndoPtion.

i.4ir

Yerrr

387.

Constantius

and

Constans'

Attalus

on

the

advice

of

the

Goths

and

with

their

help

resumed

the

role

ol

ttsurper

in

Gaul.

,

']

i'

Yclrr388.HonoriusforthetenthtimeandTheodosiusforthesixth.

AttaluswasabandonedbytheGoths,whoremovedthemselvestoSpain,

,rtrrl,

deprived

of

their

support,

was

captured

and

presented

alive

to

Constan-

tirts

the

patrician.

Athaulf,woundedbyoneofhisownmen'died'and'Walliaseizedhis

kirrgdomafterdestroyingthosewhowerethoughttowantthesamething.

l":,1

Y...':Ag.th.odosius

for the

seventh

time

and

Palladius'

s".ti.rg

peace

with

Honorius,

wallia

restored

the

daughter

of

the

emperor

'l'hcodosius

[I],

Placidia,

whom

the

Goths

had

captured

and

whom

Athaulf

Itacl

married,

and

Constantius

won

her

hand

in

marriage'

Zosimus

took

up

the

episcopal

ofiice

of

the

Roman

church'

He

was

the

llrirry-ninth

bishoP.

At this

time

the

Pelagians,

already

condemned

by

Pope

Innocent'

v/ere

Cbthr

enteretl

(iatrl

under

King

Athaulf.


4/18

resisted

by

the

diligence of

the Africanr and especirlly

§

the

knowledge

of

Bishop

Augustine.

a.

4t7

Year

39o.

Honorius

for

the

eleventh

time,

Constantius

for

the

second.

Honorius enrered

Rome in

a triumph

with Attalus

walking ahead

of

his

chariot.

Honorius ordered

him to live

in exile

on the

island

of

Lipara.

â.4r8 Year

39r.

Honorius

for

the

twelfth time

andTheodosius

for the eighth.

At

this

time Constantius,

a servant

of

Christ,

and former

vicar, living

at

Rome, most

devoutly

resisted

the

Pelagians

on

behalf

of

the

grace

of

God.

The many

things he

endured

at the

hands

of

their

faction placed

him

among

the

holy

confessors.

A

council

was

held

at Carthage

and the

synodal

decrees

of

the

two

hun-

dred and fourteen

bishops \^/ere

conveyed

to

Pope Zosimus.

They

were

approved

and

the

Pelagian

heresy

was

condemned

throughout the

whole

world.

Valentinian,

the

son of

Constantius

and Placidia,

was

born on z

July.

,r.

4r9

Year

3gz.

Monaxius and Plinta.

At

Rome

Boniface

took up

the

episcopal

oflice,

the fortieth

bishop

of

the

Roman

church.

Constantius the

patrician

made peace

with

Wallia and gave

him

the

province

of

Aquitania secunda

to live

in

and

certain

cities of neighboring

provinces.

t

4zo

Year

3g3.Theodosius

for

the ninth

time

and

Constantius

for

the third.

Constantius

was

taken as

a colleague

in power

by Honorius.

Jerome

the

priest

died at

the age of ninery-one

on

3o

September.

^.4zt

Year

3g4.Agricola

and Eustathius.

Emperor

Constantius

died.

t-

4zz

Year 395.

Honorius

for

the

thirteenth time

and

rheodosius

for

the tenth.

At

this

time an ârmy

wâs sent

to

Spain

against

theVandals

under

the

com-

mand

of

Castinus.

By

a

senseless

and

wrongful

order, he

made Boniface,

a

man quite famous

in

the

arts

of

war,

averse

to

participating

in his

expedition.

And Boniface,

reckoning

thât

ro

follow

Castinus, whom

he had

found

dis-

agreeable

and proud,

would

be

dangerous

to

himself and

degrading, rushed

off to Portus and

from

there

to Africa. That was

the beginning

of

many

difii-

culties

and subsequent

evils

for

the stâte.

[Cf.

18,

Hydatius,

s.a.

4zz.)

Yeer

Jgo,

Mariniarrur

rnd Ârehpiodotur,

,{ugusta

lllacidie,

dtiven

rwry by

her

bnrther

Honodul,

wËtlt

t§ the

east

with

her

children

Honorir

gndVelentiniatt,

Cclcstiue wâs

set over the

Roman

church

as

its forry-flrrt

bishop,

Horrorius

died

and

John

took

his

imperial

authority,

It

was

thought

that

Cartilus,

who commanded

the

army

es master

of the soldier§,

pretended

to

look

thc

other

way,

Theodosius

[l]

held the Roman

empire

as

forty-sixth

emperor.

Ycar 397.

Castinus

andVictor.

Exuperantius of

Poitiers, praetorian

prefect

for Gaul,

was

killed

in

the

ciry

ot'Arles

by a mutiny

of the

soldiers, and

this

deed

was

not avenged

byJohn.

'Iheodosius

made

his

cousin

Valentinian

[II

Caesar

and sent

him along

witl,

the Augusta,

his

mother,

to

take

back

the

western

empire.

At

the

time,

.folrn',s

defenses

were

made weaker

because

he tried

to recapture Africa,

over

wlrich

Boniface

wâs

maintaining

his

hold.

Ycirr

jg8.Theodosus,

for the

eleventh

time,

and CaesarValentinian'

Augusta

Placidia

and Caesar

Valentinian

with

astonishing

good fortune

crushed

the

usurper

John

and

as victors

regained

royal

power' Pardon

was

given,to

Aêtius, because

the

Huns he

had brought

in

on behalf

ofJohn

were

lrr1ed

back

home by

his

efforts.

Castinus,

on the

other

hand, was sent

into

cxile,

because

it

seemed

as ifJohn

would

not have been

able

to

take over

the

kirrgdom

without his connivance.

'fhe

manuscripts

oler two

slightly dffirent

uersions oJ

the

next entry:

r.Valentinian

was

hailed asÂugustus by

a decree ofTheodosius'

z.

Valentinian

was

hailed as Àugustus

by the

army.

Arles, noble ciry

of

Gaul,

was

assailed

by

the Goths

with great

violence,

until,

threatened

by Àëtius,

they withdrew

not without

losses.

