22 Borowitzka (Ok)

7/29/2019 22 Borowitzka (Ok)

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Algae MassCultivation Systems

Michael A. Borowitzka

BEAM - Australian Algae Research Network

+


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The cultivation of algae for

biofuels requires very largescale cultivation systems

which also must beextremely low cost.

USA 18,690,000 bbl.day-1 (2009) = 2,971,472,555 L

Canada 2,151,000 bbl.day-1 (2010) = 341,981,672 L

Australia 946,300 bbl.day-1 (2009) = 150,449,678 L

US Jet Fuel use in 2009 was 7.6 x 1010 L


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Current

Commercial ProductionSystems


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Current Commercial Culture Systems

Extensive ponds (Dunaliella)

Central Pivot Ponds (Chlorella)

Raceways (Spirulina, Chlorella, Dunaliella,

Nannochloropsis etc) Tanks (aquaculture species)

Fermenters (Crypthecodinium)

Big bags (aquaculture species) Tubular Photobioreactors (Haematococcus,

Chlorella)


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Dunaliella salina plant at Hutt Lagoon Western Australia (Cognis)


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Google Earth


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Raceway Ponds, Earthrise Spirulina Production Plant, California


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NatureBeta Dunalialla plant, Eilat, Israel

curtesy Ami Ben Amotz


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Cyanotech production

plant, Kona, Hawaii

Reddish ponds =

Haematococcus; other

ponds = Spirulina


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Algae Wastewater Treatment Pond Christchurch, New Zealand


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Centre Pivot Ponds, Taiwan Chlorella, Taiwan


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Cascade System, Trebon, Czech Republic


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Haematococcus plant operated by Algatech Ltd, Kibbuz Ketura, Israel


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Chlorella Photobioreactors System Roquette GmbH Kltze, Germany

Photosynthetically active volume 600 m3

19 + 6 reactors

Total Area 12,000 m2

500 km of glass tubing

20 staff

Production = 50 t year-1


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Prawn hatchery, at

Al Naif,Saudi Arabia


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Basic Comparison of Systems

Capital Cost Running Cost Productivity Reliability2

Shallow Ponds 1

Raceway

Ponds

Cascade

System

()

Tubular PBR ()

Fermenter 3

1depends on land cost2depends in part on species (note: each system has only a limited number of species

which can be grown)3potentially cheaper as no light is required


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Open vs Closed

Open Closed

Capital Cost Lower Higher

Operating Cost Lower Much Higher

Operating Energy Lower Much Higher

Temperature Control None Possible

Salinity Control Limited Easy

pH Control Yes Yes

O2 concentration High Higher

Water Requirement Very High Less

Cell density Up to ~ 1 g L-1 Higher

Cell Damage Risk Low High

Contamination Yes Yes

Productivity (long term) About 2x open


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Pleurochrysis carterae productivity in raceways Perth, WA

Ash-Free DW

Lipid

CaCO3

Productivity


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Pleurochrysis carterae


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Pilot Scale Karratha, Western Australia


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Long-term productivities in 1000L

Biocoil in Perth, Western Australia

Alga Productivity (kg dry

wt.day-1)

Isochrysis (T.iso) 0.6-1.0

Pavlova lutheri 0.6-0.9*Teraselmis chuii 1.0-1.2

Tetraselmis

suecica

0.5-1.0

Chatoceros

gracilis

0.5-0.8*

Skeletonema

costatum

0.05-0.1**

* Not yet optimised

** Culture unstable


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Annual Lipid Productivity

Chlorella (Kltze, Germany) ~ 13 t ha-1 year-1

Our alga (Karratha, Australia) ~ 36 t ha-1

year-1


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100,000 bbl algal oil production

(~ 10% of Australias daily consumption)

Productivity

(g afdw m-2 day-1)

Total Pond Area(ha)

Total Water

(GL year-1)

20 653 3.9

30 436 2.6

40 327 2.0

Assumes: 30% lipid content, 2 m year-1 evaporation, and 80% recycling of water

after harvesting


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Which System?

Depends on location (climate, land availability

& cost) Depends on species (shear tolerance, salinity

tolerance, temperature tolerance)


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Murdoch University, University of Adelaide, Muradel Pty Ltd

Algae Biofuels Pilot Plant, Karratha, Western Australia

THANK YOU!

22 Borowitzka (Ok)

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