20s 30s Wrkshts Roarg 20sGreat Depressn

8/8/2019 20s 30s Wrkshts Roarg 20sGreat Depressn

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Observations : Make a list of what you see in this artifact. __________________________ ___________________________

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Conclusions : Based upon the picture or the reading:

1. How do you think adverts during the 1920s were different than today?

2. What emotions did advertisers of the 1920s want to make people feel?

3. What does always a bridesmaid never a bride mean?

4. How much money in sales did Listerine make in 1927?

5. Do advertisements of today appeal to people caring about how they look?

The Invention of Bad Breath

In the 1910s and particularly the 1920s, advertisers focused their attention onidentifyingand often inventingpersonal anxieties that could be resolved by the

purchase of specific products. Advertising, wrote one commentator in a trade

publication, helps to keep the masses dissatisfied with their mode of life, discontentedwith ugly things around them. Satisfied customers are not as profitable as discontentedones.

Listerine mouthwash took this approach. The Lambert Pharmacal Company haddeveloped the antibacterial liquid back in the 1880s, and it was long sold as a generalantiseptic. After World War I, the company sought to expand its market. Advertisingman Gordon Seagrove recalls being called in by the Lambert Brothers to discuss howthis could be done. The companys chief chemist was enlisted to describe the productand its uses. As he read along in a singsong voice, Seagrove remembers, hementioned halitosis. Everybody said Whats that? Learning that it referred tounpleasant breath, they immediately thought maybe thats the peg we can hang our hat on.

Although there was some worry about whether such a delicate subject could behandled in magazines and newspapers, Seagrove and his collaborator, Milton Feasley,

launched an ad campaign that played heavily on fears about how others would react toa halitosis sufferer. The most famous of their ads concerned the pathetic case of Edna, who was often a bridesmaid but never a bride. She was approaching thetragic thirtieth birthday unmarried because she suffered from halitosisa disorder that you, yourself, rarely know when you have it. And even your closest friends wonttell you.

In response to the ad campaign, Listerine sales went from $100,000 per year in 1921 tomore than $4 million in 1927.


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Observations : Make a list of what you see in this picture. __________________________ ___________________________

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Conclusions : Based upon the picture or the reading, answer the following questions: 1. When did the temperance movement or the idea of prohibition start?

2. What other things were associated with alcohol?

3. When did alcohol become illegal in the United States?

4. What did president Hoover call prohibition?

5. According to the last paragraph, how did the experiment fail?

6. Why do you think that people really voted to repeal the 18 th amendment?

The temperance movement, discouraging the use of alcoholic beverages, had been active and influential in the United Statessince at least the 1830s. Since the use of alcohol was oftenassociated with such social ills as poverty and insanity,

temperance often went hand in hand with other reformmovements. From the 1850s onward, the temperancemovement focused much of its efforts on Irish and Germanimmigrants.

Prohibition exhibited many of the characteristics of most progressive reforms. That is, it was concerned with the moralfabric of society; it was supported primarily by the middleclasses; and it was aimed at controlling the "interests" (liquor distillers) and their connections with venal and corrupt

politicians in city, state, and national governments. Still, it wanot until U.S. entry into the Great War that prohibitionists werable to secure enactment of national legislation. In 1918,Congress passed the 18th Amendment to the Constitition,

prohibiting the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. States ratified the Amendment the nextyear.

Herbert Hoover called prohibition a "noble experiment," butthe effort to regulate people's behavior soon ran into trouble.Enforcement of prohibition became very difficult. Soon, suchterms as "bootlegger," "bath tub gin," and "speakeasy" becamehousehold words. Gangs of hoodlums became more powerfulas they trafficked in alcohol. By the 1930s, a majority of Americans had tired of the noble experiment, and the 18thAmendment was repealed.


4/16

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Conclusions : Based upon the picture or the reading, answer the following questions:

1. What would make Carry Nation personally against alcohol?

2. What did Carry begin doing in 1899?

3. What might John Locke think about her actions?

4. Why do you think that others distanced themselves from her?

5. Do you think her actions helped the prohibition movement, or hurt it?

Carry Nation is most famous fospearheading the Temperancemovement. She came from atroubled background: her mother was mentally ill and herhusband was an alcoholic whodrank himself to death. Sheremarried a lawyer named Davi

Nation and soon after moving toTexas, she began havingfrequent visions. She thensettled in Kansas and it wasthere that she organized thelocal chapter of the Women's

Christian Temperance Union. In 1899, she declared war on liquor and went aboutsmashing up saloons and liquor selling stores with a hatchet. She was arrestedrepeatedly for her actions and others in the organization soon distanced themselvesfrom her.