1-rn

Ycar

399.

Theodosius

for

the

twelfth time

and Valentinian

Augustus

for the

sccond.

Patroclus,

bishop

of

Arles, was wounded

many

times

and

killed

by

a

tribune, a

certain

Barnabus.

This crime

was blamed

on

the

orders of

Felix,

nraster

of

the

soldiers, at

whose

instigation the

deacon

Titus,

a

holy man

dis-

tributing

money

to the

poor

at

Rome, was

also killed.

{,,

Yc'ar

4oo.

Hierius

and Ardabur.

Due

to

the

decision of

Felix,

war

wâs waged against

Boniface

in the name

of

the

state by the

generals

Mavortius,

Gallio, and

Sanoeces. Bonifacet

power

;rnd

fame were

growing in

Africa and

he

had refused

to come

to

Italy.

The

67


5/18

generâls

beseiging

IJorriface

were

killed,

betrayed

by

srnoecer,

end

soon

he

who had

betrayed

them was

himself

killed. Thereafter

accesr

to

the sea wât

gained

by

peoples

who

were

unacquainred

with

ships

until

they

were

called

in

by

the

rival

sides

to

give assistance.

The

conduct

of the

war undertaken

against Boniface

\Mas

transferred

to Count

Sigisvult.

The

Vandal

people

crossed

from Spain

to Africa.

d.

428

Year

4or.

Felix

and Taurus.

Nestorius,

bishop

of Constantinople,

tried to

introduce

a new

error

into

the

churches.

He

proclaimed that Christ

was

born

of

Mary

as

a

man

only,

not

also as

God, and divinity

was

conferred upon

him because

of

his merit.

The

diligence of

Bishop Cyril of

Alexandria

in particular

and

the authority

of

Pope

Caelestinus

opposed

this impiery.

Part

of

Gaul

near

the Rhine

seized

by

the

Franks

was recovered

by the

forces of

Count Aëtius.

rr.4:9

Ycar

4oz.

Florentius

and Dionysius.

Felix was promoted

to the

oflice of patrician

andAëtius was made

master

of the soldiers.

Agricola the

Pelagian,

the

son of

Bishop Severianus

the Pelagian,

cor-

rupted

the churches

of Britain

by introducing

his

own

doctrine. On the rec=

ommendation

of

the deacon

Palladius, Pope

Celestine sent

Germanus, bishop

of Auxerre, as

his

representative,

and

when

the

heretics

had

been cast

down,

he guided

the Britons

to the

Catholic faith.

a.43o

Year

4o3.Theodosius

for

the

thirteenth

time

andValentinian

for

the third.

Aëtius killed

Felix

and his wife

Padusia

and the

deacon

Grun-itus,

sensing

that they were

plotting

against him.

Aurelius

Augustine,

a

bishop

most

olttstanding in

evey respect,

died z8

August.

In

his very last

days he

was responding

to

the books

ofJulian

[of

Eclanum]

amidst

the

âttâcks

of besieging

Vandals

and

persevering

gloriously

in

deflense

of Christian

grace.

a.

43r

Year

4o4.Bassus

and Ântiochus.

A synod

of

more

than rwo hundred

bishops

gathered

at Ephesus.

Nesto-

rius

was

condemned

along with

the heresy

bearing his

name and many

Pela-

gians

who

supported

it

because

the

doctrine

was related

to their

own.

Palladius,

having

been

ordained

by Pope

Celestine,

was rhe first

bishop

sent

to the Scots

believing

in

Christ.

a.

432

Year

4o5.Âëtius

andValerius.

Sixtus was

set over

the

Roman church

as the

thirty-second bishop.

The

Tàole

eiry

rÈmêlned

pcâcêfuIin

urcnderful hrrmony,

Bonifeee

'recêived thc ofüce

of mâtter

of

the

roldlËil

rad

came

fnrm

to ltaly by

wey

of

Rome,

-{lthough

hc fought

r

battle

wlth

Aëtius,

war

opposing

him, rnd

defeated him, he died

r

few dnye later

from

ill-

Aëtius,

who had

surrendercd

po$rcr,

residcd on

his

country

cstates

and

lome

of his

enemies

tricd to crush him in a

sudden

attack.

Fleeing

to

and

from

there to

Dalmatia,

he

thererfter

rcachcd

the

Huns

through

ia, He

used

their

friendship and assistance

to

obtain

the

peace

of

the

Itipcnrrs

and

get

his

power

restored.

l,

'/,

j'

Yesr

4o6.Theodosius

for

the

fourteenth time

and

Maximus.

Âll

the years

calculated

up

to

the

fourteenth

consulship of

Theodosius and

ibat

of

Maximus:

From

the

fifteenth

year

ofTiberius

and

the

passion

of the Lord,4o6

years.

From

the

restoration of the

temple under

Darius,

ro54

years.

r-rcm

the first Olympiad

and

Isaia the

prophet,

r2ro

years.

Fr


6/18

undo

the Catholic faith within

the

regions

where he

redded,

He

persecuted

some

of our bishops, of

whom

the

most famous were

Posidius, Novatus,

and

Severianus, to the

extent

that

he deprived them of

their

right

to

their

churches and

even

drove

them

from their

cities, for

their

steadfastness

would

not

yield

to the terrors of that

most proud king.

The

Augustus

Valentinian went to the

emperor Theodosius at Constan-

tinople

and married his daughter.

In

the

same period, four Spaniards, Arcadius, Paschasius,

Probus, and

Euÿ-

chianus were formerly

considered

by

Gaiseric

to be valued and

distinguished

by virtue

of

their

wisdom and

faithful

service.

To

make

them

even more

esteemed,

he

commanded

them

to

convert to

the Arian heresy.

But

as they

most steadfasdy

rejected

this

wickedness,

the barbarian

was roused

to

a

most

furious anger. First their

property

was confiscated, next

they were driven

into

exile,

then tortured

severely, and, finally, suffering death in various

ways,

they

succumbed

wonderfully to

â

most glorious martydom.

