21.08.20 Science G9cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/term/9science.pdf · 9 Infer that...

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PrefaceInconsonancewiththemovetowardsoutcome-basededucationwherefocusis on developing competencies in students, the Central Board of SecondaryEducationisdelightedtosharetheTeacherEnergizedResourceManualthatwillaid teachers in aligning their classroom transaction to a competencyframework. EachchapteroftheResourceManualcorrespondstotherespectivechaptersinthe NCERT textbooks. The chapters have been chunked by concept; theseconceptshavebeenlinkedtotheNCERTLearningOutcomes;andanattempthasbeenmadetodelineateLearningObjectivesforeachconcept.Everychapterhasasetofassessmentitems,wheretwoitemshavebeenprovidedasexamplesforeachLearningObjective.Teacherscanusethesetoassessifthelearnerhasacquired the related concept. Needless to say, the items are illustrativeexamples to demonstrate how competency-based items can be prepared tomeasure Learning Objectives and Outcomes. The variety in item forms issuggestiveofthewaysinwhichaparticularconceptcanbeassessedtoidentifyif the learner has attained different competencies. We trust and hope thatteacherswouldbe able to generatemanymore similar test items foruse inpractice.Yourobservations,insightsandcommentsasyouusethisResourceManualarewelcome.Pleaseencourageyour students tovoice their suggestionsaswell.TheseinputswouldbehelpfultoimprovethisManualastheseareincorporatedin the subsequent editions. All possible efforts have been made to removetechnicalerrorsandpresenttheManualinaformthattheteacherswouldfinditeasyandcomfortabletouse.

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AcknowledgementsPatrons:AdvisoryandCreativeInputsGuidanceandSupport:WritingTeam

ShriRameshPokhriyal‘Nishank’,MinisterofEducation,GovernmentofIndiaShriSanjayDhotre,MinisterofStateforEducation,GovernmentofIndiaMs.AnitaKarwal,IAS,Secretary,DepartmentofSchoolEducationandLiteracy,MinistryofEducation,GovernmentofIndia

OurgratitudetoMs.AnitaKarwal,IAS,forheradvisoryandcreativeinputsforthisResourceManualduringhertenureasChairperson,CentralBoardofSecondaryEducation.

ShriSaurabhKarn,CSFNewDelhiShriHarshSingh,CSFNewDelhiMs.DeepshiTripathi,CSFNewDelhiMs.DilsheenKaur,CSFNewDelhi

ShriManojAhuja,IAS,Chairman,CentralBoardofSecondaryEducationDr.JosephEmmanuel,Director(Academics),CentralBoardofSecondaryEducationDr.BiswajitSaha,Director(SkillEducation&Training),CentralBoardofSecondaryEducation

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ReviewTeamEditorialSupportThis Resource Manual utilizes a lot of quality content available in publicdomain.Citationshavebeenprovidedatappropriateplaceswithinthetextofthis manual. The creators of these Manuals are appreciated for making itavailable to a wider audience through the internet. We would be happy toincorporatecitationsifanyofthecontentuseddoesnotalreadyhaveit.

Dr.IndraniBhaduri,ProfandHead,EducationalSurveyDivision,NCERTDr.SwetaSingh,Jt.Secretary,CentralBoardofSecondaryEducationShri.AlHilalAhmed,Jt.Secretary,CentralBoardofSecondaryEducationDr.GirishChoudhary,RetiredAssociateProfessor,LadyIrwinCollege,DelhiDr.SheelaRajeswari,DelhiDr.ArpanKrishnaDeb,Teacher,StepbyStepSchool,NoidaMs.VandanaGupta,DelhiMs.HemalathaSrinivasManchikanti,Teacher,ArmyPublicSchool,DelhiCantt

Ms.YuktaVarmaMs.DeahBapuliMs.KavyaSingh

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HOWTOUSETHISMANUAL

The goal of the Teacher Energized Resource Manual (TERM) is to provideteachers with competency-based education resources aligned to NCERTtextbooks that would support them in the attainment of desired LearningOutcomesanddevelopmentofrequisitecompetenciesofthelearner.TheTERMhasequalnumberofcorrespondingchaptersasNCERTTextbookswithlistingofconcepts,LearningOutcomesdevelopedbyNCERTandLearningObjectives.Competencybasedtest itemsforeachcorrespondingLearningObjectiveandsampleactivitiesforenrichmenthavebeenprovided.LearningObjectives:EachchapterbeginshasaLearningObjectivestable.Thetableliststheconceptcovered in the chapter. Learning Objectives are broken down competenciesthat a learner would have acquired by the end of the chapter. They are acombinationofskillsandwhatthelearnerwouldusethisskillfor.Forexample,thefirstLearningObjectiveinthetablebelowrelatestotheskillofanalysisandthestudentswillusethiscompetencytoidentifyingredientsindifferentfooditems. Teachers can use these specific Learning Objectives to identify if astudenthasacquiredtheassociatedskillsandunderstandshowthatskillcanbeused.

ContentArea/Concepts:Theimportantconceptsandsub-conceptscoveredinaparticularchapterarelistedinthefirstsection.Mostoften,theyfollowalogicalorderandpresentasequenceinwhichthesearelikelytobecoveredwhileteaching.Incase,yourteachingstrategyisdifferentandpresentstheminadifferentorder,youneednotworry.Teachtheway,youconsiderthebest.YouonlyneedtoensuretheirunderstandingandtheattainmentofdesiredLearningObjectives.

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LearningOutcomes(NCERT):NCERTLearningOutcomesareineachchapteralongwithdelineatedLearningObjectives. As shown below, each Learning Objective is mapped to NCERTLearningOutcomes andhelps teachers to easily identify the larger outcomethatachildmustbeabletodemonstrateattheendoftheclass/chapter.AstheNCERTLOsaregeneric,theymayrelatetomanycontentareas/conceptstogether. However in the mapped table, they have been reproduced adverbatimforeasyidentification.

Testitems:For eachLearningObjective, at least two competency-based test itemshavebeenprovided.Although,theitemsinthisresourcemanualaremultiplechoicequestions,which assess developed competencies of a child rather than onlyknowledge, itmustbekept inmind that there canbedifferentkindsof testitemsthatcaneasilyalignwithcompetency-basededucation.Teacherscanusetheseitemstoassessifachildhasachievedaparticularlearningobjectiveandcantakenecessarysupportiveactions.Teachersarealsoencouragedtoformsimilarquestionswhichassessskillsofstudents.

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SuggestedTeacherResources

Attheendofeachchapter,certainactivitieshavebeensuggestedwhichcanbecarriedoutbytheteacherswithlearnerstoexplainaconcept.Theseareonlysamplesandteacherscanuse,adapt,aswellas,createactivitiesthataligntoagivenconcept.

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TableofContents1.MATTERINOURSURROUNDINGS.................................................................................................................................72.ISMATTERAROUNDUSPURE?...................................................................................................................................223.ATOMSANDMOLECULES..............................................................................................................................................504.STRUCTUREOFTHEATOM..........................................................................................................................................645.THEFUNDAMENTALUNITOFLIFE............................................................................................................................826.TISSUES...............................................................................................................................................................................977.DIVERSITYINLIVINGORGANISMS.............................................................................................................................788.MOTION...............................................................................................................................................................................919.FORCE&LAWSOFMOTION......................................................................................................................................10610.GRAVITATION................................................................................................................................................................7711.WORKANDENERGY..................................................................................................................................................17912.SOUND............................................................................................................................................................................19113.WHYDOWEFALLILL?.............................................................................................................................................21214.NATURALRESOURCES..............................................................................................................................................22315.IMPROVEMENTINFOODRESOURCES.................................................................................................................245

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1. MatterinOurSurroundings

QRCode:LearningObjectives:

Contentarea/Concepts LearningObjectivesPhysicalnatureofmatter Classifymatterintosolids,liquidsandgasesbasedon

characteristicpropertiesoftheparticlesinthem.CharacteristicsofparticlesofMatter

Demonstratethatmatterismadeupoftinyparticles.Inferthatintermolecularspacebetweenparticlesofsolidsmakesdiffusionpossiblebetweenmatter.Concludethatparticlesofmattercontinuouslymoveduringinteractionbetweenvariousformsandchangeintemperaturechangesthekineticenergyofparticles.

Statesofmatter Concludethatparticlesofmaterattracteachotheranddepictthemoleculararrangementofparticlesinthethreestatesofmatter,i.e.,solids,liquidsandgases.Describethephysicalpropertiesofsolidsandillustratetheirmoleculararrangements.Identifythedistinguishingcharacteristicsofliquids.Identifythecharacteristicfeaturesofgasesandcomparethethreestatesofmatter.

Diffusion Providescientificexplanationfordiffusioninexamplesofgasesandliquidswitnessedinreallife.

ChangeofStateofMatter Explaintheeffectofchangeintemperatureonstatesofmatter.Relatetheeffectofpressureondifferentstatesofmatteranditsapplications.Identifythevariousprocessesduringchangeofsubstancesfromonephysicalstatetoanotherandclassifysubstancesonthisbasis.

LatentHeat Postulatethereasonforconstancyoftemperatureduringthechangeinstatesofmatter.

Evaporation Explainsituationsthatdemonstratefactorsaffectingevaporation.Provideexplanationforlifesituationsthatdemonstrateeffectsofevaporation.

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LearningObjectivesandLearningOutcomes:

LearningObjectives LearningOutcomes

Describethephysicalpropertiesofsolidsandillustratetheirmoleculararrangements.

Differentiates materials / objects / organisms / phenomena / processes, based on such as prokaryote and eukaryote, plant cell and animal cell, diffusion and osmosis, simple and complex tissues, distance and displacement, speed and velocity, balanced and unbalanced forces, element, compound and mixture, solution, suspension and colloid, isobars and isotopes, etc.

Identifythedistinguishingcharacteristicsofliquids.

Classifymatterintosolids,liquidsandgasesbasedoncharacteristicpropertiesoftheparticlesinthem.

Classifies materials / objects / organisms / phenomena / processes, based on, properties / characteristics, such as classification of plants, animals under various hierarchical sub-groups, natural resources, classification of matter based on their states (solid / liquid / gas) and composition (element / compound / mixture), etc.

Identifythevariousprocessesduringchangeofsubstancesfromonephysicalstatetoanotherandclassifysubstancesonthisbasis.Demonstratethatmatterismadeupoftinyparticles.

Plans and conducts investigations / experiments to arrive at and verify the facts / principles / phenomena or to seek answers to queries on their own, such as how does speed of an object change? How objects float / sink when placed on surface of liquid? Is there any change in mass when chemical reaction takes place? What is the effect of heat on state of substances? What is the effect of compression on different states of matter? Where are stomata present in different types of leaves? Where are growing tissues present in plants?

Concludethatparticlesofmattercontinuouslymoveduringinteractionbetweenvariousformsandchangeintemperaturechangesthekineticenergyofparticles.

Identifythecharacteristicfeaturesofgasesandcomparethethreestatesofmatter.

Describetheeffectofchangeintemperatureonthestateofmattertoexplainwhyicemeltswhenheated

Makeinferencesabouttheeffectoftemperatureonthestatesofmatter.Postulatethereasonforconstancyoftemperatureduringthechangeinstatesofmatter.

Provideexplanationforlifesituationsthatdemonstrateeffectsofevaporation.

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Inferthatintermolecularspacebetweenparticlesofsolidsmakesdiffusionpossiblebetweenmatter.

Relates processes and phenomena with causes / effects, such as symptoms with diseases / causal agents, tissues with their functions, production with use of fertilizers, process of evaporation with cooling effect, various processes of separation with the physical and chemical properties of the substances, production of sound with vibrations of source, etc.

Providescientificexplanationfordiffusioninexamplesofgasesandliquidswitnessedinreallife.

Explains processes and phenomena, such as function of different organelles, spread of diseases and their prevention, effect of force on the state of motion of objects, action and reaction, revolution of planets and satellites, conservation laws, principle of separation of different gases from air, melting / boiling / freezing, how bats use ultrasound to catch prey, etc.

Explainsituationsthatdemonstratefactorsaffectingevaporation.

Explaintheeffectofchangeintemperatureonstatesofmatter.

Calculates using the data given, such as distance, velocity, speed, frequency, work done, number of moles in a given mass of substance, concentration of solution in terms of mass by mass percentage of substances, conversion of Celsius scale to kelvin scale and vice versa, number of neutrons in an atom from atomic number and mass number, speed of sound, kinetic and potential energies of an object, boiling points of liquids to predict the order of their separation from the mixture, etc.

Relatetheeffectofpressureondifferentstatesofmatteranditsapplications.

Concludethatparticlesofmaterattracteachotheranddepictthemoleculararrangementofparticlesinthethreestatesofmatter,i.e.,solids,liquidsandgases.

Draws labelled diagrams / flow charts / concept map /graphs, such as biogeochemical cycles, cell organelles and tissues, human ear, distance-time and speed-time graphs, distribution of electrons in different orbits, process of distillation / sublimation, etc.

Hypothesizewhythetemperatureremainssameduringthechangeinstate

Measures physical quantities using appropriate apparatus /instruments / devices, such as weight and mass of an object using spring balance, mass using a physical balance, time period of a simple pendulum, volume of liquid using measuring cylinder, temperature using thermometer, etc.

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LOB:Classifymatterintosolids,liquidsandgasesbasedoncharacteristicpropertiesoftheparticlesinthem

1)Astudentnoticesthatasubstance“X”hasfixedvolumeandcanbetransferredfromonecontainertoanother.Whichoptioncorrectlyclassifiesthesubstance“X”?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

CorrectAnswer:Option(d)

Test items

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2)Theimagegivenbelowshowsdataaboutthedifferenttypesofmatter.

Whichoptioncorrectlyclassifiesthedata?

(a)

(b)

(c)

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(d)

CorrectAnswer:Option(b)

LOB:Demonstratethatmatterismadeupoftinyparticles.1)Astudentadds5gsugarin100mLwater.Thestudentstirsthecontentsfor2minutes.Aftersometime,thestudentnoticesaclearsolution.Whythestudentwasunabletoseesugarparticles?

(a)theyarecolorless

(b)theysettleatthebottom

(c)theyaretoosmalltobeseen

(d)theyevaporatewhenaddedtowater

CorrectAnswer:Option(c)

2)Astudentpours20mLflavoredwaterinaglasscontainingplainwaterandnoticesthatthetasteofthewaterchanges.Thestudentsrepeattheactivityfor10timesandreportsthatthewaterstillhassomeflavor.Whatcanbethepossiblereasonforthis?

(a)Theflavorfromthewatercanneverberemovedbyanymethod.

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(b)Thewaterismadeflavoredinsuchawaythatitremainsthesameuntilitisconsumed.

(c)Sieveswerenotusedintheexperimentwhichwouldhavehelpedtoremoveflavoredparticlesfromthewater.

(d)Theparticlesofflavoredwaterareverysmallandaretransferredtoplainwaterevenwhenaddedinverysmallquantities.


LOB:Inferthatintermolecularspacebetweenparticlesofsolidsmakesdiffusionpossiblebetweenmatter.

1)Astudentaddsinktowater.Theinkparticlesspreadthroughoutthewater.Whichpropertyofwaterallowsotherparticlestodiffuseinit?

(a)fixedvolume

(b)inabilitytocompress

(c)intermolecularspaces

(d)abilitytochangeshape


2)Astudentputanequalamountofpotassiumpermanganatepowderoveraglassplateandinabeakerfilledwithwater.Thestudentrubbedthesurfaceoftheplateandstirthecontentsofthebeaker.Itwasobservedthatthepermanganatepowderdissolvedinthewaterandformedacoloredsolution.Whichoptionexplainsthereasonforthestudent’sobservation?

(a)Waterisaliquidandcandissolveandsolidparticlesinit

(b)Theabilityofwatertoexistinanystateallowsittodissolveanysubstance

(c)Waterhaslargeintermolecularspaceswhichallowmoleculesofothersubstancestogetbetweenthosespaces

(d)Waterparticlesaretightlyarrangedinanorderlyfashionwhichallowsthebindingofthemoleculesofothersubstances


LOB:Concludethatparticlesofmattercontinuouslymoveduringinteractionbetweenvariousformsandchangeintemperaturechangesthekineticenergyofparticles.

1)Astudentlearnsthatthespeedoftheformationofasolutionincreaseswhentheheatissupplied.Howdoesheataffecttheformationofthesolution?

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(a)changeintemperatureincreasesthesizeofthewaterparticles

(b)changeintemperaturechangestheshapeofthewaterparticles

(c)changeintemperaturechangesthekineticenergyoftheparticles

(d)changeintemperaturedecreasestheintermolecularspacesbetweentheparticles


2)Astudentputsonedropoffoodcolourin100mLofwater.Thestudentnoticesthatthefoodcolourgraduallyspreadsinthewater.Whatisthepossiblereasonforthisphenomenon?

(a)aclosearrangementofthewaterparticles

(b)theabilityofthewaterparticlestomovecontinuously

(c)theabilityofthewatertostaywarmatroomtemperature

(d)smallintermolecularspacebetweenthewaterparticles


LOB:Concludethatparticlesofmaterattracteachotheranddepictthemoleculararrangementofparticlesinthethreestatesofmatter,i.e.,solids,liquidsandgases.1)Astudentlearnsthattheparticlesofbrickarearrangedinamannersothattheyattracteachotherwithgreaterforce.Whichdiagramshowsthearrangementofparticlesinabrick?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)


2)Astudenthasaglassofhotwaterwhichiscoveredwithaplate.Thestudentwantstotransferthehotwaterintoanotherglass.Thestudentnoticesthatasheliftstheplate,someairflowsupwardsashecarefullypourswater.Thestudentmakesparticlediagramsofsteam,waterandgas.Whichdiagramcorrectlyshowstheparticlearrangement?

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)


LOB:Describethephysicalpropertiesofsolidsandillustratetheirmoleculararrangements.

1)Whatisthepropertyofasolidsubstance?

(a)Itretainsitsshape.

(b)Itchangesitsvolume.

(c)Itretainsitscolour.

(d)Itchangesitsmass.

CorrectAnswer:Option(a)

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2)AstudentmadeamodeltoshowhowparticlesofasubstanceXarearranged.

HisfriendsobservedthemodelandconcludedthatSubstanceXisasolid.Whatsupportstheirconclusion?

(a)TheparticlesarecloselypackedthatallowsSubstanceXtochangeitsvolume.

(b)TheparticlesarefixedattheirpositionsthatallowsSubstanceXtoretainitsshape.

(c)TheparticlesarebondedtoeachotherthatallowsSubstanceXtomaintainafixedmass.

(d)TheparticlesareidenticaltoeachotherthatallowsSubstanceXtohaveauniformcomposition.


LOB:Identifythedistinguishingcharacteristicsofliquids

1)Aliquidsubstanceretainsits

(a)volumebutnotitsshape.

(b)shapebutnotitsvolume.

(c)volumebutnotitsmass.

(d)massbutnotitsvolume.


2)MohithasabowlfilledwithaSubstanceP.Henotessomeofhisobservations.

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WhatcanSubstancePbeclassifiedas?

(a)Agasbecauseithasavolume.

(b)Asolidbecauseithasafixedmass.

(c)Aliquidbecauseitsshapechanges.

(d)Agasbecauseobjectscanpassthroughit.


LOB:Identifythecharacteristicfeaturesofgasesandcomparethethreestatesofmatter.

1)Astudentwantstomakeamodeltoshowhowparticlesofagasarearranged.Heusesredmarbles,whereeachmarblerepresentsonegasparticle.Whichmodelshouldthestudentmake?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

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2)Thetableshowsthreesubstancesandtheirproperties.

WhichsubstancesareNOTingaseousstate?

(a)SubstanceAonly

(b)SubstanceConly

(c)SubstanceAandB

(d)SubstanceBandC


LOB:Providescientificexplanationfordiffusioninexamplesofgasesandliquidswitnessedinreallife.

1)Meenallightsanincensestickinherroom.Amomentlaterthefragranceofthestickspreadsthroughoutthehouse.Whatexplainsthephenomenon?

(a)Gasparticlescarryaspecificodour.

(b)Gasparticlesarefoundeverywhereinair.

(c)Gasparticlesmovefastandspreadeverywhere.

(d)Gasparticlesarecloselyspacedandvibratefast.


2)Astudentdidanactivitywhereheputadropofinkinwater.Henoticedthatassoonasthedropfallsinwater,theblueinkspreadsthroughout.

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Whydoesdiffusionhappeninliquids?

(a)becauseliquidshaveafixedvolume

(b)becauseliquidsdonothaveafixedshape

(c)becausetheparticlesofliquidscanmovearound

(d)becausetheparticlesofliquidsarecloselyspaced


LOB:Explaintheeffectofchangeintemperatureonstatesofmatter.

1)Whydoesanicecubemeltwhenputoutoftherefrigerator?

(a)becauseitlosesheatanditsparticlesmovefasterandfarthercausingmelting

(b)becauseitlosesheatanditsparticlesgainkineticenergychangingfromsolidtoliquid

(c)becauseitgainsheatanditsparticlescomeclosersincetheforceofattractionincreases

(d)becauseitgainsheatanditsparticlesstartmovingfasterandovercometheforceofattraction


2)Whathappenswhenthetemperatureoficeisincreasedabove0°C?

(a)Themoleculesgainkineticenergyandicechangesintowater

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(b)Themoleculeslosekineticenergyandicechangesintowater

(c)Themoleculesgainkineticenergyandicechangesintovapour

(d)Themoleculeslosekineticenergyandicechangesintovapour


LOB:Relatetheeffectofpressureondifferentstatesofmatteranditsapplications.

1)CookinggasisknownasLPG(LiquifiedPetroleumGas).Howcanagasbeliquified?

(a)whenpressureisappliedtothegas

(b)whentemperatureofthegasisincreased

(c)whengasismixedwithaliquidsubstitute

(d)whentheforceofattractionbetweenparticleisreduced


2)Gasesareeasilycompressiblebyapplyingpressure.Thesamevolumeofgascanfillupasmallcanandcanspreadintoabigroom.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthepropertyofgasesandcompressibility?

(a)Gasparticleshavelargespacesbetweenthem,sowhenpressureisapplied,theparticlescompress.

(b)Gasparticleshavestrongintermolecularforces,sowhenpressureisapplied,theparticlesliquify.

(c)Gasparticleshavehighkineticenergy,sowhenpressureisapplied,theparticleslosetheirenergy.

(d)Gasparticleshavemorespeed,sowhenpressureisapplied,theparticlesmovefartherawayandcompress.


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LOB:Identifythevariousprocessesduringchangeofsubstancesfromonephysicalstatetoanotherandclassifysubstancesonthisbasis.

1)Theimageshowstwochanges.

IdentifyProcessXandY.

(a)ProcessX–freezing;ProcessY–melting

(b)ProcessX–melting;ProcessY–evaporation

(c)ProcessX–condensation;ProcessY–melting

(d)ProcessX–evaporation;ProcessY–condensation


2)Theimageshowsthreesubstancesthatcanchangefromonephysicalstatetoanotherbydifferentprocesses.

WhatareX,Y,andZ?

(a)X–gas,Y–liquid,Z–solid

(b)X–liquid,Y–solid,Z–gas

(c)X–gas,Y–solid,Z–liquid

(d)X–solid,Y–gas,Z–liquid

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LOB:Postulatethereasonforconstancyoftemperatureduringthechangeinstatesofmatter.

1)Themeltingpointoficeis0°C.Atthistemperature,bothiceandwaterexist.However,theparticlesofwaterat0°Chavemoreenergythanparticlesoficeat0°C.Whatexplainsthis?

(a)atmeltingpoint,waterparticlesabsorbmoreheatandchangeintoice

(b)atmeltingpoint,iceparticlesraisetheirtemperatureandchangetowater

(c)atmeltingpoint,waterparticlesraisetheirtemperatureandchangeintoice

(d)atmeltingpoint,iceparticlesabsorblatentheatandchangeintowaterparticles


2)Wheniceisgivenheat,itreachesatemperatureof0°Candstartsmelting.Themoreheatisgained,themoreitchangestowater.However,thetemperatureremainsconstantat0°Cuntilallicechangestowater.Whydoesthetemperatureremainconstant?

(a)becauseofthelatentheatoffusion

(b)becauseofthekineticenergyoficeparticles

(c)becauseofthelatentheatofvaporization

(d)becauseofthekineticenergyofwaterparticles


LOB:Explainsituationsthatdemonstratefactorsaffectingevaporation.

1)Clothesdonotdryquicklywhenthereismorehumidityinair.Whatexplainsthephenomenon?

(a)highhumiditydecreasestherateofevaporation

(b)highhumidityincreasestherateofevaporation

(c)highhumiditydecreasestherateofcondensation

(d)highhumidityincreasestherateofcondensation


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2)Astudenthasfourcontainersofdifferentshapesandsizesbutmadeofsteel.

Headds200mLwatertoeachcontainerandplacesthemonequalheat.Inwhichcontainertheevaporationofwaterwouldbethefastest?

(a)container1

(b)container2

(c)container3

(d)container4


LOB:Provideexplanationforlifesituationsthatdemonstrateeffectsofevaporation.

1)Kabircamebackhomeafterplayingfootball.Hefelthotandsweaty.Hestoodunderthefan.Henoticedhestartedfeelingcoolanddry.Whatexplainshisobservation?

(a)Whensweatevaporates,warmairmovesawayfromthebody.

(b)Whensweatevaporates,itgainsheatenergyfromthesurroundings.

(c)Whensweatevaporates,itabsorbsenergyfromthebodymakingitcooler.

(d)Whensweatevaporates,coolerairfromthesurroundingsreachesthebody.


2)Duringsummerspeoplesprinklewaterontherooftopsbecause

(a)waterkeepsheatawayfromthehouse.

(b)whenwaterevaporates,itabsorbstheheatfromtherooftops.

(c)whenwatercondensesontherooftops,thehouseremainscool.

(d)waterabsorbscoldfromthesurroundingsandkeepsthehousecool.


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Activity Describethephenomenonofdiffusiontounderstandtherealsituationof

diffusionofgasesanddiffusionofliquids

Prerequisite Combinationoftwoormoresubstancesiscalledamixture

MaterialRequired

Teabags,hotwater,coldwater,2transparentglasses

Vocabulary Diffusion:themovementofasubstancefromanareaofhighconcentrationtoanareaoflowconcentration.

Procedure 1. Takeoneglassofcoldwaterandoneglassofhotwater.2. Put1teabagintoaglassofcoldwaterand1teabagintoaglassof

boilingwater.Writedownyourobservation.

Note:Differenttypeofteacouldhavedifferentcolour

Let’sthink 1. Whatdoyouobserve?2. Inwhichglassdoesteadissolvefaster?3. Whatcanyouconcludefromtheaboveobservation?

Texttorealworldconnection

1. Waterdiffusesintoplantsthroughtheirroothaircells.Thewatermovesfromanareaofhighconcentration(inthesoil)toanareaoflowerconcentration(intheroothaircell).

2. Inlivingthings,substancesmoveinandoutofcellsbydiffusion.Forexample:Carbondioxideintherespirationprocess.

Suggested Teacher Resources

Activity 1

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Beyondtheclassroom

Whycanwesmellhotfoodfromadistance?