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Conclusions : Based upon the picture or the reading, answer the following questions: 1. Based upon the reading, why did many people lose their jobs in 1929?

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2. How do you think this artist felt about prohibition? _____________________________________________________________________________

3. How did Gangsters keep making money throughout the depression? _____________________________________________________________________________

4. Do some of these same people make lots of money still today? _____________________________________________________________________________

5. What do you think about prohibition? _____________________________________________________________________________

In the year 1929 the stock market crashed and the United States went into a serious depression.This means that millions of people lost their jobs and were out of work. The Gangsters andBootleggers, however, still made millions of dollars on the sale of illegal alcohol, money from

prostitution, gambling profits, and illegal narcotic sales. Many people thought that Prohibitiononly allowed them to get even more rich during this time.


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Observations : Make a list of what you see in this picture.

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Conclusions : Based upon the picture or the reading, answer the following questions:

1. Why do you think some people were accidentally killed? _____________________________________________________________________________

2. How do you think this made many in the public feel? _____________________________________________________________________________

3. Do similar things happen with the enforcement of the drug prohibition today? _____________________________________________________________________________

4. What does the person standing next to the altar represent? _____________________________________________________________________________

5. Do you think prohibition had any good side effects? _____________________________________________________________________________

A Side Affect of Prohibition

During the time of prohibition, federal agents were ruthless in their quest for justice. It was a well known statistic that in theyears between 1920 and 1933 there were at least 1,360 victims of collateral damage in the battle against alcohol. That is, atleast 1,360 people were wrongly killed when they were thought they were involved in illegal distribution or people werecaught in the crossfire between gangsters and Federal Agents. When prohibition finally ended, many were thankful that therewould be no more innocent victims of this ill fated law.


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1. What was the Harlem Renaissance? _____________________________________________________________________________

2. How did the Harlem Renaissance change America? _____________________________________________________________________________

3. What was another name for the Harlem Renaissance? _____________________________________________________________________________

4. Where do you think many artists from the Harlem Renaissance were from? _____________________________________________________________________________

5. Who is one artist of the Harlem Renaissance that you know about? ___________________________________________________________________

The Harlem Renaissance

In the early 1900s, particularly in the1920s, African-American literature, art,music, dance, and social commentary

began to flourish in Harlem, a section of New York City. This African-Americancultural movement became known as "The

New Negro Movement" and later as theHarlem Renaissance. More than a literarymovement, the Harlem Renaissanceexalted the unique culture of African-Americans and redefined African-American expression. African-Americanswere encouraged to celebrate their heritage.

The main factors contributing to the

development of the Harlem Renaissancewere African-American urban migration,trends toward experimentation throughoutthe country, and the rise of radicalAfrican-American intellectuals.The Harlem Renaissance transformedAfrican-American identity and history, butit also transformed American culture ingeneral. Never before had so manyAmericans read the thoughts of African-Americans and embraced the African-American community's productions,expressions, and style.


8/16

Jazz is a type of music which was invented in the United States.Jazz music combines African-American music with Europeanmusic.

Jazz started in the United States in the early 20th century . Jazzmusic has musical influences from the African slaves who weretaken from Africa to work in the plantations of the southernUnited States, such as "call and response" songs and blue noteAs well, Jazz music has musical styles from European music.

To remember the different periods in jazz, we divide into decadesand their main directions. In the 1920s , there was New Orleans-style Jazz and Dixieland jazz. In the 1930s , there was swing jawhich was also called big band jazz. In the 1940s , there was

Bebop jazz. Large jazz bands, which are called big bands , weralso popular in the 1940s. Big bands usually have severalsaxophone players, several trumpet players, several trombone

players, a piano player, a double bass player,a drummer, andsometimes they might have a singer. In the 1950s , there was h

bop jazz. In the 1960s , there was modern jazz and free jazz . In1970s , there was jazz fusion , which blended jazz music with rmusic. Nowadays, there are many styles at the same time, like

Nu-Jazz, electro-jazz and improv-jazz!