A

boy

called

Paulillus,

the brother

of

Eurychianus and Paschasius, was very dear

to

the

king on

account

ofhis fine

body and

refined nâture; since he

could not

be

separated

by threats

from his acknowledgment and love

of

the Catholic faith,

he was

beaten

for

some

time with

rods and condemned

to the

meânest serütude. He

wâs

not

killed,

it

seems, so that

youth

should

not

also

take

g1ory in over-

throwing

the

savagery

of

an

impious

man.

In

the same

year

barbarian deserters of the federates took to

pirâcy.

â.

438

Year

4rr.Theodosius

for the sixteenth

time

and Faustus.

In this

year

too

the same

pirates

plundered many islands,

especially Sicily.

Measures

against the Goths

in

Gaul went well.

a.

439

Year

4rz.Theodosius

for

the seventeenth

time

and Festus.

Litorius,

who led Hun

auxiliaries,

second in

command

after

Aëtius,

rashly

joined

battle

with

the

Goths,

striving to

surpâss the

glory ofAëtius

and trust-

ing

in the oracles

of

diviners and the

portents

of

demons. He

made us under-

stand

the

success the band that perished

with

him

might

have

achieved,

had

he

chosen

to follow

â

course

better than his

own

foolhardiness;

for

he

infli-

cted

such losses on the enemy that, if he

had

not

fallen

into

captiviry

by

fighting

heedlessly,

it

would

have been

doubtful

to

what

side victory should

properly have

been

ascribed.

At this

time,

Julian

of

Eclanum,

a

most

boastful defender

of

the

Pelagian

error was aroused by

an immoderate

longing

for a

former§ lost bishopric.

By

the

varied art

of

deceiving, and exhibiting the

pretence of having

amended

lril

wayr,

lte ettrleavrlrccl

to insinuate

himself

into

the

communion

of the

church,

llut

l'ope

Sixtus, with

the urging

of

Leo the

deacon, opposed

these

triekr rnd

allowed

no

appnxrclr

to

lie open to these

pestilential

efforts, and

he

eaffied

all Càtholiel

tô

reJoi€ê

|n

threwing

beek

the

dceeitful

bealt,

ar

if

the

apostolic

Br,ÿord

thËn for

the firrt

time

beheaded

the

molt

Pmud

herêry'

ln

the

same

period, vlterlcur

wffi

comidered

loyd

to

our

itête

and

renowned

for the

frequent

demonstrstion

of

his skill

in

war'

Peacc

made

with

the

Coths,

for

thcy

sought

it

more

humbly

than

ever

lrefore

after

the

lamentable

trial

of

an

inconclusive

war'

SinceAëtiuswasconcernedwithmettersthatwerebeingsettledinGaul,

Gaiseric

had

nothing

to

fear

from

losing

his

friendship'

On

r9 October'

he

took

advantage

of

the

peace and seized

carthage.

He

put

its citizens

to

vari-

ous

kinds

of

torture

and

took all

of

their

wealth

as

his

own'

Nor

did

he

refrain

from

despoiling

the

churches'

Euryrying

them

of

their

sacred

vessels'

lncldeprivingthemoftheattentionoftheirpriests,heorderedthattheyno

l,r,rg.,

b.

places

of divine

worship

but

quarters

for

his

people'

He

was

harsh

towards

the

entire

captive

population

but

particular§

hostile

to the

nobility

and

clergy

so that

no

one

could

tell

whether

he was

waging

war

more

against

lllln

or God.

Carthage

suffered

this

captivity

in the

585th

year

after

it had

become

Roman.

Year

4I3.Valentinian

Augustus

for

the

fifth

time

and

Anatolius'

WhenBishopSixtusdied,theRomanchurchwaswithoutabishopfor

.

nlore than

forty

days,

awaiting

with

wondrous

peacefulness

and

forbearance

the

arrival

of

Deacon

Leo,

who

was

detained

in

Gaul restoring the friendship

between

Aëtius

and

Albinus.

It

was

as

if

he

had

been

removed

quite

a

dis-

tgrce

so

that

both

the

merit

of

him

chosen

and

the

judgment

of those

clroosing

might

be

tested.

Then

Deacon

Leo,

summoned

by

a

civic

legation

lrrcl

delivered

to

his

rejoicing

home

ciry

was

consecrâted

the

forty-third

hishop

of

the

Roman

church.

ÿhile

Gaiseric

was

inflicring

serious

damage

on

Sicily,

he

received

word

tlr;tt

sebastian

[the

son-in-law

of

Boniface]

was

crossing

from

Spain

to

Africa

rnd

quickly

returned

to

carthage.

Gaiseric

thought

it would

be

dangerous

to

lrirrrself

and

his

people

if

a

man

skilled

in

\

/âr

was

bent

upon

retaking

(

)rrrthage.

But

Sebastian,

wishing

to

be

regarded

as

a friend

râther

than

as

an

crrcmy,

found

everything

in

the

mind

of

the

barbarian contrary

to

what

he

lncl

supposed.

That

hope

wâs

to

him

a

cause

of

the

greatest

calamiry

and

an

trrrluppy

death.-[Cf.

r8,

Hydatius,

s'a'

444,445,

449'1

r

Yt'rtr

414.

Cyrus.

.l.heodosiusopenedhostilitieswiththeVandalsbysendingthegenerals

Ariobindus,

Ànsila,

and

Germanus

with

a

large

fleet.

They

deferred

the

busi-

rrcss

with

long

delays

and

proved

to

be

more

of

a

burden

to

Sicily

than

a

help

to Africa.


7/18

t.442

Year

4r5.

Dioscorus

and

Eudoxius.

As the

Huns

were laying

waste

to Thrace

and Illyrlcum

tvith ravage

plun-

dering,

the

army

that \Mas

delayrng in

sicily

returned

for

the

defence of

thc

eâstern

proünces.

The Augustus

valentinian

made peace

with

Gaiseric

and

Africa

was

diüded between

the two

inro disfincr

rerrirories.

Some

of Gaiseric's

magnâtes

conspired

against

him

because he

was proud,

even

among

tris own people,

due

to the successful

outcome

of events.

But

when

the

undertaking

was

discovered,

they

were

subjected

to

many

tortures

and

killed by

him.'Whenever

others

seemed

to

venture rhe

same

thing,

the

king's

mistrust served

to

destroy

so many

that he lost

more men

by

this anxi.

ety

of

his

than

if

he had

been overthrown

in

war.