Materialrequired

3glasses,1marker

Procedure 1. Take3glassesandfillthemwithanequalamountofwater.2. Markthelevelofwaterforeachglass.3. LabeltheglassesasA,BandC.4. KeepglassAunderthefan,glassBatroomtemperature,andglassCin

sunlightfor10-15min.5. Markthelevelofwateragainforeachglass.

Reflectionquestion

1. Inwhichglasswasthelevelofwaterdecreasedthemost?Whatdoyouthinkthereasonisbehindit?

2. Whatarethefactorsresponsibleforevaporation?3. Canyougivesomeexamplesofevaporationfromyoudaytodaylife?

Activity 2

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2.IsMatteraroundUsPure?


Contentarea/Concepts LearningObjectivesTypesofmixtures Identifymixturesfromyoursurroundingsbasedontheir

characteristicproperties.Differentiatebetweenhomogeneousandheterogeneousmixtures.

Differenttypesofmixturesformedusingliquids

Classifyhomogenousandheterogenousmixturesintosolutions,suspensionsandcolloids.Determinetheeffectofconcentrationofsolutiononitsphysicalproperties.

Methodsforseparatingmixturesofsolidsandsolids

Classifysubstancesintoelementsandcompounds.Identifytheprocessestoseparatevariousmixtures.Becomeconversantwiththebasisforseparationandsuggestprocedurestoseparatemixturesofsolidsinreallifesituations.

Methodsforseparatingmixturesofsolidandliquids

Identifydifferentprocessestoseparatemixturesandapplythemtoseparatevariousmixtures.Suggestprocedurestoseparatemixturesofsolidsandliquids.Statetheunderlyingprinciplebehindcentrifugationprocessandlocateitsuse.Identifysituationswherebasicprincipleofevaporationisusedtoseparatesolidsfromliquids.Explaintheprocessofcrystallization.Deducetheprocessofchromatographyandidentifymixturesthatcanbeseparatedbytheuseofthisprocedure.Recognizethebasisofdistillationandidentifymixturesthatcanbeseparatedthroughthis.Identifysuitableprocessesofseparationtoseparatemixturesinreallifesituations.

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Explaintheprincipleofchromatographyandidentifymixturesthatcanbeseparatedthroughthisprocess.

Methodsforseparatingmixturesofliquids

Elaboratethetechniqueoffractionaldistillationtoseparatehomogeneous(ormiscible)liquids.Differentiatebetweendistillationandfractionaldistillationprocedures.Explainthebasisforuseofseparatingfunneltoseparatemiscibleliquids.

Methodsforseparatingmixturesofgases

Describetheprocessofusingfractionaldistillationtoexplainitsuseinseparatinggasesfromtheair.

Propertiesofelementsandcompounds

Classifydifferentsubstancesbasedontheirphysicalpropertiesasmetals,non-metalsandmetalloids.Differentiatebetweenelementsandcompoundstoclassifydifferentmaterialsbasedontheirphysicalandchemicalproperties.


LearningObjectives LearningOutcomesDifferentiatebetweenhomogeneousandheterogeneousmixturestoclassifytypesofmixturesbasedontheirproperties


Classifyhomogenousandheterogenousmixturesintosolutions,suspensionsandcolloids.

Classifysubstancesintoelementsandcompounds.

Differentiatebetweendistillationandfractionaldistillationprocedures.

Differentiatebetweenelementsandcompoundstoclassifydifferentmaterialsbasedontheirphysicalandchemicalproperties.

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Differentiatebetweenhomogeneousandheterogeneousmixtures.


Classifydifferentsubstancesbasedontheirphysicalpropertiesasmetals,non-metalsandmetalloids.

Determinetheeffectofconcentrationofsolutiononitsphysicalproperties.


Identifydifferentprocessestoseparatemixturesandapplythemtoseparatevariousmixtures.

Relates processes and phenomena with causes / effects, such as symptoms with diseases / causal agents, tissues with their functions, production with use of fertilizers, process of evaporation with cooling effect, various processes of separation with the physical and chemical properties of the substances, production of sound with vibrations of source, etc.Examinetheprocessofcrystallization

toseparate(explainhow)mixturesofsolidandliquid

Identifymixturesfromyoursurroundingsbasedontheircharacteristicproperties.

Explains processes and phenomena, such as function of different organelles, spread of diseases and their prevention, effect of force on the state of

25

Identifytheprocessestoseparatevariousmixtures

motion of objects, action and reaction, revolution of planets and satellites, conservation laws, principle of separation of different gases from air, melting / boiling / freezing, how bats use ultrasound to catch prey, etc.

Statetheunderlyingprinciplebehindcentrifugationprocessandlocateitsuse.

Deducetheprocessofchromatographyandidentifymixturesthatcanbeseparatedbytheuseofthisprocedure.Explaintheprincipleofchromatographyandidentifymixturesthatcanbeseparatedthroughthisprocess.Elaboratethetechniqueoffractionaldistillationtoseparatehomogeneous(ormiscible)liquids.Explainthebasisforuseofseparatingfunneltoseparatemiscibleliquids.Describetheprocessofusingfractionaldistillationtoexplainitsuseinseparatinggasesfromtheair.

Deduce/determinetheconcentrationofsolutiontopredictthecolourofthesolutionformedbycolouringsubstanceandthesolvent


Recognizethebasisofdistillationandidentifymixturesthatcanbeseparatedthroughthis.


Elaboratethetechniqueoffractionaldistillationtoexplaintheprocessofseparationofhomogeneous(ormiscible)liquidsolution

26

Explainthebasisforuseofseparatingfunneltoseparatemiscibleliquids.

Describetheprocessofusingfractionaldistillationtoexplainitsuseinseparatinggasesfromtheair.

ExplaintheprocessofcrystallizationAnalyses and interprets graphs / figures etc., such as distance-time and velocity-time graphs, computing distance / speed / acceleration of objects in motion, properties of components of a mixture to identify the appropriate method of separation, crop yield after application of fertilizers, etc.

Recognizethebasisofdistillationandidentifymixturesthatcanbeseparatedthroughthis.Becomeconversantwiththebasisforseparationandsuggestprocedurestoseparatemixturesofsolidsinreallifesituations.

Applies scientific concepts in daily life and solving problems, such as separation of mixtures, uses safety belts in automobiles, covers walls of large rooms with sound absorbent materials, follows intercropping and crop rotation, takes preventive measures to control disease causing agents, etc.

Suggestprocedurestoseparatemixturesofsolidsandliquids.

Identifysituationswherebasicprincipleofevaporationisusedtoseparatesolidsfromliquids.Identifysuitableprocessesofseparationtoseparatemixturesinreallifesituations.

Differentiatebetweenelementsandcompoundstoclassifydifferent

materialsbasedontheirphysicalandchemicalproperties.

Draws conclusion, such as classification of life forms is related to evolution, deficiency of nutrients affects physiological processes in plants, matter is made up of particles, elements combine chemically in a fixed ratio to form compounds, action and reaction act on two different bodies, etc.

Elaboratethetechniqueoffractionaldistillationtoseparatehomogeneous

(ormiscible)liquids.

Designs models using eco-friendly resources, such as 3-d model of a cell, water purification system, stethoscope, etc.

27

LOB:Identifymixturesfromyoursurroundingsbasedontheircharacteristicproperties.

1)Whichofthefollowingcanbeclassifiedasamixture?

(a)aclearwhitesaltsolution

(b)arustedironnail

(c)apieceofpapercutintodifferentshapes

(d)abowlofwaterwithfloatingicecubes


2)Duringanactivity,astudentadded10gironfilingsand10gsulphurpowderinabowl.Hebroughtamagnetoverthebowlandnoticedthatironfilingswerepickedupbythemagnet.

Heputsulphurandironfilingsbackintothebowlandputitonheat.Aftersometimehebroughtthemagnetoveritagain.Thistime,theironfilingswerenotattractedtothemagnet.

Test items

28

Whichcanbeinferredfromtheactivity?

(a)Thecontentsinthebowlbeforeheatingcanbeclassifiedasamixturebecausetheyappeardifferent.

(b)Thecontentsinthebowlbeforeheatingcanbeclassifiedasamixturebecausetheycouldbeseparated.

(c)Thecontentsinthebowlafterheatingcanbeclassifiedasamixturebecausetheywerenotaffectedbythemagnet.

(d)Thecontentsinthebowlafterheatingcanbeclassifiedasamixturebecausetheirpropertieschangedafterheating.


LOB:Differentiatebetweenhomogeneousandheterogeneousmixtures.

1)Astudentisaskedtomakeahomogeneousmixture.Heisprovidedwiththefollowingsubstances.

Whichtwosubstancesshouldthestudentmixtoformahomogeneousmixture?

29

(a)AandB

(b)CandD

(c)BandE

(d)AandE


2)Theimageshowstwosolutions.

Whatdifferentiatesahomogeneousmixturefromaheterogeneousmixture?

(a)Mixture2ishomogeneousbecausethecomponentsofahomogenousmixturealwaysformseparatelayers.

(b)Mixture1ishomogeneousbecausethecompositionisuniformthroughoutthemixture.

(c)Mixture2isheterogeneousbecausethecomponentsofaheterogeneousmixturesarealwaysliquid.

(d)Mixture1isheterogeneousbecausethecomponentsofthemixturearenotvisiblefromthenakedeye.


LOB:Classifyhomogenousandheterogenousmixturesintosolutions,suspensionsandcolloids.

1)Astudentlistedsomemixturesandclassifiedthemintovarioustypes.

30

Whichmixturesareclassifiedcorrectly?

(a)WandX

(b)XandY

(c)YandZ

(d)WandZ


2)Astudentcrushedapieceofchalkandmixedthechalkpowderin100mLwater.Thewaterappearedwhiteandcloudy.Aftersometimetheparticlessettledatthebottomofthecontainer.Sheclaimsthatthemixtureisasuspension.Whatjustifiesherclaim?

(a)Theparticlesmixcompletelywithwater.

(b)Theparticlesofchalkformaseparatelayer.

(c)Theparticlesofchalkarevisiblethroughthenakedeye.

(d)Theparticlesofchalkareuniformlydistributedinwater.


LOB:Determinetheeffectofconcentrationofsolutiononitsphysicalproperties.

1)Astudentfilledtwoglasseswith100mLwaterineach.Toglass1,sheadded5mLorangefoodcolour,andtoglass2sheadded10mLorangefoodcolour.Whichwaterwouldappeardarkerofthetwo?

(a)Glass1becauseithaslesssolute

(b)Glass2becauseithasmoresolute

(c)Glass1becauseithasmoresolvent

(d)Glass2becauseithasmoresolvent


31

2)Astudentmadefoursolutionsusingdifferentquantitiesofwaterandblueink.Thequantitiesarelistedinthetable.

Whichsolutionhastheleastconcentrationwiththelightestbluecolour?

(a)solution1

(b)solution2

(c)solution3

(d)solution4


LOB:Classifysubstancesintoelementsandcompounds.

1)Astudentmademodelsusinggumballs.Whichmodelwouldrepresentanelement?

(a)

(b)

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(c)

(d)


2)ThetablelistspropertiesofsubstanceX.

WhatcansubstanceXbeclassifiedas?

(a)Element,becauseithasdifferentproperties.

(b)Element,becauseitcanbedividedintosmallerparts.

(c)Compound,becauseitcanchangefromoneformtoanother.

(d)Compound,becauseitismadeoftwokindsofatomsjoinedindefiniteproportion.


33

LOB:Identifytheprocessestoseparatevariousmixtures.1)Aboxcontainsironnailsinsawdust.Whichmethodshouldbeusedtoseparatethetwosubstances?

(a)useamagnet

(b)useasievewithsmallholes

(c)usethemethodoffiltration

(d)usehandstopickironnailsout


2)Whichseparationtechniquecanbeusedtoseparatesaltfromcamphor?

(a)sublimation

(b)filtration

(c)magneticseparation

(d)centrifugation


LOB:Becomeconversantwiththebasisforseparationandsuggestprocedurestoseparatemixturesofsolidsinreallifesituations.

1)Mixturemadeoftwosolidscanbeseparatedbyusingvarioustechniques.Oneofthetechniquesisaddingasolvent,usuallywater,tothemixture.Inwhichcasedoweaddwatertothemixtureinordertoseparatethetwosolids?

(a)whenbothsolidsinthemixturearesolubleinwater

(b)whenbothsolidsinthemixtureareinsolubleinwater

(c)whenonlyoneofthecomponentsinthemixtureisaliquid.

(d)whenonlyoneofthesolidsinthemixtureissolubleinwater


2)Astudentdroppedironfilingsinabowlofsand.Whatshouldthestudentdotoseparatethetwosubstances?

(a)Addthemixtureinwaterandthenfiltertheironfilingsout.

(b)Mixthemixturewithwaterandputitonheattoevaporatewater.

34

(c)Passthemixturethroughafunneltoseparatesmallersandparticles.

(d)Spreadthemixtureandbringamagnetoverthecontentstopickironfilingsfromthesand.


LOB:Identifydifferentprocessestoseparatemixturesandapplythemtoseparatevariousmixtures.

1)Astudenttookasolutionofsaltywater.Hewantstoseparatethesaltfromthewater.Whichprocesswouldseparatethesaltfromthewater?

(a)filtration

(b)evaporation

(c)centrifugation

(d)chromatography


2)Whichmixturecorrectlyalignswiththeirmethodofseparation?

(a)oilandwater�filtration

(b)creamfrommilk�distillation

(c)saltandwater�evaporation

(d)saltandsand�centrifugation


LOB:Suggestprocedurestoseparatemixturesofsolidsandliquids.

1)Astudentstudiesthatcreamisobtainedfrommilk.Healsounderstandsthatcreamissolid,andmilkisliquid.Moreover,particlesofcreamareverysmallallowingthemtopassthroughafilterpaper.Whichprocessshouldheadopttoseparatethecreamfromthemilk?

(a)filtration,asmilkisliquidandhenceitcaneasilybefilteredout

(b)filtration,asthecreamissolidandhenceitcaneasilybefilteredout

(c)centrifugation,ascreamandmilkhaveadifferenceintheirchemicalformula

(d)centrifugation,asparticlesofcreamandmilkhaveadifferenceintheirdensity


2)Theimagerepresentsamixtureofsandandwater.

35

Whichprocessshouldoneadopttoseparatethetwosubstancesfromeachother?

(a)filtration

(b)centrifugation

(c)crystallization

(d)chromatography


3)Whichoptionexplainstheprocessoffiltration?

(a)itallowsonlyliquidtopassfromamixture

(b)itallowsonlysolidparticlestopassfromamixture

(c)itallowstheseparationofsubstancesbasedoncolour

(d)itallowstheseparationofsubstancesbasedondensity


4)Astudentcollectedamixtureofsawdustandwatertoconductanexperiment.Inordertoseparatethesawdustfromthemixture,hepouredthewaterthroughafunnelwhereafilterpaperwasalreadyplaced.Heobservedthatthesolidiscollectedinthefunnelwhereastheliquidiscollectedinthebeakerbelow.Whatcausestheseparationofthemixture?

(a)absorptionofwaterintothefilterpaper

(b)absorptionofsawdustintothefilterpaper

(c)allowingliquidtopassthroughthefilterpaper

(d)allowingsawdusttopassthroughthefilterpaper


36

LOB:Statetheunderlyingprinciplebehindcentrifugationprocessandlocateitsuse.

1)Thetablelistsafewpropertiesofsubstances:

Toapplytheprocessofcentrifugationinamixture,whichpropertyofthesubstancesshouldvary?

(a)onlycolour

(b)onlydensity

(c)bothlusterandcolour

(d)bothcolouranddensity


2)Astudentstudiesthatbyusingcentrifugationprocesscreamcanbeseparatedfrommilk.Healsounderstandsthatcreamissolid,whereasmilkisaliquid.Bothoftheseparticlesareverysmallwhichallowsthemtopassthroughafilterpaperbutvaryintheirdensities.Whyisthecentrifugationprocesshelpfulinseparatingsuchmixture?

(a)asthesubstancesvaryincolour

(b)asthesubstanceshaveadifferenceindensity

(c)asthesubstancesarecompletelysolubleinnature

(d)asthesubstancehaveadifferenceinboilingtemperature


LOB:Identifysituationswherebasicprincipleofevaporationisusedtoseparatesolidsfromliquids.

1)Aayushputshiswetclothesunderthesunandobservesthathisclothesgetwarmanddriesaftersometime.Whichprocesshelpedhiminthisprocess?

(a)evaporationaswaterchangesfromliquidtosolid

(b)evaporationaswaterchangesfromliquidtovapor

(c)crystallizationaswaterchangesfromliquidtosolid

37

(d)crystallizationaswaterchangesfromliquidtovapor

Correctanswer:Option(b)

2)Hassanwantstoseparatesodiumchloridedissolvedinwater.Heusesevaporationfortheseparation.HowdoestheprocessofevaporationhelpHassan?

(a)Sodiumchloridewillchangefromsolidtovaporandcanbeextracted.

(b)Sodiumchloridewillchangefromliquidtovaporandcanbeseparated.

(c)Waterwillchangefromvaportoliquidandsodiumchloridecanbeextracted.

(d)Waterwillchangefromliquidtovaporandsodiumchloridecanbeextracted.

Correctanswer:Option(d)

LOB:Explaintheprocessofcrystallization

1)Whichoptiondescribestheprocessofcrystallization?

(a)Itinvolvestheformationofcrystalsaftersoluteevaporates.

(b)Itinvolvestheformationofcrystalsafterthesolventevaporates.

(c)Itinvolvesthedecompositionofcrystalsaftersoluteevaporates.

(d)Itinvolvesthedecompositionofcrystalsafterthesolventevaporates.

Correctanswer:Option(b)

2)Astudentperformsanexperimentinwhichthecoppersulphatesolutionwasheatedinachinadish.

Sheobservesthatsolidcoppersulphatedepositsonthedish.Whichexperimentdidsheperform?

(a)filtrationasitresultsintheformationofprecipitateonheating

38

(b)evaporationasheatingevaporatesthesolutefromthesolution

(c)crystallizationassolidcoppersulphateisleftinthechinadish

(d)distillationasthecolourofcoppersulphatechangedonheating

Correctanswer:Option(c)

LOB:Deducetheprocessofchromatographyandidentifymixturesthatcanbeseparatedbytheuseofthisprocedure.1)Daisywantstoseparatethecolouredcomponentsofadyeasapartofalabexperiment.Thedyecontainswaterandcolouredcomponents.Whichprocessshouldsheperform?

(a)Evaporationaswaterchangesfromliquidtovapor.

(b)Crystallizationaswaterchangesfromvapourtosolid.

(c)Distillationasitseparatessubstancebasedonboilingpoint.

(d)Chromatographyasitseparatesthesolutesthatdissolveinthesamesolvent.

Correctanswer:Option(d)

2)HimanshuwantstoseparatetwophotosyntheticpigmentsPandQfromtheplantextract.HeusespaperchromatographyfortheseparationofthesepigmentsandobservespigmentPisseparatedfirst.Whatcanbealikelyreasonforthesame?

(a)PigmentPhasthelowdensity.

(b)PigmentQhasthehighdensity.

(c)PigmentPismoresolubleinwaterandrisesfaster.

(d)PigmentQismoresolubleinwaterandrisesslower.

Correctanswer:Option(c)

LOB:Recognizethebasisofdistillationandidentifymixturesthatcanbeseparatedthroughthis.1)Whichmethodcanbeusedtoseparatetwoliquids(differentboilingpoint)fromtheirmixture?(a)Distillation,asitseparatesliquidbasedonboilingpoint.

(b)Evaporation,asitseparatesliquidbasedonmeltingpoint.

(c)Chromatographyasitseparatescomponentsthathavelowmeltingpoint.

(d)Centrifugationasitseparatescomponentsthathavehigherboilingpoint.

39

Correctanswer:Option(a)

2)Astudentwantstoseparateacetoneandwaterfromtheirmixture.Theboilingtemperatureofacetoneishigherthantheboilingtemperatureofwater.Whichtechniqueshouldsheperform?

(a)Distillation,asitseparatesliquidsbasedontheirboilingpoint.

(b)Evaporation,asitseparatesliquidsbasedontheirboilingpoint.

(c)Distillation,asitseparatesliquidbasedontheirmeltingpoint.

(d)Evaporation,asItseparatesliquidsbasedontheirmeltingpoint.

Correctanswer:Option(a)

LOB:Identifysuitableprocessesofseparationtoseparatemixturesinreallifesituations.1)Astudenthasamixtureofsand,water,andsalt.Whatistheorderofseparationtechniquesthathemustperformtocollectsalt?

(a)FiltrationàEvaporationàCrystallisation

(b)FiltrationàCentrifugationàCrystallisation

(c)EvaporationàFiltrationàChromatography

(d)ChromatographyàCentrifugationàCrystallisation


2)Astudentperformedanexperimenttoanalysethesaltpresentinasample.Hepassedthemixturethroughasieveandcollectstheresidue.Theresiduewaskeptonaporousfunnelandthefunnelwasplacedinamachine.Themachinerotatedthefunnelandtheliquidfromtheresiduepassedthroughthefunnelwhilethesolidsaltwasleftonit.Thesolidwasthenkeptundervariousinstrumentstocheckforthesalt.Whichtwoseparationtechniquesdidthestudentperform?

(a)filtrationfollowedbydistillation

(b)evaporationfollowedbyfiltration

(c)centrifugationfollowedbyfiltration

(d)filtrationfollowedbycentrifugation


LOB:Explaintheprincipleofchromatographyandidentifymixturesthatcanbeseparatedthroughthisprocess.

40

1)Astudentwantstoseparatethecomponentsofadye.Hestudiesthataspecifictechniqueisusedtoperformtheexperiment.Whichoptionexplainsthetechniquethatthestudentmustperform?

(a)Evaporationasthedensercomponentswillevaporateleavinglightercomponents.(b)Distillationasthedifferentcolourswillseparatewhenheatedatspecifictemperatures.

(c)Filtrationastheimmisciblecomponentswillseparateouteasilywhenthesolutionispassedthroughafilterpaper.

(d)Chromatographyasthecolouredcomponentthatismoresolubleinwaterwillrisefasterand,inthisway,thecomponentswillgetseparated.


2)Forwhichmixturesthetechniqueofchromatographycanbeemployed?

(a)Itisusedfortheseparationofthosesolutesthatdissolveinthesamesolvent.

(b)Itisusedfortheseparationofthosesolutesthataresolidatroomtemperature.

(c)Itisusedfortheseparationofthecomponentsofthemixturethathaveasimilardensity.

(d)Itisusedfortheseparationofthecomponentsofthemixturethathaveahighmeltingpoint.


LOB:Elaboratethetechniqueoffractionaldistillationtoseparatehomogeneous(ormiscible)liquids.

1)Aresearcherusesfractionaldistillationtoseparatethecomponentsofcrudeoil.Whyshechosethismethod?

(a)crudeoilhascomponentsthathaveverylessdifferenceintheirmass

(b)crudeoilhascomponentsthathaveverylessdifferenceintheirdensity

(c)crudeoilhascomponentsthathaveverylessdifferenceintheirboilingpoints

(d)crudeoilhascomponentsthathaveverylessdifferenceintheirmeltingpoints


2)Howdoesafractionalcolumnhelpintheseparationofamiscibleliquidsolutioninfractionaldistillation?

41

(a)Ithelpstoseparatetheliquidsthathaveadifferenceoflessthan25Kintheirboilingpoints.(b)Ithelpstoseparatetheliquidsthathaveadifferenceoflessthan100Kintheirboilingpoints.

(c)Ithelpstoseparatetheliquidsthathaveadifferenceofmorethan100Kintheirboilingpoints.

(d)Ithelpstoseparatetheliquidsthathaveadifferenceofmorethan25Kintheirboilingpoints.


LOB:Differentiatebetweendistillationandfractionaldistillationprocedures.1)Howdistillationdiffersfromfractionaldistillation,eventhoughbothareevaporation&condensation?

(a)adistillationsetuphasaheatingsource

(b)afractionaldistillationsetuphasawatercondenser

(c)adistillationsetupdoesnothaveafractionalcolumn

(d)afractionaldistillationsetupdoesnothaveadistillationflask


2)Astudentwantstoseparatetwoliquidsthatdifferintheboilingpoint.Afterlearningtheboilingpointofthetwoliquids,hechosetoperformfractionaldistillation.Whatdifferentiatesthetwotechniques?

(a)fractionaldistillationisperformedonsamplesthathaveaboilingpointlessthan100K

(b)fractionaldistillationisperformedonsamplesthathaveaboilingpointhigherthan100K

(c)fractionaldistillationisperformedonsamplesthathaveadifferenceoflessthan25Kinboilingpoint

(d)fractionaldistillationisperformedonsamplesthathaveadifferenceofmorethan25Kinboilingpoint


LOB:Explainthebasisforuseofseparatingfunneltoseparatemiscibleliquids.

42

1)Theseparatingfunnelisusedtoseparatethecomponentsoftheliquidsolution.Whichtwocomponentsofthesolutioncanbeseparatedbytheseparatingfunnel?(a)oilandwater

(b)milkandwater

(c)sugarandwater

(d)colorpigmentandwater


2)AstudentusesaseparatingfunneltoseparatethemixtureofliquidXandY.HowthelayersofXandYseparatesinthefunnel?

(a)theliquidsseparatebasedontheirdensities

(b)theliquidsseparatebasedontheirtemperature

(c)theliquidsseparatebasedontheirboilingpoint

(d)theliquidsseparatebasedontheirmeltingpoint


LOB:Describetheprocessofusingfractionaldistillationtoexplainitsuseinseparatinggasesfromtheair.1)Astudentwantstoseparategasesfromair.Thestudentaskedhisteacher,theteachersuggestedtousefractionaldistillationtoseparategasesfromair.Howthefractionaldistillationissuitabletoseparategasesfromair?

(a)itarrangesthegasesinthecolumndependingontheirdensity

(b)itarrangesthegasesinthecolumndependingontheirboilingpoint

(c)itarrangesthegasesinthecolumndependingontheirfreezingpoint

(d)itarrangesthegasesinthecolumndependingontheirtemperature


2)Whichoptionexplainstheprocessoffractionaldistillationtoseparatethegasesfromair?

(a)

43

(b)

(c)

44

(d)


LOB:Classifydifferentsubstancesbasedontheirphysicalpropertiesasmetals,non-metalsandmetalloids.

45

1)ApersonhastwoobjectsXandY.ThestudenthittheobjectsXandY.TheobjectXmakestheringingsound,butYdoesnotmaketheringingsound.WhatareXandY?

(a)X:iron;Y:coal

(b)X:iron;Y:coke

(c)X:coal;Y:coke

(d)X:iron;Y:copper


2)Astudentlistedsomeitemsinatableasshown.

Whichoptionclassifiesthegivenitemsasmetal,non-metal,andmetalloids?

(a)

(b)

(c)

46

(d)


LOB:Differentiatebetweenelementsandcompoundstoclassifydifferentmaterialsbasedontheirphysicalandchemicalproperties.1)Astudentlistedsomeitemsasshown.

Whichsubstancescannotbebrokenintosimplersubstances?

(a)methaneandsilicon

(b)siliconandhydrogen

(c)aceticacidandhydrogen

(d)methaneandaceticacid


2)Thetableshowsthematerials

Whichoptionclassifythegivenmaterialstodifferentiatebetweentheelementsandcompounds?