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1. What two types of music styles are combined to form jazz? _____________________________________________________________________________

2. What are some things that show musical influence from Africa? _____________________________________________________________________________

3. List all the different types of jazz in the article _____________________________________________________________________________

4. What do you think the man is doing in the picture? _____________________________________________________________________________

5. Do you like jazz? Why or why not? ___________________________________________________________________


9/16

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Conclusions : Based upon the picture or the reading, answer the following questions: 1. Based upon the reading, what is one cause of the great depression?

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2. What do you think happened to the owner of the car? _____________________________________________________________________________

3. How many people were participating in the stock market in the 1920s? _____________________________________________________________________________

4. How did some investors act when the market was crumbling? _____________________________________________________________________________

5. What do you think could have been done to prevent the crash? ____________________________________________________________________________

Some began to sweat as the market continued to decline, then they panicked. October 21 saw an avalanche of selling as many tried to salvage somethingfrom their loss. On October 24 -- Black Thursday -- the panic took on a life of its own as selling orders overwhelmed the Exchange's ability to keep up withthe transactions.

Some Wall Street financiers tried to inspire confidence by buying as many shares as they could. It worked -- temporarily. Friday and Saturday saw salesdrop and a glimmer of hope return. On Monday the panic started again, and then came Black Tuesday -- October 29. The panic on the Exchange floor changed to bedlam. According to one observer, "They hollered and screamed, they clawed at one another's collars. It was like a bunch of crazy men. Everyonce in a while, when Radio or Steel or Auburn would take another tumble, you'd see some poor devil collapse and fall to the floor." This was the Crash,although few could see it at the time. The Market continued its decline but never as dramatic. Thirty billion dollars had been lost -- more than twice thenational debt. The nation reeled, and slipped into the depths of the Great Depression.

The Market CrashesIn the late 1920s, it seemed as if everybody was inthe stock market. Estimates vary from 1,000,000 to25,000,000. Why not? Stock prices just kept goingup and up, making your original investment moreand more valuable. And here was the best part -- y

didn't need a lot of money to get into the market.You could buy on margin. First you borrow themoney to buy the stock (interest rates were a

phenomenally low 3 1/2%). Then you put up thestock as collateral for your loan. Simple, easy mon-- if stock prices go up, you collect your dividendsthe price dips, you raise a little cash to cover your loss and wait for the market to rise again. In 1929, many people were buying on margin that they hadrun up a debt of six billion dollars.

The prosperity couldn't last forever. On Septemberthe market dropped sharply only to rise and thendrop again. It was like tremors before a bigearthquake but nobody heeded the warning. Themarket had sagged temporarily before, but it alwaycame back stronger. The market dipped sharplyagain on October 4.


10/16

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1. What is the visual irony displayed in this photo?

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2. Based upon this picture what do you think life was like for many people in the 30s?

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3. Why were some WWI veterans upset?

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4. Why do you think African Americans faced increasing prejudice in the 1930s?

____________________________________________________________________________ 5. If the 1920s were known as a time of great prosperity, what were the 1930s known as?

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The 30s and Bread Lines

The 30"s, as a contrast to the Golden Age the Roaring 20's was marked by bread lineand soup kitchens, homelessness and shanttown called Hoovervilles, a sarcastic name

because many blamed former PresidentHoover for the situation that the countryfound itself in. Veterans of World War Imarched on Washington D.C. hoping theBonus Bill would be passed by Congress athey could get the money they were

promised during the war immediately insteof waiting twenty years. Congress refused

pass the bill. The veterans ended up in aHooverville and the government sent troopto run them out. These troops were led byEisenhower and Mac Arthur, later to beheroes of World War II.

There were so many foreclosures on farmsand homes that the banks couldnot get rid of them because there was no owho could afford to purchase them. Somefarms sat on the market for 10 - 15 years.Conditions for African Americans worsenduring this time as they faced additional

prejudice.


11/16

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The W.P.A. or Work progress Administration was anOrganization set up under the New Deal that gaveAmericans jobs working around the country.


__________________________ ___________________________ Conclusions : Based upon the picture or the reading:

1. What is happening in this photograph?

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2. How do you think the W.P.A. changed the lives of many Americans?

