Physics 218, Lecture XVIII1 Physics 218 Lecture 18 Dr. David Toback.
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The Mummy of Baket-en-her-nakht in the Hancock Museum: A Radiological Update
Author(s): Elizabeth J. Watson and Michael Myers
Source: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 79, (1993), pp. 179-187
Published by: Egypt Exploration Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3822163
Accessed: 01/07/2008 03:28
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I79
THE MUMMYOF BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT IN THE
HANCOCKMUSEUM:
A
RADIOLOGICAL
UPDATE*
By
ELIZABETH
J.
WATSON
and
MICHAEL
MYERS
Re-publication
of
the
mummy
of
Baket-en-her-nakht
(Twenty-second
Dynasty)
in
the
Hancock
Museum,
Newcastle
upon
Tyne.
Results
of
recent
investigation
with
X-ray
and
C.A.T.-scan
techniques
are
presented
and
compared
with the
previous
radiological
examination of
1964.
A re-examination of
all the
mummified human
tissues
in
the
Egyptian
collection of
the
Hancock
Museum,
Newcastle
upon
Tyne,
was carried out
in
I991
using
radiography.1
Because the museum is part of Newcastle University, with its excellent medical school,
access to
the
most
up-to-date
radiographic
equipment
is
very
easy.
The
research
was
designed
to
re-evaluate
the
findings
of Dr P. H. K.
Gray,
who
had
examined the
mummy
of
Baket-en-her-nakht
in
1964
using portable
X-ray
equipment.2
This
paper
contrasts the
findings
of
Gray
with
those of
this latest
research
and
illustrates
the
advances in
non-
invasive
medical
techniques
which
have
occurred
in
the
intervening
quarter of
a
century.
The
mummy
(Reg.
No.
Aregypt6o5),
still
in
its
cartonnage,
is
otherwise
known
as the
Coates
Mummy
and
is
described with
special
reference
to
embalming
techniques
and
materials.
Introduction
The
mummy
was
purchased
in
1820
at
Gourna
and
presented
to
the
Literary
and Philo-
sophical
Society
of
Newcastle
upon
Tyne
in
I821
by
Thomas
Coates of
Haydon
Bridge,
Northumberland.3
The
body
lies
within a
cartonnage
mummy-case
painted
with
hieroglyphs,
symbols
of
rebirth
and
winged
divinities
(pl.
XV,
i).
The
iconography
suggests
a
date in
the
Twenty-second
Dynasty.4
The
face
and white areas
are
covered with
a
honey-coloured
*On behalf
of the
Hancock Museum I
wish
to
extend
my grateful
thanks to Dr
M. I.
Lavelle,
head of
the
radiography
department
at the
Royal
Victoria
Infirmary
in
Newcastle,
who
allowed
us
free rein of
the
X-ray
facilities for this research; Dr. R. I. Macleod, oral pathologist, for the dental report and his opinion of the
nasal
damage;
Dr
J.
Taylor,
of the
British
Museum,
for
the translation
of
the
inscription
on
the
cartonnage
and
his
kind
help
and
advice;
Mr
D. R.
Hall,
graphic
designer,
for
his
interpretation
of
my
sketch
and
graph;
Mr. A. M.
Tynan,
curator of the
Hancock
Museum,
for
his
benevolence and
support;
Mr
C.
C.
Brewer;
Mr
P.
S.
Davis,
deputy
curator of the
Hancock
Museum,
for
his
guidance
in
the
preparation
of
this
paper.
Reports
on the rest
of the mummies in
the
collection will
probably
be
ready
for
publication
in
1993.
Meanwhile,
all
unpublished
material
is available
in
the
museum
upon request.
2
JEA
53
(1967), 7 7-8,
pls.
xv-xvi.
3G. T.
Fox,
Synopsis of
the
Newcastle
Museum,
late
the
Allan
Collection,
formerly
the
Tunstall or
Wycliffe
Museum
(London,
I827),
25I.
For
Thomas
Coates,
see W. R.
Dawson
and E. P.
Uphill,
Who
Was
Who in
Egyptology2
London,
I972),
66
(as Coats).
4John
Taylor,
personal
communication.
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ELIZABETH
J.
WATSON
and
MICHAEL
MYERS
glossy
material
that
adheres
firmly
to
the
underlying paint
and is assumed to
be
resin.
The lower
part
of the
cartonnage
is modelled to follow the
outline
of
the
legs
from
the
knees.
