2/3:1/3 JEWISH MAJORITY BURSTING THE DEMOGRAPHIC BUBBLE FROM BASELESS-DEMOGRAPHIC FATALISM TO...
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Transcript of 2/3:1/3 JEWISH MAJORITY BURSTING THE DEMOGRAPHIC BUBBLE FROM BASELESS-DEMOGRAPHIC FATALISM TO...
2/3:1/3 JEWISH MAJORITY
BURSTING THE DEMOGRAPHIC BUBBLE
FROM BASELESS-DEMOGRAPHIC FATALISM
TO DOCUMENTED-DEMOGRAPHIC OPTIMISM
Arab PopulationIn Judea, Samaria & Gaza
The Million Person Gap
PCBS2010 Population 4.15 Million
Bennett Zimmerman & Roberta Seid, Ph.D.Copyright 2009All Rights Reserved
Fewer Births
Net Emigiration
Jerusalem Arab PopulationDouble-Count
Residents Living Abroad
Study Result2010 Population 2.95 Million
Report prepared by:
The American-IsraelDemographic Research
Group(AIDRG)
USA Research TeamBennett ZimmermanRoberta Seid, Ph.D.Michael Wise, Ph.D.
Israel Research TeamYoram Ettinger
Brig. Gen (Ret.) David ShahafProf. Ezra SoharDr. David PassigAvraham ShvoutYakov Faitelson
PCBS: Palestine Central Bureau of Statistics
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Millions of People
Source: ICBS, Final Assessments of Population in Judea, Samaria & Gaza, 1996, Julia Zemel, December 22, 1997; Palestine Central Bureau of Statistics, Demographic Indicators of the Palestinian Territory, 1997 - 2015
1996 2007
2.1MN
3.8MN
Israeli and Arab Population DataJudea, Samaria and Gaza
(1996 & 2007)
Israel CentralBureau of Statistics
(ICBS)
Palestine CentralBureau of Statistics
(PCBS)
• PCBS 2007 population total for Judea & Samaria and Gaza was 3.8 million, 90% above the ICBS 1996 figure of 2.1 million.
The two central bureaus of statistics cannot be accurate since…• Such growth would indicate a 5.5%annual growth rate, almost twice as high as the leading countries in the world, such as Afghanistan, Sierra Leon, Somalia, Niger and Eritrea. The CIA ranks Gaza 5th and Judea&Samaria 38th in growth rate.
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
‘97 2000 2007 2010 2015
Millions of People
Arab Population in Judea&Samaria and Gaza1997 PCBS Census and Projection
(1997 - 2015)
Source: Palestine Central Bureau of Statistics, Demographic Indicators of the Palestinian Territory, 1997 - 2015
When 2007 PCBS population numbers (3.8 million) is combined with Israeli Arab population (1.4 million), the number of Arabs is now – supposedly - almost equal to the number of Jews west of the Jordan River. Given this rapid Arab growth, Israeli Jews would rapidly – supposedly - become a minority.
5.0
6.0• The December 1997 census is the basis for the current PCBS data.
• 1997 PCBS: 2.78 Million
• 2009 PCBS: 4 Million
•PCBS assumption: 3.1% annual population growth rate.
Population measurement requires accurate recording and verification of:
Beginning Base Population + Births - Deaths
+ Immigration - Emigration = Ending Base Population
Study investigated the 1997 PCBS numbers, factor by factor, against data released each year by other PA and Israeli governmental agencies.
Arab PopulationIn Judea, Samaria & Gaza
The Million Person Gap
Methodology
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
Millions of People
Examination of the base population data(1997 PCBS Census)
December 1996PA Health Ministry
2.27MN
June 1997PCBS Census
2.78MN
2.111MN
December 1996ICBS Report
24K Half-Year Growth
210K Jerusalem Arabs
325K Residents Abroad
113K Additional Increase648K Total excess over ICBS
Before Census Census Era
A 30% inflation is documented in the 1997 census, which is the Palestinian base population data.3%-5% was the ICBS-PCBS gap until the 1997 census.ICBS’ accuracy is validated, when examined against Palestinian agencies.