(a)

47

(b)

(c)

(d)


Activity Differentiatebetweensolutions,suspensions,andcolloidsbasedontheir

characteristicstoillustratedifferentkindsofhomogenousandheterogeneousmixtures

Prerequisite Knowingwhatpuresubstanceandmixtureare,andthedifferencebetweenhomogeneousandheterogeneous.

MaterialRequired

Salt,wheatflour,milk,water,3transparentglassesandtorch.

Vocabulary Solution,suspension,colloidalsolution,solute,solvent,saturated,concentration,dilution


Activity 1

48

Procedure 1. Take50mlofwaterineachglassandlabelitA,B,andC.2. AddsaltinglassAandmixitwell.3. AddmilkinglassBandwheatflouringlassC.4. Directabeamoflightfromatorchthroughglassescontainingmixture.5. Leavemixturesundisturbedandwriteyourobservation.

Let’sthink 1. Aretheparticlesvisibleindifferentglasses?2. Isthepathofthebeamoflightvisible?3. Whenyouleavemixturesundisturbed,isthemixturestableordothe

particlesbegintosettleaftersometime?


Carbonatedsoftdrinksgettheir"fizz"fromcarbondioxidegasdissolved,alongwithsugarandotherflavourings,inasolutionofwater.

Beyondtheclassroom

Writesomeexamplesofsolution,suspensionandcolloidalsolutionfromyourdaytodaylife.

Materialrequired

PotashAlum(akaFitkiri),dirtywaterandtwoglasses.

Procedure 1. Constantlyswirlthealumindirtywaterforsometime.2. Letwaterremainstillforover4hoursorovernight.3. Afterafewhours,youcanobservemudsettlingdown.4. Drainupperlayerofwaterorfilterwithfineclothorfilterpaper.

Activity 2

49

Let’sthink 1. Whatdoyouthinkresiduecontains?2. Ifwedrinkdirtywater,whatproblemscanarise?3. Doyouknowsomeotherwaystofilterthewater?

50

3.AtomsandMolecules


Contentarea/Concepts LearningObjectives

Lawofconservationofmass

ApplytheLawofConservationofMasstodeterminethemassofelementsinamixture.

Lawofconstantproportions

ApplytheLawofConstantProportionstoestimatetheamountofelementsrequiredinachemicalsubstanceandidentifypostulatesofDalton’satomictheory.

Atomsanditsscientificnotations

Correlatethefactofinvisibilityofatomstothesizeofatoms.ListatomicsymbolsofcommonlyknownelementsasperIUPAC

Atomicmass Recognisethatdifferentelementshavedifferentatomicmass.

Molecule

Determinethenumberofatomspresentinanelementonthebasisoftheiratomicity.Applythelawofconstantproportionstocalculatethemassratioofatomsinamolecule.

Writingchemicalformulae

Writechemicalformulaeusingsymbols&valences.

Molecularmassandconceptofmole

Identifyioniccompoundswhoseformulaunitmasscanbecalculated.Calculatetherelativemolecularmassofcommonlyknownchemicalcompounds.Calculatethenumberofmoles,mass,atomsandmoleculesusingAvogadro’snumber.

51



Identifyioniccompoundswhoseformulaunitmasscanbecalculated.


ApplytheLawofConservationofMasstodeterminethemassofelementsina

mixture.


Calculatethemassratioofatomsinamoleculetovalidatelawofconstant

proportions

Correlatethefactofinvisibilityofatomstothesizeofatoms.


Determinethenumberofatomspresentinanelementonthebasisoftheiratomicity.

Calculates using the data given, such as distance, velocity, speed, frequency, work done, number of moles in a given mass of substance, concentration of solution in terms of mass by mass percentage of substances, conversion of Celsius scale to kelvin scale

Applythelawofconstantproportionstocalculatethemassratioofatomsina

molecule.

52

Calculatetherelativemolecularmassofcommonlyknownchemicalcompounds.

and vice versa, number of neutrons in an atom from atomic number and mass number, speed of sound, kinetic and potential energies of an object, boiling points of liquids to predict the order of their separation from the mixture, etc.

Calculatethenumberofmoles,mass,atomsandmoleculesusingAvogadro’snumber.Listatomicsymbolsofcommonlyknown

elementsasperIUPACUses scientific conventions /symbols / equations to represent various quantities / elements /units, such as SI units, symbols of elements, formulae of simple compounds, chemical equations, etc.

Recognisethatdifferentelementshavedifferentatomicmass.

Writechemicalformulaeusingsymbols&valences.

ApplytheLawofConservationofMasstodeterminethemassofelementsina

mixture.

Derives formulae / equations / laws, such as mathematical expression for second law of motion, law of conservation of momentum, expression for force of gravity, equations of motion from velocity-time graphs, etc.

ApplytheLawofConstantProportionstoestimatetheamountofelementsrequiredinachemicalsubstanceandidentifypostulatesofDalton’satomictheory.

Describes scientific discoveries / inventions, such as discovery of various atomic models, discovery of cell with invention of microscope, experiments of Lavoisier and Priestley, beliefs regarding motion, discovery of real cause for peptic ulcers, Archimedes principle, classification of living things, etc.

Recallatomicmassesofafewelementstoreinforcetheideaofdifferentatomicmassfordifferentelements

53

LOB:ApplytheLawofConservationofMasstodeterminethemassofelementsinamixture.1)Astudentwantstomakeahomogeneousmixtureofsalt,sugar,andwaterthatweighs300g.Thestudenthas50gsugarand70gsalt.Howmuchwatershouldheaddtothemixture?

(a)70g

(b)120g

(c)150g

(d)180g


2)Astudentmakestwosolutionsusingcomponentsaslistedinthetable.

ThestudentnoticesthatsandsettlesatthebottomofthebeakerinSolution1.Whichsolutionwouldbeheavier?

(a)Solution1,becausesandisheavy.

(b)Solution2,becauseithasmorewater.

(c)Solution1,becauseithasmoresaltthatdisappearsinwater.

(d)Solution2,becausethetotalmassofcomponentsisgreater.


LOB:ApplytheLawofConstantProportionstoestimatetheamountofelementsrequiredinachemicalsubstanceandidentifypostulatesofDalton’satomictheory.

Test items

54

1)WhichoptionsupportsDalton’satomictheory?

(a)Atomsofanelementhaveidenticalmass.

(b)Atomscanbecreatedbychemicalreactions.

(c)Atomsofdifferentelementshavesimilarchemicalproperties

(d)Atomsofanelementchangetheirpropertiesinchemicalreactions.

CorrectAnswer:Option(a)2)Astudenthasasampleof200goftablesugar(sucrose).For200gofsucrose,thereare84gofcarbon.BasedonDalton’satomictheory,howmuchcarbonwillbetherein300gofsucrose?(Sucrose=C12H22O11)

(a)42g

(b)23.8g

(c)56g

(d)126g


LOB:Correlatethefactofinvisibilityofatomstothesizeofatoms.1)Astudentarguesthatatomsareinvisibletotheeyes.Whichoptionsupportsthestudent’sargument?

(a)theyexistfreely

(b)theyareingaseousform

(c)theyareverysmallinsize

(d)theyareinconstantmotion


2)Astudentfindstheatomicradiiofsomeelements.

55

Toseehowanatomwouldappear,heobservesanaluminumfoilwithahandlensbutisunabletoseeatomsthatmadeupthefoil.Whatcanbethepossiblereasonforthis?

(a)Atomsofonlygaseoussubstancescanbeobserved.

(b)Atomsareverytinyandcannotbeobservedbyasimplehandlens.

(c)Atomsarejoinedwithgreatforce,soitisdifficulttodistinguishoneatom.

(d)Atomsofmetalsareinconstantmotionsotheycannotbeobservedwithahandlens.


LOB:ListatomicsymbolsofcommonlyknownelementsasperIUPAC

1)WhichsymbolisacorrectrepresentationofcobaltaccordingtoIUPAC?

(a)CO

(b)Co

(c)co

(d)cO


2)Astudentlistsfourcompounds.PCl5,KBr,P4O10,Na2CO3Whichcompoundcontainspotassium?

(a)KBr

(b)PCl5

(c)P4O10

(d)Na2CO3


56

LOB:Recognizethatdifferentelementshavedifferentatomicmass1)Thetableliststhemassofsomeatoms.

Whichtwoatomsbelongtothesameelement?

(a)PandQ

(b)RandS

(c)QandR

(d)PandS


2)Thetablelistsatomicmassesandatomicnumbersofthreeelements.

Astudentstudiesthatmagnesium(Mg)andiron(Fe)reactwithoxygen(O)toformMgOandFeO.Althoughbothcompoundscontaintwoatomseachoftheirmolecularmassesaredifferent.Whatisthereasonforthedifferenceintheirmolecularmasses?

(a)Differenceintheatomicmassofironandmagnesium

(b)Differenceinthenumberofironandmagnesiumatoms

(c)Differentintheatomicnumberofironandmagnesium

(d)DifferenceinthenumberofOatomsinthetwocompounds


57

LOB:Determinethenumberofatomspresentinanelementonthebasisoftheiratomicity.1)Thestudentlistssomeelementsandtheiratomicity.

Whatisthenumberofatomsineachelement?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

58


2)Thetableshowstheatomicityofdifferentelements.

Whyisozonelabelledastriatomic?

(a)becauseozonecanexistfreelyinnature

(b)becauseozoneisagasandgasesaretriatomic

(c)becausethreeatomsofoxygencombinetoformozone

(d)becausethreemoleculesofoxygencombinetoformozone


LOB:Applythelawofconstantproportionstocalculatethemassratioofatomsinamolecule.1)Whichisthecorrectformulatocalculatethemassratioofammonia(NH3)?(a) !"##%&'()*%+,'

(!"##%&./0*%+,')!

(b)!"##%&'()*%+,'!

!"##%&./0*%+,'

(c) !"##%&'()*%+,'2×!"##%&./0*%+,'

(d)2×!"##%&'()*%+,'!"##%&./0*%+,'


59

2)Thetablelistssomecompoundsandtheirmassratio.

WhichcompounddoesNOTsupportthelawofconstantproportions?

(a)H2O

(b)CO2

(c)NO2

(d)MgS


LOB:Writechemicalformulaeusingsymbols&valencies.1)Astudentlearnsthataluminumformscompoundwithchlorineandoxygen.Sherecordsthevalenciesofthethreeelements.

Whichoptiongivesthecorrectformulaofaluminiumoxideandaluminumchloride?

(a)aluminiumoxide:Al2O3;aluminiumchloride:AlCl3

(b)aluminiumoxide:3AlO2;aluminiumchloride:3AlCl2

(c)aluminiumoxide:Al3O2;aluminiumchloride:Al3Cl2

(d)aluminiumoxide:3(AlO)2;aluminiumchloride:2(Al3Cl)


60

2)Thetablelistsvalenciesofdifferentelements.

Whatwillbethechemicalformulaofsodiumoxide?

(a)Na2O

(b)NaO2

(c)2NaOH

(d)2Na(OH)


LOB:Identifyioniccompoundswhoseformulaunitmasscanbecalculated.1)Thetablelistssomecompounds.

Identifythecompoundswhoseformulaunitmasscanbecalculated.

(a)1and3

(b)2and3

(c)2and4

(d)1and2


2)WhatistheformulaunitmassofNa2O?

61

(a)20u

(b)39u

(c)55u

(d)62u


LOB:Calculatetherelativemolecularmassofcommonlyknownchemicalcompounds.1)WhichoptioncorrectlyrepresentsthemolecularmassofC6H12O6?(a)29u

(b)43u

(c)96u

(d)180u


2)AstudentisstudyingHaber’sprocesstoproduceAmmonia.Shelearnsthatnitrogenandhydrogenreacttoformammoniainthechemicalreactionasshown.N2+3H2⇌2NH3Whichoptiongivestheratioofnitrogenandhydrogenthatparticipateinthereaction?

(a)14:3

(b)14:1

(c)28:3

(d)14:6


LOB:Calculatethenumberofmoles,mass,atomsandmoleculesusingAvogadro’snumber.1)Whatwillbethenumberofparticlesin36gofcarbonatoms?(a)1.003x103

(b)2.008x103

(c)18.066x103

(d)36.132x103

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2)Theimageshowsfoursamplesofelements.

Whichsamplecontainsthegreatestnumberofatoms?

(a)sample1

(b)sample2

(c)sample3

(d)sample4


63

Activity Acquiretheskillofwritingchemicalformulaeusingthesymbols

&valencies.

Prerequisite Studentsshouldhavetheknowledgeofelements,theirIUPACnameandsymbols.

MaterialRequired

Clayof2differentcolours,chalk

Vocabulary Ion,anionandcation.

Procedure 1. Makesmallballsofclaytorepresentelectrons.2. Draworbitsasshown.3. Useonecolorofclaytorepresentelementofmagnesium,and

anothertorepresentelementofchlorine.4. Exchangetheelectronstofilloutermostshellcompletely.

Let’sthink 1. CanChlorinegiveitselectrontomagnesium?Whyorwhynot?2. Whatisthefirststepindeterminingtheformulaforamolecule?


1. Saltcontainssodiumandchlorinei.e.NaCl.2. Sugarcontainscarbon,hydrogenandoxygeni.e.C12H22O11

Beyondtheclassroom

WritedownthechemicalformulaofBakingsoda,Washingsoda,andCausticSoda.Alsowritetheircommonnames.


Activity 1

64

4.StructureoftheAtom



Chargedparticlesinmatter

Knowthedifferentconstituentsofanatomanddifferentiatebetweenelectronsandprotons.

Thestructureofanatom

ExplainThomson’smodelofanatomanditsincoherentfeatureswiththeresultsofotherexperiments.DrawlogicalconclusionsfromRutherford'sexperimenttounderstandthestructureofanatom.CompareRutherford’smodelwithThomson’satomicmodelandstatetheirrelativeadvantagesandlimitations.HighlightthelimitationsofRutherford’smodel.StatethepostulatesofNeilsBohr’smodelofanatomandtheirsignificance.

HowElectronsaredistributedindifferentorbits(shells)?

GetconversantwiththeBohrandBuryrulesfordistributionofelectronsintodifferentorbits.

Valency

Findthevalencyofelementsonthebasisoftheirelectronicconfigurationandrelateinertnessandreactivityofelements.Calculatethenumberofelectronsdistributedindifferentorbits(shells)accordingtoBohrandBuryrulesandfindoutvalenceelectronsfordifferentelements.

Atomicmass,IsotopesandIsobars

Writethescientificnotationsofatomsofcommonlyknownelementsandcalculatetheiratomicmassandatomicnumber.Postulatethereasonfordifferentatomicnumbersforisotopesofanelement.Identifyisobarsonthebasisofscientificnotationoftheiratoms.

65



Knowthedifferentconstituentsofanatomanddifferentiatebetweenelectronsandprotons.


Identifyisobarsonthebasisofscientificnotationoftheiratoms.


Findthevalencyofelementsonthebasisoftheirelectronicconfigurationandrelateinertnessandreactivityof

elements.


Calculatethenumberofelectronsdistributedindifferentorbits(shells)accordingtoBohrandBuryrulesandfindoutvalenceelectronsfordifferent

elements.Postulatethereasonfordifferentatomicnumbersforisotopesofanelement.

EnlistBohr&Bury’srulesforelectronicconfigurationtoshowthedistributionof

electronsinelementsfromatomicnumber1to20


Writethescientificnotationsofatomsofcommonlyknownelementsand

calculatetheiratomicmassandatomicnumber.

Uses scientific conventions /symbols / equations to represent various quantities / elements /units, such as SI units, symbols of elements, formulae of simple compounds, chemical equations, etc.

ExplainThomson’smodelofanatomanditsincoherentfeatureswiththe

resultsofotherexperiments.

Describes scientific discoveries / inventions, such as discovery of various atomic models, discovery of cell with invention of microscope, experiments

66

DrawlogicalconclusionsfromRutherford'sexperimenttounderstandthestructureofanatom.

of Lavoisier and Priestley, beliefs regarding motion, discovery of real cause for peptic ulcers, Archimedes principle, classification of living things, etc.CompareRutherford’smodelwith

Thomson’satomicmodelandstatetheirrelativeadvantagesandlimitationsHighlightthelimitationsofRutherford’smodelStatethepostulatesofNeilsBohr’smodelofanatomandtheirsignificance.GetconversantwiththeBohrandBuryrulesfordistributionofelectronsintodifferentorbits.

LOB:Knowthedifferentconstituentsofanatomanddifferentiatebetweenelectronsandprotons.

1)HowthesubatomicparticleslikeProtonisdifferentfromelectron?

(a)Anelectronismuchheavierthanaproton.

(b)Anelectroncarriesmorechargethanaproton.

(c)Aprotoncanbeeasilyremovedfromtheatom,butnotanelectron.

(d)Aprotonispositivelycharged,whereasanelectronisnegativelycharged.


2)Anatomhas4electronsand4protonsand4neutrons.Theatomiselectricallyneutral.Whichdifferenceinthepropertiesofprotonsandelectronsaffectstheelectricalneutralityoftheatom?

(a)Electronsare2000timeslighterthanprotons.

(b)Electronsandprotonshavethesamechargeandmass.

(c)Electronsandprotonshaveoppositechargesofthesamemagnitude

(d)Electronsarepresentintheoutersideoftheatomcomparedtotheprotons.


Test items

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LOB:ExplainThomson’smodelofanatomanditsincoherentfeatureswiththeresultsofotherexperiments

1)WhichofthefollowingmodeldescribesthestructureofanatomproposedbyThompson?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)


2)WhichofthefollowingisNOTthecorrectexplanationofThompson’satomicmodel?

(a)Theatomispositivelychargedsphere.

(b)Electronsareembeddedinthepositivesphere.

(c)Thepositiveandnegativechargesbalanceeachother.

(d)Protonsandneutronsareembeddedinthecenterofthesphere.


73

LOB:DrawlogicalconclusionsfromRutherford'sexperimenttounderstandthestructureofanatom.1)Rutherfordconductedanexperimenttostudythestructureofatom.Hepassedpositivelychargedalphaparticlesthroughathingoldfoil.Hestudiedtheangleofdeflectionofthealphaparticles.Henoticedthatmostofthealphaparticlespassedthroughthegoldfoilwithoutanydeflection.Whatcanbeconcludedfromtheobservation?

(a)Mostofthespaceinanatomisempty.

(b)Atomshaveelectrons,protons,andneutrons.

(c)Thenucleusoftheatomissituatedatthecenter.

(d)Atomsdonothavepositivelychargedparticles.


2)Rutherfordobservedthefollowinginhisexperiment.

Whatdoes180°deflectionofonlyveryfewalphaparticlesindicate?

(a)Alargespaceinanatomismostlyempty.

(b)Electronsinanatomrevolvearoundthepositivelychargedprotons.

(c)Thepositivechargeandmassoftheatomisconcentratedatthecenteroftheatom.

(d)Atomshavepositivelyandnegativelychargedspeciesthatareatthecenteroftheatom.


LOB:CompareRutherford’smodelwithThomson’satomicmodelandstatetheirrelativeadvantagesandlimitations.

74

1)HowRutherford’satomicmodelcouldexplainthedrawbacksofThomson’satomicmodel?

(a)Itwasabletoexplainthatanatomcanhavemultipleelectronsandprotons.

(b)Itwasabletoexplainthatanatomhaspositivelyandnegativelychargedparticles.

(c)Itwasabletoexplainthatanatomhasasmallneutralnucleusandelectronsrevolvearoundit.

(d)Itwasabletoexplainthatanatomhasasmallpositivenucleusandelectronsrevolvearoundit.


2)WhichofthefollowingistrueforRutherford’smodelbutnotforThompson’smodelofanatom?

(a)Anatomiselectricallyneutral.

(b)Anatomcontainsmanyelectrons.

(c)Anatomhaspositiveandnegativeparts.

(d)Anatomcontainsapositivelychargednucleus.


LOB:HighlightthelimitationsofRutherford’smodel

1)WhichquestionRutherford’smodelfailedtoanswer?

(a)Whatcausestheatomstostayelectricallyneutral?

(b)Whereareelectrons,protons,andneutronslocatedinthenucleus?

(c)Whyisiteasiertoremoveanelectronfromanatomcomparedtoaproton?

(d)Ifelectronsrevolvecontinuously,whydotheynotloseenergyandcollapseinthenucleus?


2)WhatfactaboutelectronswasnotexplainedbyRutherford’smodel?

(a)Electronsaremuchlighterthanprotons.

75

(b)Electronsarenegativelychargedspecies.

(c)Electronsrevolvearoundnucleusbutneverloseenergy.

(d)Electronscanberemovedfromanatombyprovidingenergy.


LOB:StatethepostulatesofNeilsBohr’smodelofanatomandtheirsignificance.1)WhatpartofBohr’smodelofatomicstructureexplainswhyelectronsdonotcrashintothenucleus?

(a)Electronsarealwaysrepelledbythenucleus.

(b)Electronsaremuchfartherfromthenucleus.

(c)Electronskeepgainingenergywhilerevolving.

(d)Electronsrevolveinorbitsthathavespecificenergy.


2)WhichofthefollowingisapostulateofBohr’smodelthatexplainswhyelectronsdonotloseenergyastheyrevolvearoundthenucleus?

(a)Everyatomhasadiscretenumberoforbitsinwhichelectronsrevolvewithfixedenergy.

(b)Everyatomhasalargeamountofemptyspacewheretheelectronsmovearoundnucleus.

(c)Everyatomhasasmanyelectronsasthereareprotonswhichmakesitelectricallyneutral.

(d)Everyatomhasapositivelychargednucleuswheremostofthemassoftheatomisconcentrated.


LOB:GetconversantwiththeBohrandBuryrulesfordistributionofelectronsintodifferentorbits.

1)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutBohr&Bury’sruleforelectronicconfiguration,wherenistheshellno.?

(a)Themaximumnumberofelectronspresentinashellisgivenbytheformula2n2(b)Themaximumnumberofelectronspresentinashellisgivenbytheformula2n

76

(c)Themaximumnumberofelectronsthatcanbeaccommodatedintheoutermostorbitis8.(d)Electronarenotaccommodatedinagivenshell,unlesstheinnershellsarefilledCorrectAnswer:Option(b)

2)WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbethemaximumnumberofelectronsinagivenshellaccordingtotheBohr&Bury’sruleforelectronicconfiguration:(a)2(b)6(c)18(d)32CorrectAnswer:Option(b)

LOB:Findthevalencyofelementsonthebasisoftheirelectronicconfigurationandrelateinertnessandreactivityofelements.

1)Theatomicnumberofsodium(Na)is11.Howmanyvalenceelectronsdoessodiumhave?

(a)1

(b)2

(c)7

(d)8


2)TheatomicnumberofSulphur(S)is16.IdentifythenumberofelectronsineachshellofSulphur.

(a)2,8,6

(b)2,8,8

(c)2,2,8,4

(d)2,4,8,2


77

LOB:Calculatethenumberofelectronsdistributedindifferentorbits(shells)accordingtoBohrandBuryrulesandfindoutvalenceelectronsfordifferentelements.1)Theatomicnumberofsomeelementsisshown.Element AtomicnumberBeryllium(Be) 4Oxygen(O) 8Silicon(Si) 14Chlorine(Cl) 17

Whichelementshaveavalencyof2?

(a)BeandSi

(b)SiandCl

(c)BeandO

(d)ClandO


2)Whichelementwouldbeinertinnature?

(a)Elementwith2electrons

(b)Elementwith9electrons

(c)Elementwith12electrons

(d)Elementwith20electrons


LOB:Writethescientificnotationsofatomsofcommonlyknownelementsandcalculatetheiratomicmassandatomicnumber.1)Theimageshowsthescientificnotationofsodium.

78

WhatistheatomicmassofNa?

(a)11

(b)12

(c)23

(d)34


2)AnelementXhasanatomicnumber6andatomicmass12.Whichscientificnotationcanrepresenttheelement?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)


LOB:Postulatethereasonfordifferentatomicnumbersforisotopesofanelement.1)Chlorinehastwoisotopes,Cl-35andCl-37.Theseisotopesoccurinnatureintheratio3:1.Whatwouldbetheatomicmassforchlorine?(a)35.0u

79

(b)35.5u

(c)36.0u

(d)36.5u


2)Theimageshowstheisotopesofhydrogen.

Whydotheyhavethesameatomicnumberbutdifferentmassnumber?

(a)becausetheyhavedifferentnumberofprotons

(b)becausetheyhavedifferentnumberofneutrons

(c)becausetheyhavedifferentnumberofelectrons

(d)becausetheyhavedifferentabundanceinnature


LOB:Identifyisobarsonthebasisofscientificnotationoftheiratoms.1)Lookatthegivenelements.

Whichofthetwoareisobars?

(a)ArandF

(b)CaandAr

(c)CaandNe

(d)NeandF


2)CaandArarecalledisobarsbecausetheyhavethesame

(a)massnumberbutdifferentatomicnumber.

80

(b)atomicnumberbutdifferentmassnumber.

(c)numberofprotonsbutdifferentnumberofneutrons.

(d)numberofelectronsbutdifferentnumberofprotons.


Activity ListBohr'spostulatesinordertoexplainhowitimprovestheThomson's

modelinexplainingwhyelectronsorbitingaroundnucleusdoesnotloseenergyandcrashatthecentre

Prerequisite Studentsshouldhavesomeknowledgeofatomsasthebasicbuildingblocksofmatterandsubatomicparticles.

MaterialRequired

Clay(red,green,blue),matchsticks/toothpick,blackmarker.

Vocabulary Atomicstructure,electrons,protons,neutrons,shell,electronicconfiguration,ions,valenceelectrons,valency.

Procedure 1. Takeclayof3differentcolors:Red,greenandblue.Shapethemintoballs.

2. Draw‘+’ongreenclay,‘-’onblueclayand‘0’onredwithblackmarker.

3. Greenclayrepresentsprotonswhichhaveapositivecharge,bluerepresentselectronswhichhaveanegativechargeandredrepresentsneutronswhichhavenocharge.

4. Take3greenballsand4redballsandcombinethemtoformanucleus.

5. Placeanelectronononeendofamatchstickandaddittothenucleustocreateanatom.


Activity 1

81

Let’sthink 1. Whatchargedoyouthinkanucleushas?2. Isitapositive,negativeorneutralatom?3. Whatwillbethechargeifyouremoveanelectron?4. Whathappenswhenyouaddanelectron?


Super-tinysubatomicparticlesareusedtocreatethepartsofatoms.Protons,neutrons,andelectronscanthenorganizetoformatoms.Atomsarethenusedtocreatethemoleculesaroundus.

Beyondtheclassroom

Howhydrogenatomisdifferentfromatomsofallotherelements?

82

5.TheFundamentalUnitofLife



Cellsasunitofthelivingthings

Cognizethevarietyinshapeandsizeofcellsindifferentorganismsandinferthatcellsarefunctionallysimilardespitestructuraldifferences.

Typesoflivingcells

Demonstratethedifferencebetweenanimalandplantcellswithappropriateexperiments.CompareaProkaryoticandanEukaryoticcell

Partsofacell

Locatedifferentcellorganellesinaplantcellandstatetheirfunctions.Differentiatebetweentypesofendoplasmicreticulumandidentifytheirfunctions.Namethecellorganelleresponsibleforstorage,modificationandpackagingofproductsinacellExplainthefunctioningofMitochondriainacell.