The
outer
anthropoid
coffin,
also
in
the Hancock
Museum,
is of
sycamore
wood
(50
cm
thick) (pl.
XV,
2)
without
decoration,
apart
from
the
carved female
face;
comparable
cases can be found
in
the BritishMuseum.5
In
1821
the
body
was
lifted
from the outer coffin
and
the
cartonnage
was
examined
by
a subcommittee of the
Literary
and
Philosophical Society
(members
unknown).
This is
the
only
written account of
the
cartonnage compiled
to
date. The
original lacing
in the
back
of the
cartonnage,
described
as
having
'the
thickness
of a
raven's
quill', passed
through
holes
spaced
at
regular
distances
of
about
an inch
and covered
by
a
strip
of
canvas-like
cloth.6
The
materialof the
cartonnage
was described as
'comprising
several
layers
of
coarse
loth
agglutinated
by
some adhesive substance
to
the thickness of
cow-
hide'.
The interiorwas coated
with 'coarse
earthy
matter'which effervescedand dissolved
in
dilute nitric
acid,
showing
the
composition
to
be calcareous.
The
exterior had been
smoothed over
with
a fine coat of
plaster
on
which
the
paintings
were
applied.
The
foot
of
the cartonnagewas opened ad
nd the
wrapped
feet of the
mummy
could
be
felt within
the
'many
folds
of fine
cloth,
which was
pale
brown
from the effects
of
soaking
in
some
liquid'.
Toes
could be felt
through
the
cloth on both feet.
A
translation
of the central
panel
of the
cartonnage
made
in
I992
by
John
Taylor
reads:
An
offering
which he
Kinggives
o
Re-Horakhty,
hief
of
the
Gods,
to]
Atum,
ord
of theTwo
Lands,
and to]
Osiris,
Foremostof the
Westerners,
o thathe
[sic]
maygive offerings
nd
provisions
o the
Osiris,
he
Lady
of the
House,
Baket-en-her-nakht,
aughter
f
the God's
FatherNakhtefmut,
ustified.
He confirmed
the
date
of the
cartonnage
as
Twenty-second Dynasty,
but
was unable
to
link
the
lady
or her father with
any
known Theban
family
of that time.7
The
cartonnage
was
X-rayed
in
i964
by
Dr P. H. K.
Gray,
who determined that the
body
within
was
that of a
young
adult
female,
with
a
body
length
of
5
ft.
2
in.8
The
examination
revealed
no fractures
or artificial
eyes,
but
a
string
of non-metallic amulets
was
hung
about
the
neck. Partial calcification
was found
in
some of the
inter-vertebral
disks.
A
winged pectoral
lay
over the sternum
and a second
rectangular
amulet
was
found
close
by.
A flank
guard
covered
the
embalming
incision. The
bones
of the
legs
showed no
fractures,
dislocations
or Harris lines.9
The
cavities
of
the
thorax,
abdomen
and
pelvis
were
tightly
packed
with a mixture
thought
to
be
mud,
sawdust
and
resin,
similar to a
female
mummy
in
the
Royal
Scottish
Museum
(Reg.
No.
19i
I.399/I/C).10
5
V.
Foulkes,
'Report
on
the Examination
of the
Cartonnage
of a
Mummy
in
the Hancock
Museum'
(unpublished,
1964).
6
Newcastle
Literary
and
Philosophical
Society,
'Minute of Subcommittee
Appointed
to take
the
Mummy
out
of
the
Coffin,
October
22nd,
182I'
(unpublished,
182i).
No detailed
study
of
the
cartonnage
has been
published.
7
Personal
communication.
He also
provided
the
reading
of the
lady's
name,
'Baket-en-her-nakht'.
8JEA
53, 78.
9
Ibid.
'0
E.
G.
Smith and
W. R.
Dawson,
Egyptian
Mummies
(London, 1924),
58.
JEA
79
8o
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THE
MUMMY
OF
BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT
Methods
The
two
techniques
we used
in the most
recent
investigation
were
conventional
X-ray
and
Computerized
Axial
Tomography
(hereafter
C.A.T.),
both
non-invasive
examinations
which allow
a
detailed
analysis through
the distinction of
inner
structures;
the
second
techniquewas not available o Gray.Two areasof inquirywere of particularnterest.The
primary
research was
especially
focused
on the
identificationof
damage
to
the nasal
passage
and
cribriform
plate
which
might
be
directly
attributed o
excerebration.