“We counted 325,000 people living outside of the Palestinian
lands for more than one year, who carry Palestinian ID cards and can return at any time. This number is a minimum, and is not precise because we could not contact all the families living abroad.”
Hassan Abu LibdahHead of PCBSNews Conference held at Al-Bireh“The First Results of the Census”
February 26, 1998
Palestine Central Bureau of Statistics CensusInclusion of Residents Living Abroad
2011 - 0ver 400,000 overseas residents are included in the PCBS demographic count.According to internationally accepted demographic standards, overseas residents who are abroad for over a year are not counted demographically. Israel abides by such standards; the PCBS does not.
Census CoverageA comprehensive population enumeration always depends on the essence and the nature of the census. In general, population
censuses cover all persons residing within the limits of a certain country, at a specific time. A population census is based on the following:
1. De-facto Approach: Based on the enumeration of individuals according to their existence in the area of enumeration at census moment, regardless of their usual place of residence.
2. De-jure Approach: Based on the enumeration of individuals according to their usual place of residence, regardless of their presence at the census moment.
For the first ever Palestinian census, the de-facto approach was adopted with some exceptions. The census count included the following categories:
A – The Categories underwent complete data collection.1. All persons present in the Palestinian territories on the census reference date, irrespective of nationality, purpose of stay and
place of residence in the Palestinian territories.2. All temporarily living abroad (for one year prior to the night of the reference date) and who have a usual place of residence
in the Palestinian territories. Those persons are enumerated as parts of their households.
3. All Palestinians studying abroad irrespective of the study period and the period of stay abroad along with all Palestinian detainees in the Israeli jails regardless of the detention period.
B – Palestinian abroad: Categories underwent data collection on their numbers and sex only This category includes Palestinians who live abroad for more than one year and who have a usual place of residence in the Palestinian territories and have identity cards (except for students and detainees enumerated in the previous category) irrespective of the purpose of stay abroad.
http://www.pcbs.org/phc_97/phc_covr.aspx
Palestine Central Bureau of Statistics CensusInclusion of Residents Living Abroad
Palestine Central Bureau of Statistics, 2007Census Coverage (per PCBS website)
• “The PHC-2007 has been conducted on the basis of de-facto, taking into consideration minor local circumstances.”
• “This approach is identical to the implementation of PHC-1997.”
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0ICBS 1996+ 8 Years
Less deaths and emigration
CEC October 2004 Voting Report • 1.3MN Eligible Voters Resident in Territories
• 200K Eligible Voters Abroad
87%Resident
13%Abroad
1.5MN
1.3MN
1.85MN
1.3M1.3MN
PCBS Forecast(2004)
Millions of PeoplePA Central Election Commission (CEC)
Eligible Adult (18 year old and older) DocumentationOctober 2004 & January 2005 Voting Reports
The October 2004 CEC Voting Report, with specific information on 1.3 million adults living in the Territories, undermines the original 1997 PA Projection and confirms that the 1997 Census Base included Palestinians living abroad. The residential base measured by the ICBS in the mid-1990s produces an exact match with the 1.3 million residents found on current CEC voter rolls.
“Adults expected to be 18 and above by 2004”
PCBS Birth Numbers
vs. Births documented by PA Ministry of Health2010-1997
20052004 2003 2002
2001
2000
1999 19981997
Thousands of Births/Year
A 40,000 annual gap between PCBS births and PA Ministry of Health recorded births. Documentation covers village mid-wives and clinics. Home deliveries: around 5% only.Documentation is essential for daily movement, for using international passages (1,100,000 annual exits/entries), for UNRWA child allowances, for access to Israel (work, education, business, health, BG Airport, recreation, visits).
PCBS PA Ministry of Health
2006 2007 2008
120
80
40
0
160
2009 2010
120
80
40
Births/YearBirths documented by PA Ministry of Health
confirmed by PA Ministry of Education Records2010-1997
160
= PCBS numbers
= PA Ministry of Health
documentation
Thousands of Births/Year
PA Ministry Of Education
1st Grade Students6 Years Later
About 100% of 6 year old children register to first grade, according to the World Bank, European and Israeli studies. A high dropout rate starts at 3rd grade.PA Ministry of Health’s documentation of births is compatible with PA Ministry of Education’s documentation of first graders registration (6 years later). Both are well below PCBS numbers.Arab fertility decline in Judea & Samaria: Annual births stabilization between 1995 and 2010.
