2.1 ethics in research

SOUTHERN ISABELA ACADEMY, INC.Spirituality. Ingenuity. Academism

Charles W. Selby St., Centro 1, San Guillermo, 3308 Isabela Molding the youth since 1967!

ETHICS



Definition of ETHICS in Research

•A methodology or perspective in making sound and right decisions pertaining to actions to be taken, and the analysis of intricate problems and issues.



Importance of ETHICS in Research

•Ethics keeps the researcher from committing misconduct while seeking knowledge and truth, and respecting and protecting the rights of the respondents.



Importance of ETHICS in Research

•It promotes essential values that help researchers to have a common understanding and work on a topic harmoniously.

•It also draws out public trust.



RESEARCH ETHICS PRINCIPLES

Aside from the desirable traits that a researcher must possess,

there are equally favorable ethical principles that must be observed in the conduct of any research

investigation, especially those that involve human or animal objects.




HONESTY

Intellectual honesty must be upheld in the planning, execution, and writing of research report. The

research proposal must be transparent, stating all concerns so as

not to deceive the respondents and other researchers.




HONESTY

Honesty must also be observed in executing procedures by following strictly the proposed methodology.

Fabrication or falsification of research data must never be an

option.




OBJECTIVITY

Research investigations must be free from any forms of bias. They must not serve the interest of any parties, but the interest of finding the truth.




INTEGRITY

The research must uphold sincerity and consistency. The planned research

methodology must be consistent with the executed procedures. If ever there

are variations, these must not be totally different from those stated in the

proposal.




CAREFULNESS

Any research must be free of careless errors of negligence. Error in

procedures must be foreseen so that measures must be planned to avoid

them. There must also be provisions in the research where careful and critical evaluation of the work is addressed.




OPENNESS

Researchers must be open to constructive criticism. This is because no research has

the monopoly of knowledge. Any methods can still be refined and

improved. Conversely, any ideas, results, and resources must be shared for the

benefit of future investigations.




RESPECT FOR

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Ideas, copyrights, patents, and other forms of intellectual property owned by other

individuals must be acknowledged properly when used as bases in any

investigation.




TRUSTWORTHINESS

It is manifested in research if data and information about human respondents are used only for the purposes of the research.

The researcher must keep all data confidential for the protection of the respondents from public scrutiny or

discrimination.




SOCIAL & LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

Legalities, rules, and regulations of an institution or government must be considered

when conducting a study. Research results must be published with the aim of advancing

knowledge and promoting social welfare, minimizing harm and risk, and maximizing the

benefits for the target population.



ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH

In conducting qualitative research, some ethical issues must

be considered. These are:

-Animal rights and welfare

-Human rights

-Scientific misconduct



Animal Rights and Welfare

If the use of animals in research is inevitable, it is suggested that the

3Rs – reduce, refine, replace –must be considered.




REDUCEThe least number of animal subjects is

recommended. If casualties cannot be avoided, these should be minimized without sacrificing the quality of research results. However, this

practice is contrary to the social science research where the number of subjects should

be maximized to elicit valid and more comprehensive conclusions.




REFINEIf harm cannot be avoided, research

procedures are evaluated and refined carefully to minimize possible pain and suffering of the

animal subjects. They should be treated in such a way that they are free from stressful

conditions. They should also be given proper care while under the period of study.




REPLACEIf there is a possibility of replacing animals by

other materials or other nonliving or non-biological subjects, replacement opinion must

be explored.




ANIMAL WELFARE ACT OF 1998

Republic Act 8485The purpose of this act is to protect and promote the

welfare of all animals in the Philippines by supervising and regulating the establishment and operations of all facilities utilized for breeding,

keeping, treating, or training all animals either as objects of trade, subjects of research, or as

household pets.



Human Rights in Research

1. Right to Voluntary Participation

All human respondents should participate in a research study out of

his free will. They should not be forced or coerced to participate in any

research undertaking.




2. Right to Informed Consent

All respondents should be informed of all procedures, potential risks, and benefits that the research would bring. They may

also demand a written agreement or informed consent form from the researcher before participating.




3. Right to be Protected from Harm

The respondents shall be subjected to anything that may cause them

inconvenience or physical, emotional, and psychological harm.




4. Right to Confidentiality

All personal information extracted from the respondents shall be made confidential and should not be disclosed to the public

at all conditions. They must also be assured that details of their responses are

secured and will be used only for the purposes of the research.




5. Right to Anonymity

A respondent may choose not to disclose his or her identity to anyone, including the researchers themselves. This means that

all information and data that could be gathered from a participant could not in

anyway identify him/her to other participants.



Scientific Misconduct

Researchers are expected to follow rules and proper conduct in doing

research. However, due to immense external pressure, there are some

researchers who break the rules and oftentimes deviate from proper protocols, resulting to scientific

misconduct.




1. Fabrication andFalsification of Data

It involves producing data without an actual experimentation or altering data in recording for the intention to fit them to

what are expected.




2. Non-publication of Data

It involves choosing not to include data because they do not conform to the well-

established body of knowledge or are unsupportive of the research hypothesis.

Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis are reported and published.




3. Faulty Data Gathering Procedures

Negligence or carelessness lead to errors in measurement or faulty research

instruments. Error may also be caused by inappropriate application of treatment to

the subjects and poor data recording.




4. Plagiarism

This fraudulent act involves claiming another person’s ideas, work, or usually publication. It is a from of intellectual property stealing and dishonesty that

usually happens in scientific publications.

2.1 ethics in research

Education

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