The
second
aim
was
to determine the
contents
of the
cranial
cavity
and the
possible
filling
of
other
cavities,
(orbits,
oral
and
nasal
passages,
thoracic
and abdominal
cavities)
and
to
identify any
subcutaneous
packing.
To
obtain
comparative
Attenuation
Values
(relative
absorption
coefficients;
hereafter
AV),
samples
of
substances
likely
to
be
used
in
packing
were also
scanned
(Table I).11
Details
and
parameters
of
the
radiographic
equipment
used are
given
in the
Appendix.
Results
The
X-ray
macroscopicppearance
The
body
is
wrapped
and
extended
within the
cartonnage
(pl.
XV,
3).
The
mummy
wrappings
aroundthe
outline of the
body
can
be
clearly
seen as
loose
corrugated
amina-
tions.
The
top
of the
head lies
level with
the
shoulders
of
the
cartonnage;
he
space
above
is
empty.
Adhering
to the
interior
are
areas of
very
high
density
and of
variable
size
which
correspond
to
remnantsof
clay
left from
the mud core
about
which
the
cartonnage
was
formed.
A
solid
object
(110
X
40
X
60
mm)
lies
at
the
level of the
sternal
notch. A
high density
plate
or
plaque
lies
across and
to the left of
the
sternum. A
second
rectilinear
plate
of
high
density
lies over
the
xiphoid
process.
The
shoulders are
raised.
The
arms
are extended and the palmer aspect of the hands covers the iliac fossae. The legs are
extended and the
wrappings
of the
feet are in
contact with
the
base-board
of
the
carton-
nage.
C.A.
T.
analysis:
xial section
The
wrappings
around the
head
appear
as
loose
corrugated
aminations
and
desiccated
facial
tissues
are
discerniblebetween
the
bony
structures
and the
wrappings.
Withineach
of
the
orbital
margins
there
is an
opaque
disk;
the
eyelids
are
closed. The
ears
are
pressed
close
to the
head
and hair can
be seen at
the
backof
the
head.
The
cribriform
plate
is
broken,
the
cranial
cavity
is
empty
and
there are
no
residual
fluid levels. The nasal bone appearsto be compressed,and there is an apparent ack of
any
soft nasal
tissue.
There are no
nasal
tampons.
A
packing
material
(AV
-
244)
fills
the oral
cavity
and
protrudes
between
the
teeth,
forcing apart
the
maxilla
and
mandible. The
composition
of
the
substance
cannot
be
directly
correlated with
any
of the AV
control
data.
There
is
a
full
dentition
and
no
obvious traumaor
fractures.
11
O.
H.
Wegener,
The Whole
Body
Computerized
Axial
Tomography London,
983), 24.
I993
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ELIZABETH
J.
WATSON and MICHAEL
MYERS
TABLE.
Attenuation
Mean
Values
Hounsfield
Units)
CONTROLATA
SUBCUTANEOUS
ND BODYPACKINGS
CONTROLATA
^INCLUSIONS
ITHIN
WRAPPINGS
lacustrine
--
+1500
clay
-
1400
-
1300
-
1200
-
1100
sharp
-
1000
sand
-900
-800
--700
509Q
sternum
(1)
bone..
tissue
-500
-400
flank
-300
-200
-100
muscle
-4
H,O
-f
sternum
(3)
bitumen
-
sternum
(2)
beeswax-_
fatty
tissue---
-100
-
200
*
oral
-
m
uterine
=
sawdust 300
beeswax -
200
*
pharyngeal
?
-
500
- 600
lung--
tissue
_700
-
800
air
-
-
-1000
i~~~~
I82
YEA
79
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THE
MUMMYOF
BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT
A
large
amount
of
subcutaneous
packing
distends
the skin
of the neck
(fig. I).
This
extends
from
the
hyoid
bone for
some
i8
cm
and
ends
at the level of
T3;12
t shows
an
AV
of
-
430.
The
larynx,
trachea
and
oesophagus
are
missing.
The
cervicalvertebraeare
undisturbedand
there is no incisionin that
region.
The
clavicles
lie
at
an
acute
angle.
There are
twelve
pairs
of
ribs with no
obvious
trauma or fracture. Within the thoracic
cavity
there are no discrete
packages,
the
upper
right quadrant
is
empty,
and
the
pericardium
and
heart
adhere
to
the
anterior wall.
Amorphous
and
opaque shapes
appear
on
the
left,
level
with
T4,
growing
more
substantial and
dense until
the entire
space
becomes filled
level
with the
xiphoid process.
