Opening: Go over Unit 2

Test

USHC – 2.1: Summarize the impact of the westward movement on nationalism and democracy, including expansion, displacement of Native Americans, conflicts over states’ rights and federal power

during the era of Jacksonian democracy as the result of major land acquisitions.

Work Period: Oklahoma Land Rush Simulation

Notes

Closing: QUIZ

RECAP: THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA

Election of 1800 pitted Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party vs. John Adams and his Federalist Party

While Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral votes, he tied his running mate, Aaron Burr

For six days the House of Reps took vote after vote until 36 votes later – Jefferson prevailed (Led to 12th Amendment)

3rd President of the U.S.

1800-1808

1800 Election Results

SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT

Jefferson’s theory of government, known as Jeffersonian Republicanism, held that simple, limited government was the best for the people

Jefferson decentralized the government, cut costs, reduce bureaucracy, and eliminated some taxes

He also pursued the purchase of the Louisiana territory.

Jefferson Memorial

Westward Expansion Nationalism and Sectionalism

While states could agree on expansion, they disagreed on policies of the federal government such as:

1. Price of land

2. internal improvements

3. Support of tariff policies

4. Expansion of slavery

(Individual) State Pride National Pride Nationalism

Changing American Character

Nationalism

Unity

Support

Love

for

Country

Country

Before

other Desire

For

country

success

Pride

Nationalism

Westward expansion promoted the ideal of the hardy pioneer as the true American and the common man as the embodiment of democracy (INDIVIDUALISM)

Fueled the idea of MANIFEST DESTINY or “God’s will to expand from sea to sea.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

By 1803, French leader Napoleon had abandoned his dreams of an American Empire

He needed money to fight European wars, so he accepted Jefferson’s offered of $15,000,000

More than doubled the size of our country

Lewis and Clark ordered to go explore new territory

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

Secured control of the Mississippi River as a highway for American agricultural products (used New Orleans to send to world markets)

Provided government owned land available for purchase (Land Ordinance). New lands spread democracy & became states (Northwest Ordinance).

Democracy from the LA Purchase Right to vote more

widespread b/c more MEN can own land.

In the 1820s and 1830s, states dropped the property qualification & gave voting rights to all white males & free African American property owners.

Controversial LA Purchase?

Jefferson’s loose interpretation of the elastic clause set the precedent for future land acquisitions (purchases)

Jefferson is a Democratic Republican….what’s the big deal?

In the meantime..

James Madison became President and America entered the War of 1812 with Britain over impressment (ended in 1814.)

Next, James Monroe became President in 1816 and signed a treaty with Britain to occupy the Oregon Territory. A different treaty secured Florida.

4th President 1808-1816

5th President

1817-1825

6th Presdient-

JQ Adams

1825-1829

Next up? Andrew Jackson

First President elected from the West

Democrat and “champion of the common man.”

Announced a formal policy of removal of natives to make room for the common white man

Natives practiced two policies:

1. Assimilation

Become a part of American culture/society

Cherokees in GA-eventually lost their legal fight to keep their land

2. Resistance (Revolt)

Fight back against persecution

Seminoles in Florida were defeated

Native American Relations

Impact on Native Americans

President Andrew Jackson’s

Policies:

Indian Removal Act

Provided Federal money to move all Indians to the Great Plains

Trail of Tears

Moving GA, SC, and NC Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma Territory

Impact on African Americans

Slave owners took only part of their human property on the trek west.

They would leave the rest of the slave family behind.

Westward Expansion Leads to Regional Tensions

South wants to extend slavery into new territories while the North does not.

Led to a conflict between states’ rights and federal power…

The Nullification Crisis of the 1830s

Northern manufacturers wanted high protective tariff

Southerners produced cash crops and consumed manufactured goods and saw a high tariff as an “abomination.”

The West sided with the North for support in internal improvement and cheaper land prices.

The Nullification Crisis of the 1830s

In the 1830s, SC used the states’ rights argument to declare the tariff “null and void”

Jackson supported the federal government and asked Congress to approve using force to get SC back in line, but a compromise was reached to lower the tariff.

The Union had been saved…for now!

Next up…Oregon

The US claim to Oregon came from Lewis and Clark.

Americans moved to the Oregon Territory to trade furs and to farm.

The problem? The British also claimed the land.

We shared joint rights with Britain until the 1840s when a treaty turned it over to the US

Texas

Annexation of the Republic of Texas occurred 9 years after Texas became independent from Mexico.

The rest of the southwestern US was acquired by the end of the Mexican War (we will study this in more detail next class!

Impact of Westward Expansion?

South sought to protect their “peculiar institution” by pushing for slavery.

