21101283 Transmission Planning MOD 4
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Transcript of 21101283 Transmission Planning MOD 4
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 13FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING
3.1 Appendix3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
Appendix
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 23FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 33FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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Objectives
� To be able to understand the modulation concepts.
� To be able in an example to calculate the unavailability objectivedue to the equipment failures.
� To be able to understand the general concepts of the M.21xx series and the differences between G.821/826 and M.21xx recommendations.
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 43FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 53FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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Table of Contents
Switch to notes view! Page
1 Refresh on modulation concepts 7Modulation Concepts 8BB Transmission 10Bandwidth Formula 11Modulated Signal Spectrum 122-PSK 174-PSK 2016-QAM 2216-TCM 27Performances Versus Noise 30Exercise 31Main Modulation Types Characteristics 32Thermal Noise (C/N versus BER) 33Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes 37Roll-off calculation example 39Blank Page 40
2 Equipment unavailability 41Introduction 43Unavailability objective 44Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0) 47Unavailability of a protected section (1+1) 50
3 M.21xx-series Recommendations 51End of Module 54
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 63FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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Table of Contents [cont.]
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Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 73FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 83FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Modulation Concepts
� Why modulation?
� Modulation is necessary to occupy RF narrow bandwidth!
� Without modulation (BB transmission) the occupied bandwidth is:
where: fb = bit rateα = roll-off factor
( )α12fBw b +=
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 93FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
BB Transmission [cont.]
Ideal Transmission Channel
Att. = constant
Rx
Att.
f
f0
0
Tx
-
φ
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 103FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
BB Transmission
Real Transmission ChannelAtt. = Kost.Att.
f0
Tx Att. =
fc
Rx
32fc
t
2fc
1
Att. = Kost.Att.
f0
Att. =
fc t
1T =
2 13
T TT T
2 13
1fb
T =
fb = Bit rate frequency
1=1fb
2
2fc
2fc
2fc 2=fbfc
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 113FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Bandwidth Formula
α = 1.0 α
α= 1.0α= 0.3
α= 0.1
0 < α < 1
α
R(f)
-fC
0.1
r (t)
C
-2fC
0.3
+fC +2fC
a
Antisymmetrical Freq. Responce
acRoll Off = =
R(f)
Ideal Freq. Responce
-T-2T-3T-4T 0 +T +2T +3T +4T
Bw = Bw = fb
Bw = (1+ )
fb2
fb2
-fc +fc
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 123FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Modulated Signal Spectrum
V
f
MOD
70 MHz
LOIF
f0
Bw = 2fc
fc 70+fc
f 0
7070-fc
B2fc
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 133FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
2-PSK [cont.]
2 PSK Modulator
2 PSK Demodulator
DIFF.DEC.
100111
Data
L.O.
IF
IF signal
BTF
1 0
B A
DIFF.ENC.
100111
Data
L.O.
IF
IF signal
PostConversion
Filter
2 PSKMixer
BTF
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 143FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
2-PSK [cont.]
2-PSK Waveforms - Modulator
DATA IN
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
CARRIER
IF OUTPUT
+V
-V
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 153FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
2-PSK [cont.]
2-PSK Waveforms - Demodulator
DATA OUT
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
CARRIER
IF INPUT
DEMODULATED SIGNAL
-V
+V
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 163FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
2-PSK [cont.]
Absolute Coding Differential Coding
0 = B 0 = No change in the phase of the carrier1 = A 1 = 180° change in the phase of the carrier
BA1 0
A A
1
B
0
A
1
B
1
B
0
A
1Switch
A A B B A B B A
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
B A B B A B B A
1 1 0 1 1 0 1
RX
ON
TX B
0
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
2-PSK
BTF Binary Transversal Filter (digital filter)
β
βIN
H(f)
T5
IN
XA10
T5
XA5
T5
XA2
T5
XA5
A10 X
OUT
A
A/10
A/5T/5
A/2T/5
A/5T/5
A/10T/5
fN-fN-2fN
=10.4
0
fN(1+ ) 2fN
OUT
H(t)
1W
- 12W
- 12W
+ 1W
+
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 183FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
4-PSK [cont.]
4-PSK Modulator1 0
DIFFER.
ENCODER
IF
PostConvertion
Filter
2 PSKMixer
BTF
L.O.
90°
L.O.
90°
BTF
0010111
2 PSKMixer
SP
L.O.
RFBranching
Filter
Bw = fb (1+ ) Bw= fs (1+ )
fs
0
1
2 PSK fs = fb
4 PSK fs = fb2 22
8 PSK = 3 23
16 PSK = 4 24
B (10) A (00)
C(11) D (01)
fsfb
fsfb
α α
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 193FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
4-PSK [cont.]
