230 Main Peculiarities of EP and of RA
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Transcript of 230 Main Peculiarities of EP and of RA
8/8/2019 230 Main Peculiarities of EP and of RA
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From Terminology toFrom Terminology toPhraseology inPhraseology in
English for PsychologyEnglish for Psychology
Rosita B. Maglie
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Lexis and TerminologyLexis and Terminology
“Studying psychologic(al) terminologyin English is
like learning a new language”
At first words look different and complicated.
However, by understanding a few important
guidelines, psychologic(al) terminology canbecome interesting and seem like solving a
logical puzzle.
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VocabularyVocabulary
Classical (Greek and Latin) origin
e.g.
membrane, deficit, amnesia, cerebellum
from Greek: e.g. catharsis (G.purification);
from Latin: e.g. cerebellum (L. dim.of cerebrum, brain)
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VocabularyVocabulary
Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) origin
e.g. behavior, chunking, coping, debriefing,
fear, flooding etc .
ictus /stroke
ecografia: *ecography ☺ultrasonography ,ultrasound scanning
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Phonology & SpellingPhonology & Spelling
Italian
psicologia, psicologo, psicologico
Englishpsychology [sai’kolodji]
psychologist [sai’kolojist]
psicologic(al) [saiko’lodjikl]
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Monoreferentiality orMonoreferentiality or
Semantic UniquenessSemantic Uniqueness
One Word/Term = a specific meaning and concept.
No synonyms
Anorexia nervosa = a mental disorder manifestedby extreme fear of becoming obese and an aversion
to food, usually occurring in young women andoften resulting in life-threatening weight loss,accompanied by a disturbance in body image,hyperactivity, and amenorrhea.
Megacolon = a condition of extreme dilation of thecolon. Syn. Giant colon
Hirschsprung disease for the Danes
Ruysch disease for the Dutch.
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Non-Emotionality
Medical Terms have Denotative Functions
Brain in EP and EGP
The nerves connecting the brain and structures of thehead are cranial nerves
they were not the only ones to have brains and ambition He’s a hot head!
catachresis (neck of uterus, corpus/body of uterus,fundus uteri )
ellipsis (Otto’s fever, parachute mitral valve)
eponyms (Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease)
toponyms (Thogoto virus, Rio Bravo Fever )
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Accuracy and TransparencyAccuracy and Transparency
Affixation = Prefix - Root – Suffix
e.g. acrophobia = acro- (= highest point,extremity) - phobia (=fear );biopsychology = bio- (=combining formdenoting life); -psycho- (=the mind, mental); -
logy (=study). Imprecision
e.g. carcinoma (epithelial cancer) vs. glaucoma(a rise in the pressure of the eyeball)
Obscuritye.g. trichotomy (the trimming of unwanted hairbefore surgery)
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Shortness
e.g. contraception (contraconception)
Acronyms simple: ANS = Autonomic nervous system, DID =
Dissociative Identity Disorder.
compound: A-B-A design= Experimental design in
which participants first experience the baseline condition(A), then experience the experimental treatment (B),and then return to the baseline (A).
combined (numerals and letters for types, stage,severity, position, measures): IQ 50-70, type A1.