Individual
organs
are not
identifiableand
the forms
are
convoluted.
There is an incision
in
the left flank 120
mm
long,
partially
covered
by
the
distal
radius, ulna,
carpus
and
metacarpals
of
the left arm. There is
no
plate
covering
the
incision
but
a
packet
(AV 380)
measuring
60
X
20
mm
can
be seen
under the
metacarpals. Lying
over
the
sacrum,
within the
pelvic cavity,
is a
solid
substance
(AV
-
260)
which
has
a
level fluid
line.
This fills an
area,
probably
the
uterus,
which
is
pressedagainst
the
posterior
wall.
There
are no
vaginal
or
anal
tampons.
The arms are
extended
but
slightly
flexed at the
elbows
and
are not
individually
wrapped.
The
hands
lie
palmer aspect
to the
iliac
fossae,
with the
fingers
extended.
No
obvious trauma
or
fracturesare
present.
The
legs,
knees
firmly
together,
are extended and
individually
wrapped.
The
ankles are
flexed and bound to
accommodate
a
standing
posture
within
the
cartonnage.
There
is
no
evidence
of
fracture,
degenerative
disease
or
Harris
ines;
this
agrees
with
Gray's
indings.
Dental
assessment
based
n
C.A.
T.
investigation)
A
complete, permanent
dentition is
present,
although
it
is not
possible
to see the
left
upper
third
molar
(wisdom
tooth) completely.
It
may
be that the
crown
of this
tooth
is
eitherdiminutiveor buccallydisplacedand is missingfromthe section slice.The resolu-
tion of
the C.A.T.
scans
does
not allow a
detailed
survey
for
caries,
but
it is
evident
that
there
is
no
gross decay
in
any
of
the teeth.
The
degree
of
attrition is
difficult to
assess
from
the
scans,
but the
lateral
'pilot'
views
show
good
occlusal
coverage
of
enamel
on
the
second
and
third molar teeth.
There is
an
imbrication of the
lower
and,
to a
lesser
degree,
the
upper
anterior
teeth,
suggestive
of
dental
crowding,
and
an
overbite is
clear. It is
difficult to ascertain
the
age
at death
with
any
degree
of
accuracy
from
the
dentition.
Compared
to a
western
twentieth
century
data
group,
the
age
would
be over
2I
years.
Tooth
wear due to
attrition s
greatest
on the
firstmolars
and
apparently
absent
(as
far
as
can
be
ascertained)
on
the
third
molars,
which
would
suggest
an
age
at
deathwithin
the
range 25
to
35
years.13
Inclusions
withinthe
wrappings
fig.
I
)
An
amorphous
package (I
10
x
40
X
60
mm)
lies
within
the
layers
of
wrapping
at
the level
of
the sternal
notch at an
angle
to
C7-Ti,
with
AVs
of
94,
-
I6
and o+ 7.7.
At an
oblique
12
T
and C indicateThoracic and Cervical.
13R.
.
Macleod,
The Dental
Report
on
the
Mummy
Bakt-Hor-Nekht
Based on CT
Investigation,
or
the
Hancock
Museum',
(unpublished,
199 ).
I83
993
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ELIZABETH
J.
WATSON
and MICHAEL
MYERS
angle
from the second
rib on the left down to the fourth rib on the
right
and between
the
breasts
is
an
opaque plate
or
plaque
(60
X
20
mm)
bearing
a
curious,
swirling
snake-like
pattern.
It is
flanked above
by
two smaller
lozenge-shaped
items
resting upon
the second
ribs at either end.
A
second
opaque
plate
(30
X
20
mm)
bearing no discernible
marks,
lies
across the
xiphoid process.
Discussion
Entry
into the cranium for excerebration
appears
to
have been via
the broken cribriform
plate, although
this feature
is not mentioned
by Gray.
The interior
is
completely empty,
no
membranes adhere to
the walls and there are no residual fluid
lines. The
widely
accepted technique
of
removal
of the brain
through
the nostrils14
seems to
have been
employed.
The
compression
of the nasal
bone and
the
apparent
lack of soft nasal tissue raises
an
interesting question.
If these were the results of constriction
by
the
bandages,
tissue
would
still be
present,
albeit
squeezed,
and the
wrappings
about the face
would
be
tight,
but neither is the case. Two possible causes may account for this. The injury may be
ante-mortem,
although
it
is
not considered
to
be
a
contributing
factor
in
the cause
of
death,
or it
could
be due
to
post-mortem
trauma,
which
may
or
may
not be related to the
excerebration
process.