RelatethefunctionsofLysosomesinacellLocatethecellorganellethathelpscellspreparetheirfood.Elaboratetheroleofchromosomesduringcelldivision.Relatetheroleofvacuolesinacell.



CompareaProkaryoticandanEukaryoticcell

Differentiates materials / objects / organisms / phenomena / processes, based on such as prokaryote and eukaryote, plant cell and animal cell, diffusion and osmosis, simple and complex tissues, distance and displacement, speed and velocity, balanced and unbalanced forces, element, compound

83

Demonstratethedifferencebetweenanimalandplantcellswithappropriateexperiments.

and mixture, solution, suspension and colloid, isobars and isotopes, etc.

Demonstratethedifferencebetweenanimalandplantcellswithappropriateexperiments.


CompareaProkaryoticandanEukaryoticcell


Differentiatebetweentypesofendoplasmicreticulumandidentifytheirfunctions.


Namethecellorganelleresponsibleforstorage,

modificationandpackagingofproductsinacell

ExplainthefunctioningofMitochondriainacell.RelatethefunctionsofLysosomesinacell

Locatethecellorganellethathelpscellspreparetheirfood

Elaboratetheroleofchromosomesduringcell

division.Relatetheroleofvacuolesina

cell.

84

Cognizethevarietyinshapeandsizeofcellsindifferent

organismsandinferthatcellsarefunctionallysimilardespitestructuraldifferences.

Draws labelled diagrams / flow charts / concept map /graphs, such as biogeochemical cycles, cell organelles and tissues, human ear, distance-time and speed-time graphs, distribution of electrons in different orbits, process of distillation / sublimation, etc.Locatedifferentcellorganellesin

aplantcellandstatetheirfunctions.

Cognizethevarietyinshapeandsizeofcellsindifferent

organismsandinferthatcellsarefunctionallysimilardespitestructuraldifferences.

Describes scientific discoveries / inventions, such as discovery of various atomic models, discovery of cell with invention of microscope, experiments of Lavoisier and Priestley, beliefs regarding motion, discovery of real cause for peptic ulcers, Archimedes principle, classification of living things, etc.CompareaProkaryoticandan

Eukaryoticcell

85

LOB:Enumeratedifferenttypesofcellscommonlyfoundinnatureinordertoestablishthatbuildingunitscandifferwithdifferentorganism1)Theimageshowssometypesofcells.

Basedontheimagewhatcouldbethereasonforthedifferentshapeandsize?

(a) tosuittheirfunction(b) astheyareformedfirstorlastinthebody(c) astheyareallanimalcells(d) assomeareplantcellsandsomeanimalcells


2)Theimageshowscellsintheonionpeelandhumancheek.

Whatcanbeunderstoodbyobservingthesecells?

(a)Alllivingthingsmadeofcellsthatlooksimilar.

(b)Alllivingthingsmadeupofcellsthatarestructurallysimilarbutfunctionallydifferent.

(c)Alllivingthingsaremadeupofcellsthatarefunctionallysimilarbutstructurallydifferent.

(d)Alllivingthingsaremadeofcellsthatlookdifferentfromeachother.

Test items

86

CorrectAnswer:(d)

LOB:Demonstratethedifferencebetweenanimalandplantcellswithappropriateexperiments.1)Whatwilllikelyhappenifananimalcellandaplantcellareplacedinasugarsolutionthathaswaterconcentrationmorethanthatoftheanimalcellandtheplantcell?

(a)Boththeanimalandplantcellwillburst.

(b)Boththeanimalandplantcellwillswell.

(c)Animalcellwillswellwhiletheplantcellwillburst.

(d)Animalcellwillburstwhiletheplantcellwillswell.


2)Theimageshowshowthetwocellsappearbeforeandafterplacinginahypertonicsolution.

Basedonthebehaviorofthecell,identifythecelltypes?

(a)Cell1:animalcell,Cell2:plantcell

(b)Cell1:bacterialcell,Cell2:plantcell

(c)Cell1:Plantcell,Cell2:animalcell

(d)Cell1:animalcell,Cell2:bacterialcell

87


LOB:CompareaProkaryoticandaEukaryoticcell1)Whatisabasisfordifferentiationofaprokaryoticcellfromaeukaryoticcell?

(a)presenceorabsenceofcytoplasm

(b)presenceorabsenceofcellmembrane

(c)presenceorabsenceofgeneticmaterial

(d)presenceorabsenceofmembraneboundorganelles


2)Theimageshowsabacterialcellandananimalcell.

Basedonthestructures,astudentclaimsthattheanimalcellcontainscomplexstructuresthatareabsentinthebacterialcell.Whichstatementcanthestudentmaketosupporttheclaim?

(a)Animalcellcontainsflagellathataidsinlocomotionthatisabsentincaseofabacterialcell.

(b)Nuclearmaterialofthebacterialcellisnotenclosedinanuclearenvelopeasincaseofananimalcell.*

(c)Cytoplasmiccontentofthebacterialcellisnotenclosedinathickcellwallasincaseofananimalcell.

88

(d)Animalcellcontainsribosomesspreadacrossthecellwhereasincaseofbacterialcelltheyareclumpedtogether.


LOB:Locatedifferentcellorganellesinaplantcellandstatetheirfunctions.1)Theimageshowsaplantcell.

Whichmarkedpartisresponsibleforthegenerationofenergyinthecell?

(a)P

(b)Q

(c)R

(d)S


2)Thetablelistsfunctionsperformedbysomeplantcellorganelles.

Organelle FunctionM Itallowstransportationof

materialsinandoutofthecells.N ItstorestheproductsofERin

vesicle.O Ithelpsdigestforeign

molecules.P Itproducesfoodinthecell.

89

Whichoptionshowsthecorrectlylabelledorganismsintheplantcellsthatperformstherespectivefunction?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

90


1)Whichoffollowingisthefunctionofcytoplasmpresentinthecell?

(a)Itplaysacentralroleincellularreproduction.

(b)Itisinvolvedintheformationoflysosomes.

(c)Ithelpstransportmaterialintothecell.

(d)Itholdstheorganellesofthecellinplace.


2)Thetablelistssomefunctionsperformedbysomecellstructures.

Whichoptionshowstheorganellecorrectlymatchedwiththerespectivefunction?

(a)Cytoplasm-QandS,nucleus-P,plasmamembrane-R

(b)Cytoplasm-QandR,nucleus-P,plasmamembrane-S

(c)Cytoplasm-Q,nucleus-R,plasmamembrane-SandP

91

(d)Cytoplasm-R,nucleus-Q,plasmamembrane-SandP


LOB:Differentiatebetweentypesofendoplasmicreticulumandidentifytheirfunctions.1)Whichofthefollowingfunctionisperformedbysmoothendoplasmicreticulum?

(a)Ithelpsexpelexcesswaterandwasteoutofthecell.

(b)IthelpsproducedATPmolecules.

(c)Ithelpsdigestsmallforeignparticles.

(d)Ithelpsdetoxifythedrugs.


2)Howendoplasmicreticulumhelpstransportproteinbetweenvariousregionsofthecytoplasm?

(a)byforminganetworkofmembrane-boundtubesinthecytoplasm

(b)byoccupyingmostofthespaceinthecytoplasm

(c)bygeneratingsmalltransportvesiclesthroughoutthecell

(d)bydirectingallcellorganellestoperformthesamebiochemicalactivity


LOB:Namethecellorganelleresponsibleforstorage,modificationandpackagingofproductsinacell1)Proteinsaresynthesizedneartheendoplasmicreticulum.Wherearetheseproteinstransportedfurtherinthecell?(a)tothenucleus

(b)toGolgibody

(c)tomitochondria

(d)tothecellmembrane


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2)ThefunctionofGolgibodyincludes:

(a)degradationandeliminationofwastesubstances

(b)storage,modification,andpackagingofproductsinvesicles

(c)synthesisoflipidsandproteins

(d)providingrigidityandturbiditytothecell


LOB:ExplainthefunctioningofMitochondriainacell.1)Whatisthemainfunctionofmitochondria?

(a)tostopthechemicalreactioninthecellandstoreATPasenergy

(b)toperformallthechemicalreactionsofthecellusingATP

(c)touseenergycurrencyintheformofATP

(d)toproduceATPmolecules


2)Alargeamountofenergyisrequiredbythecelltocarryoutvariouscellularprocesses.Whichpartofmitochondriahelpsgenerateenoughenergyrequiredforvariouschemicalactivitiesandhow?

(a)ThefoldspresentintheinnermitochondrialmembranedecreasethesurfaceareaformoreATPproduction.

(b)ThefoldspresentintheinnermitochondrialmembraneincreasethesurfaceareaformoreATPproduction.

(c)ThefoldspresentintheoutermitochondrialmembraneincreasethesurfaceareaformoreATPproduction.

(d)ThefoldspresentintheoutermitochondrialmembranedecreasethesurfaceareaformoreATPproduction.


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LOB:RelatethefunctionsofLysosomesinacell1)Whichofthefollowingareusuallydigestedordegradedbylysosomes?

(a)ATPmolecules

(b)oxygenmolecules

(c)oldorganellesofthecell

(d)carbondioxidemolecules


2)Anilhasbacterialinfection.Whichpartofthecellwillhelphimeliminatebacteriafromhisbodyandhow?

(a)Vacuolesastheycanuptakeanymaterialandstoreit.

(b)Vacuolesastheycanexpelsubstanceoutofthecell.

(c)Lysosomesastheyhavedigestiveenzymestobreakdownforeignmaterial.

(d)Lysosomesastheycandestroytheirowncell.


LOB:Locatethecellorganellethathelpscellspreparetheirfood.1)Whatisthefunctionofchromoplastinacell?

(a)Ithelpsplantutilizeenergy.

(b)Ithelpsplantbreakdownfood.

(c)Ithelpsplantmakefood.

(d)Ithelpsplantreleaseenergytothesurroundings.


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2)Inplants,cellsintheleavesmainlymakefoodfortheplant.Whichorganelledoesthesecellshavethatenablesthemtomakefood?

(a)Thesecellshaveplastidswithpigmentchlorophyllthathelpsphotosynthesize.

(b)ThesecellshavemitochondriathatprovidesATPasenergytophotosynthesize.

(c)Thesecellshavecolorlessplastidsthatabsorbsunlighttohelpplantphotosynthesize.

(d)Thesecellshavevacuolesthatprovideessentialnutrientsrequiredforphotosynthesis.


LOB:Elaboratetheroleofchromosomesduringcelldivision.1)Whatistheroleofcentrosomesincelldivision?

(a)Ithelpsthecelltoenlargetoundergodivision

(b)Ithelpsthecelltodivideintotwodaughtercells.

(c)Ithelpsjointhechromosomestogether.

(d)Ithelpsseparatesisterchromatidsapart.


2)Theimageshowsastageofcelldivision.

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Basedontheimage,whatcanbealikelyfunctionofcentrosomeincelldivision?

(a)Itorganizesspindlefibersandallowsequaldistributionofchromosomeinthedaughtercells.

(b)Itformsspindlefibersbeforethecelldivisionstarts.

(c)Itdegradesthespindlefibersandchromosomeswhenthedivisioncompletes.

(d)Itreleasesspindlefibersthatholdthechromosomesduringdivision.


LOB:Relatetheroleofvacuolesinacell.1)Whatisthefunctionofvacuoles?

(a)Itdigestssugars.

(b)Itstoresaminoacids.

(c)Itsynthesisproteins.

(d)Itenclosesnuclearmaterial.


2)Insummers,leavesofapottedplantdroopswhenthesoilbecomesdry.Whichcellorganellemakestheleavestodroop?

(a)Nucleus,asitstopsmakingDNA.

(b)Cellwall,asitstartstoshrink.

(c)Lysosome,asitisreleasingthedigestiveenzymes.

(d)Vacuole,asitlosesallthewater.


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Activity CompareProkaryoticandEukaryoticcelltoexplainwhycomplexcell

structureisnotfoundinbacterialcellsbutfoundinplantoranimalcells

Prerequisite Cellisthebasicunitoflife.Livingorganismsandnon-livingorganisms.

MaterialRequired

4glasses,soapsolution,straw,thread,andscissors.

Vocabulary Prokaryoticandeukaryoticcells.

Procedure 1. Findwastemateriallikeusecardboard,paper,usedball,threadetc.2. Drawthediagramofprokaryoticandeukaryoticcellonthepieceof

cardboard3. Usethesimilarlooking/shapedwastematerialandplaceitonat

appropriatelocationstomarkrespectiveorganelle4. Labeltherespectiveorganelleusingmarker

Let’sthink 1. DrawalabelleddiagramofandProkaryoticandEukaryoticcell.2. DifferentiatebetweenProkaryotesandEukaryotes.


Blue-greenalgae,bacteriaandmycoplasmaaresomeexamplesofprokaryotes.AnimalsareanexampleofEukaryotes.

Beyondtheclassroom

Whatisthefunctionofeukaryoticcell?


Activity 1

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6.Tissues



MeristematictissueDescribethelocationsandfunctionofmeristematictissueplants.Classifythemeristematictissuebasedontheirlocationintheplantbody.

Simplepermanenttissue

Identifythetypeofsimplepermanenttissuesandtheirfunctionsinaplant.

Complexpermanenttissue

Identifythetypeofcomplexpermanentandtheirroleinaplant.

Animaltissues Classifydifferentanimaltissuesbasedontheirfunctionsinthebody

Epithelialtissue Corelatethestructureofepithelialtissuestotheirfunctionsinanorganism.

Connectivetissue Describedifferenttypesofconnectivetissuesandrelatetheirstructuretospecificfunctions.

Musculartissue Comparethestructureofdifferenttypesofmusculartissuesandrelateittotheirfunctions.

Nervoustissue Describethestructureofaneuronandexplainthefunctioningofnervoustissue.



Classifythemeristematictissuebasedontheirlocationintheplantbody.

Classifies materials / objects / organisms / phenomena / processes, based on, properties / characteristics, such as classification of plants, animals under various hierarchical sub-groups, natural resources, classification of matter based on their states (solid / liquid / gas) and composition (element / compound / mixture), etc.Classifydifferentanimaltissuesbased

ontheirfunctionsinthebody

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Describethelocationsandfunctionofmeristematictissueplants.


Describethelocationsandfunctionofmeristematictissueplants.


Identifythetypeofsimplepermanenttissuesandtheirfunctionsinaplant.


Identifythetypeofcomplexpermanentandtheirroleinaplant.Corelatethestructureofepithelialtissuestotheirfunctionsinanorganism.Describedifferenttypesofconnectivetissuesandrelatetheirstructuretospecificfunctions.Comparethestructureofdifferenttypesofmusculartissuesandrelateittotheirfunctions.Describethestructureofaneuronandexplainthefunctioningofnervoustissue.Corelatethestructureofepithelialtissuestotheirfunctionsinanorganism.


Describedifferenttypesofconnectivetissuesandrelatetheirstructuretospecificfunctions.

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Comparethestructureofdifferenttypesofmusculartissuesandrelateittotheirfunctions.Describethestructureofaneuronandexplainthefunctioningofnervoustissue.

LOB:Describethelocationsandfunctionofmeristematictissueplants.1)Whatpropertydoesthemeristematictissuehavethatresultsingrowthoftheplants?(a)Itisalargetissue.

(b)Itisadeadtissue.

(c)Itisadividingtissue.

(d)Itisaflexibletissue.


2)Astudentdidanexperimenttostudytheroleofmeristematictissueinonionroots.Fortheexperiment,anonionwaskeptineachofthefourglassesthatwerefilledwithsameamountofwater.

Test items

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Thestudentmeasuresthelengthoftherootsinalltheglassesonday3.Thestudentthencutsabouta1cmoftheonionrootsinglassB,C,andDeverynextdayandmeasuresthelengthoftherootonday10.Thetableshowstheresultoftheexperiment.

Whatcanthestudentconcludefromtheexperiment?

(a)Rootsdevelopmeristematictissueagainwhencut.

(b)Rootsgrowfasteraftermeristematictissueisremoved.

(c)Rootsstopsgrowingwhenmeristematictissueisremoved.

(d)Rootswithandwithoutmeristematictissuehadsamegrowth.


LOB:Classifythemeristematictissuebasedontheirlocationintheplantbody.

1)Theimageshowsthestemofaplant.

Whichtypeofmeristematictissueispresentatthelabelledpart‘X’?

(a)apicalmeristem

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(b)intercalarymeristem

(c)lateralmeristem

(d)bothapicalandlateralmeristem


2)Astudentobservesthatthetreenearhishouseisgrowingmoreinwidththanheight.Whichtissueisresponsibleforthistypeofgrowth?

(a)apical

(b)intercalary

(c)lateral

(d)bothapicalandintercalary


LOB:Identifythetypeofsimplepermanenttissuesandtheirfunctionsinaplant.1)Theimageshowsthetransversestructureofasclerenchymatissue.

Whichcharacteristicofsclerenchymacellsprovidesstrengthtotheplantparts?

(a)Presenceofcellswithregularshape

(b)Presenceofthinwallsanddeadcells

(c)Presenceoflargespacesbetweenthecell

(d)Presenceofthickwallsandnointernalspace


2)Aclassofstudentswereshownamicroscopicslideofapermanenttissueinplantforatest.

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Whichstatementmadebythestudentiscorrectaboutthetissueshown?

(a)Itisaerenchymatissueasthelargeairspacesarepresent.

(b)Itisparenchymatissueasthecellshaveintercellularspacesandthinwalls.

(c)Itissclerenchymatissueasthecellsarethickwalledwithnointernalspacing.

(d)Itiscollenchymatissueasthecellsareelongatedwithirregularthickcorners.


LOB:Identifythetypeofcomplexpermanentandtheirroleinaplant.

1)Theimageshowsthetransportoffoodafterphotosynthesisinpartsofplantfromleaves.

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Whichtypeoftissueisresponsibleforthistransport?

(a)collenchyma

(b)phloem

(c)sclerenchyma

(d)xylem


2)Theimageshowsasetupofanexperiment.

AstudenttakesaleafygreenBalsamplantandplacesitinEosinsolution.Thesolutionisaredcoloureddye.After4hours,thestudentobservesthattheredcolourappearsonthepartsoftheplantbody.Whichtypeoftissueisresponsibleforthesechanges?

(a)xylemasithelpsinthemovementofwaterfromrootstostemandleaves

(b)phloemasithelpsinthemovementofwaterfromrootstostemandleaves

(c)xylemasithelpsinthemovementofwaterfromleavestorootsandstem

(d)phloemasithelpsinmovementofwaterfromleavestorootsandstem


LOB:Classifydifferentanimaltissuesbasedontheirfunctionsinthebody1)Whichanimaltissueactsasaprotectivetissueofanimal’sbody?(a)connective

(b)epithelial

(c)muscular

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(d)nervous


2)Musclesthatarepresentintheeyehelpstheeyelidstoblinkwhendustparticlesentertheeye.Whichanimaltissuesignalsthemusclesintheeyelidtoblink?

(a)connectivetissue

(b)epithelialtissue

(c)musculartissue

(d)nervoustissue


LOB:Corelatethestructureofepithelialtissuestotheirfunctionsinanorganism.1)Whichtypeofepithelialtissuewillhelpinthemovementofparticlessuchasmucusoutoftherespiratorytract?

(a)

(b)

(c)

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(d)


2)Skinistheoutermostlayerofthebodywhichprovideprotectionfrommechanicalinjuriesaswellashelpinsecretionofsweatandoils.Whichtypeofepitheliumistheskinlikelycomposedoftofacilitateallthementionedfunctions?

(a)epitheliumhavingflatsurface

(b)epitheliumarrangedinmanylayers

(c)epitheliumwithirregularshapedcells

(d)epitheliumwithhair-likeprojectionsforparticlemovement


3)Theimageshowsthestructureofaspecialisedepithelium.

Whatwillbethelikelyfunctionofthisepithelium?

(a)secretionofsubstances

(b)protectionfromwearandtear

(c)restrictmovementofthetissue

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(d)transportofsubstancesacrosspermeablesurface


4)Theimageshowsthemicroscopicviewoflungalveoli.

Whatcanbeconcludedaboutthefunctionoftheepitheliumbasedonitsstructure?

(a)multiplelayerofthealveolarcellsformsdifferenttissues

(b)singlelayerofalveolarcellssupportseasytransportofgases

(c)singlelayerofalveolarcellsprovidestheprotectiontothelungs

(d)multiplelayerofthealveolarcellsfacilitatesmovementofparticles


LOB:Describedifferenttypesofconnectivetissuesandrelatetheirstructuretospecificfunctions.1)Whatshouldbethelikelystructureofaconnectivetissuewhoseframeworksupportstheorgansofthebody?(a)multiplelayersliketheskin

(b)bundleofneuronslikenerve

(c)strongandnon-flexiblelikebones

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(d)relaxingandcontractinglikemuscles


2)Astudentstudiesthestructureofareolarconnectivetissuefoundinbloodvessels.

Whichstatementaboutthestructureofthetissueiscorrect?

(a)compactstructureoffibersincreasesthestrength

(b)lownumberoffibersproviderigiditytothestructure

(c)loosearrangementoffibersfillsthespaceinsideorgansandsupportit

(d)randomarrangementoffibersrunninginsamedirectionprovideselasticity


3)Theimageshowsthelocationofaconnectivetissue.

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Whatwillbethelikelyfunctionofthisconnectivetissue?

(a)allowbonestomove

(b)providesstrengthtothebones

(c)preventthebonesfrombending

(d)connectsonebonewiththeotherbones


4)Astudentobservesimageofthekneebonesofapersonwhoissufferingfromaconditioncalledarthritisduetoinflammationofjoints.

Whichconnectivetissuecanlikelybeaddedbetweenthebonestoeasethemovementofjoints?

(a)bloodasitcontainsproteins

(b)areolartissueasitrepairsthetissue

(c)ligamentasitjoinsthetwoboneseasily

(d)cartilageasitsmoothenssurfaceofthebones


LOB:Comparethestructureofdifferenttypesofmusculartissuesandrelateittotheirfunctions.1)Whatisthestructureofamusclethatsupportsvoluntarymovementsofthebody?

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)


2)Theimageshowsthemicroscopicviewofatypeofmuscle.

Whichstatementcanbemadebythestudenttoconfirmthatthetissueisskeletalmuscle?

(a)repetitiverowsofnucleiwithlongcells

(b)cylindricalcellwithsinglenucleusineachcell

(c)alternativelightanddarkcolouredcellwithbranching

(d)alternativebandsoflightanddarkcolourwithmultinucleatedcells


3)Theimageshowsthestructureofdifferenttypesoftissues.

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WhichfunctionislikelyperformedbythetissueB?

(a)movementofbody

(b)rapidmovementofirisoftheeye

(c)contractionandrelaxationofheart

(d)downwardmovementoffoodinthealimentarycanal


4)Theimageshowsthestructureoftwotypeofmusclesthatarepresentintwodifferentlocationsinthehumanbody.

Basedontheirlocationwhatcanbeconcludedabouttheirfunction?

(a)boththemusclesprotectsbodyorgans

(b)boththemusclesshowvoluntarymovements

(c)boththemuscleshelpsinmovementofbody

(d)boththemusclesshowinvoluntarymovements

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LOB:Describethestructureofaneuronandexplainthefunctioningofnervoustissue.1)Theimageshowsthetransferofnerveimpulsetomusclesfortheirmovement.

Whichstructureofneuronisresponsiblefortransferofimpulsetomuscles?

(a)cellbody

(b)dendrites

(c)nerveendings

(d)nucleus


2)Apersonaccidentlytouchesahotplate.Whatmakesthepersontomoveitsforelimbawayfromthehotplate?

(a)smoothmuscle

(b)nerveimpulse

(c)sizeoftheplate

(d)temperatureofthebody


3)Incaseofaninjury,thetissuesensesthepain.Whichstatementcorrectlydescribehowthenerveimpulsewillreachthetissue?

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(a)Fromaxonofaneurontothenucleusthatarepresentinthetissue

(b)Fromcellbodyofaneurontothenerveendingthatarelocatedonthetissue

(c)Fromnerveendingofaneurontothecellbodythatarepresentintheneuron

(d)Fromdendriteofaneurontotheotherdendritethatarelocatedonthetissue


4)Astudentconductsanexperimentbyapplyingplacinganicecubeonthehandsoffourdifferentindividuals.Thestudentrecordedthetimetheytooktorespondtowardsthestimulibydroppingtheicecube

Whatcanbeconcludedfromtheexperimentaboutthefunctionofnervoustissue?

(a)nervefiberspassessignalsveryfast

(b)nerveimpulsedependsonthelengthofthehand

(c)responsebynervefibersdependondurationofthestimuli

(d)differentindividualshavedifferenttypesofnervoustissue


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Activity GrowthinMeristematictissue

Vocabulary Meristematictissue,

Procedure 1. Taketwoglassesandfillthemwithwater.2. Taketwoonionsandplaceoneoneachglass

3. Observethegrowthofrootsinboththeonionsforafewdaysand

recordthelengthoftherootonDay1,2,and3.4. Onday4,cuttheroottipsofonioninglassBbyabout2cm,and

observethegrowthofrootofbothonionsandrecordthelengthoftherootforthenext3days.

Length Day1 Day2 Day3 Day4 Day5 Day6

GlassA

GlassB

Let’sthink 1. Whichofthetwoonionshaslongerroots.Why?2. Dotherootscontinuegrowingevenafterwehaveremovedthetheir

tips?3. WhywouldthetipsstopgrowinginglassBafterwecutthem?


Activity 1

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Thegrowthoftheplantsoccursincertainregionslikerootsandbranches.

Beyondtheclassroom

Isthereanyplantwhichdoesn’thavemeristematictissue?

Activity Makemodelofdifferenttypesofcells

Materialrequired

Bigcolouredbeads,andthread.

Procedure 1. Weavebeadstomakedifferentpartsofaneuron.2. Weavebeadsincircletomakethecellbody.3. Bindallthepartstogetherasshowninpicture.

Reflectionquestion

1. Whatisthefunctionofneuron?2. Howisdifferentfromothercells?

Activity 2

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7.DiversityinLivingOrganisms



Classificationandevolution

Identifythecharacteristicdifferencebetweenearlierevolvedandlaterevolvedlivingbeings.

Thehierarchyofclassificationgroups

Identifythebasisforclassificationoforganismsintokingdomsandnamethevariouslevelsinakingdom.Examinethecharacteristiccriterionbetweenthefivekingdoms(monera,protista,fungi,plantaeandanimalia)andcategorisespeciesintoaparticularkingdomonthisbasis.

PlantaeandAnimaliaIdentifythecharacteristicdifferencesinordertocategoriselivingorganismsintotwobiggestkingdoms,i.e.,plantaeandanimaliakingdom.

Classificationofplants

Acquiretheskillofclassifyingaplantspeciesintodifferentgroupsonthebasisoftheircharacteristicfeatures.Classifyplantsintodifferentgroupsbasedoncharacteristicfeaturesofbodydesignandpresenceofvasculartissues.Classifyplantsintodifferentgroupsbasedontheirabilitytobearseedandthenatureofseeds.