Differential Coding
B B00
B
B
D
B
C
C
D
B
D
Switch
D
11 10 01 11 01 01
ON
= No change
01 = -90° changeTX C
A
A (00)
10 01 11 01 0100
RX B B B C BC10 = +90° change
11 = -180° change
001001110101.........
D (01)
B (10)
C (11)
- +
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 203FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
4-PSK
4-PSK Demodulator
2 PSKMixer
BTF
L.O.
90°
L.O.
90°
BTF2 PSKMixer
P
S
IF DIFFER.
DECODER
Y1
X1
Y1
X1DecisionCircuit
DecisionCircuit
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
16-QAM [cont.]
16-QAM Modulator
11
10
01
00
0100 1110
Vy
Vx
Y1
X1
Y2
X2
Y
X
1 1 +3V
1 0 +1V
0 1 -1V
0 0 -3V
BTF
L.O.
90°
L.O.
90°
BTF
S
P
IFDIFFER.
ENCODER
X2 X2
2RX1 X1
Y2
Y1
X2
X1
Y2
Y1
FEC
X2
X1
Y2
Y1
2R
Y2
2R
Y2
Y1 Y1
2R
X2
X1
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 223FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
16-QAM
16-QAM Demodulator
BTF
L.O.
90°
L.O.
90°
BTF
P
S
IF DIFFER.
DECODER
X2X2
DecisionCircuit
DecisionCircuit
X2
X1X1X1
Y2Y2Y2
Y1Y1Y1
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 233FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
16-TCM [cont.]
16-TCM Modulator
BTF
L.O.
90°
L.O.
90°
BTF
S
P
IF
DIFFER.
CONVOL.
X2 X2
2RX1 X1
Y2
Y1
X2
X1
Y2
Y1
MAPPING
X2
X1
Y2
Y1
2R
Y2
2R
Y2
Y1 Y1
2R
X2
X1
+
ENCODER
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 243FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
16-TCM [cont.]
16-TCM Demodulator
BTF
L.O.
90°
L.O.
90°
BTF
P
S
IF
DIFFER.DECODER
X2X2
DecisionCircuit
DecisionCircuit
X2
X1X1X1
Y2Y2Y2
Y1Y1Y1
VITERBIDECODER
+
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 253FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
16-TCM [cont.]
TCM Principles - State Diagram (Example with 8-TCM)
SP
ab
S0S1
c
CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODER
S0 S1
0 0
b c0 / 0
S0 S1
0 1S0 S1
1 1
b c0 / 1
S0 S1
1 0
b c1 / 0
b c1 / 1
b c1 / 0
b c0 / 0
b c0 / 1
b c1 / 1
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 263FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
16-TCM [cont.]
TCM Principles - Mapping (Example with 8-TCM)
1
0
7
65
4
3
2
a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 0 0 1 1 1
b 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0c
7
1
1
1
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 273FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
16-TCM
TCM Principles - Trellis Diagram (Example with 8-TCM)
0 4
0
4
0
4
0b=0
T0 T1 T2 T3
37
b=1
b=0
15
26
5
1
b=1
37
26
62
04
15
37
0
0 1
1 0
1 1
S0 S1
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 283FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Performances Versus Noise [cont.]
2-PSK
C
A
= Carrier
N = Noise B
Threshold
1 1C
NC+N
Errors depend of the distance between two points.
We have "ERROR" if N > C N > 1
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 293FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Performances Versus Noise [cont.]
4-PSK
2 PSK and 4 PSK have the same performance versus noise, but for this reason is never used 2 PSK due to its double bandwidth
B A
C D
1
1
Two DifferentThreshold
22 = 0.7
2
If the Noise (N) is:
you have error
N > 0.7
ModulationType
2 PSK
4 PSK
ErrorCondition
N > 1
N > 0.7
Bandwidth
BWBW2
(-3dB)
SymbolFreq. (fs)
fbfb2
Noise Power (N) = Amplitde x Bandwidth
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 303FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Performances Versus Noise
DEMODULATORIF data
DETECTORERROR
10-6
SN = 13.5 dB
10-6
4 PSK
SN = 18.6 dB
10-6
8 PSK
SN = 20.5 dB
10-6
16 QAM
SN = 26.5 dB
10-6
64 QAM
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 313FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Exercise
Why is used the 16 QAM modulation and not the 16 PSK?
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 323FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Main Modulation Types Characteristics
4 PSK
0
8 PSK
0
16 QAM
2.5
64 QAM
3.7
Modulation type
Position of Vectorial modulationstates (levels) at equal peakpower (Cmax)
Peak-to-Mean power ratio (dB)
R/2 R/3 R/4 R/6Nyquist Bandwidth (Bny)Symbol frequency (S)(R = Binary information capacity)
2 3 4 6Modulation efficiency (bit/sec/Hz)(Theoretical)
S/N (dB)(Theoretical at BER = 10-6)
13.5 18.6 20.5 26.5
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 333FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Thermal Noise (C/N versus BER)
1 1 0 (normalized)2 PSK
v σ C/N (20log v/σ)Mod.