Gray reported
no
radio-opaque
eyes,
but
in
this
latest examination
implants
are
clearly
visible
behind
the
closed
lids.
A
pointed ellipse
lies within each orbit
but
no details
(perhaps
formed
by
an
iris
of
a
different
material)
can
be seen.
The
implants
are
certainly
not metallic or
cloth,
nor
do
they appear
to
be
pasted
onto linen
rolls,
as is sometimes
found
elsewhere.15
The material
is in
all
probability
stone.
The mouth
is
open
and
the
maxilla
and mandible
are
wedged apart
by
the oral
packing
which
protrudes
between
the teeth
(pl.
XVI,
i).
The material
(AV
-
240) filling
the
cavity
falls within the range delimited by the densities of sawdust and beeswax, and extends as
far as the
hyoid
bone.
The subcutaneous
throat
packing
fills out the
neck
tightly.
The undisturbed cervical
vertebrae
are
all
that
remains of the contents of the throat.
The
larynx
is
normally
situated
between
the base
of
he
he
tongue
and the
upper
air
passage
and
the trachea extends
from
the lower
part
of
the
larynx
level with
C5
and ends
at
T3,
where
it
divides
for
the
lungs.
Removal
of the throat
contents must have been
from
below,
through
the
body cavity,
as
the
hyoid
bone
and
tongue
are
in
place.
Whether removal was
by
intent or
by
accident
during
the evisceration
is indeterminable.
While throat
packing
was
practised during
the
Twenty-first
Dynasty,
no
comparative
information
with
particular
reference to
the
removal
of
throat contents
is
available,
although
reference
is made to the trachea and
oesophagus
being
pushed
aside
(usually
to the
right)
and
the
larynx pushed up beyond
the
hyoid
bone.16
The C.A.T. slices
of
5
mm would
have allowed
these
cartilaginous
14
Cf.
F. F.
Leek,
EA
55(1969),
II2-i6.
15
E.
Strouhal
and
L.
Vyhnanek, 'Egyptian
Mummies
in
Czechoslovak
Collections',
Sbornik Ndrodniho
Muzea
v Praze
35B
(
I979),
i6o.
16
Cf E. G.
Smith,
'A
Contribution
to the
Study
of Mummification
in
Egypt',
Memoires
pre'sentes
l'Institut
egyptien
etpublies
sousles
auspices
de S. A. Abbas
IIKhedive
d'Egypte Cairo,
1
906),
2
I
.
JEA
79
84
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THE
MUMMYOF
BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT
S.''~~~~~~~~~~~Z
A
FIG. I.
Position
of
the
amulets and
packings.
I85
993
I
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ELIZABETH
.
WATSON
and MICHAEL
MYERS
structures
to be
distinguished
had
they
been
present.
The
throat-filling
material is less
dense
that that of the
mouth,
but
still falls within the
beeswax/sawdust
range.
The
disten-
sion of the lower
portion
of
the
neck
just
above the sternal notch
may
be the feature
which Gray
mistakenly
identified
as a non-metallic necklace.17
It is not clear that an
incision
was
made
in
that area
through
which the
packing
may have been introduced,
but
this
might
be obscured
by
the chest
packet
that
overlies the sternal notch.
This
type
of
cosmetic subcutaneous
packing
does
not
appear
in
any
other area.
The
acute
angle
of the
clavicles indicates
that
the shoulders are
raised,
resulting
in
a
shrug-like
posture.
The
right
upper
quadrant
of
the thorax is
empty
but the heart
and
pericardium
adhere to the anterior wall
in
a
relatively
normal
position.
The
contents of
the thorax lie on the
left,
level
with
T4.
The
shapes
of the viscera are drawn out and
amorphous, gradually becoming
more substantial
and dense towards the
xiphoid
process.18
There are
no
discrete
packages
and the materials are
homogeneous.
The
lower
forms are convoluted and
may
be either the small intestine or
strips
of linen. The
contents of the
pelvis
are
very
disturbed and
only
the uterus could be
identified with
any
certainty.
This
is filled
by
a
solid
substance
(AV
-
260).
A
fluid line indicates the
horizontal
position
of the
body
when this material was
introduced and set.
Although
vaginal
and anal
tampons
were
not
found,
some mechanism must have been used to
retain the uterine
filling during
its
liquid
state.
The materials of the
packings
and
parcel
are of a
polymorphic
nature and
are
not
identical.