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20101997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
2003 2004
120
80
40
160
200420032002200120001999199819971996
0
Net Entries/ExitsIn Thousands/Year
Migration/YearPCBS 1997 Net-Immigration Assumption
PCBS population numbers included an assumption of 45,000 net immigration annually, beginning 2001 until 2015.The eruption of Intifadah II in Sept. 2000 has precluded net immigration, but Israel’s demographic establishment never examined the PCBS and was unaware of its assumptions.
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
120
80
40
160
Net Entries/ExitsIn Thousands/Year
0
= PCBS 1997 Projection
= Actual Israel Border Data
Migration/YearPCBS 1997 Net-Immigration Assumption
VS
Actual Israel Border Net-Emigration Data2010-1997
The PCBS 1997 assumption of net-immigration into Judea, Samaria and Gaza: 45,000 annually since 2001! Border data show net-emigration of 10,000+ persons each year since 1997: 10,000 - 2004, 16,000–2005, 25,000–2006, 25,000–2007, 28,000–2008 (17,000 from J&S), 28,000-2009 (17,000 from J &S), 27,500 - 2010 (16,500 from J&S). Since 1950, only 6 years featured net-immigration. Our assumption: 11,000 annual net-emigration documented by the European observers at the Rafiah international passage have been factored-in annually.
Post Oslo
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Migration to Israel’s Green LineLegal migrants only – Double Count
1993 - 2003
From 1993 – 2003, over 150,000 residents of Judea & Samaria and Gaza received Israeli IDsunder family reunification programs (105,000 since 1997). They are doubly-counted (as “GreenLine” Arabs and as West Bankers. This phenomenon was stopped by a 2003 amendment to theCitizenship Law (Source: November 2003 Population Authority, Israel Ministry of InteriorReport.)
Study ResultsYear by Year Detail
Population models should be transparent with clearly defined starting, intermediate and ending points, so that researchers can assess the data, factor by factor. Many current estimates use information released by the PCBS to build population forecasts.
Study Results: 1997-2009
Population models should be transparent with clearly defined starting, intermediate and ending points, so that researchers can assess the data, factor by factor. Many current estimates use – without scrutiny - information released by the PCBS to build population forecasts.
PCBS – 2.5MN;66% “inflation”
PCBS – 4.10MN;1.25MN gap
PCBS – 1.7MN
Millions of People
4.0
3.5
3.0
PCBS Numbers: 3.83 Million Total2.42 Million J&S1.41 Million Gaza
2.5
2.0
PA MOH Births Difference: 238K
Birth Alterations Difference: 70K
“The 1.34 MillionPerson Gap”
Deaths Difference: 33K
Immigration &Emigration Error Difference: 310K
Migration to Israel Difference: 105K
Jerusalem Arabs Difference: 210K
ResidentsLiving Abroad Difference: 325K
Jump Over ICBS Difference: 113K
AIDRG Findings: 2.49 Million Total1.41 Million J&S1.08 Million Gaza
}Errors in PCBS Projection
The Million Person Gap(By Mid-Year 2004)
Population BreakdownIsrael, Judea, Samaria and Gaza
(2010)
JewsJewsJews
West BankArabs
IsraeliArabsGaza
Arabs
IsraeliArabs
West BankArabs
IsraeliArabs
Israel
81% Jewish
4:1 Jewish/Arab Ratio
Israel& J&S
66% Jewish
2:1 Jewish/Arab RatioSince the 1960s
IsraelJ&S
and Gaza
57% Jewish
3:2 Jewish/Arab Ratio
Jewish Affiliated
Judea & SamariaTrend of Population Growth
(1950-2010)
1950 1960 1970
Jordanian Period 1950-1967 Low population Growth rate 0.9% High fertility rate High infant mortality rate High Net-Emigration
Israeli Administration ’67-92Pre-Fall Surge:Health ImprovementsInfant mortality declinesLife expectancy increasesNet-emigration decreases
1980 1990 2000
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
• 1992-2008 -- Population Growth rate 1.8% -- Declining Birthrate
--High Emigration
--Family Planning --Teen pregnancy declines
--Record High Median Wedding Age
--Expanded Education --Record divorce rate --From rural to poor urban
As evidenced by global precedents of integration between Western World and ThirdWorld societies, an initial significant growth is a prelude to a substantial decline.Growth rates in J&S are experiencing the normal stages of population development.Growth rates for J&S are approaching levels of a developed Western society and trend toward Israeli Jews growth rates. J&S fertility rate – 3.2 births per woman and declining.Fertility rates decline in all Muslim countries: Iran – 1.7 births per woman, Egypt – 2.5, Jordan (twin sister of J&S) – less than 3, Syria – 3.5, No. Africa – 1.9, Gulf – 2.5, etc.