_____________________________________________________________________________ 3. What New Deal programs still exist in the United States today?

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4. What was the purpose of the New Deal? _____________________________________________________________________________

5. Name 3 causes of the Great Depression? ___________________________________________________________________

The 30s and Bread Lines

The New Deal was the title PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt gave to the series

programs initiated between 19331938 withe goal of relief, recovery and reform of thUnited States economy during the GreatDepression .

Dozens of alphabet agencies were createa result of the New Deal. Historiansdistinguish between the "First New Deal" o1933, which had something for almost evegroup, and the "Second New Deal" (193536), which introduced class conflict,especially between business and unions.Opponents of the New Deal, complaining the cost and increase in federal power,stopped its expansion by 1937, and abolishmany of its programs by 1943. The Suprem

Court ruled several programsunconstitutional (some parts of them weresoon replaced, except for the NRA). Themain New Deal programs still in existencetoday are Social Security , and the Securand Exchange Commission (SEC), the

primary regulator of Wall Street. [1]


12/16

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1. What is happening in this photograph?

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2. What allowed many people to get through the 1930s?

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3. What types of things made it hard for farmers to get through the 1930s?

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4. When did rainfall return to normal? _____________________________________________________________________________

5. What types of things did farm kids do for fun?

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The Great Depression changed the lives of people who livedand farmed on the Great Plains and in turn, changed AmericaThe government programs that helped them to live throughthe 1930s changed the future of agriculture forever. Weather touched every part of life in the "Dirty 30s": dust, insects,summer heat and winter cold. Mandy families didn't haveheat, light or indoor bathrooms like people who lived intowns. Many farm families raised most of their own food eggs and chickens, milk and beef from their own cows, andvegetables from their gardens.

People who grew up during the Depression said, "No one hadany money. We were all in the same boat." Neighbors helpedeach other through hard times, sickness, and accidents. Farmfamilies got together with neighbors at school programs,church dinners, or dances. Children and adults found ways tohave fun for free playing board games, listening to theradio, or going to outdoor movies in town.

When the dryness, heat, and grasshoppers destroyed the crops, farmers were left with no money to buy groceries or make farm payments. Some people lost hope and moved away. Many young men took government jobs building roadsnd bridges. By 1940, normal rainfall returned, and federal programs helped to boost farm prices and improve the soil.

About the same time, a new government program started to hook up farmhouses to electricity, making farm life easier nd safer.


13/16

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1. Based upon what you read, what is happening in this photograph?

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2. Based upon the reading, why did Roosevelt create or promote the SSA?

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3. List two types of individuals assisted by the SSA.

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4. What are two other safety net organizations set up to help Americans? _____________________________________________________________________________

5. Do you know anyone who collects Social Security today? If so, who?

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SSA was not the only form of security, it was just the most widespread. The New Deal attended to other forms of security as well. Protection for consumers was the goal of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. This law stated thatlabels must contain honest and complete information about products. It also banned false advertising. The CivilAeronautics Act established rules for aviation. It set up the Civil Aeronautics Board to regulate fares and to look into plane crashes.

In the hearts of the public, the hard times of the depression had evoked adeep need for security. By 1936 President Roosevelt saw this need. Healso saw government as an agent for meeting the need. The President sentto Congress a bill to protect people from the fear of economic disaster.The bill became the Social Security Act.

The SSA was set up as a kind of insurance plan. It was designed to protect people from hardships in old age, disability, or unemployment.SSA awarded monthly benefits to people over 65. It also ensuredincomes for the disabled. To fund these programs, the SSA taxed bothworkers and employers. These monies were put into a trust fund to

provide benefits for future generations.

Another part of the SSA granted assistance to those who lost their jobs.Payroll taxes funded these benefits. SSA offered federal money to statesfor various programs. Care for needy mothers and babies as well as helpfor orphans and sick children was funded by federal grants. Aid for blind

people was included, too.


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__________________________ ___________________________ Conclusions : Based upon the picture or the reading:

1. Based upon what you read, what might be happening in this photograph?

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2. Based upon the reading, what triggered the great depression?

_____________________________________________________________________________ 3. Whats a nickname for the day the stock market crashed?