à.

443

Year

4r6.Maximus

for

the

second

time

and Paterius.

At

this time it

became

clear to

the diligent

perception

of pope

Leo

that

many

Manichees

were

taking

refuge in

the

city.

He

rooted

them

out frorn

their hiding

places

and

revealed

rhem

ro the

eyes

of

the whole

church;

he

caused

them to censure

and

report

all the

deformities

of their

doctrine and

had great piles

of

books

that

had

been seized

burned.

This

concern,

inspired

,

in the

holy

man,

it seems,

by

God, was

of

the greatest

benefit not

only

to

the

city

of

Rome

but also

to

the

whole

world,

inasmuch

as the confessions

of

those arrested

in Rome

might

reveal

the

identity

of their

teachers,

bishops

or

priests,

and the proünces

or

cities

in

which

they lived.

Many

bishops in

the

east

imitated

the energy

of

the

apostolic

governor.

a.

444

Year

4r7.

Theodosius

for

the

eighteenth

time and

Albinus.

In

this

year

Easter

was

celebrated

on

4

April.This

was

not

an error,

ôr

the

day

of

the passion

was

on

zr

April. out

of respect,the

anniversary

of

the

City

[on

zr April]

passed

without

circuses.

Attila

king

of

the Huns

killed

Bteda,

his

brother and

co-ruler,

and forced

his

people

to

submit

to him.

a.

448

Yeat

4zt.Postumianus

and

Zeno.

At

this

time

the

Euÿchian heresy

arose.

Ir was

created

by

Eutyches

a cer-

tain

priest

who

presided

over

a renotÿvned

monastery

in

Constantinople.

He

proclaimed

that

Jesus

Christ,

our Lord

and

son

of

the

blessed

Virgin Mary

had no

maternal

substance,

but only

the nature

of

God's

word

was in him

in

the likeness

of

a

human.

on

account of

this

impiety he was

condemned

by

Flavian,

bishop

of

the

same

ciry for

he

would

not

be

corrected.

But

reÿing

on

royal

friendship

and

the favor

of

courtiers,

he

asked

to be

heard

by

a uni-

versal

synod.

Thçodosius

gave

his

consent

and

ordered all

the

bishops

to

gremble

ât'EphêBur

in otdæ to

ndthdtaw

thir eondenrnrtion,

In this eouncil,

Eutyehes

wes absolvcd

rnd

DicrcUrur,

bishop

sf

Nexlndria,

clainring

primrcy

t'or

himself,

proposed

â 3ÊntÊneê

of condemnation

against

Flavian, bishop

of

C)orrstautinople.This

was done

oÿer.thc

objections

of Hilarus,

deacon

of

the

ehurch

of

Rome,

who

had been

sent fiorn

the

apostolic

see

along with

Julius

the

bishop

to Pozzuoli

to

represent

the

holy

Pope

Leo.

For all

the

bishops

who

rnade

up

the

council

were compelled

to

render

consent

to

this

heresy

try

force

and

fear of

counts

and soldiers

whom

the

emperor

had

assigned

to

l)ioscorus,

bishop

of Alexandria;,but

the

aforesaid

deacon,

amid

serious

dan-

ger

to

his

life,

called

out

his

objection

although

the

fury

this

caused

threat-

encd

to

destroy

him.

Leaving

,1

6 6wn-people

there,

he secretly

departed

so

lrc

might

lay

beôre

the aforesaid

pope

and

other

Italian

bishops

an

accusâtion

of

how

the Catholic

faith

was üolated

at the

council.

The holy

Flavian

passed

op

to

Christ,

ending

his life

in a most

glorious

fashion, while

in the

hands of

those

who led

him into

exile.

l- îô

Ycar

433.Valentinian

for the

seventh

time

and

Avienus.

When

Theodosius

had died

and

the chamberlain

Chrysaphius.

who had

rnisused

the

friendship

of

the emperor,

had been

killed,

Marcian

received

the

kingdom

with

the

agreement

of the

whole

army.

He

wâs a

most impressive

rnan,

indispensible

to

not only

the

state but

also the

church'

By his edicts, which

complied

with

the authority of the

apostolic

see,

the

synod

of Ephesus was

condemned,

and

it

was

decided

that

an episcopal

council

should

be held

at

chalcedon,

so

rhat

forgiveness

might

heal

the

reformed

aqd

the

intransigent

might be

driven

out

with

their

heresy'

tl.4

t ' l1

.,

t

..1

I

Year

434.

Augustus

Marcian

and

Adelphius'

After

killing

his

brother,

Attila

was strengthened

by the

resources

of the

deceased

and

forced

many thousands

of

neighboring

peoples

into a war.

This

war,

he announced

as

guardian

of Roman

friendship,

he

would

wage

only

against the

Goths.

But

when

he had crossed

the

Rhine

and

many

Gallic

cities

experienced

his savage attâcks,

both

our

people

and the

Goths

soon

agreed

to

oppose

with

allied forces

the

fury of

their

proud

enemies.

Ând

Aëtius

had

such

great foresight

that,

when

fighting

men

were

hurriedly

collected

from

everywhere,

a

not

unequal force

met the

opposing

multitude.

Although

the

slaughter

of

alt ihose

who

died

rhere

was incalculable

-

for

neither side

gave

way

-

it appears that

the

Fluns were

defeated

in this battle

because

those

âmong them

that

survived

lost their

tâste

for

fighting

and turned

back

home.

[,

r,;/

Yeir'

az§.

Senator

Herculanus

and

Sporacius.

Attila

restored

the

forces he

lost in

Gaul

and tried

to enter

Italy

by way

of


8/18

l'atrtteitlia,

()ttr

t:onrtnattcler

Aëtitrs

rnadc

rro

provision

following

the exertions

of the previous

war

and failed

to rnake

use

of the

barrieru

of'thc

Alps by

which

the enerry

could

have

been

checked.

He believed

his o,ly

hope

lay

in

a full

retreat

from

Italy

along

with

the

emperor.