THIS WOULD ULTIMATELY LEAD TO THE CIVIL WAR.

Major Land Acquisitions From Whom and How?

Land From Whom? When? How?

Louisiana Territory France 1803 Pres. Jefferson purchased for $15 mil.

Florida Spain 1810-1819 Given by Spain

Texas Mexico 1845 Mexican-American War

Oregon Great Britain 1846 Treaty with Britain

Mexican Cession Mexico 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

•European monarchies form the Quadruple Alliance to

suppress democratic revolutions

•Newly independent nations of Latin America gain the

sympathy of the American people

•Britain and U.S. are alarmed at Russian expansionist aims

•Britain proposes to issue a joint statement with the U.S. against intervention in Latin

America

•U.S. issues the Monroe Doctrine

•European monarchies defeat Napoleon in 1815

•Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin lead the independence

movement in the Latin American colonies and

overthrow Spain

•Russian tsar announces in 1821 that his empire extends south

into Oregon

•British fear that the Quadruple Alliance may try to suppress Latin American democracies

•Sec. Of State John Q. Adams advises that the U.S. issue an

independent statement opposing intervention in Latin American

British and U.S. leaders decided they had a common interest in protecting North and South America from the possible aggression of a European power

*British initiative-wants to protect their lucrative trade

American response

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams believed that joint action with Britain would restrict U.S. opportunities for further expansion in the hemisphere

If the U.S. acted alone, Britain could be counted upon to stand behind U.S. policy

No European power would risk going to war in South America, and if it did, the British navy would surely defeat the aggressor

monroe doctrine

•*Aimed at European Powers who wanted to restore their colonial

holdings

•Also a response to the collapse of the Spanish empire in the Americas and our recent history with Great Britain and

France.

•Keep European monarchies out of the Western

Hemisphere.

•Their government systems are foreign to the U.S.

• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.

• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and

isolationist policies.

• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas

off-limits to Europe

US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere

No European Colonization in the Americas

US will stay out of European affairs

Monroe

Doctrine

US recognized existing European

Colonies

Western Hemisphere or the Americas.

•New Latin American countries were formed from

successful revolutions.

•US protector of new democracies in

the Western Hemisphere

Reasons for Manifest Destiny Changes in the early Antebellum era (1800-1840),

encouraged westward expansion in the 1840s

Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the USA

Lewis & Clark’s exploration confirmed the economic potential of the western territory

What changed in the 1840s that encouraged

westward expansion?

Manifest Destiny In the 1840s, westward expansion

led Americans to acquire all lands from the Atlantic to Pacific in a movement called Manifest Destiny

Americans flooded into the West for new economic opportunities

The U.S. gained Texas, Oregon, California, & other territories through treaty or war

“Obvious”

“Future”

When Americans were colonists (1607-1783),

the western border was the Appalachian Mountains

After the Revolutionary

War, the western border of the U.S. was the

Mississippi River

After Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the western border was the Rocky Mountains

By 1850, the western border was the Pacific Ocean

from Oregon to California

Reasons for Manifest Destiny Americans had a God-given right

to all the land of the North American continent. (Other peoples were less favored by divine providence)

The growth of “King Cotton” &

commercial farming led to a desire for more western lands

Improved transportation such as canals, steamboats, & railroads increased speed & profitability

MEXICO CONTROLS TEXAS

After 300 years of Spanish rule, Mexican settlers felt at home in Texas territory

Mexico won their independence from Spain in 1821 and Texas was theirs

Mexican officials offered land to Americans to make the area more stable

Americans soon outnumbered Mexicans in Texas – trouble started when Mexico outlawed slavery

Revolt

Tariff on American imports

Texans wanted Salutary Neglect

Alamo – Pres. Santa Anna lead attack

187 Americans died

Texans later defeated Mexican Army

Texas Revolution

3. Republic of Texas

Separate Country

4. Annexation

America absorbed Texas

Issue- Slave or non-Slave?

Texas Revolution

In order to avoid controversy over whether TX would be a slave state, Texas remained independent for almost a decade.

President James Polk annexed Texas shortly after his election in 1844.

Manifest Destiny-Texas

President Polk offered to purchase additional Mexican territory, but was turned down. He sent troops to a region that was disputed

between TX and MX, and the Mexicans interpreted this as a hostile act, which led to war.

Peace treaty gave US land that includes California, New Mexico and Arizona.

This was neither American territory nor unclaimed land.

Manifest Destiny-Mexican Cession

The Mexican War established an adversarial relationship between the US and Mexico that lasted into the 20th century and may still influence resentments today over illegal immigration.

Impact of the Mexican War