2.3 Carbon compounds. Compounds can be classified into two categories. 1.Inorganic Compounds –...
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Transcript of 2.3 Carbon compounds. Compounds can be classified into two categories. 1.Inorganic Compounds –...
2.3 Carbon compounds
Compounds can be classified into two categories.
1.Inorganic Compounds – Compounds with NO Carbon element in it.
2. Organic Compounds – Compounds with Carbon elements in it. . (This includes all living animals & Plants)
In the body, living cells are so large they are made up of giant molecules called “Macromolecules.”
These macromolecules are made up of smaller large segments called Polymers.
Polymers are chains of even smaller molecules called “Monomers.”
The “Monomers” join together to form a “Polymer” by a process called “Polymerization”
Polymerization – process in which monomers are joined together to make large Polymers.
Macromolecules (giant)
Polymers (med)
Monomers (small)
Deh
ydra
tion
Lose a water
molecule
Hyd
ratio
n
Gain a water
molecule
In Dehydration you have two biomolecules that want to join together.
The way they join together is to lose a molecule of water.
OH + O H
H CH2OH
Glucose Fructose
H2O
So the two biomolecules are now joined by the Oxygen molecule left behind by
Dehydration.This occurs for all of the Biomolecules.
The reverse happens when you want to break large biomolecules to smaller
monomers.
H2O
“Hydrolysis” or
“Hydration”
There are 4 types of these Organic Carbon Macromolecules
Carbon Compounds
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Let’s start with Carbohydrates.
1.Carbohydrates1.Carbohydrates – are organic compounds composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen ONLY!ONLY!
They are in a 1 : 2 : 1 Ratio (CH2O)n
C H O
C
H
HO
The key to Carbohydrates is that they are normally in a “Carbon ring” structure.
Let’s look at the most common example of a Monosaccharide sugar called
““GlucoseGlucose” ” CC66HH1212OO66
The Carbons in Glucose (C6H12O6)first start out to form a Hexagon (6 sided) “Carbon Ring” joined
together by an Oxygen element
OC5
C4
C3
C2
C1
DRAW THIS ON YOUR PAPER!!!
Count So Far:
5 Carbon 0 Hydrogen 1 Oxygen
Note: Oxygen has used up it’s 2 binding
sites
OC5
C4
C3
C2
C1
Now let’s add on to the #1 Carbon… (only 2 bonding sites so far are filled...)
H
OH
Count So Far:
5 Carbon 2 Hydrogen 2 Oxygen
Now let’s add on to the #2 Carbon… (only 2 bonding sites so far are filled...)
OC5
C4
C3
C2
C1
H
OH
H
OH
Count So Far:
5 Carbon 4 Hydrogen 3 Oxygen
Now let’s add on to the #3 Carbon… (only 2 bonding sites so far are filled...)
OH
H
Count So Far:
5 Carbon 6 Hydrogen 4 Oxygen
OC5
C4
C3
C2
C1
H
OH
H
OH
Now let’s add on to the #4 Carbon… (only 2 bonding sites so far are filled...)
Count So Far:
5 Carbon 8 Hydrogen 5 Oxygen
OH
H
OC5
C4
C3
C2
C1
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
Now let’s add on to the #5 Carbon… (only 2 bonding sites so far are filled...)
Count So Far:
6 Carbon 9 Hydrogen 5 Oxygen
OH
H
OC5
C4
C3
C2
C1
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
H H
OH
Count So Far:
6 Carbon 12 Hydrogen 6 Oxygen
C6
Let’s look at another way we draw Glucose…Count the number of Carbon Molecules
6
5
4
3 2
1
Every bent corner represents a Carbon molecule.
Carbohydrate – C6H12O6
Can Actually have different Physical shapes even though the chemical formula is the
same!
This is called an ISOMER
Galactose
Fructose
1
23
4
5
Galactose
Difference from Glucose
Carbohydrates are sugars.
So a low carb. diet means “low sugar” diet.
A (monomer) single sugar particle called “Monosaccharide”
If you put two monosaccharides together you get a (polymer) called a “Disaccharide”
There are 3 types of Carbohydrate sugars:
1. Monosaccharides – 1 Carbohydrate
2. Disaccharides – 2 Carbohydrates together
3. Polysaccharides – 3 or more together.
(Glucose, Fructose, Galactose)
Sucrose (table sugar)
Carbohydratesmeans “many
”
There are 3 Types of Carbohydrate Polysaccharides! Or Macromolecules
(giant)(They are usually stored in the organism)
1.Starch – made by Plants (EX: potato, yams, etc.)
2.Glycogen – made by Animals (EX: your liver)
3.Cellulose– made by specialized Plants (EX: celery)
Plants store the polysaccharide Starch. The cereal grains (wheat, rice, corn,
oats, ) as well as tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch.
Our bodies can eat and digest starch
STARCH
GLYCOGEN
Animals store the polysaccharide glycogen. The liver and skeletal muscle groups are where we store the excess
sugar.Since Carbohydrates give us energy, then if you need
more, you get it from these storage areas.
CELLULOSE
O
It is the major material of plant cell walls.
It is the wood pulp in all wood, the stringy stuff in your celery, and cotton is almost
pure cellulose.
Use your flow chart for this…
CARBOHYDRATES
Monomer: = Glucose, Fructose, Galactose = Monosaccharide Polymer: = Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose = Disaccharide Macromolecule: = Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen =
Polysaccharide Function: = Energy for some, Cell Wall structural support for plants.