1 0.70 +3.1 dB4 PSK
1 0.38 +8.4 dB8 PSK
1 0. 19 +14.2 dB16 PSK
0.7 0.23 +9.7 dB16 QAM
0.6 0.10 +15.6 dB64 QAM
0.6 0.047 +22.1 dB256 QAM
16 QAM
σ
Phase leveldecisionthreshold
I
v
Q
v
Q8 PSK
σ
I
б = noise voltagev = carrier peak voltage
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 343FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes [cont.]
Bit/s(Hz)
6
4
2
10 15 20 25 W (dB)
2 2
4
8
4
8
16
16
BER = 10-6QAM
FSK
64
32
16 QAM 16 PSK
PSK
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes [cont.]
10-10
5 W(dB)
10-9
10 15 20 25
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
16QAM 16PSK
2PSK4PSK
8PSK
32PSK
64QAM
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 363FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes [cont.]
Comparison of different modulation schemes(Theoretical W and S/N values at 10-6 BER; calculated values may have slightly different assumptions)a) Basic modulation scheme
(1) As an example, errorcorrection with redundancy (r)of 6.7% is used for calculationin this Table.
System Variants W(dB)
S/N(dB)
NyquistBandwidth (bn)
FSK 2-state FSK with discriminator detection 13.4 13.4 B3-state FSK (duo-binary) 15.9 15.9 B4-state FSK 20.1 23.1 B/2
PSK 2-state PSK with coherent detection 10.5 10.5 B4-state PSK with coherent detection 10.5 13.5 B/28-state PSK with coherent detection 14.0 18.8 B/316-state PSK with coherent detection 18.4 24.4 B/4
QAM 16-QAM with coherent detection 17.0 20.5 B/432-QAM with coherent detection 18.9 23.5 B/564-QAM with coherent detection 22.5 26.5 B/6128-QAM with coherent detection 24.3 29.5 B/7256-QAM with coherent detection 27.8 32.6 B/8512-QAM with coherent detection 28.9 35.5 B/9
Basic modulation schemes with FECQAM 16-QAM with coherent detection 13.9 17.6 B/4*(1+r)with 32-QAM with coherent detection 15.6 20.6 B/5*(1+r)
block 64-QAM with coherent detection 19.4 23.8 B/6*(1+r)codes (1) 128-QAM with coherent detection 21.1 26.7 B/7*(1+r)
256-QAM with coherent detection 24.7 29.8 B/8*(1+r)512-QAM with coherent detection 25.8 23.4 B/9*(1+r)
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 373FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes
B) Coded modulation scheme
System Variants W(dB)
S/N(dB)
NyquistBandwidth (bn)
(1)
BCM (2) 16 BCM - 8D (QAM. One step partition) 15.3 18.5 B/3.7580 BCM - 8D (QAM. One step partition) 23.5 28.4 B/688 BCM - 6D (QAM. One step partition) 23.8 28.8 B/696 BCM - 4D (QAM. One step partition) 24.4 29.0 B/6128 BCM - 8D (QAM. One step partition) 23.6 28.2 B/6
TCM (3) 16 TCM - 2D 12.1 14.3 B/332 TCM - 2D 13.9 17.6 B/464 TCM - 4D 18.3 21.9 B/5.5128 TCM - 2D 19.0 23.6 B/6128 TCM - 4D 20.0 24.9 B/6.5512 TCM - 2D 23.8 29.8 B/8512 TCM - 4D 24.8 31.1 B/8.5
MLCM (4) 32-MLCM - 2D (QAM) 14.1 18.3 B/4.564-MLCM - 2D (QAM) 18.1 21.7 B/5.5128-MLCM - 2D (QAM) 19.6 24.5 B/6.5
(1) The bit rate B does not include code redundancy.(2) The block code length is half the number of the BCM signal dimensions.(3) The performances depend upon the implemented decoding algorithm.
In this example, an optimum number is used.(4) In this example, convolutional code is used for lower 2 levels and block codes are used for the third level to
give overall redundancies as those of 4D-TCM. Specially redundancies on the two convolutional codedlevels are 3/2, 8/7 and 24/23 on the block coded third level.
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Roll-off calculation example [cont.]
Example 1Available bandwidth = 40 MHzTransmitted stream = 34 Mbit/sModulation type = 2 PSKRoll-off = ?
BW = fb (1+α)40 = 34 (1+ α)a = 40/34-1 = 0.05
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN fb and fs AS FUNCTION OF THE MODULATION TYPE
2 PSK fs = fb fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 34 MHz4 PSK fs = fb/2 fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 17 MHz8 PSK fs = fb/3 fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 11.3 MHz16 QAM fs = fb/4 fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 8.5 MHz
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 393FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts
Roll-off calculation example
Example 2Available bandwidth = 20 MHzTransmitted stream = 140 Mbit/sModulation type = ?