Classificationofanimals

Acquiretheskillofclassifyinganimalsintodifferentgroupsonthebasisoftheirbodydesign.Identifythecharacteristicfeaturesofdifferentanimalgroupsanddistinguishbetweenthem.(cyclostomata,pisces,amphibia,reptilia,avesandmammalia)

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Identifythecharacteristicfeaturesofdifferentanimalgroupsanddistinguishbetweenthem.(cyclostomata,pisces,amphibia,reptilia,avesandmammalia)


Examinethecharacteristiccriterionbetweenthefivekingdoms(monera,protista,fungi,plantaeandanimalia)andcategorisespeciesintoaparticularkingdomonthisbasis.


Identifythecharacteristicdifferencesinordertocategoriselivingorganismsintotwobiggestkingdoms,i.e.,plantaeandanimaliakingdom.Acquiretheskillofclassifyingaplantspeciesintodifferentgroupsonthebasisoftheircharacteristicfeatures.Classifyplantsintodifferentgroupsbasedoncharacteristicfeaturesofbodydesignandpresenceofvasculartissues.Classifyplantsintodifferentgroupsbasedontheirabilitytobearseedandthenatureofseeds.Acquiretheskillofclassifyinganimalsintodifferentgroupsonthebasisoftheirbodydesign.

80





Identifythecharacteristicdifferencesinordertocategoriselivingorganismsintotwobiggestkingdoms,i.e.,plantaeandanimaliakingdom.

Identifythebasisforclassificationoforganismsintokingdomsandnamethevariouslevelsinakingdom.




Identifythecharacteristicdifferencesinordertocategoriselivingorganismsintotwobiggestkingdoms,i.e.,plantaeandanimaliakingdom.



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LOB:Identifythecharacteristicdifferencebetweenearlierevolvedandlaterevolvedlivingbeings1)Whichstatementistrueaboutearlierandlaterlivingbeings?(a)Boththeearlieraswellaslaterlivingbeingshavesimplestructures.

(b)Boththeearlieraswellaslaterlivingbeingshavethecomplexitystructures.

(c)Earlierlivingbeingshadbasicstructurewhilelaterlivingbeingshavecomplexstructure.

(d)Earlierlivingbeingshadcomplexstructurewhilelaterlivingbeingshavesimplebasicstructure.


2)Theimageshowsaninsectevolving.

Whatcanbeinferredaboutthebodyoftheinsectfromtheimage?

(a)retainsitsbodydesignofthepast

(b)changesincolorovergenerations

(c)losesapairoflimbsovergenerations

(d)gainsstructuralmodificationswithtime


LOB:Identifythebasisforclassificationoforganismsintokingdomsandnamethevariouslevelsinakingdom.1)InWhittaker’sclassification,whatwasthebasisforclassifyorganismsintofivekingdoms?

(a)Cellsize,modeoflocomotion,bodysize

(b)Cellnumber,sourceofnutrition,bodysize

Test items

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(c)Cellshape,modeoflocomotion,bodyorganization

(d)Cellstructure,sourceofnutrition,bodyorganization


2)Himanshuwantstomakeachartonclassificationofmimosaplant.Whichhierarchyofclassificationwillhechoose?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

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LOB:Examinethecharacteristiccriterionbetweenthefivekingdoms(monera,protista,fungi,plantaeandanimalia)andcategorisespeciesintoaparticularkingdomonthisbasis.1)Whichoptioncorrectlydifferentiatesthekingdomfungifromkingdomplantae?

(a)

(b)

(c)

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(d)


2)Thetablelistscharacteristicsofthecelloftwospecies.

Basedonthetable,whichkingdomdoestheorganismsbelongto?

(a)SpeciesP-Protozoa,SpeciesQ-Monera

(b)SpeciesP-Animalia,SpeciesQ-Protozoa

(c)SpeciesP-Monera,SpeciesQ-Protista

(d)SpeciesP-Protista,SpeciesQ-Animalia


LOB:Identifythecharacteristicdifferencesinordertocategoriselivingorganismsintotwobiggestkingdoms,i.e.,plantaeandanimaliakingdom.1)Whatisthebasisforclassificationoforganismsinthekingdomplantaeandanimalia?(a)presenceofcellwall

(b)abilitytopreparefood

(c)abilitytoundergoreproduction

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(d)presenceofmorethanonecell


2)Aneworganismwasfoundbyabiologist.Theorganismwasamulticellularorganism;however,itwasnotcategorizedintothekingdomplantae.Whatcanbealikelyreasonforthis?

(a)Itcannotprepareitsownfood.

(b)Ithadcellswithcellwall.

(c)Itwasverysmallinsize.

(d)Itcouldsurviveinwater.

CorrectAnswer:(a)

LOB:Acquiretheskillofclassifyingaplantspeciesintodifferentgroupsonthebasisoftheircharacteristicfeatures.

1)Someplantshavesimplestructuresanddonothavewelldifferentiatedbody.Theseplantsareclassifiedas:

(a)gymnosperms

(b)pteridophytes

(c)thallophytes

(d)bryophytes


2)Astudentwasgiventwounknownplants1and2.Sheclassifiedplant1aspteridophyteandplant2asgymnosperm.Whatcharacteristicdidplant2hadthatwasmissinginplant1?

(a)leaves

(b)roots

(c)flowers

(d)woodystem


LOB:Classifyplantsintodifferentgroupsbasedoncharacteristicfeaturesofbodydesignandpresenceofvasculartissues.1)Marsileaandfernareclassifiedaspteridophytesratherthanbryophytesbecause_____.

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(a)theyhavespecializedtissuefortransportationofwater.

(b)theyhaveabodythatisnotdifferentiatedintoroot,stem,andleaves.

(c)theycanreproduceonlybyasexualmethod.

(d)theyarefoundonbothlandandinwater.


2)Theimageshowssomeaquaticorganisms.

PlantPandQareclassifiedasthallophytesandRandSasbryophytes.Whatcriteriaisusedtoclassifythem?

(a)stemlength

(b)bodydesign

(c)presenceofseeds

(d)numberandshapeofleaves


LOB:Classifyplantsintodifferentgroupsbasedontheirabilitytobearseedandthenatureofseeds.1)Anappleplantdevelopsseedsinsideanovarythatmodifiesandturnsintoafruit.Thecharacteristicsoftheappleplanthelpsclassifyitintowhichplantgroup?

(a)Gymnosperm

(b)Bryophyta

(c)Angiosperm

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(d)Pteridophyta


2)Astudentiscollectingplantsthatcanbegroupedasphanerogams.Thetablelistsomeplantsfoundbythestudent.

Whichplantcanbegroupedasphanerogams?

(a)A

(b)B

(c)C

(d)D

CorrectAnswer:3

LOB:Acquiretheskillofclassifyinganimalsintodifferentgroupsonthebasisoftheirbodydesign.1)Whichgroupconsistsofanimalswithporesthathelpincirculatingwaterbyformingcanalsystem?

(a)Platyhelminthes

(b)Cnidaria

(c)Porifera

(d)Annelida


2)Thetablelistssomefeaturestoclassifyanimalsintoagroup.

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WhichanimalcanbeaddedintothegroupX?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)


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LOB:Identifythecharacteristicfeaturesofdifferentanimalgroupsanddistinguishbetweenthem.(cyclostomata,pisces,amphibia,reptilia,avesandmammalia)1)WhichcharacteristicofPisceshelpsdifferentiatesitfromReptilia?(a)absenceofbackbone

(b)abilitytolayeggs

(c)presenceofscales

(d)two-chamberedheart


2)Duringabiologysession,ateachershowstwospecimensoforganisms(PandQ)tothestudents.AstudentclaimedspecimenPbelongstotheclassReptiliaandQbelongstotheclassAves.Whichoptionjustifiestheclaimmadebythestudent?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)


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Activity Classifyplantsdependingontheirabilitytobearseedsandifseedsare

enclosedwithinfruitstogaintheskillsofclassificationofspecies

Prerequisite Classificationofseeds

MaterialRequired

Seedsofgreengram,wheat,maize,peasandtamarind,water.

Vocabulary Gymnosperms,angiosperms,dicots,monocots

Procedure 1. Soakseedsofgreengram,wheat,maize,peasandtamarindinwaterovernight.

2. Oncetheybecometender,trytosplittheseed.

Let’sthink 1. Dotheseseedsdevelopinsideanorganofplant?2. Doallseedsbreakintotwonearlyequalhalves?


Mostmonocotsaresmallherbaceousplants,whereasdicotscomeinallshapesandsizes.Oneofthereasonsforthisisthatlargeplantsneedagoodsupportsystem,whichisprovidedindicotsbythewoodystemandroot.Monocotsdonotoftengrowintotrees,becausetheydonothaveanywoodytissue.

Beyondtheclassroom

1. Takealookattheroots,leavesandflowersoftheseplants.2. Aretherootstap-rootsorfibrous?3. Dotheleaveshaveparallelorreticulatevenation?4. Howmanypetalsarefoundintheflowersoftheseplants?5. Writedowncharacteristicsofmonocotsanddicotsonthebasisof

theseobservations.


Activity 1

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8.Motion



Motionalongastraightline

Differentiatebetweenthedistanceanddisplacementandcalculatetheminrealsituations.

UniformmotionandNon-uniformmotion

Calculateandcomparespeedofanobjectatdifferentintervalsoftimeanddifferentiatebetweenuniformandnon-uniformmotion.Calculateaveragespeedofanobject.

Speedwithdirection Distinguishbetweenspeedandvelocityandcalculateaveragevelocity.

Rateofchangeofvelocity

Defineacceleratedmotionandcomputethechangeinvelocityofamovingobjectinanon-uniformmotion.

Graphicalrepresentationofmotion

Plotdistance-timegraphforamovingobjectanddetermineitsspeed,velocity,acceleration.Constructvelocity-timegraphsandinterpretthemtodeterminespeed,velocity,acceleration.

EquationsofMotionbyGraphicalMethod

Extrapolatevelocity-timegraphstoderivevelocity-time,position-time&position-velocityrelations.

UniformCircularMotionCalculatespeedofanobjecttravelinginauniformcircularmotion.

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LearningObjectivesandLearningOutcomes:LearningObjectives LearningOutcomes

Differentiatebetweenthedistanceanddisplacementandcalculatetheminrealsituations.


Calculateandcomparespeedofanobjectatdifferentintervalsoftimeanddifferentiatebetweenuniformandnon-uniformmotion.

Calculateaveragespeedofanobject.

Calculateandcomparespeedofanobjectatdifferentintervalsoftimeanddifferentiatebetweenuniformandnon-uniformmotion.


Calculateaveragespeedofanobject.

Distinguishbetweenspeedandvelocityandcalculateaveragevelocity.

Defineacceleratedmotionandcomputethechangeinvelocityofamovingobjectinanon-uniformmotion.

Plotdistance-timegraphforamovingobjectanddetermineitsspeed,velocity,acceleration.


Constructvelocity-timegraphsandinterpretthemtodeterminespeed,velocity,acceleration.

Plotdistance-timegraphforamovingobjectanddetermineitsspeed,velocity,acceleration.

Analyses and interprets graphs / figures etc., such as distance-time and velocity-time graphs, computing distance / speed / acceleration of objects in motion, properties of components of a mixture to identify the appropriate method of separation, crop yield after application of fertilizers, etc.

Constructvelocity-timegraphsandinterpretthemtodeterminespeed,velocity,acceleration.

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Calculatespeedofanobjecttravelinginauniformcircularmotion.

LOB:Differentiatebetweenthedistanceanddisplacementandcalculatetheminrealsituations1)Aboywalks10minstraightpathmovingawayfromalamppoleinagardenandwalks5mbackonthesamepath.Whatisthedisplacementoftheboyfromthelamppole?

(a)0m

(b)5m

(c)10m

(d)15m


2)Acartravels5kmtowardsnorththanturnsrightandtravels3kmfurther,thecaragainturnsrightandtravel1kmandcomestorest.Whatisthedistancetravelledanddisplacementofthecar?

(a)Distance:5kmandDisplacement:9km

(b)Distance:9kmandDisplacement:5km

(c)Distance:9kmandDisplacement:7km

(d)Distance:7kmandDisplacement:9km

Test items

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LOB:Calculateandcomparespeedofanobjectatdifferentintervalsoftimeanddifferentiatebetweenuniformandnon-uniformmotion.1)TwocarsXandYaretravellingalongastraightroad.Thetwocarsaresaidtobeinuniformmotionwhen:

(a)thetwocarstravelwithsamespeed

(b)theycontinuouslytravelalongthestraightroad

(c)thespeedofthecarsreduceswiththesamerate

(d)thetwocarstravelsequaldistanceinequalintervaloftime


2)ThetableshowsthedistancecoveredbythreecarsA,BandCatdifferenttimeofaday.

Whichoptionclassifiesthecarsinuniformmotionandnon-uniformmotion?

(a)

(b)

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(c)

(d)


LOB:Calculateaveragespeedofanobject.1)Acartravels3kmofdistancein10minutestoreachthedestination.Onthereturnjourney,thecartravelsthesamedistancein15minutes.Whatistheaveragespeedofcarinentirejourney?

(a)3m/s

(b)4m/s

(c)5m/s

(d)6m/s


2)Astudentcompleteshisjourneyfromhishousetoschoolwithanaveragespeedof5m/sin10minutes.Ifthestudenttravelswiththespeedof5m/sinfirst4minutes.Whatwillbeitsspeedinnext6minutes?

(a)5m/s

(b)7.5m/s

(c)10m/s

(d)12.5m/s

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LOB:Distinguishbetweenspeedandvelocityandcalculateaveragevelocity.1)Acartravelsonastraightroadwithavelocityof25km/hourinfirstonehourandinthenextonehouritchangesitsspeedto35km/hour.Whatistheaveragevelocityofthecar?

(a)5km/hour

(b)10km/hour

(c)30km/hour

(d)60km/hour


2)Astudentjogsonthetrackof150mlong.Thestudentstartsjoggingonthetrackandreachestheendofthetrackin1minute30secondsandcomesbacktothemiddleofthetrackin1minute.Whatistheaveragevelocityofthestudent?

(a)0m/sec

(b)0.5m/sec

(c)1.25m/sec

(d)1.5m/sec


LOB:Defineacceleratedmotionandcomputethechangeinvelocityofamovingobjectinanon-uniformmotion.1)Apersonridesamotorbikeatthespeedof30m/s.Thepersonappliesthebrakeandthevelocityofmotorbikecomesdownto20m/sin3s.Whatisthemagnitudeofaccelerationofmotorbike?

(a)-3.3m/sec

(b)-6.6m/sec

(c)10m/sec

(d)16.6m/sec


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2)AcaristravellingonapathBadhetablesshowthevelocityofacaroneachpathatdifferentintervalsoftime.

Whichoptionisshowingthemagnitudeofaccelerationofthecaroneachpath?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

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LOB:Plotdistance-timegraphforamovingobjectanddetermineitsspeed,velocity,acceleration.1)Whichdistancetimegraphisrepresentinganobjectinuniformmotion?

(a)

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(b)

(c)

(d)


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2)Thegraphshowsthedistancetravelledbyacarandthetimetakenbythecar.

Betweenwhichpointsthecartravelsthefastest?

(a)AtoB

(b)BtoC

(c)CtoD

(d)EtoF


LOB:Constructvelocity-timegraphsandinterpretthemtodeterminespeed,velocity,acceleration.

1)Theareaunderthevelocity-timegraphofabodygives:

(a)speedofthebody

(b)retardationofthebody

(c)accelerationofthebody

(d)distancetravelledbythebody


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2)Thegraphshowsthechangeinvelocityofacarwithtime.

Whichportionofthegraphshowsthenegativeaccelerationforthecar?

(a)OA

(b)AB

(c)CD

(d)DE


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LOB:Extrapolatevelocity-timegraphstoderivevelocity-time,position-time&position-velocityrelations.1)Thegraphshowstherateofchangeofthespeedofthecar.

Whatwillbethevelocityofthecarat40s?

(a)15m/s

(b)20m/s

(c)35m/s

(d)40m/s


2)Thegraphshowstherateofchangeofspeedofatrain.

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Howmuchdistancethetrainwillcoverat60secondsifitisacceleratingwith2m/s2?

(a)2000m

(b)4500m

(c)6000m

(d)8500m


LOB:Calculatespeedofanobjecttravelinginauniformcircularmotion.1)Astudenttiesastonetoathreadoflength1mandstartsswingingitinacircularmotion.Thestonecompletes20rotationsin10seconds.Withwhatspeedthestoneismoving?

(a)πm/sec

(b)2πm/sec

(c)4πm/sec

(d)8πm/sec


2)Acyclistridingabicycleataconstantspeedof10m/sonacirculartrack.Thecyclistcompletesthethreeroundsofatrackin6minutes.Whatistheradiusofthecirculartrack?

(a)191m

(b)573m

(c)1200m

(d)3600m


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Objective Computethechangeinvelocityofamovingobjectinanon-uniform

motion,inordertocorrectlycalculateitsacceleration

Prerequisite Motion,velocity,differencebetweendistanceanddisplacement.

MaterialRequired

Cardboard,ball

Vocabulary Rate,positiveacceleration,negativeacceleration,uniformandnon-uniformacceleration

Procedure 1. Foldthecardboardfrombothendandsetitasshowninthepicture.

2. Releasetheballonaninclinedplane.

ReflectionQuestions

1. Wasthereanychangeinthespeedoftheball?Ifyes,thenwhatcanbethereason?

2. Whenwastheaccelerationpositive,negativeandzero?3. WiththehelpofV-Tgraph,canyourepresentuniformandnon-

uniformacceleration.


1. Busslowingdownorspeedingup.2. Whenyoutrytostoparollingball.


Activity 1

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Beyondtheclassroom

Acarstartingfromrestacquiresavelocityof36km/hin5s.Calculate:(1)itsacceleration(2)distancecoveredbyit?

Materialrequired

Procedure 1. MarktheinitialpointsasAandfinalpointasB.2. Takeonestepequaltooneunitofdistance.3. StudentshavetoreachpointBandcounttheirsteps(thereisno

competitionandtimelimit).4. Putthetimelimit,askstudentstomoveagainfrompointBtoA.

Reflectionquestion

1. Didyoutakethesamepathinforthecases?Whyorwhynot?2. Howmuchdistancehaveyoucoveredinbothcases?3. Overall,howmuchdistancehaveyoutravelled?Also,whatisthe

totaldisplacementyouhavemade?

Activity 2

106

9.Force&LawsofMotion



Prerequisite Interpretdatatoidentifyuniformandnon-uniformmotionofanobject.

BalancedandUnbalancedforces

Examineforcesactingonabodyinordertodeterminechangeinbody'smotionasaconsequenceofresultantforceDeterminetheimpactoffrictionalforceonthemotionofanobject.

FirstLawofMotion IdentifyexamplesandsituationsthatillustratetheuseofNewton’sfirstLawofmotionandInertia.

SecondLawofMotion

Calculatethemomentumofobjectswhentwobodiescollide.ApplyNewton'sSecondLawofMotionandcalculaterateofchangeofmomentuminobjects.InterpretSIunitofforceanduseformulastocalculatemassofanobject.

ThirdLawofMotionIllustrateNewton'sThirdLawofMotion.IdentifysituationsthatdemonstratetheapplicationofNewton’sthirdLawofMotion.

ConservationofMomentum

Calculatemomentumofbodiesbeforeandafteracollision(whennoexternalforceisapplied),andthusapplyandderivelawofconservationofmomentum


LearningObjectives LearningOutcomesInterpretdatatoidentifyuniformandnon-uniformmotionofanobject.

Differentiates materials / objects / organisms / phenomena / processes, based on such as prokaryote and eukaryote, plant cell and animal cell, diffusion and osmosis, simple and

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Examineforcesactingonabodyinordertodeterminechangeinbody'smotionasaconsequenceofresultantforce

complex tissues, distance and displacement, speed and velocity, balanced and unbalanced forces, element, compound and mixture, solution, suspension and colloid, isobars and isotopes, etc.

Determinetheimpactoffrictionalforceonthemotionofanobject. Explains processes and phenomena, such as function

of different organelles, spread of diseases and their prevention, effect of force on the state of motion of objects, action and reaction, revolution of planets and satellites, conservation laws, principle of separation of different gases from air, melting / boiling / freezing, how bats use ultrasound to catch prey, etc.

IdentifyexamplesandsituationsthatillustratetheuseofNewton’sfirstLawofmotionandInertia.

IllustrateNewton'sThirdLawofMotion.

Calculatethemomentumofobjectswhentwobodiescollide.



Calculatethemomentumofobjectswhentwobodiescollide.


InterpretSIunitofforceanduseformulastocalculatemassofanobject.


ApplyNewton'sSecondLawofMotionandcalculaterateofchangeofmomentuminobjects.


IdentifysituationsthatdemonstratetheapplicationofNewton’sthirdLawofMotion.InterpretSIunitofforceanduseformulastocalculatemassofanobject.

Derives formulae / equations / laws, such as mathematical expression for second law of motion, law of conservation of momentum, expression for

108


force of gravity, equations of motion from velocity-time graphs, etc.

LOB:Interpretdatatoidentifyuniformandnon-uniformmotionofanobject.1)Theimageshowsadistancetimegraphofatrain’sjourney.

Whichtypeofmotionthetrainisfollowing?

(a)uniformmotion

(b)non-uniformmotion

(c)constantretardation

(d)constantacceleration


Test items

109

2)Astudentpracticingforthehurdleraceputs4hurdlesA,B,CandDatequaldistanceonastraighttrackasshownintheimage.

Thestudentrecordsthetimeateachhurdle.

Basedonthetable,whichoptiondefinesthemotionofthestudent?

(a)uniformmotionbecausethestudentistravellinginasamedirectionfromOtoD

(b)non-uniformmotionbecausethestudentismovingoverfourhurdlesbetweenOandD

(c)uniformmotionbecausethetimedifferencebetweentwoconsecutivepathsisequal

(d)non-uniformmotionbecausethestudentcoversequaldistanceatunequalintervalsoftime


LOB:Examineforcesactingonabodyinordertodeterminechangeinbody'smotionasaconsequenceofresultantforce1)Theimageshowstheforcesactingonablock.Thelengthofthearrowshowsthestrengthoftheforceandthedirectionofthearrowshowsthedirectionofapplicationoftheforce

110

Whatisthedirectionoftheresultantforce?

(a)upwards

(b)downwards

(c)towardsleft

(d)towardsright


2)Aforceof10Nisactingonablocktowardstheleft,iftheforceof15Nisactingtowardstheright.Howmuchnetforceisactingontheobject?

(a)5Ntowardsleft

(b)5Ntowardsright

(c)25Ntowardsleft

(d)25Ntowardsright


LOB:Determinetheimpactoffrictionalforceonthemotionofanobject.1)Ablockisatrestonatable.Agirlappliesaforcetowardstheright.Theappliedforceisequaltothefrictionalforcebetweenblockandthesurface.Whatwillhappentotheblock?

(a)itstartsrotating

(b)itdoesnotmove

(c)itwillstartslidingtowardsleft

(d)itwillstartslidingtowardsright

111


2)TwoboysXandYpushablockindirectionsshownintheimage.

Iftheboxstartsmovingtowardstheleft,whatwillbethedirectionofthefrictionalforceactingontheblock?

(a)downwardtotheground

(b)upwardstowardstheblock

(c)oppositetotheforceappliedbyX

(d)oppositetotheforceappliedbyY


LOB:IdentifyexamplesandsituationsthatillustratetheuseofNewton’sfirstLawofmotionandInertia.1)WhichofthegivenexamplecanbeillustratedusingtheNewton’sfirstlawofmotion?

(a)rowingofboat

(b)rocketpropulsion

(c)wearingaseatbeltinacar

(d)releasinganarrowfrombow


2)Atennisballandabowlingballarekickedwiththesameforce;whichoptionrelatesthedistancetravelledbytheballstotheinertiaoftheballs?

(a)tennisballmovesfartherthanbowlingballbecauseithaslessinertia

(b)tennisballmovesfartherthanbowlingballbecauseithashighinertia

(c)bowlingballmovesfartherthantennisballbecauseithaslessinertia

(d)bowlingballmovesfartherthantennisballbecauseithashighinertia

112


LOB:Calculatethemomentumofobjectswhentwobodiescollide.1)Aballof150gishitwithabat;theballstartstravellingwithavelocityof3m/s.Whatisthemomentumoftheball?

(a)0.05kgm/s

(b)0.45kgm/s

(c)50kgm/s

(d)450kgm/s


2)Abulletofmass0.020kgisfired;itstrikesthewoodenblockof0.50kgandsticksinit.Thebulletandwoodenblockmoveofftogetherwithavelocityof100m/s.Whatisthemomentumofthebulletwithwoodenblock?

(a)2kgm/s

(b)50kgm/s

(c)52kgm/s

(d)70kgm/s


LOB:ApplyNewton'sSecondLawofMotionandcalculaterateofchangeofmomentuminobjects.1)Amarbleofmass“m”atrestispushedwithforce“F”,itstartstravellingwithvelocity“v”intime“t”.Whichoptioncorrectlyrelatestheforcewithchangeinmomentum?(a)F=(mv.t)

(b)F=(mv/t)

(c)F=(move)/t

(d)F=(move/t)


2)Theimageshowstheforcesactingonthecar.

113

Whichoptiondefinesthestateofthecar?

(a)carisatrest

(b)carisaccelerating

(c)carisslowingdown

(d)carismovingwithaconstantvelocity


LOB:InterpretSIunitofforceanduseformulastocalculatemassofanobject.

1)TheSIunitforforcedoesnotcontainwhichofthefollowingphysicalquantitates?

(a)Quantity

(b)Length

(c)Time

(d)Luminosity


1)Earthpullsobjectstowardsitduetogravity.Iftheforceappliedbytheearthonanappleis100Newtons,whatisthemassoftheapple,giventheaccelerationthatappleundergoesis10m/s2?

(a)5

(b)10

(c)15

(d)20


LOB:IllustrateNewton'sThirdLawofMotion.1)Acricketballstrikesthewall;whichoptionshowsthecorrectpairofforcesactingontheball?

72

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)


2)AblockXofmass“m”strikesanotherblockYofmass“2m”.BoththeblockscollideandatpointofcollisiontheblockXexertstheforceof10NtoblockY.WhatwillbethesizeanddirectionoftheforceexertedbyblockY?

(a)10N,inthesamedirectionofforceofblockX

(b)20N,inthesamedirectionofforceofblockX

(c)10N,oppositetothedirectionofforceofblockX

(d)20N,oppositetothedirectionofforceofblockX


LOB:IdentifysituationsthatdemonstratetheapplicationofNewton’sthirdLawofMotion.

1)Accordingtothethirdlawofmotion,everyobjectacteduponbyanexternalforceappliesanequalforceinoppositedirection.Whichofthefollowingphenomenonisbestdescribedbythislaw?

73

(a)Recoilwhenagunisfired

(b)Enginethrustproducedbyrockets

(c)Anapplekeptonthedeskmotionless

(d)Alloftheabove


2)Apersonpushesarock,R1,totherightwhilepushinganotherrock,R2,thatisheavierthanR1.ThetotalmassofR2isthreetimesthetotalmassofR1.Ifthepersonispushingwithenoughforcethatthetworocksacceleratetotheright,whatcanbesaidforsureaboutthemagnitudesoftheforcesontherocks?