But

since

this

course

seemed

disgraceful

and

fraught

with

danger,

a sense

of shame

restrâined

fear

and

the

widespread

overthrow

of

so

many

of

the

noble

provinces

was

used

to

sâtiate

the

savagery

and greed

of

the

enemy.

of

all the plans

of the emperor,

senare,

and people

of

Rome,

none

seemed

sounder

than

to send

envoys

to

seek

peace

from

this

most

fierce

of

kings.

The

blessed

pope

Leo,

supported

by the

help

of

God,

whom

he

knew

never neglects the labors

of

the

devout,

took

up

this

matter

along

with

Avienus,

a man

of

consurar

rank,

and

rrygetius,

a

man

with

the rank

of

prefect.

Nor

was

the result

other

than

what faith had

taken

for

granted.

For

when

the

entire

delegation

was

honorably

received,

the

king

was

so

delighted

with

the

presence

of

the

chief

bishop

that

he

ordered

the

war

to

be halted

and,

having

promised

peace,

retired

beyond

the

Danube.

a.4j3

Year

426.

Senator

Opilio

andVincomalus.

The

synod

of

chalcedon

ended.

Euryches

and

Dioscorus

were

con-

demned.

All

who

disassociated

themserves

from

them

were

received

into

communion.

[Jniversally

confirmed

was

the faith

that

was

proclaimed

by

holy

Pope

Leo

with

respect

to the

incarnation

of

the

word,

according

to

the

evangelic and apostolic

doctrine.

Attila

died

in

his

own

territory.

At

first

great

struggles

over

succession

ro

the kingship

broke

out

among his

sons;

then

a few

of

the peoples

that

used

to

obey

the

Huns

tried

to

revolt

and

created

conditions

and

opportunities

for

wars.

In

these

the

fiercest

peoples

were

corlsulned

by

attacks

upon

one

another.

Among

the

Goths

residing

in

Gaul,

dissersic»T xrose

among

the

sons

of

KingTheodoric,

the

eldest

of

which,Thorisnrund,

succeeded

his

father.'when

the

king

tried

to

act against

both

the

llourarr pcace

and

the

repose

of

the

Goths,

he was

killed

by

his

brothers,

fcrr

he

lrrcssecl

on

uncontrollably

with

harmful

measures.

a.

454

Year

427.

Aétius

and

Studius.

Ominous

enmities

grew

stronger

tretwecrr

tlre

Augustus

Valentinian

and

the patrician

Aëtius,

even

after

oathl

lrmruirirrg

rrruttral

loyalty

and

after

an

âgreement

to

join

their

childrert

in tnarriuge,Wlrcrc

the kindness

of

affection

ought to have

been

streugthctred,

thert

the

tirrrler of

hatred

burst

into

flame

at

the

instigation,

so it

was

believed,

of

Herhclius

tl)c eunuch.

By

insincere

devotion,

he

gained

such

inflttencÉ

wer

the

errrper«rrls

thinking

that

he

could

easily push

him

into

doing

whetever

he

wirlrcrl,

The manusdltls runlaln

tuto

tænlane

$

rubsequent even$:

t,

Sincc Hereclius

peruurded

the enrpcxrr

of

all manner

of wickedness

on

Aëtius'

pârt,

there wes

thought

to

be

just

one

course

of

action

available to

Éâve

the cmpcror:

get

his

eReRly

béfore

he

got

him,

As

a

result

Aëtius

was

cruelly

put

to the sword within the recesses of the

palace

at

the

hands

of

the

ernperor

and

his

entourage.

z, And so

while

Aëtius more vehemently sought

agreements and

more

frgssiollâtely

pressed

the

case of his son, he was

cruelly

put

to the sword

witlrin

the

recesses of the

palace

at

the

hands of

the

emperor and his

entourage.

lJoethius, the

praetorian prefect, wa§ killed at the same

time; he

wâs

con-

nccted

to Aëtius

by

great friendship.

I,

,,,

,,,

Yeirr

4ztt.Valentinian

for

the eighth

time

andAnthemius.

Thc death

ofValentinian

followed

not long

after

the death ofAëtius. So

iurpludently

was

it not avoided

that the

killer

of Aëtius associated

with the

tttanis

friends and

retainers. They found the

right time for

their

crime

and,

recrctly

stalking

the prince when he

left

the

city

and

was awaiting a

display of

lrttts,

stabbed him unexpectedly.

Heraclius

was

killed at the same time,

as he

wâs

llext

to the

emperor,

and

no

one of that

royal host was

incited

to take

rcvcnge

for

so great a crime.

As

this

murder was

carried out,

moreover,

Maximus,

t'urice

possessor

of

tltc

consulship

and holder

of the patrician

dig"iry

took

up

the

imperial

powcr.

Although

people believed he

would

be in every way beneficial to the

erttlungered

state,

it

did

not

take long

for him

to

show by example

the kind

nl'rtrirrd

he had.

Not

only did he

not punish

the

killers of

Valentinian,

but he

feceivqd

them as friends; and he forbade the

Augusta,

Valentinian's

wife,

to

nlouru

the

loss of

her

husband and within a

few

days

forced

her

to

mârry

hirrr.

llut

he was not

to

indulge this lack of restraint for

long.

After another

nlolrtll

he

got news

of the

arrival

of

Gaiseric from Africa, and many

nobles

arrtl

cornmoners fled the city.When

he gave permission for everyone

to

leave

attrl wished

himself to get away in haste,

on

the seventy-seventh day after

his

reiu

urc

of

power,

he

was

torn

to

pieces

by the royal slaves; thrown

in

pieces

Ittto

thc Tiber, he

wâs

even deprived of burial.

After

this

end to Maximus, a

Itonrln

câptivity, deserving of

many tears, immediately

followed,

and Gaiseric

ohtlinc'cl

the

ciry

devoid of

â11 protection. Holy Bishop Leo met him

outside

tlte

glters and his supplication

mollified

him

through

the power

of

God to

rur'lr

urr

cxtent that, when everything

was

given

into

his hands, he was held

lrack

rrcvcrtheless

from

burning,

killing, and torture.