Annual Population Growth Rates
2010
10
Total Fertility RateBirths/Woman
8
6
4
2
0
Total Fertility Rates (TFR) Gap “Green Line” Jews and Moslems
1960 – 2009From 6 births – to 0.6 births - gap
Source: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Forecasts for Israel apply past high fertility rates to future forecast, despite long-term decline in Israeli Arab fertility. Fertility gap plunged from 6 births per woman to 0.6.2009 – Arab fertility rate declines to 3.5 births per woman; Jewish fertility rate grows to 2.9.
9.23
1960/1964
3.39
8.47
1965/1969
3.36
1970/1974
3.28
1975/1979
3.00
5.54
1980/1984
2.80
4.70
1985/1989
2.79
4.67
1990/1994
2.62
4.67
1995/1999
2.62
4.36
2004
2.71
Jews Moslems
7.25
9.22
2.93.5
2009
1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009
Source: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Since 1995 (80,400), annual Jewish births have increased by 56% (125,500) Since 1995 (36,500), annual Arab births have increased by 11% (40,700)In 1995 – 2.3 Jewish births per 1 Arab birth. In 2010 – 3.1 jewish births per 1 Arab birth.1995 Jewish births - 69% of total births. 2010 Jewish births – 76% of total births.
100
Thousands of Births
80
60
40
20
0
80.4
36.5
88.3
36.2
91.3
38.8
92.6
39.4
95.6
40.8
95.2
41.4
98.6
40.9
103.6
41.4
104.4
40.9
105.2
38.8
109.2
39 39
112
Jewish Demographic MomentumAnnual Number of Jewish/Arab Births
1995-2010
121
39
125.5
40.7
Jews Arabs
2010
Children per Family
8
6
4
2
0
“Gallup” Survey on Ideal Family SizeConvergence in Fertility Intentions
Source: Gallup News Service, “Attitudes Toward Family Size Among Palestinians and Israelis”, Lydia Saad, March 17 2006
Desired family size is now the same for Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs
Young West Bank Arabs desire a family size only one-half a child higher than young Israelis
IsraelJews
What is the ideal number of children in a family?
3.06
3.73
IsraelArabs
4.52
West Bank Arabs
3.683.88
5.26
3.593.68 3.853.52
4.55 4.40 4.17
5.07
Ort
hod
ox
Tra
dit
ion
al
Sec
ula
r
50+
30-4
9
20-2
9
15-1
9
50+
30-4
9
20-2
9
15-1
9
“Gallup” Survey on Ideal Family SizeConvergence in Fertility Intentions
“There is not a large difference [in fertility intentions] in a region where fertility could be a potent political tool. . . The possibility that the once burgeoning Palestinian Arab population in Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip will eventually be the majority in that region has been widely accepted as a looming threat to Israel. . . However the assumption that Palestinians will eventually out-number the Jewish population in the region has come under recent criticism.
“The recent Gallup data is instructive because there is clearly an element of personal choice in having children, and thus Gallup finds strong evidence that people’s preferred family size has a strong bearing on actual fertility rates. Gallup has been measuring American’s notion of ideal number of children since 1936, the trend lines for preferred number of children and the U.S. are quite parallel.
“Gallup finds no difference in preferred number of children by age in Israel, but does among [younger] Palestinians.