Abbreviations CV (cardiovascular), Fld (fluid) Stacked Noun Phrases body mass index
Redundancy caesarean section delivery
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Syntax of EMPSyntax of EMP
Omission of Phrasal Elements
prepositional phrases with of , in, on, with:
root nodule bacteria
(bacteria to be found in root nodules)
prepositional phrases with for , usually for +
gerund : the operating room/theatre
(the room for carrying out operations)
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Expressive Conciseness andPre-Modification
nouns modified by relative clauses:
a blood donor (a person who donatesblood),
laboratory equipment (equipment which is used in a laboratory)
a combination of for + gerund and passivevoice:
crisis intervention techniques(techniques which are usedfor intervening in a crisis)
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Relative clause (1)
Replace the relative clause with
adjectives, usually obtained throughaffixation:
Measurable lesion
( = lesion which can be measured)
Reactive force (= force which reacts)
Absorbent material (= material which absorbs)
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Relative clause (2)
Omission of subject and auxiliary when
the clause has a passive form
Patients assigned to the combination-therapy group also received irinotecan…
(= Patients that were assigned to the
combination-therapy also receivedirinotecan…)
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Relative clause (3)
the verb of the passive form in the
relative clause without a complement:it precedes the noun it specifies andbecomes a past participle:
Predefined subgroup analyses included
analyses of the patients whose disease progressed after…
(= analyses of subgroups which had been
predefined included analyses…)
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Relative clause (4)
When the agent is expressed, it isplaced before the past participle and ahyphen is inserted in between:
Non-treatment-related toxicities
(= toxicities which are not related to
treatment)
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Relative clause (5)
The prefix un- + past participle permitsthe omission of the relative clause inthe negative form:
The unwanted liquid was thrown away
(= the liquid which was not wanted was
thrown away)
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Relative Clause (6)
The verb of the passive form modified
by an adverb: the latter is placedbefore the former with a hyphen inbetween
At least one unidimensionally-
measurable lesion was required (= onelesion which can be measured
unidimensionally was required..)
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Relative Clause (7)
Thus and so are used not only in order to
avoid a relative clause but also to coordinateclauses beginning with expressions like and in this way :
Cetuximab is a chimericIgG1monoclonal antibody that binds to EGFR with high
specificity and with a higher affinity than either epidermal growth factor TGF-α, thus block ing
ligand-induced phosphorylation of EGFR.
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Relative Clause (8)
The use of gerund:
Increasing clinical evidence exists supporting the notion that
radiotherapy dose-escalation results inimproved prostate tumor control
Late-reacting normal tissues (= normaltissues which have a late reaction).
A robot controls the moving line (= arobot controls the line which is moving).
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Stacked Noun Phrases
antibody-dependent cell-mediated tumor
cell killing
metastatic androgen-independent prostratecancer
metformin-associated lactic acidosis
diabetes-related emotional stress
drug injecting behaviour
functional insertion and deletion polymorphism
difficult-to-measure variables
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Nominalization (1)
To reflect the same process of
deduction of results from experimentsor the same process of derivation of objects from a manufacturing process:
Modifications of the dose of cetuximabwere made only in cases of toxic effects
to the skin, and modification in the doseof irinotecan were made in cases of hematologic or non hematologic toxic
effects.
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Nominalization (2)
The concept in thematic position, thus
making the communication of information more natural by placing itin thematic position
It is essential to keep magnetic disksand tapes in fireproof safes. The
protection of original software, however,
is not sufficient. An additional security precaution consists in storing copies at different sites, away from the computer
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Nominalization (3)
Greater objectivity to the author’s
thought
The effectiveness of the combination of irinotecan and cetuximab in patients
with irinotecan-refractory tumorssuggests that cetuximab may
circumvent irinotecan resistance.
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Nominalization (4)
The verb only links more and more
complex noun phrases.
The complete development of the fracturemodel requires an understanding of the
bond-rupture reaction.
With regard to the understanding of a
specialized text, even if the structure issimplified, the higher lexical density of the sentence and the more complexstructure of stacked noun phrases makes
its decoding more and more difficult.
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Tense Use
A great number of non-finite forms:
To explain this remarkable behaviour, eachelectron is considered to possess an electric
charge, the charge being a numerical measure of the force of repulsion
experienced between two electrons
(= To explain this remarkable behaviour, eachelectron is considered to possess an electric
charge, which is a numerical measure of the force of repulsion that is experienced
between two electrons)
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Active Voice vs. Passive Voice
We considered patients eligible if they were
more than 18 years of age and had stageIV, histologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma. Other criteria for eligibility
were used : a Karnofsky performance-statusscore of 60 or more; adequate hematologic function (haemoglobin, at least 9 g per decilitre [5.6 mmol per liter]; neutrophil count, at least 1500 per cubic millimetre;and platelet count at least 100,000 per cubic millimetre .