(a)TheforceonR2exertedbyR1islargerinmagnitudethantheforceonR1exerted

byR2(b)TheforceonCart2exertedbyCart1issmallerinmagnitudethantheforceonCart

1exertedbyCart2.(c)TheforceonCart2exertedbyCart1isequalinmagnitudetotheforceonCart1

exertedbyCart2(d)TheforceonCart2exertedbyCart1couldbelargerorsmallerdependingonthe

sizeoftheacceleration.CorrectAnswer:Option(c)

LOB0:Calculatemomentumofbodiesbeforeandafteracollision(whennoexternalforceisapplied),andthusapplyandderivelawofconservationofmomentum

74

1)ABallAofmassm1travellingwithavelocityu1collideswithanotherBallBofmassm2atrest.AftercollisionthevelocityofBallAchangestov1andvelocityofBallBchangestov2.Ifthemomentumisconserved,whichoptioncorrectlyrelatesthemomentumbeforeandafterthecollision?

(a)(𝑚4. 𝑢4) +(𝑚4. 𝑣4) = (𝑚5. 𝑣5)

(b)(𝑚4. 𝑢4) = (𝑚4. 𝑣4) +(𝑚5. 𝑣5)

(c)(𝑚5. 𝑣5) − (𝑚4. 𝑢4) = (𝑚4. 𝑣4)

(d)(𝑚4. 𝑢4) = (𝑚4. 𝑣4) −(𝑚5. 𝑣5)


2)Aboyofmass40kgjumpsoutofaboatof200kgonthebank,withavelocityof2m/s.Ifthemomentumisconserved.Withwhatvelocitytheboatwillmovebackwards?

(a)0.4m/s

(b)0.8m/s

(c)5m/s

(d)10m/s


Objective ExplainNewton'sFirstLawofMotion&Inertiainordertodetermineif

abodywillchangeitsstateofmotionorrest

Prerequisite Familiarwiththeconceptofmotionandrest.

MaterialRequired

1Potato,and1straw

Vocabulary Property,Inertia


Activity 1

75

Procedure 1. Takeamediumstiffstraw,pressithardonthepotatoandwriteyourobservation.

2. Nowshutthetopendwiththumb,hitithardonthepotatoandagainwriteyourobservation.

ReflectionQuestions

1. Whatdoyouobserveinbothcases?2. Inwhichcase,doesstrawpierceintopotato?Why?3. Whycouldn’titpierceintopotatointhefirstcase?


1. One'sbodymovementtothesidewhenacarmakesasharpturn2. Youfallintheforwarddirectionwhenamovingbusbrakestoa

stop.

Beyondtheclassroom

Explainwhysomeoftheleavesmaygetdetachedfromatreeifwevigorouslyshakeitsbranch?

Materialrequired Ballpenrefill,smallplasticbottle,4bottlelid,1flexiblestraw,cycle

spoke,piecesofrubber,rubberband,glueandballoon.

Procedure 1. Makefourholesinabottle.weavecutcyclespokesthroughthemtomakewheelaxles.

2. Makeholesinbottlelidstomakewheels.3. Maketwoholesinthebottle.oneonthebaseandtheotheronthe

top.4. Attachaballoontothestrawwitharubberband.5. Inflatetheballoonandclosetheendofthestrawwithyourthumb.6. Whenyouplaceitonasmoothfloorthecarwillshootforwards.

Activity 2

76

Reflectionquestion

1. Whatmadethecarmoveforward?2. WhichlawofNewtonisused?

77

10.Gravitation



Prerequisite Explainsituationsthatareincoherencewithconceptsofmotion,lawsofmotionandInertia.

IntroductiontoGravitation

Demonstrateaclearunderstandingofgravitationalforce.Explaintheroleofcentripetalforceinlifesituations.RelateNewton’sthirdlawofmotionandgravitationalforcetoexplainthemotionofbodies.

UniversalLawofGravitation Calculategravitationalforceanditsimpactonobjects.

FreeFall

Estimatetheaccelerationduetogravityactingonabody.RelatechangeinaccelerationduetogravitytoEarth'sshapeandweightofobjects.Calculatethemagnitudeofaccelerationatdifferentpointsonthepathwhentheobjectisinmotion.Interprettherelationbetweenuniversalconstantandaccelerationduetogravity.

Mass&Weight Assesstheforceofgravitationexertedandcomputemassofanobjectonearthandmoon.

ThrustandPressure Differentiatebetweenthrustandpressure.

PressureinFluids

Examinetheimpactofbuoyantforcetodetermineifanobjectwillsinkorfloatinwater.Calculatebuoyantforceactingonabodyanddetermineitsimpact.

78



Differentiatebetweenthrustandpressure.


Examinetheimpactofbuoyantforcetodetermineifanobjectwillsinkorfloatinwater.


Explaintheroleofcentripetalforceinlifesituations.


RelateNewton’sthirdlawofmotionandgravitationalforcetoexplainthemotionofbodies.

Calculategravitationalforceanditsimpactonobjects.


Estimatetheaccelerationduetogravityactingonabody.

Calculatebuoyantforceactingonabodyanddetermineitsimpact.

79

RelatechangeinaccelerationduetogravitytoEarth'sshapeandweightofobjects. Applies learning to hypothetical situations, such as

weight of an object at moon, weight of an object at equator and poles, life on other planets, etc.Assesstheforceofgravitation

exertedandcomputemassofanobjectonearthandmoon.Calculatethemagnitudeofaccelerationatdifferentpointsonthepathwhentheobjectisinmotion.


Interprettherelationbetweenuniversalconstantandaccelerationduetogravity.

Demonstrateaclearunderstandingofgravitationalforce.


80

LOB:Explainsituationsthatareincoherencewithconceptsofmotion,lawsofmotionandInertia.

QuestionText:

1)WhichlawofmotionexplainstheoccurrenceoftidesduetothegravitationalpulloftheMoonandtheSun?

(a)Newton’sthirdlawofmotion,astheirgravitationalpullaffectsthemotionofEarth.

(b)Newton’sfirstlawofmotion,astheirgravitationalpullchangestheshapeofEarth.

(c)Newton’sthirdlawofmotion,astheirgravitationalpullisbalancedbytheweightofoceanwater.

(d)Newton’ssecondlawofmotion,astheirgravitationalpullisuniformlyappliedontheEarth’soceans.


2)Theimageshowsatwoblocksofmassm1andm2onwoodenplank,whichispivotedatitscenter.Theweightsarer1andr2distancesapartfromthepointofpivot.

Underwhatconditiondotheweightsgetbalancedonthewoodenplank?

(a)Whenm1<m2andr1=r2.

(b)Whenm1<m2andr1<r2.

(c)Whenm1>m2andr1>r2.

(d)Whenm1=m2andr1=r2.


Test items

81

LOB:Demonstrateaclearunderstandingofgravitationalforce.1)“Anapplefallsfromitstreeontotheground”.Whatdoesittellaboutthenatureofgravitationalforce?

(a)Itisarepulsiveforce,whichactsatgreaterheights.

(b)Itisarepulsiveforce,whichisindependentofheight.

(c)Itisanattractiveforce,whichactsatgreaterheights.

(d)Itisanattractiveforce,whichisindependentofheight.


2)Aballisdroppedfromaheightandthedistancecoveredbytheballeachsecondisrecorded.Theimageshowsthedistancetheballcoverseachsecond.

WhatcanbeunderstoodabouttheeffectofgravitationalforceofEarthontheball?

(a)Itcausestheballtodecreaseitsspeedoffall.

(b)Itcausestheballtofallwithaconstantspeed.

(c)Itincreasesthedistancecoveredbytheballwitheverypassingsecond.

(d)Itdecreasesthedistancecoveredbytheballwitheverypassingsecond.


82

LOB:Explaintheroleofcentripetalforceinlifesituations.1)Astudentplacesastoneonaslingandmovesitincircularmotion,asshown.

Inwhichdirectiondoesthecentripetalforceactonthestone?(a)Itactstowardsthehand.

(b)Itactstowardstheground.

(c)Itactstangentialtothecircularmotionofstone.

(d)Itactsinthedirectionoppositetothedirectionofmotion.


2)TheimageshowstherevolutionofMoonaroundtheEarth.

WhatistruefortheforcewhichkeepsMooninitsorbitaroundtheEarth?

(a)ItchangesthedistanceandvelocityofMoonateverypointonitsorbit.

(b)ItchangesthedirectionanddistanceofMoonateverypointonitsorbit.

(c)ItchangesthedirectionandvelocityofMoonateverypointonitsorbit.

83

(d)ItchangesthespeedofrotationanddirectionofMoonateverypointonitsorbit.


LOB:RelateNewton’sthirdlawofmotionandgravitationalforcetoexplainthemotionofbodies.1)TheimageshowsamodelofEarthwithmassm1anditsmoonwithmassm2.

Basedonthemodel,whatshouldbethemagnitudeofforcesF1andF2inaccordancewiththeNewton’sthirdlawofmotion?

(a)F1=F2

(b)F1>F2

(c)F1<F2

(d)F1=-F2


2)TheimageshowsEarthwithitsMoon.

ThemassofEarthism1andthatofMoonism2.Theyareseparatedbydistance,r.WhichstatementisinaccordancewiththeNewton’sthirdlawofmotion?

(a)TheaccelerationduetogravityonEarthisequaltothatonMoon.

(b)TheaccelerationduetogravityonEarthisgreaterthanthatonMoon.

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(c)GravitationalforceduetotheEarthonMoonisequaltothatduetoMoonontheEarth.

(d)GravitationalforceduetotheEarthonMoonisgreaterthanthatduetoMoonontheEarth.


LOB:Calculategravitationalforceanditsimpactonobjects.1)ThemagnitudeofgravitationalforcebetweentwoobjectsisF.Whatchangewillincreasethemagnitudeofgravitationalforcebythreetimestheoriginalmagnitude?

(a)distancebetweentheobjectsisincreasedbyhalfoftheoriginaldistance

(b)distancebetweentheobjectsisdecreasedbyhalfoftheoriginaldistance

(c)distancebetweentheobjectsisdecreasedbyone-thirdoftheoriginaldistance

(d)distancebetweentheobjectsisincreasedbyone-thirdoftheoriginaldistance


2)Theimageshowstwoobjectsofmass,m1andm2separatedbydistance,r.

Ifm1is10kg,m2is100kg,andris10m,whatistheamountofgravitationalforce,Fbetweenthem?(UsethevalueofGas6.673x10-11m3kg-1s-2)

(a)6.673x10-9N

(b)6.673x10-10N

(c)6.673x10-11N

(d)6.673x10-12N


85

LOB:Estimatetheaccelerationduetogravityactingonabody1)Anobjecthasamassof163kg.Whentheobjectiskeptonaweighingscale,itexertsaforceof1.597x103N.Whatisthevalueofaccelerationduetogravity?(a)9.8ms2

(b)9.8ms-2

(c)9.8x102ms-2

(d)9.8x10-2ms2


2)Ifthemassofaplanetis6x1026kganditsradiusis6.4x103km,whatistheestimatedaccelerationduetogravityonthesurfaceoftheplanet?

(a)9.8ms-2

(b)9.8ms2

(c)9.8x102ms-2

(d)9.8x102ms2


LOB:RelatechangeinaccelerationduetogravitytoEarth'sshapeandweightofobjects.1)TheimageshowstheshapeofEarth.

WhichpointonthesurfaceoftheEarthexperiencesgreateraccelerationduetogravity?

86

(a)P

(b)Q

(c)R

(d)S


2)TheimageshowsthedistancesofpointsPandQfromtheEarth’scenter.

IfrQ>rP,howwouldtheaccelerationduetogravity(g)andweightofanobject(W)compareatthesetwopoints?

(a)gP>gQandWP>WQ

(b)gP<gQandWP<WQ

(c)gP>gQandWP<WQ

(d)gP<gQandWP>WQ


87

LOB:Calculatethemagnitudeofaccelerationatdifferentpointsonthepathwhentheobjectisinmotion.1)Aballisthrownverticallyupwardsasshown.

Theballreachesaheight,H.Whatistheacceleration,aoftheballatpointP?

(a)a=g

(b)a=-g

(c)a>g

(d)a=0


2)Theimageshowsthepathofaball.

Atwhichpoint,doestheverticalcomponentofaccelerationoftheballhasanegativemagnitude?

(a)P

(b)Q

88

(c)R

(d)S


LOB:Interprettherelationbetweenuniversalconstantandaccelerationduetogravity.

1)WhichofthefollowingistrueabouttheSIunitofuniversalconstantduetogravityandtheaccelerationduetogravity:

(a)bothhavesameSIunit

(b)universalconstantdoesnothaveanSIunit

(c)accelerationduetogravitydoesnothaveanSIunit

(d)BothuniversalconstantandaccelerationduetogravitydoesnothaveanSIunit


2)Theaccelerationduetotheforceappliedbym1onm2inthebelowgivenconfigurationcanberepresentedby:

(a)𝐺 !!""

(b)𝐺 !"""

(b)𝐺 !!#!"""

(d)$""


177

LOB:Assesstheforceofgravitationexertedandcomputemassofanobjectonearthandmoon.1)ThegravityonMoonisapproximatelyone-sixththatonEarth.Ifanobjectweighs100NonEarth,howmuchwoulditweighonMoon?

(a)2.77N

(b)16.67N

(c)33.33N

(d)83.33N


2)Anobjectof5kgmasshasaweightof8.15NonMoon.Howmuchwouldanobjectof8kgmassweighonMoon?

(a)11.15N

(b)13.04N

(c)49.00N

(d)78.40N


LOB:Differentiatebetweenthrustandpressure.1)Whatistrueforthrustandpressure?(a)Pressurevarieswitharea,whilethrustremainsconstant.

(b)Thrustvarieswitharea,whilepressureremainsconstant.

(c)Magnitudeofthrustisalwaysgreaterthanthatofpressure.

(d)Magnitudeofpressureisalwaysgreaterthanthatofthrust.


2)Theimageshowsablockofwoodwithheight2cm,width2cm,andlength5cmkeptintwodifferentorientationsonatable.

178

Howdoesthethrustandpressureappliedbytheblockontothetablevaryinthesetwoorientations?

(a)Thrustof50Nremainssame,whilepressureinorientationAis5N/cm2andinorientationBis12.5N/cm2.

(b)Thrustof50Nremainssame,whilepressureinorientationAis12.5N/cm2andinorientationBis5N/cm2.

(c)Pressureof50Nremainssame,whilethrustinorientationAis5N/m2andinorientationBis12.5N/m2.

(d)Pressureof50Nremainssame,whilethrustinorientationAis12.5N/m2andinorientationBis5N/m2.


LOB:Examinetheimpactofbuoyantforcetodetermineifanobjectwillsinkorfloatinwater.

1)Whydoesashipmadeofsteelfloats,whileaslabofsteelsinksinwater?

(a)Shiphaslowerdensitythanthatofaslabofsteel.

(b)Shiphaslowermassthanthatofaslabofsteel.

(c)Shiphasgreatervolumethanthatofaslabofsteel.

(d)Shiphasthinnersurfacethanthatofaslabofsteel.


179

2)Theimageshowstheforcesactingonthecorkfloatingonwater.

Whatchangecausesthesinkingofcork?

(a)increaseintheproductofdensityandvolumeofcork

(b)increaseintheproductofvolumeofwateranddensityofcork

(c)decreaseintheproductofmassofcorkandaccelerationduetogravity

(d)decreaseintheproductofdensityofwaterandaccelerationduetogravity


LOB:Calculatebuoyantforceactingonabodyanddetermineitsimpact.

1)Anobjectoflength3m,width1m,andthickness1misimmersedinwater.Itdisplaces2Lofwater.Howmuchbuoyantforceisactingontheobject?(g=10ms-2)

(a)6N

(b)20N

(c)30N

(d)60N


2)Anobjectofmass2kgisimmersedinatankcontaining98Lofwater.Thebuoyantforceactingontheobjectis19.60N.Howmanylitersofwatergetsdisplacedbytheobject?

(a)3.92L

(b)2.00L

(c)1.96L

(d)1.00L


177

Objective Analysebuoyancyandforcesactingonabodyinfluidinordertojudgeifan

objectwillsinkorfloat

Prerequisite Familiarwithmass,weight,volume,fluidandthrust

MaterialRequired

2stonesofdifferentweights,2transparentglasses,thread,bicyclespoke.

Vocabulary Upthrust,buoyantforces,buoyancy,displace.

Procedure 1. Taketwostonesofdifferentweightsandattachthemwithbicyclespokewiththehelpofthread.

2. Take2glassesfilledwithwater.3. Balancedthestonesinairasshowninpicture.4. Puttheminglassesfilledwithwater.

Let’sthink 1. Arethestonesstillbalancedinwater?2. Whichstonegetsmorepushfrombelow?3. Whatfactorsareresponsibleforit?


Activity 1

178


Duetobuoyancythefish,humanswimmers,icebergs,andshipsstayafloat.

Beyondtheclassroom

Ifwetaketwoballsofthesameweightbutdifferentvolumes,whichonewillfloat?

Activity Understandingmotionofaconstrainedobject

Materialrequired

Aplasticbottle,1steelnuts,2rubberbands,scissors

Procedure 1. Takeaplasticbottleandmakeaholeinthecapofthebottle.2. Tiecyclenutstooneendoftherubberbands.Tietheirotherendsto

abottlelid.3. Hangbothnutsfromtherimofplasticbottleasshownanddropthe

halfbottlefromaheight.4. Askafriendtocatchit.

Reflectionquestion

1. Whathappenedtothenutswhenyoudroppedthebottle?2. Whatisthereasonbehindit?

Activity 2

179

11.WorkandEnergy



Workdonebyaconstantforce

Judgesituationstoidentifywhereworkisdoneaccordingtoscientificconceptionandcalculatethemagnitudeofwork.Calculatethetotalworkdoneonanobjectwhenforceisappliedinvarieddirectionsanddetermineitsnature.

Energy Comprehendenergyandcalculatetheamountofworkanobjectiscapableofdoing.

FormsofEnergy

Relatekineticenergytomotionandcalculatekineticenergypossessedbytheobjects.Comprehendenergytransferandwriteanexpressionforthekineticenergyofanobject.Relatepotentialenergytopositionandcalculatepotentialenergypossessedbytheobjects.

LawofconservationofEnergy

Generalisethelawofconservationofenergytosituationsofenergytransferandcalculatethetotalenergyofanobject.Calculatepowerandassesstheefficiencyofworkdone.

Rateofdoingwork Getconversantwithcommercialunitofenergy.CommercialUnitofEnergy

Calculatetotalenergyconsumptionanddeterminetotalcostinhouseholdsandindustries.

180



Calculatethetotalworkdoneonanobjectwhenforceisappliedinvarieddirectionsanddetermineitsnature


Generalisethelawofconservationofenergytosituationsofenergytransferandcalculatethetotalenergyofanobject

CalculatepowerandassesstheefficiencyofworkdoneGetconversantwithcommercialunitofenergy

Calculatetotalenergyconsumptionanddeterminetotalcostinhouseholdsandindustries

Comprehendenergyandcalculatetheamountofworkanobjectiscapableofdoing

Calculatepowerandassesstheefficiencyofworkdone


Getconversantwithcommercialunitofenergy

Relatepotentialenergytopositionandcalculatepotentialenergypossessedbytheobjects


ComprehendenergytransferandwriteanexpressionforthekineticenergyofanobjectJudgesituationstoidentifywhereworkisdoneaccordingtoscientificconceptionandcalculatethemagnitudeofwork


Comprehendenergyandcalculatetheamountofworkanobjectiscapableofdoing

181

Relatekineticenergytomotionandcalculatekineticenergypossessedbytheobjects

Relatepotentialenergytopositionandcalculatepotentialenergypossessedbytheobjects

LOB:Judgesituationstoidentifywhereworkisdoneaccordingtoscientificconceptionandcalculatethemagnitudeofwork.1)Whichoftheseisanexampleofscientificworkdone?

(a)Standingwithaloadof2kgontheheadfor5minutes

(b)Playingvideogameswhensittingonasofa

(c)Sittingonachairandreadingabook

(d)Climbingstairsofabridge


2)Aforceof20Nactsonanobject.Itcausesadisplacementof500cminthedirectionofforce.WhatwouldbetheworkdoneinNmontheobject?

(a)1000

(b)100

(c)25

(d)4


LOB:Calculatethetotalworkdoneonanobjectwhenforceisappliedinvarieddirectionsanddetermineitsnature

Test items

182

1)Aboypushesalawnmowertoatotaldistanceof125moverthegrasswithaforceof60Ndirectedhorizontally.Howmuchworkisdoneinjoulesbytheboy?

(a)+7500

(b)-7500

(c)+2.03

(d)-2.03


2)Anobjectismovingwithauniformvelocityalongaparticulardirection.Aretardingforceof5N,isappliedinthedirectionasshown.

Theobjectstopsafteradisplacementof5m.Whatistheworkdonebytheretardingforce?

(a)-5J

(b)-25J

(c)5J

(d)25J


LOB:Comprehendenergyandcalculatetheamountofworkanobjectiscapableofdoing.1)Anobjectofmass25kgisataheightof8mabovetheground.Howmuchworkisthisobjectcapableofdoing?Giveng=9.8ms–2.

(a)1960J

183

(b)2000J

(c)19600J

(d)20000J


2)Thekineticenergyofanobjectweighing10kgmovingwithavelocityof5m/sis125J.Whatisthemaximumamountofworkthatcanbedonebytheobject?

(a)5J

(b)10J

(c)125J

(d)1250J


LOB:Relatekineticenergytomotionandcalculatekineticenergypossessedbytheobjects.1)Whatwouldbethekineticenergypossessedbyanobjectofmass,‘2𝑚’andmovingwithauniformvelocity,‘𝑣’?

(a)45𝑚𝑣5

(b)𝑚𝑣5

(c)2𝑚𝑣5

(d)4𝑚𝑣5


2)Acarweighing500kgismovingwithauniformvelocityof15m/s.Whatisthekineticenergypossessedbythecar?

(a)56.250kJ

(b)112.500kJ

184

(c)56250kJ

(d)112500kJ


LOB:Comprehendenergytransferandwriteanexpressionforthekineticenergyofanobject

1)Anobjectofmass200gmovingwithvelocity50m/s.Whatisitskineticenergy?

(a)2.1×105J(b)2.0×105J(c)2.8×105J(d)2.5×105J


2)Aparticleisthrownupwardwithsomekineticenergy.Whathappenedtoitskineticenergyatthehighestpointorheightitreaches?

(a)Itskineticenergyislost;(b)It’sallkineticenergyisabsorbedbytheair;(c)Itskineticenergyisconvertedtopotentialenergy;(d)Itskineticenergyisremainsame;


LOB:Relatepotentialenergytopositionandcalculatepotentialenergypossessedbytheobjects.1)Anobjectofmass‘𝑥’kgisplacedonthesurfaceofEarth.Whatistheenergypossessedbytheobjectbythevirtueofitsposition?Giveng=9.8m/s.

(a)−9.8𝑥J

(b)0J

(c)9.8𝑥J

185

(d)65J


2)Comparetheenergypossessedbythevirtueofpositionforthe2bodiesshownbelow.

(a)Byvirtueoftheirpositions,theenergypossessedbybodyAishalftheenergypossessedbybodyB.

(b)Byvirtueoftheirpositions,theenergypossessedbybodyAistwicetheenergypossessedbybodyB.

(c)Byvirtueoftheirpositions,theenergypossessedbybodyAis4timestheenergypossessedbybodyB.

(d)Byvirtueoftheirpositions,theenergypossessedbybothBodyAandBodyBisthesame.


LOB:Generalisethelawofconservationofenergytosituationsofenergytransferandcalculatethetotalenergyofanobject.1)A50kgskydiverjumpsfromaheightof20m.Whatwouldbehiskineticandpotentialenergieswhenheishalfwaydown?Assumeg=10m/s.

(a)KE=5,000J;PE=5,000J

186

(b)KE=0J;PE=10,000J

(c)KE=10,000J;PE=0J

(d)KE=10,000J;PE=10,000J


2)Refertotheimagebelow.

WhichoptioncorrectlycomparestheKEandPEoftheballinthestagesA,BandC?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

187


LOB:Calculatepowerandassesstheefficiencyofworkdone.1)Thepowerexpendedby4personstodoataskisshowninthetablebelow.

Whoperformedthetaskmostefficiently?

(a)A

(b)B

(c)C

(d)D


2)Amanofmassis60kgclimbsup50stepsofastairin2minutes.Ifeachstepis20cmhigh,calculatethepowerusedinclimbingthestairs.[Giveng=10m/s2]

(a)50W

(b)250W

(c)3000W

(d)6000W


188

LOB:Getconversantwithcommercialunitofenergy1)Amachinedoaworkof100joulein20second.Whatisitspower?(a)20watt(b)80watt(c)5watt(d)2000watt


2)WhichofthefollowingisequalwithNewton-meter?

(a)Joule

(b)HorsePower

(c)Watt

(d)Pascal


LOB:Calculatetotalenergyconsumptionanddeterminetotalcostinhouseholdsandindustries1)Afactoryhaseightmachinesof1200Weach.Ifeachmachinerunsfor10hoursaday,findthecostofelectricalunits’consumptionperdayiftherateperunitis4.00rupees?

(a)96rupees

(b)120rupees

(c)384rupees

(d)3840rupees


2)Ahouseholdhasfourbulbsof100Weach.Ifthebulbsoperatefor10hoursdaily,findthemonthlyexpenditureincurred?(Costof1unit=2.50rupees)

(a)Rs75

(b)Rs250

(c)Rs300

(d)Rs2500


189

Objective Recallthedefinitionpotentialenergy,inordertocomputeenergy

containedinabodybyvirtueofitsposition.

Prerequisite Work,workdone,energy,therelationshipbetweenworkdoneandenergy.

MaterialRequired

1Plasticbottle,rubberbands,nut,scissors,matchsticks

Vocabulary KineticEnergy,potentialenergy,mechanicalenergy.

Procedure 1. Makeaholeinthebottlelidandalsoinitsbase.2. Slipalongrubberbandinaheavyhex-nutandtieaknot.3. Cutaslitinthebottletoslipinthehexnutandrubberband.

Attachtheleftendoftherubberbandwithamatchsticktothelid.Pulltheotherendandfixittothebaseofthebottlewithamatchstick.Letthenutbehanging.

4. Rollthebottleontheground.


Activity 1

190

ReflectionQuestions

1. Whatdidyouobserve?2. Whydidbottlecomeback?3. Whatistherelationbetweenpotentialenergyandkinetic

energy?


1. Runningwaterhaskineticenergyanditisusedtorunwatermills.MovingairhasK.Eandisusedtoderivewindmills.

2. Waterthatisbehindadamhaspotentialenergy.

Beyondtheclassroom

Giveanexampleinwhichabodypossessesbothkineticenergyandpotentialenergy.

Activity Potentialenergy

Materialrequired 1Nutandstring

Procedure 1. Takeanutandtieoneendofthestringaroundthenut.2. Suspendthenutintheairbyholdinganotherendofthestring.3. CaseA:Liftthenutintheairandleaveit.4. CaseB:Liftthenutalittlehigherhistimeandagainleaveit.

Reflectionquestion

1. Whichenergydidthenutpossesswhenliftedinair?2. Afterleavingthenut,inwhichenergyispotentialenergy

converted?3. Whydiditslowdownlater?4. InwhichcaseAorBnutstartedmovingfasterandwhy?