“Gallup” Comments
-- Lydia Saad, “Attitudes Toward Family Size Among Palestinians and Israelis”, Gallup News Service, March 17 2006
Fertility Assumptions in ICBS Forecast for Israel: JewsIsrael’s Official Forecast
(2000 - 2025)
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
2000 - 05 2021 - 25
2.6 2.6
2.4
2.1
Total Fertility Rates
The ICBS assumed Jewish fertility rates (births expected per woman) would decrease from2.6 in 2000 to 2.4 in 2025.
Net Immigration was expected to drop from 10,000/year to 7,000/year in the high caseand 4,000/year to -2,000 emigration in the low case
High Scenario
Medium Scenario
Low Scenario
Actual Fertility vs. Assumptions in ICBS Forecast for Israel: Jews (2000 - 2025)
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
2000 - 05 2021 - 25
2.6 2.6
2.4
2.1
Actuals2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2009 2.66 2.64 2.73 2.71 2.77 2.8 2.9
Actual fertility rates for the Jewish sector were higher - annually - than the highest rates Considered by the ICBS in its forecast.
Total Fertility Rates
Fertility Assumptions in ICBS Forecast for Israel: Israel MoslemsIsrael’s Official Forecast
(2000 - 2025)
3.8
2.1
The ICBS assumed Moslem fertility rates (births expected per woman) would remainstable at 4.7 in the high case scenario and gradually drop to 2.6 in the low case scenario
No immigration or emigration scenarios were considered for the sector
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
2000 - 05 2021 - 25
2.6
4.50
4.74.7
Total Fertility Rates
High Case Scenario
Medium Case Scenario
Low Case Scenario
Actuals vs. Assumptions in ICBS Forecast for Israel: Israel Moslems (2000 - 2025)
3.8
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
2000 - 05 2021 - 25
2.6
4.50
4.74.7
Total Fertility Rates
Actuals
2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2009Moslems 1,090 83% 4.74 4.58 4.50Christians 116 9% 2.55 2.29 2.31Druze 112 8% 3.07 2.77 2.85
Total Arab 1,318 4.40 4.22 4.17 3.99 3.72 3.68 3.5
Moslem
Total Arab
Actual fertility rates for Moslems (especially) and for Arabs were decreasing 20 years faster than ICBS projections.
Dr. Nicholas Eberstadt, American Enterprise Institute “None of the Team members happen to be professional demographers,
but they caught the demographic profession asleep at the switch. Serious internal inconsistencies are evident in the data and estimates on the current demographic situation in the PA areas and this report brilliantly reviews these. Further, the conclusions of this report are not only plausible but quite persuasive.
• Why? Because it relies upon rigorous logic and simple, but very powerful, arithmetic to reach its results. And because this arithmetic offers internally consistent reconstructions of overall trends the findings look not only defensible, but really quite robust. Second, this study should be carefully read by professional demographers and I hope it will impel, not only local, but also international statistical organizations to look at the PA demographic situation a little bit more carefully than they have been doing.“
West Bank & Gaza Education Sector AnalysisThe World Bank, September 7, 2006
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/EducationSectorAnalysisSept06.pdf The enrollment rate for grade 1 is almost 100%.PCBS projected a 24% increase in age 6 during 1999-2005
(almost 4% population growth rate expected).Enrollment to 1 grade decreased by 8% (page 8).32% gap cause: fertility decline and emigration increase.Higher education enrollment doubled during last decade.
44% of 18-21 age group were in full-time education in 2004. Similar enrolment by refugees and non-refugees.
22% of 25-29 year old women have post-primary education, compared with 10% among 45-49 year old women.
UNESCO’s Director General, May 22, 2007: “an abrupt slowdown in the rate of growth... also in many countries where women have only limited access to education and employment... There is not the slightest reason to assume that the decline in fertility will miraculously stop just at replacement level (2.1 births per woman)...”
UN Population Division: Sharp decline in Muslim fertility rates – except Yemen and Afghanistan – is mostly responsible for a 25% reduction in population projections.
Dr. Nicholas Eberstadt, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC: “[AIDRG] caught the demographic profession asleep at the switch.