Katie MillerMr. CollinsBiology 4

32 March 2010

22-4 Seed Plants

Gymnosperms (JIM-noh-smurmz): seed plants that bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones.

Angiosperms (AN-jee-oh-spurmz): seed plants that bear the their seeds in a protective layer of tissue.

Seed Plants

Flowers & cones, pollination, & the protection on embryos in seeds are

all important adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce

without water.- Cones: seed-bearing structures

for gymnosperms.- Flowers: seed-bearing structures

for angiosperms.

Reproduction Free From Water

- Pollen: A tiny structure in plants that contain the male gametophyte.

- Pollination: The transfer of pollen from a male gametophyte to a female gametophyte.

- Seed: An embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering, called the seed coat, & surrounded by a food supply,-The seed coats often have wings or textures to help them be pollinated by floating through the air or sticking to animals’ fur. 

Gymnosperms include gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, conifers.1.  Gnetophytes

- The plants’ reproductive scales are clustered into

cones.2. Cycads

- Beautiful palm-like plants that reproduce with large

cones.- Their fossils date back as far as 225 million year ago, during the Triassic Period. They can

still be found in tropical areas.

Gymnosperms---Seed Bearing

Plants

3. Ginkgoes- Common around the time of the dinosaurs. However the phylum Ginkgophyta (ging-KOH-fy-tuh) now only has one species left, Ginkgo biloba.

4. Conifers- The most common.- Contains species such as spruce, yew, cedar, redwood & many others.- These trees can live as long as 4000 years & grow as tall as100 meters.

Seed plant ancestors went through many adaptations. These adaptations have allowed seed plants to live in many placed non-seed bearing plants couldn’t survive in.

300-400 million years ago the land was very damp. However as the years went by the land dried out making it difficult for non-seed bearing plants to thrive. They were replaced by seep plants.

Evolution of Seed Plants

Miller, Kenneth R., and Joseph S. Levine. Prentice Hall Biology. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2002. Print.

Photograph. Berkeley.edu. nd. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/seedplantsfr.html>.

Photograph. P H O T O N - E C H O E S . C O M. Lauri A. Kangas, 2010. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. <http://www.photon-echoes.com/images/nature/flowers/060703-4w.JPG>.

Photograph. Petside.com. The Petside Digital Network: Petside UK, nd. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. <http://www.petside.com/petsideblog/2009/05/07/7-sago-palm.jpg>.

Photograph. Wikimedia.org. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.,, 17 Jan. 2006. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pollen.arp.750pix.jpg/300px-Pollen.arp.750pix.jpg>.

Photograph. Wikimedia.org. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.,, 22 Jan. 2008. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. <http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pollen.arp.750pix.jpg/300px-Pollen.arp.750pix.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_of_the_day/December_2005&h=263&w=300&sz=20&tbnid=E5BSnKsyFn39QM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpicture%2Bof%2Bseed%2Bplants&hl=en&usg=__ier-VWOHFPFNcOy2mrau2QLTvAw=&ei=knWzS82BDYK0MNOEyY8E&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=2&ct=image&ved=0CA4Q9QEwAQ>.

Photograph. Wikipedia.org. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, 17 Jan. 2006. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. <http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pollen.arp.750pix.jpg/300px-Pollen.arp.750pix.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_of_the_day/December_2005&h=263&w=300&sz=20&tbnid=E5BSnKsyFn39QM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpicture%2Bof%2Bseed%2Bplants&hl=en&usg=__ier-VWOHFPFNcOy2mrau2QLTvAw=&ei=knWzS82BDYK0MNOEyY8E&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=2&ct=image&ved=0CA4Q9QEwAQ>.

Strelitzia. Photograph. Wikipedia.org. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 17 Jan. 2006. Web. 31 Mar. 2010.

Bibliography