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4. Together, what were Roosevelts programs referred to as? _____________________________________________________________________________

5. What major world event helped to end the great depression?

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nservation Core or CCC. The CCC put many young men to work in the outdoors. Another of these programs was called Sociaurity . Social Security gave old people a small income so they had money for things they needed.

ween 1939 and 1944 , more people had jobs again because of World War II , and the Great Depression came to an end. The moviene With The Wind was based on it.

The Great Depression was a time when theeconomy in the United States and throughout theworld was extremely bad. It began with the WaStreet Crash of 1929 . The prices on the Wall Strstock market fell a lot from October 24 to Octo29, 1929 . Many people lost their jobs. They

became homeless and poor. This ended the wealthof the Roaring Twenties . The day that is said tohave started the Great Depression is called Black Tuesday.

When the Great Depression started, HerbertHoover was the president of the United States.People voted for a new president in 1932. His namwas Franklin D. Roosevelt . Roosevelt got thegovernment to pass many new laws and programto help people who were hurt by the GreatDepression. These programs were called the NeDeal . One of these programs was the Civilian


15/16

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1. Based upon the reading, what do you think Roosevelt is doing in this picture?

2. When did Roosevelt start giving his chats? Before or after he became president?

3. What would Roosevelt receive after each chat? How did these help Roosevelt get what

he wanted?

4. What is one piece of evidence from the reading that could prove that FDRs fireside chatswere popular?

5. What is Todays version of the Fireside Chat? Do you think that a president could stillhave such a good repertoire with Americans?

The fireside chats were a series of thirty evening radio speechgiven by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt betwe1933 and 1944.

According to Roosevelts principal speechwriter Judge SamuRosenman , he first used "fireside chats" in 1929 during his firstterm as Governor of New York . Roosevelt faced a conservativeRepublican legislature so during each legislative session hewould occasionally address the citizens of New York directly. Heappealed to them for help getting his agenda passed. Letterswould pour in following each of these "chats," which helped

pressure legislators to pass measures Roosevelt had proposed. He began making the informal addresses as President on March 11933 , during the Great Depression .

Sometimes beginning his talks with "Good evening, friends",Roosevelt urged listeners to have faith in the banks and to suphis New Deal measures. The "fireside chats" were consideredenormously successful and attracted more listeners than the most

popular radio shows during the " Golden Age of Radio ."Roosevelt continued his broadcasts into the 1940s , as Americaturned their attention to World War II .


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1. Based upon the reading, what is happening in this editorial cartoon?

2. What would the Court Packing Bill have allowed Roosevelt to do to the SupremeCourt?

3. What did the Supreme Court do to make FDR angry?

4. What evidence is there to suggest that Roosevelt ignored or didnt fully appreciate theseparation of powers?

5. What is absent from the constitution that might make Roosevelt think that he can changethe number of Justices?

The Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 , frequently called the Court-packing Bilwas a law proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt . While the billcontained many provisions, the most notorious one (which led to the name "Court-

packing Bill") would have allowed the President the power to appoint an extra SuprCourt Justice for every sitting Justice over the age of 70. Six additional justices would

have been appointed. This was proposed in response to the Supreme Court overturningseveral of his New Deal measures that proponents claim were designed to help theUnited States recover from the Great Depression .

Franklin Delano Roosevelt sought a way to ensure his legislative agenda after theSupreme Court of the United States repeatedly invalidated elements of his New Deal bydecisions finding those elements unconstitutional, including the AgriculturalAdjustment Act in United States v. Butler et al (1936) and the National RecoveryAdministration in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935). Although "inclineto wait until a vacancy naturally occurred on the Court," Roosevelt's first term passedwithout the opportunity to appoint a justice.

Increasingly frustrated, Roosevelt turned to an untraditional means to change the balance of the Court; namely, to change the number of justices. Article III of the U.S.

Constitution is silent as to how many justices may serve on the Court at any given time.Instead, the Constitution simply provides that the "judicial Power of the United Statesshall be vested in one supreme Court..." without specifying the number of justices onthat Court [1] . Only the office of " Chief Justice " is self-executing, as it alone ismentioned in the Constitution in Article I, section 3 as the officer responsible for

presiding over presidential impeachments [2] . The size of the court had been set andchanged in the following years, under circumstances suggesting reasons for the changesas indicated:

20s 30s Wrkshts Roarg 20sGreat Depressn

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