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Sentence Length
In order to improve the positive predictivevalue (PPV) for cancer, predictors of biopsy outcome have been investigated includingDRE and TRUS findings and PSA correctionmethods such as density, velocity, and age-adjusted reference ranges, but none of them has proved useful to select cases for
biopsy with an acceptable balance in termsof avoided biopsies versus reduced sensitivity.
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Textual Features in EMP
Conjunctions: a cohesive function and
a pragmatic function
Patients with advanced colorectal cancer who receive fluoropyrimidine, irinotecan,and oxaliplatin in combination or
sequentially may survive 18 to 21months. However , once these treestandard drugs have failed, there are no
accepted treatment options.
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Theme and Rheme
Theme (where the subject is
introduced) & Rheme (showing whatis said about the subject)
In the past decade, the median durationof survival among patients with advanced colorectal cancer has increased from 12
months to about 18 to 21 months, mainly owing to the introduction of irinotecan
and oxaliplatin. Irinotecan and oxaliplatinare widely used….
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Text Genres in EMP Patient Information
Leaflets (PILs)
En PIL
User friendly
Common words andTechnical terms
It PIL
Difficult Technical terms
Case histories: orSOAP
Subjective (the patient’sstatement of his/hercondition)
Objective (the physician’sobservations of thepatient’s condition)
Assessment
Plan
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Research Article (RA)
Title
Title
Authors Name of the affiliation, department
Date of submission
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Research Article
Abstract
Overview or summary of the article
(100-150 words) Highlights of results
General statement of significance
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Research Article
Introduction
Specific problem under study.
Background information to clarifytopic: history, patho-physiology,
clinical presentation.
Rationale and purpose of themanuscript
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Research Article
Methods
Study Design
Subject selection procedures Methods of measurements
Descriptions of analytical techniques
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Research Article
Results
What happened?
Graphs, tables, charts, figures thatsummarize findings.
Statistics
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Research Article
Discussion
Meaning and significance of work Evaluation and interpretation of results
Critique of study: discussions of limitations,
as well as strengths, further analysis Comparison with work of others
Disclaimers, equivocation, apologies, chest
thumping, speculation, instruction, fantasyand so on.
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Research Article
References
Evidence that the work of others hasbeen considered
Leads to further exploration of thesubject
(adapted from Gehlbach 2002: 6)
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Title
indicative, indicating only the topic
informative, giving some idea of themessage of the paper
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Abstract
What the author did
How the author did it What the author found
What the author concluded
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Abstract
a) Introducing purposeb) Describing methodology
c) Summarizing resultsd) Presenting conclusions
(Bhatia 1993: 78-79)
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Introduction - Verb Use Extended review of other literature
surrounding the topic.
If it is relevant to the previous study, thelatter is always presented in the present
perfect tense Work which is perceived as distant from the
present study, or is refuted by the authors,is usually given in the simple past
Hence the choice of tense is not governedonly by considerations of time but alsoimplies the author’s attitude to the content
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Introduction – Verb Use (2)
Only a universally accepted truth isgiven in the present tense
“Saliva contains IgA and IgM antibodiesderived from perioral lymphoid tissue...”
(Webber 1996)
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Introduction – Tense Use
When the authors speak of their ownwork, they often use a personal form– generally the first person plural.There is also a switch in the tensechoice here – to the simple past if the study is finished.
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Materials and Methods
The methods section describes the
methodology of the study. It detailsthe patient population studied, thestudy design utilized, and data
collection techniques employed; itdescribes in more detail than many of us care to know the analytical and
evaluative procedures used in thecourse of the study.
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Results
The results section, quite logically,
presents the information obtainedfrom the execution of the study.Results are usually found both in the
text and in accompanying tables,charts, graphs, and figures. Theanalysis and some interpretation of
the data are also presented in theresults section.
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DiscussionThe longest section of the paper, occupyingup to 40% of the total. The first sentence of the discussion, or comment, usuallycontains a further analysis of the results.Other topics are discussed in it such as theoutcomes and conclusions of otherstudies may be compared and contrasted;the authors may offer apologies foroversights and transgressions or build acase to strengthen and support the results.
Finally, there are usuallyrecommendations, often with the use of the verb should , and suggestions forfuture research.