Then

for

fourteen

days,

thnrugh

àr1 untrâmmeled and open

search,

l\otne was

emptied

of all

its

wr,rltlr,

lnd many thousands

of

captives,

all

that wcre

satisfactory âs

to

age or

71


9/18

occupatioll,

along

wlth

the

queen

rnd her

ehlldrcn,

were raken

àway

to

Carthage.

In

rhe

same

year

Easter

wer

celebnted

on

:4 April,

according

to the stub-

born

assertion

of the

bishop of

Alcxandria,

with whom

all

the

easterncrg

think they

should

âgree,

even

when

holy

Pope

Leo

proresred

that

it

should

rather

be

observed

on r7'April.

on that

day

there

was

no

error in

the calcu,

lation

of

the

firll

moon

or

in

the demarcation

of the

first month.

There exist

letters

of the

same pope

sent.to

the most

merciful

prince

Marcian, in

which

the

calculation

of the

true date is

laid

out carefully and

plainly

and in

which

the

catholic

church

can

be

instructed.

Though

the

opinion

of

easterners

was

tolerated

out

ofa

desire for

unity

and

peace

rather

than approved,

it must

by

no

means

go

on

being imitated,

since

an

opinion

that

has brought

destructivè

of[ense should

forever

lose

authority.

TT.T}JE

GALLIC

CHRONICLE

OF

452

This

chronicle

is the

work. oJ

an

anonymous

Caul,

writing

uery close to

the

year

452;

Itlothing

is

known

of the

awthor but

what

un

be

inferred

of his uiews

ÿom

the

con-

tents

of his chronicle.

His

perspectiue

is sfficently

clear

to suggest

interesting points

oJ

contrast with

that of

his contemporary

Proslter.

Like

Prosper\

work,

the

Gallic

chronicle

of

452

was

a continuation

of an

epitome

of

Jerome's

translation

of Euse-

bius,

and

begins

where

Jerome

left off

in

j7s.

I

gbe the

continuation

in its entiretyi

from

379.

The

chronicler's

treatment

of years

anil

dates contains

a number

of errors,

traceable

in part

to the

sources

he used,

which are

only reasonably

detectable

in

the

earlier

Ttor-

tions

oJ the

chroniele,

Not only

did the

chronicler

work

with

incorrect regnal year

cotlnts

for

the

reigns

of

Gratian,

Theodosius

I,

and Honoius,

but

his

relatiue

placement

oJ

events

is

not always

acturdte.

Following

Mommsen's

edition,

I haye added

anno

domini

dates

sparingly

ryt

to the

end of Honorius's

reign. After

424

the

number of

regnal years

is

correct,

and

it

is

possible

to

equate

these

with

anno domini

dates,

but

readers shoulil

be aware

that

doing

so

does not preclude

misilating,

intentional

or other-

wise,by

the chronicler.The

Cltorucle

is

eorreet

in

the

lastfew

years after

447.Where

the

chronicle shows 'double

dating'-

that

is the sprcad

of what might

be construed

as

one

entry

oÿer

nlore

than

a

single

year

-

I havc grouped

the

years

together

rather

than

assuming

a

blank.

year.

Finally,

it should

bc noted that,followingJerome,

not only

does the

chronieler

date

euents

by the

regnal

years

of emperors,

but he also

introduces

olympiads

eueryfour

years

and the years

of

Abraham

euery

decade;

I

haue omitted

the

laîïer two

modes of

dating.

In

the

translation,

anno

domini

datcs

ara

placcd

in the

left margin.

The year

numbers oJ

the emperor's

reign

are in

boltllo«'

Arabic

numerals

set

fiext to

the'first

entry oJ

the

year,

and

the

number in

hrtrûals

û

tltc cnd

of each entry

conesltonds

to

*t

nunheil4q

oJ

Monmsenl

edhlon'The

headlngt

Ne

thotê

of the ehrcakle'

:

Ohnwka

(irllint

A,

(:C:C:e:Ltl,

crl,Tlt,

Mottttttscrr,

(lltrottirn

Mhktftt

t, M(iH

AA

u

(tlluz),

6+ô-ôtrri

arrd ef,

Stc'vctt

Muhlbergcr,

'l'h?

ttl.litt"(ilttttty

Ohruûilerc:

l\ttptr, llyrlttiltt,

uil

rht

(lhrriller

rl'45t

(Leccls, I99o),

pp,

t37-15:,Trrnslation

by A.o,

Mtrrtry'

,

Gratian

rcigned

for 6

years

[a.

IZC-f8S]

n,

since

he had

quite a young brother

as

a royal colleague,

admitted

a

t

of

suitable

age,Theodosius;'into

partnership

in the

kingdom.[z]

(iratiau

was

much inclined

to

religion and

well

disposed

toward

the

hes

in

all matters.[3]

Martirr,

bishop

ofTours,

was

regarded

as

outstanding

for

his apostolic

pow-

4l

lelosius

restored the

exhausted state

in the

regions of the

East.[5]

In

ltritrrin

Maximus

wâs

set

up

âs

llsurper

by

the soldiers.[6],

Mtxirtrus

vigorously

overcâme

invading

Picts

and

Scots.[7]

Altrhrosius

wrote

most splendid

books

against the

faithlessness

of

the

Anans

tltc

Augustus

Gratian.[8]

Maxiirrus

crossed

the

channel

and, after

a clash

with

Gratian,

killed

the

§lttperor

as

he fled

to Lyons.[g]

Theodosius

reigned

for rr

years

[a.384-395]

Maxintus,

out of

fear

of the

leader of the

eastern

empire,Theodosius,

entered

intu

l treaty

withValentinian

[II].

[tt]

At'l'rier,

Manichees

were

detected

and destroyed

owing

to the

utmost

zeâl

of

Mrximus.

Irz]

Jultirrl,

the

mother of

Valentinian,

favored

the Arians and

heaped

various

types

of

injustices

upon

Ambrose

and

the entire

church

of

Milan.

[r3]

l(clics

of

the

martyrs

Gervasius

and

Protasius

first

discovered

by

Ambrose

el

Milrrn.Ir4]

Arpbrosei

hymns composed;

they

wele

sung

in

a form

never

before

heard

Itt

l,ltin

churches.