The closest
grouping
is the
oral-pharangeal-uterine,
which falls
comfortably
within the
range
formed
by
beeswax
(AV
-
68)
and sawdust/beeswax
(AV
-
350).
The
difference
in
values
is
probably
accounted for
by
the
differing proportions
of one or the
other in the 'mixture'. These three are
homogeneous,
unlike the
composition
of the
sternum
packet,
which reveals
areas of
differing
densities
ranging
from the
highest
reading
found
in
the
body,
AV
594,
down
to AV
o
?
7.7 (pl.
XVI,
2).
These
findings
are
entirely consistent with those of Strouhal and Vyhnainek.19
The
embalming
technique
used
in
the
preparation
of Baket-en-her-nakht accords
well
with
the
style
of the
cartonnage
and is almost
entirely
consistent with
practices
which
appear
from the
Twenty-first Dynasty
onwards and are found
on
mummies
already
documented.20
There is
nothing outstandingly
different or of
particular
significance
in
the
funerary preparation
of the
body,
with
perhaps
the
exception
of the
missing
throat
contents.
Nonetheless,
the recent
investigation
has
been invaluable
to
our
understanding
of the
funerary preparation
of
this
lady
and,
by
extension,
her
contemporaries,
as
the
mummy
of
Baket-en-her-nakht
provides
a
well-preserved example
of the
'normal'
mummification
practices
of her social class. This fresh
analysis,
which shows the
success
of new radiographic technology in augmenting identification and allowing the distinction
17
JEA 53, 78,
pl.
xv.2.
l8There
is no
evidence
of the
tight packing
in the
thorax,
abdomen
and
pelvis
previously
described
by
Gray
(YEA
53,
78, pls.
XV.2,
XV.I-2),
who
drew a
parallel
between this
mummy
and one
I9I
1/399/I/C)
in
the
Royal
Scottish
Museum,
which he
highlights
in his
report
to the Hancock Museum
but
does
not
mention
in
his
published
work.
19
Strouhal
and
Vyhnanek, SbornikNdrodniho
Muzea
v Praze
35B,
i6o.
20
This
accords with
Gray's
observation
(JEA
53, 78).
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THE
MUMMYOF
BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT
of delicate internal
structures,
illustrates
the
improvements
in
medical
techniques
achieved
since
Gray's
time.
Computerized
Axial
Tomography
is
a valuable
process
and
a
potentially
useful aid
in
this
particular
area
of
Egyptology.
The enhanced
degree
of
sophistication
which is now
applicable
to
the
interpretation
of the
embalming techniques
of
wrapped
mummies
has
much to contribute
in the
re-evaluation
of
previous
research,
and the
techniques employed by
the Hancock Museum
might
be more
widely
utilized
with
confidence.
Appendix: parameters
of
the
radiographicequipment
X-rayparameters
PARAMETERS:
HILIPS UPER 0 CP GENERATOR
Fine ocus.
Amplimat
kV
70-80.
Direct
kV
50.
Conventional
loating-top
ucky
ableanderect
Bucky.
Quanta
ast
-m
I-
Cronex
os
Quanta
Detail
-J
ck
130
Processor
DupontChemistry.
PARAMETERS:HIMADZU
oooTX
kV
120.
mA
I50.
Scantime:
.5
sec-5
mm
3.0
sec-
i
o mm.
Slice hickness:
o
mm nitial xial cans
alsocoronalon AREGYPT3
2
5
mm
follow-up
xials
plus
coronal
cans.
Slice interval
contiguous:
I
o
mm for
I
o
mm slices
5
mm
for
5
mmslices.
Scan
area:
250
mm.
Gantry
ilt:
vertical
or
I
o
mm
slices
I I?
cephalad
or
5
mm
slides
i6?
caudal
for
Io mm
coronal
5?
cephalad
or
5
mmcoronal.
Reconstruction
ernel
-Bone
algorithm.
I87
993
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PLATE
i.
Full
length
view of
the
2.
Outer
anthropoid
coffin
lid
3. Conventional
full
length
cartonnage
X-ray
THE
MUMMY
OF
BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT
(pp.
I79-87)
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L
i.
Sagittal
scan of the head and
upper
chest
showing
the mouth
wedged open
and the chest
packet
in
profile
2. Axial scan of the sternal
packet
showing
the
heterogeneous
nature of the interior
THE
MUMMY OF
BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT
(pp. 179-87)
LATE
XVI