Activity 2

191

12.Sound



ProductionofSound Inferanddemonstratethatsoundisproducedduetovibrationofdifferentobjects.

PropagationofSound Generalisethatsoundtravelsassuccessivecompressionsandrarefactionsinthemedium.

CharacteristicsofaSoundwave

Relatefrequency,amplitudeandspeedofasoundwavetodetermineitsloudnessandfrequency.Interpretthegraphicalrepresentationofsoundwavestodetermineitsfrequency,amplitude,andspeed.

Speedofsoundindifferentmedium

Relatepropertiesofthemediumthroughwhichsoundtravelstoitsspeed.

ReflectionofSound Examinethepathsofreflectionofsoundondifferentsurfaces.

Echo&Reverberation explainpropagationofsoundinamediumbasedontheirknowledgeofechoandreverberation.

Rangeofhearing Classifyaudiblerangeofsoundsofdifferentorganismsintoultraandinfrasounds.

ApplicationofUltrasound Demonstrateanunderstandingofapplicationofultrasoundwavesinmedical,defenceandotherfields.StructureofHumanEar Explaintheprocessofhearinginhumanbeings.

192



Generalisethatsoundtravelsassuccessivecompressionsandrarefactionsinthemedium.

·Explainsproperties/characteristicsinordertodifferentiatematerials/objects/organisms/phenomena/processes:(suchas,prokaryoteandeukaryote,plantcellandanimalcell,diffusionandosmosis,simpleandcomplextissues,distanceanddisplacement,speedandvelocity,balancedandunbalancedforces,element,compoundandmixture,solution,suspensionandcolloid,isobarsandisotopes,etc.)

Examinethepathsofreflectionofsoundondifferentsurfaces.


Inferanddemonstratethatsoundisproducedduetovibrationofdifferentobjects.


Relatefrequency,amplitudeandspeedofasoundwavetodetermineitsloudnessandfrequency.

Relatepropertiesofthemediumthroughwhichsoundtravelstoitsspeed.

explainpropagationofsoundinamediumbasedontheirknowledgeofechoandreverberation.

Classifyaudiblerangeofsoundsofdifferentorganismsintoultraandinfrasounds.

Explains processes and phenomena, such as function of different organelles, spread of diseases and their prevention, effect of force on the state of motion of objects, action and reaction, revolution of planets and satellites, conservation laws, principle of separation of

193

Explaintheprocessofhearinginhumanbeings.

different gases from air, melting / boiling / freezing, how bats use ultrasound to catch prey, etc.

Explaintheprocessofhearinginhumanbeings.


Interpretthegraphicalrepresentationofsoundwavestodetermineitsfrequency,amplitude,andspeed.


Demonstrateanunderstandingofapplicationofultrasoundwavesinmedical,defenceandotherfields.


explainpropagationofsoundinamediumbasedontheirknowledgeofechoandreverberation.

194

LOB:Inferanddemonstratethatsoundisproducedduetovibrationofdifferentobjects.1)Theimageshowsasetupconsistingofatuningforkandametallicballsuspendedusingathread.

Whathappenswhenthemetallicballhitsthetuningfork?

(a)Thetuningforkvibratestheballtoproducesound.

(b)Thetuningforkvibratesto-and-frotoproducesound.

(c)Thetuningforkgetsheatedbythecollisionoftheball.

(d)Thetuningforkgeneratesheatbythevibratingto-and-fro.


Test items

195

2)Astudentperformsanexperimentusingthesetupasshown.

Thetincaniscutopenfromitsbottomandarubbersheetisstretchedtocoverit.Asmallmirrorisgluedtotherubbersheet.Whatwouldhappentothecircularspotoflightonthewallwhenthestudentspeaksintotheopenendofthetincan?

(a)Thesoundproducedvibratestherubberdiaphragm,whichcausesthemovementofthelightspotonthewall.

(c)Thesoundproducedvibratesthesurfaceofthemirror,whichcausesachangeinthecolorofthelightspotonthewall.

(b)Thesoundproducedvibratestherubberdiaphragm,whichcausesthelightspottoappeardimduetothescatteringoflight.

(d)Thesoundproducedvibratesthewallsofthetincan,whichcausesthelightspottoappeardiffusedduetothescatteringoflight.


LOB:Generalisethatsoundtravelsassuccessivecompressionsandrarefactionsinthemedium1)Theimageshowsavibratingtuningforkproducingsoundintheair.

Whatcanbeinferredfromtheimage?

196

(a)Theairmoleculesmovedownwhentheprongsoftuningforkpushtheairandmoveupwhentheprongsoftuningforkmoveback.

(b)Theairmoleculesmoveupwhentheprongsoftuningforkpushtheairandmovedownwhentheprongsoftuningforkmoveback.

(c)Theairmoleculesdecompresswhentheprongsoftuningforkpushtheairandcompresswhentheprongsoftuningforkmoveback.

(d)Theairmoleculescompresswhentheprongsoftuningforkpushtheairanddecompresswhentheprongsoftuningforkmoveback.


2)Theimageshowsarubberdiaphragmkeptnearavibratingtuningfork.

Howwouldthetuningforkaffecttherubberdiaphragm?

(a)Therarifiedairfromthevibratingtuningforkcausesthediaphragmtovibrate,whilethecompressedaircausesnomovement.

(b)Thecompressedairfromthevibratingtuningforkcausesthediaphragmtovibrate,whiletherarifiedaircausesnomovement.

(c)Thecompressedairfromthevibratingtuningforkpushesthediaphragmtotherightandrarifiedairpullsthediaphragmtotheleft.

(d)Therarifiedairfromthevibratingtuningforkpushesthediaphragmtotherightandcompressedairpullsthediaphragmtotheleft.


197

LOB:Relatefrequency,amplitudeandspeedofasoundwavetodetermineitsloudnessandfrequency.1)Theimageshowsaspeakercausingdensityvariationinair.

Basedontheimage,whatcanbeinferredaboutthecharacteristicsofsoundwaves?

(a)Theareaoflowdensitydefinesthewavelengthofthesoundwave.

(b)Theareaofhighdensitydefinesthefrequencyofthesoundwave.

(c)Therateatwhichdensityvariationsoccurdefinesthefrequencyofthesoundwave.

(d)Therateatwhichpressurevarieswithdensityofairdefinesthewavelengthofthesoundwave.


2)Theimageshowsthewaveshapeoffourdifferentsound.

Whatistrueaboutthecharacteristicsofthesesounds?

198

(a)SoundwaveAhashigherfrequencythansoundwavesBandD.

(b)SoundwaveChashigheramplitudethansoundwavesAandD.

(c)SoundwavesAandBhavesamefrequencybutdifferentamplitudes.

(d)SoundwaveAhashigheramplitudeandfrequencythansoundwaveD.


LOB:Interpretthegraphicalrepresentationofsoundwavestodetermineitsfrequency,amplitude,andspeed.

1)Apianistisplayingseveralnoteswhichwasgraphedbyascientist.Thescientisthasbeentoldthattheloudestnoteshavethehighestamplitude.Amongthefollowingnotes,whichoneistheloudestnote:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

203


2)Belowisawaveformrepresentationofasoundwave.Whatistheamplitudeofthesoundwaverepresentedbelow?(Speedofthesound3.30x104m/s)

(a)2cm(b)4cm(c)8cm(d)10cmCorrectAnswer:Option(b)

LOB:Relatepropertiesofthemediumthroughwhichsoundtravelstoitsspeed.

1)Whichmediumwillhavesoundwavespropagatingatahigherspeed?

(a)Aliquidmediumat25°Ctemperature.

(b)Aliquidmediumat50°Ctemperature.

(c)Agaseousmediumat50°Ctemperature.

(d)Agaseousmediumat25°Ctemperature.


2)Thetablelistsspeedofsoundindifferentmedia.

204

Basedonthetable,whatcharacteristicsofthemediumaffectthespeedofsound?

(a)Increaseindensityofthemediumincreasesthespeedofsound.

(b)Decreaseindensityofthemediumincreasesthespeedofsound.

(c)Decreaseintemperatureofthemediumincreasesthespeedofsound.

(d)Increaseintemperatureofthemediumdecreasesthespeedofsound.


LOB:Examinethepathsofreflectionofsoundondifferentsurfaces.1)Theimageshowsreflectionofsoundbyapolishedwall.

Basedontheimage,whatcanbeinferredabouthowsoundreflectsoffthepolishedwall?

(a)Thereflectedsoundfollowsthepathoftheincidentsound.

205

(b)Theangleofincidence(i)isequaltotheangleofreflection(r).

(c)Theangleofincidence(i)issmallerthantheangleofreflection(r).

(d)Thereflectedsoundfollowsashorterpaththanthatoftheincidentsound.


2)Theimageshowsreflectionofsoundonthreedifferentsurfaces.

Basedontheimage,whatcanbeinferredabouthowreflectionofsoundisaffectedonthesesurfaces?

(a)Thescatteringofsoundincreaseswiththeincreasingroughnessofthesurface.

(b)Thescatteringofsounddecreaseswiththeincreasingroughnessofthesurface.

(c)Theangleofreflectionisgreaterthantheangleofincidenceintheroughsurface.

(d)Theangleofreflectionissmallerthantheangleofincidenceintheintermediatesurface.


LOB:explainpropagationofsoundinamediumbasedontheirknowledgeofechoandreverberation.

206

1)Theimageshowsreflectionofsoundbyawall

Whatchangewouldcausereverberationofthesound?

(a)Polishingthesurfaceofthewall.

(b)Erectingawallbehindthereceiver.

(c)Placingthesenderclosertothewall.

(d)Increasingthefrequencyoftheemittedsound.


2)Thesensationofsoundpersistsfor0.1secondsinourbrain.Asaresult,aclapnearatallbuildingcanbeheardagain.Atwhattemperatureoftheairwouldtheminimumdistancerequiredfordifferentiatingtheoriginalsoundofclapfromitsreflectionbethegreatest?

(a)0°C

(b)10°C

(c)20°C

(d)30°C


LOB:Classifyaudiblerangeofsoundsofdifferentorganismsintoultraandinfrasounds.

207

1)Peopleofoldagehavetroublehearingcertainfrequenciesofsound.Whichrangeoffrequenciesismostlyheardbythesepeople?

(a)10Hz–1,000Hz

(b)20Hz–10,000Hz

(c)9,500Hz–20,000Hz

(d)20,000Hz–22,000Hz


2)Theimageshowsthehearingrangesofvariousorganisms.

Basedontheimage,whichorganismhasabilitytohearinfrasound?

(a)bat

(b)cat

(c)dolphin

(d)elephant


LOB:Demonstrateanunderstandingofapplicationofultrasoundwavesinmedical,defenceandotherfields

208

1)Theimageshowstheuseofultrasoundwavesintreatmentofkidney.

Basedontheimage,whatistheadvantageofusingultrasoundwavestobreakthekidneystones?

(a)Itpreparesthekidneyforremovalofstonesbysurgery.

(b)Itpreventsthestonesfromformingagaininthekidneys.

(c)Ithelpsremovestonesfromthekidneywithoutanysurgery.

(d)Itsoftensthetissuesinthekidneystoallowforremovalofstones.


2)Theimageshowstheuseofultrasoundinaship.

Howdoestheshiplocatethesubmarineusingultrasoundwaves?

(a)Theshipmeasuresthetimetakenbythereflectedwavestodeterminethedistanceofthesubmarine.

209

(b)Theshipsensestheultrasoundwavespassivelyemittedbythesubmarinewhileitmovesneartheship.

(c)Theshipdetectstheamplitudeoftheultrasoundwaveswhichgetscatteredbythebodyofthesubmarinetodetermineitsdepth.

(d)Theshipmeasuresthechangeintheamplitudeoftheultrasoundwavesaftergettingreflectedbythesubmarinetodetermineitsdepth.


LOB:Explaintheprocessofhearinginhumanbeings1)Howdoesthehumanearsensethefluctuationsintheairpressureduetosound?(a)Thepinnacollectssoundfromthesurroundingandamplifiesthepressure

variations,whichgettransmittedtotheanvil.

(b)Theeardrumvibratesthebonesinsidethemiddleear,whichtransmitstheamplifiedpressurevariationstotheinnerear.

(c)Theeardrumvibratesthecochleainsidethemiddleear,whichtransmitstheamplifiedpressurevariationstotheinnerear.

(d)Thepinnacollectssoundfromthesurroundingsandconvertsitintoelectricalsignals,whicharesenttothebrainthroughtheauditorynerve.


2)Theimageshowsthediagramofhumanear.

Whichpartoftheearconvertsairpressurevariationsintoelectricalsignals?

(a)anvil

(b)stirrup

(c)cochlea

(d)auditorynerve


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Activity Understand'vibrations',inordertoexplainhowsoundisproduced.

MaterialRequired

Paper,glue,scissors

Vocabulary Vibration:Toandfromovement.Propagation:Spread

Procedure 1. Cutthepaperasshowninpicture.

2. Makearollofpaper.

3. Suckairoutthroughpaperroll.

Let’sthink 1. Didyouhearanysound?2. Willtherebeanysoundiftheattachedpieceofpaperdoesn’t

vibrate?3. Whatcanyousayaboutsoundfromaboveexperiment?


1. Beatingthedrum.2. Vocalcordvibratestoproduceasound.


Activity 1

211

Beyondtheclassroom

Ifyouandyourfriendareonthemoon,canyouhearyourfriend’svoice?

Activity Constructasimpletoytoshowthestructureofinnerear

Materialrequired Whitesheet,pencil,eraser,colours

Procedure 1. Drawastructureofearonwhitepaper.2. Colour,labelitandcutalongtheoutlineasshown.3. Makeverticaldottedlinesandfoldthestripasshowninpicture.4. Unfoldittoshowthesequencewhichsoundtakestotravelfrom

theoutereartoourbrain.

Reflectionquestion 1. Whatistheuseofthemiddleear?2. Inwhichformdoesourbrainreceivesignals?

Activity 2

212

13.WhydoWeFallIll?



HealthanditsfailureUnderstandtherequirementsforbeing'healthy',andthusdifferentiatebetweenhealthy,unhealthy&disease-freehumanbody

Diseaseanditscauses Infer'symptoms'and'signs'offallingill,inordertoidentifyadiseaseAcuteandchronicdisease

Identifyacuteandchronicdiseases,inordertodevelopabetterplanforrecovery

Causesandprecautionsofdiseases

Identifydifferentcauses/agentsforthediseasesinordertoprevent&curethem

MeansofSpread Predicthowadisease(communicable)spreadsinordertopreventitfromaffectingothers

Principlesoftreatment Identifycausesofadisease,anduseadequatemedicinesforcurePrinciplesofprevention

Tabulatedifferentwaysofpreventdiseases,inordertostayhealthy



Understandtherequirementsforbeing'healthy',andthusdifferentiatebetweenhealthy,unhealthy&disease-freehumanbody

Relates processes and phenomena with causes / effects, such as symptoms with diseases / causal agents, tissues with their functions, production with use of fertilizers, process of evaporation with cooling effect, various processes of separation with the physical and chemical properties of the substances,

Infer'symptoms'and'signs'offallingill,inordertoidentifyadisease

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Identifyacuteandchronicdiseases,inordertodevelopabetterplanforrecovery

production of sound with vibrations of source, etc.


Predicthowadisease(communicable)spreadsinordertopreventitfromaffectingothers


Identifycausesofadisease,anduseadequatemedicinesforcure

Tabulatedifferentwaysofpreventdiseases,inordertostayhealthy



Identifycausesofadisease,anduseadequatemedicinesforcure


214

LOB:Understandtherequirementsforbeing'healthy',andthusdifferentiatebetweenhealthy,unhealthy&disease-freehumanbody1)Whichexamplehighlightsgoodhealthforamusician?(a)Amusicianwhoselungshaveslowbreathingcapacitythatcancontrolthenotesofaflute.

(b)Amusicianwhoselungshavehighbreathingratethathelpsplayhighernotesonaflute

(c)Amusicianwhoselungshaveslowbreathingratethathelpsplayhighernotesonaflute.

(d)Amusicianwhoselungshaveenoughbreathingcapacitytocontrolthenotesofaflute.


2)Whichoptioncorrectlydifferentiatesbetweenhealthyanddisease-freehumanbody?

(a)

(b)

(c)

Test items

215

(d)


LOB:Infer'symptoms'and'signs'offallingill,inordertoidentifyadisease1)Howcanaphysicianpinpointoridentifyadiseaseafterknowingsomecommonsymptomsofapatient?

(a)byprescribingmedicationstothepatient

(b)byadmittingthepatientintothehospital

(c)byconformingthroughlaboratorytests

(d)bykeepingthepatientunderobservation


2)Thetableliststwopersonandrespectivediseasestheyaresufferingfrom.

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Whatisthecommonsymptomthatcanbefoundinboththeperson?

(a)jointpain

(b)headache

(c)constipation

(d)sensitivitytolight


LOB:Identifyacuteandchronicdiseases,inordertodevelopabetterplanforrecovery

1)Whichoptioncorrectlyclassifiesachronicdisease?

(a)Itcanreoccur.

(b)Itisincurable.

(c)Itcanlastforalongtime.

(d)Itcausesnoharmtothebodyorgans.


2)Raghavhascommonfluwhilehisgrandfatherhasasthma.Whichoptioncorrectlyclassifiesthetimeperiodforwhichthesediseaseswilllast?

(a)

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(b)

(c)

(d)

LOB:Identifydifferentcauses/agentsforthediseasesinordertoprevent&curethem1)Whatpreventiveactioncansaveapersonfromdiarrhea?

(a)takingantibioticsregularly

(b)doingregularexercise

(c)eatinghygienicfood

(d)goingforregularhealthcheckups


2)Whichgroupofdiseasesiscausedbyviruses?

(a)AIDS,skininfection,influenza

(b)AIDS,influenza,commoncold

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(c)Cholera,tuberculosis,AIDS

(d)Cholera,Anthrax,AIDS


LOB:Predicthowadisease(communicable)spreadsinordertopreventitfromaffectingothers1)Shikharhascholerafromlastweek.Whatcanshikardotopreventspreadofthediseasetoothermembersofhisfamily?(a)bydrinkingboiledwater

(b)bykeepinghisroomclean

(c)byeatinghealthyfooddaily

(d)byavoidingsharingofutensilsandfood


2)Whichdiseasecanbepreventedbyavoidingsexualcontactwithinfectedperson?

(a)commonflu

(b)syphilis

(c)diarrhea

(d)pneumonia


LOB:Identifycausesofadisease,anduseadequatemedicinesforcure1)Whichdiseasecanbetreatedbydrugsthatcankillprotozoa?(a)HIV

(b)malaria

(c)influenza

(d)typhoid


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2)Raviissufferingfromfoodpoisoning.Doctorhasprescribedhimtotakeantibioticsfor3days.Howantibioticshelpcurefoodpoisoning?

(a)Theyreactwithbacteriaandeliminatethemwithin2days.

(b)Theyreducethegrowthofbacteriabyalteringourbodysystem.

(c)Theyareconsumedbybacteriathatharmstheircellfunction.

(d)Theyblockthebacterialsynthesispathwaywithoutaffectingourown.


LOB:Tabulatedifferentwaysofpreventdiseases,inordertostayhealthy1)Howcanwepreventdiseasesthatarevectorborne?

(a)bytakingnutritionalsupplements

(b)bykeepingthesurroundingclean

(c)bydrinkinglesswater

(d)byimmunisation


2)Jaundiceisaviraldiseasethatistransmittedthroughwater.Whichvaccinationdowerequireinordertokeepourselvessafefromjaundiceandwhen?

(a)vaccineagainstmeasles,afterinfection

(b)vaccineagainsttetanus,by10-20yearsofage

(c)vaccineagainstrabies,afterfewweeksofinfection

(d)vaccineagainsthepatitisA,by5yearsofage


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Objective Infer'symptoms'and'signs'offallingill,inordertoidentifyadisease

Prerequisite Studentsshouldknowthedifferencebetweenhealthyanddisease-free.

MaterialRequired

Pen,paper.

Vocabulary Symptoms,signs,nauseas,dizziness,fatigue,inflammation,acuteandchronicdisease,antibiotics.

Procedure 1. Talktoneighborsinyourcommunityandaskaboutcommondiseasesandtheirsymptoms.

2. Meetalocaldoctorandaskthemaboutcommontreatmentofthesediseases.

3. Observethecollecteddataandclassifydiseasesonthebasisofcommunicable/non-communicable,acute/chronic,vectorbornediseases,congenitaletc.

ReflectionQuestions

1. Whatweresomecommondiseasesyoufoundinyourneighborhood?

2. Whataresomecommontreatmentsofthesediseases?3. Howmanyofthemactuallygotothedoctor?Isthedoctorcertified?


Diabetes,dengue,respiratorydiseasearesomecommondiseasesinIndia.AstudyreportedinWHO,conductedfortheNCMH(NationalCareOfMedicalHealth),statesthatatleast6.5percentoftheIndianpopulationsuffersfromsomeformofseriousmentaldisorder,withnodiscerniblerural-urbandifferences.

Beyondtheclassroom

Conductasurveyonchildren’sgeneralhealthofwellofffamiliesandpoorfamiliesonthebasisofparameterslikeWeight,height,livingenvironment,vaccination,andbalanceddiet.Also,collectnewsarticlesrelatedtoswineflu,Dengueandarrangeasawallmagazine.


Activity 1

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Activity Casestudy

Materialrequired

Printoutofcasestudy

Procedure Studentsreadthefollowingcasestudyinpairs/teachercanreaditaloud.Hariwasharvestingpotatoeswhenthedevastatingearthquakestruckon

25thApril2015.Herushedbacktofindhishouserazedtothegroundwith

hisparentsburiedunderthedebris.HisparentswererescuedbutHari

starteddisplayingsymptomsofPost-traumaticstressdisorder.“Ikept

hearingmyson’svoiceasifhewascallingforhelp,”recallsHari.Aswellas

experiencinghallucinations,hisbehaviourbecameirrational,convincedhe

wasgoingtolosehispieceoflandhewouldhidehisownershippapers.He

tooktodrinkingalcoholandroamedaimlesslywithoutsharingany

whereaboutstohisfamilylivinginatemporaryshelter.Hiswife,teenaged

sonanddaughterwatchedhelplesslyashekeptlivinganightmare.Hari

wasreferredtoaCBM-supportedemergencymentalhealthproject.Aftera

monthlysessionwithapsychiatrist,subsidisedmedicationandregular

homevisitsfromacounsellorhebegantorecoverfromthetraumaandis

workingonaconstructionsite.ThissupporthasalsohelpedHarirealise

thatheisnotaloneandhasnothingtobeashamedof:“Inowknowthat

therearemanyotherpeoplewhoarementallyaffectedduetotheimpactof

theearthquake.Iamalsoabletospeakinsocialgatherings,allowingmeto

sharemyfeelings.”

Theignorance,fear,misunderstandingandprejudicethatsurroundmental

illnessdeepentheseverityoftheillnessasindividualswithdrawfurther

fromtheworldaroundthem.Duetothestigmaassociatedwithmental

illness,alackofawareness,andlimitedaccesstoprofessionalhelp,only

10-12%ofthesesuffererswillseekhelp.

Activity 2

222

Reflectionquestion

1. Whyisitimportanttotalkaboutmentalhealth?2. Whatkindofprejudicesarethereinyourcommunity?3. Whatarethereasonsforrisingcasesofdepression,anxietyand

stressetc?4. Whatarethesignsandsymptomsofmentalillness?5. Howcanwetakecareofourmentalwellbeing?

223

14.NaturalResources



Introduction UnderstandandClassifytheresourcespresentonEarthandwaystosavetheminordertoprotectourplanet

Air Tabulatethecompositionofairaroundus&theirrole,inordertounderstandroleofatmosphereinclimatecontrol

Movementofair–winds Comprehendhowairmoves,inordertoexplainwinds

Rain Describemovementofwaterparticlesandheatingofland&waterinordertoexplainprocessofraining

Airpollution Enlistreasonsforairpollutioninordertopreventthemandkeepairclean

Water Listdownuses&distributionofwater,inordertoefficientlyuseitaroundtheworld

Waterpollution Listdownreasonsforwaterpollutioninordertopreventthemandkeepairclean

Mineralrichesinthesoil

ExplainwaysofsoilformationinordertounderstanddiversityoflifeElaboratecomponentsofsoilandtheirsignificanceinordertoimprovebiodiversityofanareaExplorereasonsforsoilerosion,inordertopreventthemandthusimproveflora

BiogeochemicalCycles

Describe&drawwatercycle,andthusexplainhowwaterreplenishesDescribe&drawnitrogencycle,inordertorealizepresenceofdifferentformsofnitrogeninoursurroundingsDescribe&drawcarboncycle,inordertorealizepresenceofdifferentformsofcarboninoursurroundingsandreducegreenhouseeffect

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Describe&drawoxygencycle,inordertorealizepresenceofdifferentformsofoxygeninoursurroundings

OzonelayerElaboratetheimportanceofozonelayeranddrawconclusionsoncausesforitsdepletion,andmeasurestopreventitsdepletion



UnderstandandClassifytheresourcespresentonEarthandwaystosavethem

inordertoprotectourplanet


Describemovementofwaterparticlesandheatingofland&waterinorderto

explainprocessofraining


Enlistreasonsforairpollutioninordertopreventthemandkeepairclean

Explainwaysofsoilformationinordertounderstanddiversityoflife

Explorereasonsforsoilerosion,inordertopreventthemandthus

improveflora

Elaboratetheimportanceofozonelayeranddrawconclusionsoncausesforitsdepletion,andmeasurestopreventits

depletion

225

Tabulatethecompositionofairaroundus&theirrole,inordertounderstandroleofatmosphereinclimatecontrol


Comprehendhowairmoves,inordertoexplainwinds

Listdownuses&distributionofwater,inordertoefficientlyuseitaroundthe

worldListdownreasonsforwaterpollutioninordertopreventthemandkeepair

cleanElaboratecomponentsofsoilandtheir

significanceinordertoimprovebiodiversityofanarea

Describe&drawwatercycle,andthusexplainhowwaterreplenishes


Describe&drawnitrogencycle,inordertorealizepresenceofdifferentformsofnitrogeninoursurroundings

Describe&drawcarboncycle,inordertorealizepresenceofdifferentformsofcarboninoursurroundingsandreduce

greenhouseeffect

Describe&drawoxygencycle,inordertorealizepresenceofdifferentformsof

oxygeninoursurroundings

Elaboratetheimportanceofozonelayeranddrawconclusionsoncausesforitsdepletion,andmeasurestopreventits

depletion

Applies learning to hypothetical situations, such as weight of an object at moon, weight of an object at equator and poles, life on other planets, etc.

226

LOB:UnderstandandClassifytheresourcespresentonEarthandwaystosavetheminordertoprotectourplanet1)WhichoftheseislikelytopollutetheresourcesofEarth?

(a)

(b)

(c)

Test items

227

(d)


2)ThetablelistfewdomainsofEarth.

Awatertreatmentplantinaregionhasbeensetupinaregiontocleanthesewageoftheindustries.WhichdomainsofEarthcanbeprotectedbythewatertreatmentplant?