[r5]

M,rxirrrus,

saying

that an unworthy

action

had been taken

against

the

position

ot tlrc church,

discovered

a wây

to break

the

treaty

he

had

made

with


10/18

a.

388

4

à-

392

tO

II

8-9

valentinian.

valentinian,

fearing

the

usurper,

who

wnc

dnrdy

*

threat to his

life, fled

to Theodosius,[r6l

Augustine,

while

at

first teaching

rheroric

at

Milan, geve

up

the crassroom

and

converted

to

the

true

faith,

for

previously

he was

a

Manichee.

[r7]

Theodosius

came

over

to Italy

with

an

army,

killed

Maximus,

and restored

Valentinian

to

his

kingdom.

[r8]

Justina,

who

had

africted

the

churches,

\Mas

prevented

by

death

from

get-

ting

back

the kingdom

with

her son.[r9]

The

devout

emperor expunged

the

monstrous

act committed

in

Thessa-

lonica

by an

extrâordinary

example of

repentence

for

the people

he massa-

cred.Izo]

Heresy

of

the Apollinarians

begun

by

Apollinaris.

[zr]

The

Arians,

who polluted

almost

the

entire

East

and West, were,

by

an

edict

of

the devout

emperor,

despoiled

of

their churches,

which

were

assigned

to

Catholics.[zz]

John,

an Egyptian

monk,

was

regarded

as famous

because

he earned

the gift

of prophecy

from

the Lord

owing

to

the puriry

of

his

life.[23]

After

Damasus,

Siricius

was

the

thirty-sixth

bishop

to take

up direction

of

the

Roman

church.

At

Alexandria,

on

the

death

of Peter,

Timotheus,

and

after

him, Theophilus

were

made

bishops.

At

Jerusalem,

after

Cyril,

John

received

the

church.

At Antioch,

on the death

of

Miletius,

Flavianus

took his place.[24]

A huge

dispute

ârose

among

us.

The

bishops

who had

been driven

out

by

heretics

wanted

none

but

themselves

to

fill

the

priestly

office

now

that the,

heretics

had

been

removed

by the

emperor.[25]

A

terrible portent,

resembling

in

every respect

a column, appeared

in

the

sky.[26]

Temples

were

destroyed

in

Alexandria,

among

thcm

the very

ancient and

famous

temple

of

Serapis,

which,

like

some

colurn,,

was keeping

idolatry

from

falling.[28]

valentinian was

eliminated

at

vienne

by Arbogast,

his own counr. Eugenius

took

the emperorh

place,

seizing

power

âs

a ururper,lagl

To

revenge

valentinian's

death

and

erurh

the usurpation of

Eugenius,

Theo.

dosius

crossed

over

into

ltaly;

the

frrrcr

of tlod

wls

rcvealed

when

the

ele-

ments

conspired

to assist

that

very endgar;nr,l,tol

7ât

t;

After

Eugeniur

hsd been

Orcr€ëmc,

Theodoriur

rcached

t[e end

of

his

lifc

ln

the

seventeenth

yeât

of

hil

rclgn'l3tl

Arcadiur and Honorlur

reigned

for

3a

years

[Arcadlur,

i.

395-408'

Honorius,

a.395'44]

t

r L.-

/

€iorrsturtirrople,

in

fear

of

God's

anger

revealed

in fire-

flashing

dreadfully

âbove

the

clouds,

escaped

by

turning

to

Penânce

with

its

whole

heart.[33]

stilicho

killed Rufinus

of the Bosphorus

region

after

overcoming

the

gftarcl

of

Huns that

supported

him,

because

Rufinus

reached

the summit

of

irrrperial

service

but

could not

abide

that

Stilirho

was

preferred

to

him.[34]

(llludian

the

poet

was considered

worthy

of

admiration.[35]

(iildo

stirred

Africa

into

rebellion

and

withdrew the

usual

taxes

from

the

l(omans.[36]

Prudentius,

our

[i.e.

christian]

lyric

poet,

a spaniard

by

his

illustrious

birth,

developed

the strength

of

his talents.[37]

1

Stilicho,

master

of

the soldiers,

killed Gildo

in

Mâuretânia

and

restored

Africa

t('

its former

status.[38]

Innocent

wâs

the thirty-seventh

bishop

to occupy

the throne

of

the

Itornan

church.

[39]

'll'rnples

of

the

ancient

superstition

destroyed

over

the

whole Roman

world.[4o]

Paulinus

of

Nola,

later

a

bishop'

sold everything

as

an

admirable

example,

lirr

he

was the

master of innumerable

estates,

and

unimpeded

chose

the

reli-

gious

life.[4r]

.f«rhn

[Chrysostom],

bishop

of

Constantinople,

shone

in

word

and deed'[42]

Martin,

after

living

an

extraordinary

life,

put

aside

his

[mortal]

body.[a3]

'fhe

insane

Pelagius

qied to

soil the

churches

with

his

purulent

doctrine.[44]

A synod

at Alexandria

was convened

to

deal

with a

dispute

arising

from

the

cloctrine

of Origen. This

decision

emerged

from it:

that whoever

approved

of

the

works

of the above

mentioned

Origen

should

be

placed

outside

the

church.

[45]

There

was an

eclipse

of the

sun.[46]

7Ë


11/18


12/18

29-30

420-2r

The

imperial

digniry

was

conferred

on

constantius

at

the

wiûer

of Hono_

rius.

consrantius

exercised

it

for

scarcery

eight

months

and

died, leaving

an

eight

year-old

son

Valentinian.

[88]

The

usurper

Maximus

was

toppled

from

power

and

taken to

Ravenna

where

he

was

put

on

display

before

the

emperor

during

the

cerebrations

of

Hônorius's

thirrieth

anniversary.

[g9]

The

Vandals

crcmed

the

redt to

AÊler

end, havlng torn

thê

provinee

to

inflietcd

an

immense

diralter

on

the Rornans,[to8]

1.7

hiitonsulate

had

been proclriÉed,

Aëtius,

turning

to

better

protection,

lvây

to

Boniface,

who hrd

eome

fiom Africa on)rthe summons

of the

,Iropl

Thcre

was severe cold that

was

also

ruinous

to

the health

of

a

great many

people,Ir

ro]

lloniface

was

wounded

in a

battle he won against

Aëtius but retired from

It

to

die.1Cf. 16,

Prosper,

s.a.