BW = fb/nn = fb/BW = 140/20 = 7
27 = 128 128 QAM with α = 028 = 256 256 QAM with α = 1
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 403FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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Blank Page
This page is left blank intentionally
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2 Equipment unavailability
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2 Equipment unavailability
Introduction [cont.]
Unavailability = Part of the time in which the link is out of order.
Where:
MTTR = Mean Time To Repair
MTBF = Mean Time Between Failures
MTBFMTTRMTTRU
+=
Equipment unavailability
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2 Equipment unavailability
Introduction
By supposing:
Failures statistically independent
MTTR << MTBF
UNAVAILABILITY OF SERIES BLOCKS
U1-2 = UA + UB
UNAVAILABILITY OF PARALLEL BLOCKS
U1-2 = UA • UB
A B1 2
1 2
A
B
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 443FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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2 Equipment unavailability
Unavailability objective
EQUIPMENT UNAVAILABILITY OBJECTIVE
for HRDP (L = 2500 km) is supposed to be 1/3 of the total unavailability:
Ueq. < 0.1% = 0.001
The HRDP consists of 9 switching sections (section length = 280 km approx.)
For one-direction of the link only:
Ueq.s1 < 55.10-6
4eq.eq.s 101.1
9U
U −•≤=
Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 453FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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2 Equipment unavailability
Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0) [cont.]
Suppose that a radio section consists of:
� 1 Tx Terminal
� 1 Rx Terminal
� 5 Repeaters (egual each other)
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2 Equipment unavailability
Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0) [cont.]
1+0 radio section: 6 hops, 5 repeater stations
Mod. Tx
PSU
Z'Rx Dem
PSU
Mod Tx Rx Dem
PSU
Z
L = 50 km L = 50 km
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2 Equipment unavailability
Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0)
UTx Term. = UTerm. Mod + UTx + UPSU
URep. = URx + URep. Dem + URep. Mod + UTx + UPSU
URx Term. = URx + UTerm. Dem + UPSU
Unavailability of the non-protected section (uni-directional) (points Z-Z’):
US(1+0) = UTx Term + 5 • URep. + URx Term
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2 Equipment unavailability
Unavailability of a protected section (1+1) [cont.]
� TS = Tx part of the switching system, the failure of which causes the total unavailability of the section.
� RS = Rx part of the switching system, the failure of which causes the total unavailability of the section.
� Lp = Part of the switching system, the failure of which doesn’t allow the regular operation of the switching system.
� MTBFs = Global MTBF of the switching system “series” part.
� MTBFp = Global MTBF of the switching system “parallel” part.
US
US
R'TS
RRS
Lp
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2 Equipment unavailability
Unavailability of a protected section (1+1) [cont.]
1+1 radio section: 6 hops, 5 repeater stations
Mod. Tx
PSU
Z'Rx Dem
PSU
Mod Tx Rx Dem
PSU
Z
L = 50 km L = 50 km
Mod. Tx
PSU
Z'Rx Dem
PSU
Mod Tx Rx Dem
PSU
Z
R' R
LOGIC
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2 Equipment unavailability
Unavailability of a protected section (1+1)
Global unavailability of the 1+1 protected section:
The section is unavailable due to:
� failures of the 2 channels
� failure of the “series” part of the switching system
� failure of a channel and of the “parallel” part of the switching system
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )0.5ηUUηUUU 01sparser2
01s11s ≅++= +++ •
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3 M.21xx-series Recommendations
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3 M.21xx-series Recommendations
General concepts [cont.]
Differences between Recommendations G.821/G.826 and the M.21xx series start with their different origins:
� G-series Recommendations are from ITU-T Study Group 13 (General networkissues);
� M-series are from Study Group 4 (Network Maintenance and TMN).
Main differences:
� G.821/G.826 define long-term performance objectives to be met.
� G.821/G.826 require very long test intervals (one month).
� The M-series Recommendations are particularly useful when bringing-into-service new transmission equipment. They are intended to assure that the requirements of the G series are met in every case.
� As a general rule, the requirements of the M-series are tougher than those of the G-series.
� For practical reasons, the M.21xx-series Recommendations allow short test intervals.
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3 M.21xx-series Recommendations
General concepts [cont.]
Media independent (ITU-T)
� M.2100 for PDH paths sections and transmission systems
� M.2110 how to apply M.2100 and M.2101 for BIS (Bring-Into-Service)
� M.2120 how to apply M.2100 and M.2101 for maintenance
� M.2101 for SDH paths and multiplex section
Radio specific (ITU-R)
� F.1330 for parts of international PDH and SDH paths and sections.
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End of Module