(a)OnlyAtmosphere

(b)OnlyHydrosphere

(c)LithosphereandAtmosphere

(d)HydrosphereandLithosphere


228

LOB:Tabulatethecompositionofairaroundus&theirrole,inordertounderstandroleofatmosphereinclimatecontrol1)WhichoftheseimagesrepresentsthecorrectcompositionofaironEarth?

(a)

(b)

(c)

229

(d)


2)AstudentstudiesthatthoughEarthandMoonarealmostofsamedistancefromtheSun,temperatureoftheMoonvariesfrom-190°Cto110°C.ButtheaveragetemperatureonEarthisaround14°Cwhichissuitableforsupportinglife.WhathelpsEarthinmaintainingthistemperature?

(a)presenceofatmosphereonEarth

(b)presenceofrocksonEarthsurface

(c)occurrenceoflargenumberofwaterbodies

(d)occurrenceoftallbuildingsonEarthsurface


LOB:Comprehendhowairmoves,inordertoexplainwinds1)Whichofthisphenomenonisresponsibleforthemovementofair?

(a)revolutionofEarth

(b)unevenheatingofEarth

(c)waveactionintheoceans

(d)evenpressureonEarthsurface

230


2)Astudentstudiesthatduringdaytimeairmovesfromseatowardsthelandwhichisknownasseabreeze.

Whatcauseresultsinthisflowdirection?

(a)seawavescarrywindduringdaytime

(b)landmassabsorbsairduringthedaytime

(c)airalwaysmovesfromseatowardstheland

(d)theheatedairabovethelandmassrisesleavingvacancy


231

LOB:Describemovementofwaterparticlesandheatingofland&waterinordertoexplainprocessofraining1)Theimagerepresentsthewatercycle.

Whichoftheseprocessesdescribesthemovementofwatervapourfromwaterbodiestoformclouds?

(a)condensation

(b)evaporation

(c)precipitation

(d)surfacerunoff


2)Astudentstudiesthatduetosunlight,theairgetsheatedup.Thishotaircarrieswatervapouralongwithit.Healsostudiesthatthiswatervapourexpandsandcoolsasitrises.Whatcausesthewatervapourtoreturnasrainfall?

(a)infiltrationofwater

(b)surfacerunoffofthewater

(c)condensationofthewatervapour

(d)furtherexpansionofthewatervapour


232

LOB:Enlistreasonsforairpollutioninordertopreventthemandkeepairclean1)Astudentwatchedanewsreportwhichmentionstheoccurrenceofacidraininaregion.Whatmighthavecausedtheacidrainintheregion?

(a)dissolvingofoxygeninatmospherewiththerainwater

(b)dissolvingofhydrogeninatmospherewiththerainwater

(c)dissolvingofdustparticlesinatmospherewiththerainwater

(d)dissolvingofcarbonparticlesinatmospherewiththerainwater


2)Astudentstudiesthat,duringwinters,visibilitydropshighlyinurbanregionascomparedtoruralregion.Whatcouldbethemostpossiblereasonthatcausesthedifferenceinvisibility?

(a)highlevelsofpollutantsintheair

(b)reduceinlevelofoxygenintheair

(c)lowlevelsofwatervapourintheair

(d)increaseinlevelofnitrogenintheair


LOB:Listdownuses&distributionofwater,inordertoefficientlyuseitaroundtheworld1)ThetablelistsomeusesoftheresourcesonEarth.

Whichoftheselistedrequiretheuseofwater?

(a)bathingandburning

233

(b)bathinganddrinking

(c)inflatingandburning

(d)drinkingandbreathing


2)Aftertakingabath,Johnleftthetapopen.Noticingthathisfatheraskedhimtoturnoffthetapandneverleaveatapunattended.Whatcanbeareasonforthis?

(a)watercanoverflowfromthebucketandmakethesurfacewet

(b)itmightresultafloodingofthedrainsintheregion

(c)waterwastagecanresultinscarcityofwater

(d)itmightcauseadropinroomtemperature


LOB:Listdownreasonsforwaterpollutioninordertopreventthemandkeepairclean1)ThetablelistsfewprocessespollutingtheresourcesofEarth.

Whichofthelistedprocessescancausewaterpollution?

(a)1and2

(b)2and3

(c)2and4

(d)1and3

234


2)Astudentstudiesthatthemixingofsewagefromindustriesintothewaterbodiescauseswaterpollution.Howcanthiswaterpollutionbereduced?

(a)reducingtheflowspeedofthesewageintotheriver

(b)increasingtheamountofsewagethatflowsintotheriver

(c)watertreatmentofthesewagebeforeflowingintotheriver

(d)holdingthesewageintankforfewdaysbeforedischargingintotheriver


LOB:Explainwaysofsoilformationinordertounderstanddiversityoflife1)Theimagegivenshowsfewstepsinvolvedintheprocessofsoilformation.

Howdoessoilformationoccur?

(a)makingthesoilwet

(b)compactionoflooseparticles

(c)settlingdownofsuspendedparticles

(d)breakingdownofrocksintofineparticles


2)TheimageshowsthesoilprofileintoregionsXandY.

235

Whatmighthavesupportedthegrowthofplantsintheregion“Y”?

(a)lackofhumusinthedevelopedsoil

(b)welldevelopedsoilholdsenoughwater

(c)scarcityofmineralsinthedevelopedsoil

(d)welldevelopedsoilabsorbsenoughsunlight


LOB:Elaboratecomponentsofsoilandtheirsignificanceinordertoimprovebiodiversityofanarea1)ThetablelistsfewcomponentsobservedonEarth:

Whichofthesearecomponentofsoil?

(a)sunlightandair

(b)humusandsunlight

(c)humusandmicro-organisms

(d)micro-organismsandsunlight

236


2)Astudentlistfewcomponentsofthesoil:

Whichfactorcanimprovethebiodiversityofanarea?

(a)increaseintheamountofannualrainfall

(b)decreaseintheamountofhumusinthesoil

(c)increaseinamountofpesticidesinthesoil

(d)decreaseinnumberofmicro-organismsinthesoil


LOB:Explorereasonsforsoilerosion,inordertopreventthemandthusimproveflora1)Astudentperformsanactivitybysprinklingwateronatraywithsoilasshownintheimage.

Heobservesalargeamountofsoilhasbeeneroded.Whatmighthavecausedthis?

(a)temperatureofthewater

(b)shapeofthesprinkler

(c)instabilityofthesoil

(d)largesizeofthetray

237


2)Sunilstudiesthatcoveringapieceoflandwithvegetationcanimprovetherateofpercolationofwater.Heandhisfriendsplantoimprovemoisturecontentofthesoilinadrybarrenlandinaregion.Whichstepscantheyadapttoimprovethemoisturecontentoftheregion?

(a)planttrees

(b)removegrasses

(c)digdeeperwells

(d)constructtallbuildings


LOB:Describe&drawwatercycle,andthusexplainhowwaterreplenishes1)Theimagerepresentsthewatercycle.

WhichoptionidentifiesthestepsmarkedwithX,YandZinawatercycle?

(a)XàPrecipitation,YàEvaporation,ZàCondensation

(b)XàPrecipitation,YàCondensation,ZàEvaporation

(c)XàEvaporation,YàCondensation,ZàPrecipitation

(d)XàCondensation,YàEvaporation,ZàPrecipitation


238

2)Astudentnoticesthatduringsummerseasonsthewaterlevelofawelldrops.Butduringmonsoonsthewaterlevelreplenishbacktoitsnormallevel.Whatmighthaveresultedthereplenishmentofthewaterlevelinthewellduringthemonsoonseason?

(a)evaporationofsurfacewater

(b)transpirationofwatervapor

(c)condensationofgroundwaterinsoilpours

(d)percolationofgroundwaterthroughthesoil


LOB:Describe&drawnitrogencycle,inordertorealizepresenceofdifferentformsofnitrogeninoursurroundings1)Theimagerepresentsthenitrogencycleintheatmosphere.

Whichistheinitialstepinvolvedintheprocessofconversionofnitrogenboundinplantsaftertheirdeathintoatmosphericnitrogen?

(a)Ammonification

(b)Denitrification

(c)Nitrification

(d)Nitrogenfixation

239


2)TheimagerepresentsthenitrogencycleoccurringinEarth.

Howdoesthenitrogenmoleculeintheatmospherechangesthroughoutthecycle?(a)initialelementalformofnitrogenconvertstosimplerformandreleasesbackinto

theatmosphere

(b)initialelementalformofnitrogenconvertstocomplexformandthenbackagaintosimplerform

(c)initialcomplexformofnitrogenconvertstosimplerformandthenbackagaintocomplexform

(d)initialcomplexformofnitrogenconvertstomorecomplexformandreleasesbackagainintotheatmosphere


240

LOB:Describe&drawcarboncycle,inordertorealizepresenceofdifferentformsofcarboninoursurroundingsandreducegreenhouseeffect1)Theimagerepresentsacarboncycle.

Whatdoesthe“X”representinthecarboncycle?

(a)respirationbytheplants

(b)combustionbytheplants

(c)decompositionoftheplants

(d)photosynthesisbytheplants


2)Astudentstudiesthatcarbondioxideisagreenhousegas.Riseintheamountofgreenhousegasesintheatmospherecanriseglobaltemperature.Whichstepcanhelpinreducingtheglobalwarming?

(a)settingupnewindustries

(b)usingcleanersourceoffuels

(c)increasingtheuseofpetroleum

(d)stoppinguseofvehiclesfortransportation


241

LOB:Describe&drawoxygencycle,inordertorealizepresenceofdifferentformsofoxygeninoursurroundings1)Whichofthisexplainstheoxygencycleoccurringinourbiosphere?

(a)

(b)

(c)

242

(d)


2)Theimagegivenrepresentsapartoftheoxygencycle.

Whichprocessresultsinreturningoftheoxygenintotheatmosphere?

(a)transpirationbyplants

(b)respirationbyanimals

(c)photosynthesisbyplants

(d)digestionoffoodbyanimals


243

LOB:Elaboratetheimportanceofozonelayeranddrawconclusionsoncausesforitsdepletion,andmeasurestopreventitsdepletion1)AstudentstudiesthatozoneisanimportantlayerinEarth'satmosphereinsustaininglifeonEarth.WhatfunctiondoesozonelayerplaysinsustaininglifeonEarth?(a)itreleasesoxygentoEarth’satmosphere

(b)itcausesthechangeinseasonthroughtheyear

(c)itabsorbsharmfulradiationscomingfromtheSun

(d)itcausescondensationofwatervapourresultinginrainfall


2)ThegraphshowstheincreaseintheamountofCFCintheatmosphereandthesatelliteimagesbelowshowstheholeinozonelayerontheatmosphereoverAntarctica.

Whatofthesecanbeststoptheformationofozoneholeintheatmosphere?

(a)increasethenumberofrefrigerantequipmentthatusesCFC

(b)maintainthenumberofrefrigerantequipmentthatusesCFC

(c)reducetheuseofrefrigerantequipmentthatusesCFCbyhalf

(d)switchingtoalternativegasthatcouldreplaceCFCintherefrigerantequipment


244

Objective Elaboratetheimportanceofozonelayeranddrawconclusionsoncausesfor

itsdepletion,andmeasurestopreventitsdepletion.

Prerequisite Ozonelayercomposition

MaterialRequired

2plasticbottles,Chewinggum,Hotwater

Vocabulary Depletion,Ultravioletrays,CFCs(Chlorofluorocarbons)

Procedure 1. TaketwobottlesAandB.2. FillthebottlecompletelywithhotwaterandbottleBhalfway.3. Spreadthechewandcoverthemouthofboththebottleswiththe

chewinggum.

4. After2minutes,notedowntheobservations.5. After10minutes,againnotedowntheobservations.

Let’sthink 1. Whatchangeshaveyouseeninthechewinggum?2. Whatcausedholeinchewinggum?3. WhatcausesOzonelayerdepletion?


HotwaterinthisactivityrepresentsCFCsandchewinggumrepresentsOzonelayer.CFCsandotherman-madecompoundscausedholeintheozonelayer.

Beyondtheclassroom

MakethelistofproductsinwhichCFCsisavailable.Whatactionshavebeentakenbydifferentcountriestostopfurtherdamage?


Activity 1

245

15.ImprovementinFoodResources

QRCode:

LearningObjectives:


Improvementincropyields

Identifythenutrientspresentindifferentfoods,inordertohaveabalanceddietRecognizegrowthneedsofdifferentcropsliketemperature,inordertoproducethemeffectively

Cropvarietyimprovement

Discoverwaysofbreedingabettervarietyofseeds,inordertoimprovequalityofcrops

Cropproductionmanagement

EnlistvariouswaysofenrichingthesoilinordertoincreasecropyieldListdownwaysofirrigatingapieceofland,inordertoprovideadequatewatertoallcropsAnalyseways/combinationsofgrowingcropsinordertomaximizeyield

Cropprotectionmanagement

Describeways/organismsbywhichcropsgetaffected,inordertodevelopasolutiontopreventthemfromattackingcropsDevelopbetterstoragestrategiesforcrops,inordertominimizestoragelosses

AnimalHusbandry

ListdownsomecharacteristicslocalandForeignbreedsofcattle,inordertodevelopacattlewithdesiredqualitiesOutlinefoodrequirementsandcommondiseasesofcattle,inordertoprotectthembetter

Poultryfarming Analysedesirabletraitsinpoultryinordertomaximizeeggproductionandchickenmeat

Eggandbroilerproduction

Identifyhousing,nutritional&environmentalrequirementsofpoultryinordertopreventandcontroldiseases

FishProduction Analysetheprocessofcatchingfishfromseawaterandfreshwater,inordertomaximizeyield

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Bee-keeping Namedifferentvarietiesofbeesandexaminetheirtraits,inordertomaximizeoutput



Recognizegrowthneedsofdifferentcropsliketemperature,inordertoproducethemeffectively


Analyseways/combinationsofgrowingcropsinordertomaximizeyieldDevelopbetterstoragestrategiesforcrops,inordertominimizestoragelossesDiscoverwaysofbreedingabettervarietyofseeds,inordertoimprovequalityofcrops


Enlistvariouswaysofenrichingthesoilinordertoincreasecropyield

Listdownwaysofirrigatingapieceofland,inordertoprovideadequatewatertoallcrops

ListdownsomecharacteristicslocalandForeignbreedsofcattle,inordertodevelopcattlewithdesiredqualities

Outlinefoodrequirementsandcommondiseasesofcattle,inordertoprotectthembetter

AnalysedesirabletraitsinpoultryinordertomaximizeeggproductionandchickenmeatIdentifyhousing,nutritional&environmentalrequirementsofpoultryinordertopreventandcontroldiseasesAnalysetheprocessofcatchingfishfromseawaterandfreshwater,inordertomaximizeyield

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Namedifferentvarietiesofbeesandexaminetheirtraits,inordertomaximizeoutput

ListdownsomecharacteristicslocalandForeignbreedsofcattle,inordertodevelopcattlewithdesiredqualities


Outlinefoodrequirementsandcommondiseasesofcattle,inordertoprotectthembetter

AnalysedesirabletraitsinpoultryinordertomaximizeeggproductionandchickenmeatIdentifyhousing,nutritional&environmentalrequirementsofpoultryinordertopreventandcontroldiseasesAnalysetheprocessofcatchingfishfromseawaterandfreshwater,inordertomaximizeyield

Namedifferentvarietiesofbeesandexaminetheirtraits,inordertomaximizeoutput

Describeways/organismsbywhichcropsgetaffected,inordertodevelopasolutiontopreventthemfromattackingcrops

Applies the interdependency and interrelationship in the biotic and abiotic factors of environment to promote conservation of environment, such as organic farming, waste management, etc.

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LOB:Identifythenutrientspresentindifferentfoods,inordertohaveabalanceddiet1)Whichofthesefoodsarerichincarbohydrates?(a)gram

(b)wheat

(c)soyabean

(d)pigeonpea


2)Whichcombinationoffoodswouldprovideabalanceddiet?

(a)pea,blackgram,lentil,rice

(b)rice,maize,millets,sorghum

(c)rice,lentil,groundnut,vegetablesandfruits

(d)soyabean,groundnut,mustard,sunflower


LOB:Recognizegrowthneedsofdifferentcropsliketemperature,inordertoproducethemeffectively1)Whichofthesecropsrequiremorewatertogrow?

(a)peas

(b)gram

(c)paddy

(d)wheat


2)Anexperimentisdesignedtounderstandthegrowthrequirementsofcrops.Mustardseedswerechosenandwereexposedtodifferenttemperatureconditions.Thetableliststhelocationsoftheseedssownwithrespectivetemperatureconditions.

Test items

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Atwhichlocationwouldthemustardgrowmosteffectively?

(a)locationA

(b)locationB

(c)locationC

(d)locationD


LOB:Discoverwaysofbreedingabettervarietyofseeds,inordertoimprovequalityofcrops1)CropYisgrownonlyinfewareasduetospecifictemperaturerequirements.ToincreasetheproductivityofcropY,itisrecommendedtodevelopitsdifferentvarieties.WhichfeatureshouldbeincludedwhiledevelopingthedifferentvarietiesofcropYinordertoincreaseitsproductivity?(a)Developingvarietieswithstrongbioticresistance.

Option(b):Developingvarietieswithlessdependenceonwater.

Option(c):Developingvarietieswithextendedmaturityduration.

Option(d):Developingvarietiesadaptabletodifferentclimaticconditions.


2)Whichofthesewouldmakeacropresistanttobioticstresses?

(a)Usinginsecticidestokillinsectsandotherpests.

(b)Developingcropvarietiesthataretoleranttohighsoilsalinity.

(c)Developingcropvarietiesthatcangrowinscarcewaterconditions.

(d)Growingcropsinartificialsetupswithfixedtemperatureandmoisturecontent.

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LOB:Enlistvariouswaysofenrichingthesoilinordertoincreasecropyield1)Whatisthemaininputusedinorganicfarmingtoenrichthesoil?

(a)manure

(b)fertilizers

(c)herbicides

(d)pesticides


2)Asoilsamplehasadequatewaterholdingcapacitybutisdeficientinphosphorousandpotassium.Whichofthesewouldimprovethequalityofcropsgrowninthatfield?

(a)Removingweeds

(b)Applyingfertilizers

(c)Modifyingirrigationsystem

(d)Growingtwodifferentcropsatthesametime


LOB:Listdownwaysofirrigatingapieceofland,inordertoprovideadequatewatertoallcrops1)Whichofthesetherun-offfromsmallercatchmentareas?(a)tanks

(b)canals

(c)dugwells

(d)tubewells


2)TownXissituatedatthebanksofariver.Duetoinadequatereleasefromthereservoir,oftentheagriculturalfarmsofthetownsufferfromcropfailures.WhichtypeofirrigationwouldbesuitablefortownX?

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(a)Buildingtanks

(b)Constructingcanals

(c)Introducingriverliftsystem

(d)Irrigatingfieldsthroughdugwells


LOB:Analyseways/combinationsofgrowingcropsinordertomaximizeyield1)Whichstatementcorrectlydefinesmixedcropping?

(a)growingtwoormorecropsonthesamefield

(b)growingdifferentvarietiesofsamecroponthesanefield

(c)growingdifferentcropsonrotationbasisonthesamefield

(d)growingtwoormorecropsonthesamefieldinadefinitepattern


2)AfarmerintownXchangedthecroppingpatternofthefarm.Earlierthefarmhadonlysoyabeanbutthenthefarmwasdividedintorowsofdifferentcrops.Tworowsofsoyabeanandalternatetworowshadmaizeandthenexttwohadcowpea.Whatwouldbethemostlikelyeffectofthenewcroppingpattern?

(a)Increaseinyield

(b)Degradationofland

(c)Increasedgrowthofweeds

(d)Reducedintakeofnutrientsbycrops


LOB:Describeways/organismsbywhichcropsgetaffected,inordertodevelopasolutiontopreventthemfromattackingcrops1)Whichoftheseadverselyaffectsthehealthofthecrops?(a)weeds

(b)nutrients

(c)vitamins

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(d)fungicides


2)AcropXistobegrowninafield.ItisseenthatParthenium,atypeofweedusuallyaffectscropX.WhatmeasurewouldhelptoprotectcropXfromParthenium?

(a)Sprayingpesticidescanwehave‘because’elementinthisitem?

(b)Avoidingcroprotation

(c)Burningthefieldbeforesowingthecrop

(d)Delayingthesowingofcropsbyafewdays


LOB:Developbetterstoragestrategiesforcrops,inordertominimizestoragelosses1)Whatshouldoneselecttostoregrainsathomeinordertopreventanyspoilage?

(a)jutebags

(b)plasticsbags

(c)earthenpots

(d)airtightglassjars


2)Whichstrategywouldhelptominimizelossduetoimproperstorage?

(a)addingmanuretotheproduce

(b)dryingtheproduceinsunlightbeforestorage

(c)keepingtheproduceinopensacstomaintainairflow

(d)coveringtheproducewithawetclothbeforeputtingonthelidofthecontainer


LOB:ListdownsomecharacteristicslocalandForeignbreedsofcattle,inordertodevelopacattlewithdesiredqualities1)Ifexoticbreedofcattlehavelongerlactationperiod,whichoftheseisacharacteristicofBrownSwiss,atypeofexoticbreed?

(a)Itwillproducelessmilk.

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(b)Itwillproducemoremilk.

(c)Itwillhaveashortlifespan.

(d)Itwillnotcatchdiseaseseasily.


2)ThetableliststhecharacteristicsoffewMilchbreedofcattle.

Basedonthecharacteristicslistedinthetable,whatwillbethecharacteristicsofthenewbreedifJerseyandRedSindhiarecross-bred?

(a)Thenewbreedwillhavealonglactationperiodandwillberesistanttodiseases.

(b)Thenewbreedwillhaveasmalllactationperiodbutwillberesistanttodiseases.

(c)Thenewbreedwillhavealonglactationperiodbutwillnotberesistanttodiseases.

(d)Thenewbreedwillhaveasmalllactationperiodandwillnotberesistanttodiseases.


LOB:Outlinefoodrequirementsandcommondiseasesofcattle,inordertoprotectthembetter1)Animalfeedincludesroughageandconcentrates.Whatarethecharacteristicsofconcentrates?(a)highinfiber

(b)veryfewnutrients

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(c)highlevelofproteins

(d)lesswatercontent


2)Acattleareaffectedbyanexternalparasite.Whichpartofthecattlewillmostlikelybeaffected?

(a)skin

(b)liver

(c)stomach

(d)intestine


LOB:Analysedesirabletraitsinpoultryinordertomaximizeeggproductionandchickenmeat1)Whichoftheseistobeconsideredbeforedevelopingnewvarietiesinpoultry?(a)Developingabreedwithlowmaintenance

(b)Developingabreedwithhighmaintenance

(c)Developingabreedthatproducesasmallernumberofchicks

(d)Developingabreedwithmorefoodrequirement


2)Whatisthedesirabletraitinpoultryfordevelopingnewvarieties?

(a)tolerancetocoolertemperatures

(b)decreaseinthenumberofchicks

(c)Increaseinthesizeoftheegg-layingbird

(d)controltheoccurrenceofdiseasesinchicks


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LOB:Identifyhousing,nutritional&environmentalrequirementsofpoultryinordertopreventandcontroldiseases

1)Thetablelistsfourtypesoffoodforbroilerchickens.

Whichtypeoffoodisdesirableforbroilerchickens?

(a)foodP

(b)foodQ

(c)foodR

(d)foodS


2)Virus,bacteria,fungi,andparasitesaffectthepoultryfowlandoftenleadstothesuddendeathsofpoultryfowls.Howcansuchlossofpoultrybereduced?

(a)Byprovidinglowproteindiettopoultryfowls

(b)Byavoidinguseofdisinfectantsonpoultryfowls

(c)Byreducingtheintakeofvitaminsinpoultryfeeds

(d)Byvaccinatingthepoultryfowlsatregularintervals


LOB:Analysetheprocessofcatchingfishfromseawaterandfreshwater,inordertomaximizeyield

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1)WhyCatlas,Rohus,Mrigals,andGrassCarpsarekeptincombinationinasinglefishpond?

(a)Theyhaveashortlifespan.

(b)Theyareresistanttodiseases.

(c)Theyhavelessfoodrequirement.

(d)Theydonotcompetewitheachotherforfood.


2)Fourgroupscapturemarinefisheswithdifferentinstrumentsaslistedinthetable.

Whichsetofgroupswillmostlikelygetthemaximumfishcatch?

(a)groupsAandB

(b)groupsBandC

(c)groupsCandD

(d)groupsDandA


LOB:Namedifferentvarietiesofbeesandexaminetheirtraits,inordertomaximizeoutput

1)Whichvarietyofbeeiscommonlyusedforproducinghoneycommercially?

(a)A.florae

(b)A.dorsata

(c)A.mellifera

(d)Apisceranaindica

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2)ThetabledescribesthecharacteristicsofItalianbees.

WhichcharacteristicfeatureofItalianbeesmakethemsuitableforcommercialhoneyproduction?

Option(a)characteristicA

Option(b):characteristicB

Option(c):characteristicC

Option(d):characteristicD


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Objective Listdownwaysofirrigatingapieceofland,inordertoprovideadequate

watertoallcrops

Prerequisite Variousirrigationtechniques.

MaterialRequired

Plasticbottle,3sticksofthesamesize,scissorsandtape.

Vocabulary Dripirrigation,sprinkleirrigation,surfaceirrigation,Manualirrigation.

Procedure

1. Takeaplasticbottleandfix3stickswiththehelpoftapeasshowninpicture.

2. Slitthebottomofthebottletofillthewaterin.3. Fixthebottleinthegroundneartherootsoftheplant.4. Loosethecapsothatwaterdrips.

ReflectionQuestions

1. Whatistheadvantageofthisirrigationtechnique?2. Inwhichkindofregionitcanbeuseful?


Activity 1

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Maharashtra,Karnataka,andTamilNaduaresomeofthestateswherelargeareashavebeenbroughtunderdripirrigation.Dripirrigationisamethodwhichisusedinthoseplaceswherethereislesswater,Dripirrigationprovideswellgrowthofaplantwithlesswaterloss.

Beyondtheclassroom

Whichtypeofirrigationtechniqueisprevalentinyournativeplace?Why?

Materialrequired

3Pots

Procedure 1. First,segregateyourhouseholdwasteintodryandwetinyourkitchen.Leftoversoffood,fruitpeels,andteabagsarewetwastewhereaspaper,

plasticandpackagingareadrywaste.

2. Secondly,putboththesewastesintwodifferentcontainersinthekitchen.Whenthewetwastecontainerisfull,putitscontentsintothefirstcompost

pot.

3. Thenadddryleavesofthesamequantityasthewasteandsemi-compostedmaterial,buttermilkorcowdungtostartwiththedecompositionprocess.

4. Turnthepilearoundeveryotherday.Keepthepileattherightlevelofdampness.Ifitistoowet,adddryleavesandstirandifitistoodryaddwater

andstir.

5. Onceitisfull,leavethepotopenfor30-45daysforthecompositiontohappen.Thenmovethesemi-compostedmatterintoalargercontainerorbin.

6. Aftertwomonthsthewastewillconvertintorichcompostthatcanbeusedorsoldasmanure.

Reflectionquestion

1. Willyouprefermanureorfertilizerforyourgarden?Why?2. Whyarefertilizersusedatlargescalefarming?Howisitimpactingthe

environment?

Activity 2

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