432.1[r

r

r]

l,

"i'.,''.,

After

the

battle,

Aëtius

turned

to the Huns,

who

at the time

were led by

Rugila,

and returned

to

Roman

territory with the help

he had

asked

ôr,lr

rzl

4

'l'he

Goths

were

summoned by

the Romans

to

bring help.[r13]

(iermanus

the bishop of

Auxerre became renowned

for his miraculous

powcrs and

the

strictness

of

his

life.[rr4]

,.

i

,

,,"

i*_l

Aëtius

was received into

favor.[rr5]

I\ugila,

king of the

Huns,

with whom

peace had been made, died.

He

was

.utccceded

by

Bleda.[r

r6]

,

i'.

ir-

Frrther

Gaul

followed Tibatto, the

Jeader

of

a

rebellion, and separated from

l(ornan

society.

This

was only

the beginning

of almost

all

the

servile order

ltrvitial

of

Gaul ôoming

into

accord

in a Bacaudic rcvolt

(Bacauda).1n7)

i

,

"'.,

{i

A

rnemorable war

against

the Burgundians broke

out in which almost the

urtire

people with

their king

were destroyed by

Aëtius.

Ir

r 8]

.

J'r

4

After

Tibitto

was

captured

and the other

leaders of

the

revolt were

put in

lronds or killed, the commotion of the

Bacaudae

quietened

down.[r19]

'.

:.

'l'he Theodosian

book

bringing

together

all the

laws

of

legitimate

emperors

lirr the

first

time.was

issued in this

year.[rzo]

[Polemius]

Si1üus,

who

was

quite

mentally

disturbed, composed

some

writings

on religion

after

he

completed

his duty

serving in the palace.[rzr]

t-'

l.eo was

the

fortieth bishop to

take

up

leadership

of

the

Roman

church.[rzz]

i,

tii

l{aving pacified

disturbances

in

Gaul,Âëtius

returned to ltaly.

Irz3]

Abandoned

country

properties

of

the

city

ofValence

were given over

for

3r

Placidia

was

discovered

plotting

against

her

brother

and

exiled

to

Rome.[go]

a.

423

32

Honorius

died

at

Ravenna.[g2]

John,

a

former

chief

of

the

bureau

of

notaries,

assumed

po,ù/er,

though

he

had

no

right

to

it.[92]

Honorius

left

an

empire

severely

weakened

by many

crises.[93]

Theodosius

[I]

reigned

for

z7 years

[a. 424_4So]

a.

424

r

Placidia

sent

a

message

to

Theodosius

begging

help.[95]

Sigisvult

hastened

to

Africa

against

Boniface.[96]

a'+25

z In

Gaul,

the

[praetorian]

prefect

Exuperanrius

was

kilred

by

the

soldiers.[97]

Carthage

was

surrounded

with

a wall.

From

the

time

when

the ancient

city

had

been

destroyed,

carthage

\Mas

not

allowed

to

be

fortified

by walls

by

decree

of the

Romans

in

case

it sheltered

rebellion.[9g]

John

was

defeated

by

the

army

of

the

east

and

killed.

Ravenna

then was

laid

waste

by

looting.[99]

Aëtius,

rhe son

of

count

Gaudentius

who

was

killed

by

the

sordiers

in

Gaul,

entered

Italy

with

Huns

in

order

to

supportJohn.[roo]

t.

426

3

Valentinian

[III]

was

made

emperor

at

Rome.[ror]

a.

427

+

Arles

was

freed

from

the

Goths

by

Aëtius.[roz]

a'

428

s

At

last Placidia

was

brought

to

the power

she

wished for.[ro3]

t.

42e

o

cassian

set

forth

in

books

distributed

to

a

great

many

people

the

lives

of

the

fathers,

their

teachings

and

rules,

which

he

had

rearneJin

Ègypt.[roa]

a

n,07-8

Aëtius

tried

to

bring

about

the

destruction

of

theJuthungi.[ro6]

Massacre

of

almost

2o,ooo

troops

fighting

in

spain

against

thevandals.

[cf.

16,

Prosper,

s.a.422;

rg,

Hydatius,

s,a,

4zz.llto7)

83


13/18

r8-r9

a.

44r-42

a.443

20

a.444

2t

a.446 23

a.

447

24

division

to

the Alans

who were led

by Sarnbida.frz4]

The British

provinces,

which up to this time had

endured

a variery

of disas-

ters and

misfortunes,

were subjected

to

the authority of the Saxons.[rz6]

The lands

of Farther

Gaul were handed over

by

the patrician Aëtius

to

Alans to be divided

with

the

inhabitants.

They

subdued those

who

them

with arms,

drove

out

the

owners,

and

obtained

possession of the

by

force.fizTl

1l

Sapaudia was

given

to

the

remnants

of

the Burgundians

to

be

divided

the

native

inhabitants.

[rz8]

Carthage

was captured

by

the Vandals

[r.

+:S]

and along with atl

Africa

off

the

might

of

the Roman Empire

with lamentable

harm and injury.

thereby it

became a

possession

of theVandals.[rz9]

Vrhndalra

[II,

fr.

lSll

and Mrrclrn

l.

Y,

A

thll

tirne the

pitiable

condition

of

the

state

wm

quitc

evident, for there

no

prlovince

without

a b*beriân

settler,

ând thc

unspeakable

hcrcsy

of

Arians,

which

had

permcâted

the barbarian nalons,

§preâd

over the

world

and

laid

claim

to the name Catholic.I1381

Ittila

entercd Gaul

as if he had the right,to

ask

fora wife

that

was owed

hilu,

There

he inflicted

and

suffered defeat and then

withdrew to

his

I

-

'',O

Chir

yerr

a

greât

mâny

portents

appeared.[r4o]

a.

44s

22 Thrace

was

shaken by

an

attack of the Huns.[

233702093 the Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine the Gallic Chronicle of 452 the Chronicle of Marius...

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Transcript of 233702093 the Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine the Gallic Chronicle of 452 the Chronicle of Marius...