2018 Research Symposium ABSTRACT BOOKLET · the epithelial cells the cells were grown on cover...

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1.TheEffectsofGeneticandEnvironmentalInsultsonEpithelialCellsScienceVictoriaKrajcz,BiologyNicoleNajorPh.D,BiologySelenaCholak,BiologyFaithVolpe,BiologyEoinBarry,BiologyItisknownthatepithelialcellsprovideprotection,sensation,andallowsforselectiveabsorptionofmolecules.Inbetweeneachcellofepithelialtissueisadesmosomewhichisaproteincomplexthatcreatesthecytoskeletonframeworkofadjacentcells.Thegoalofthislabistoidentifyhowgeneticorenvironmentalinsultscandisrupttheorganizationandnormalmorphologyofepithelialcells.Inunderstandingthegeneticcomponent,partofthislabfocusesontheroleCOP9playsinfacilitatingskinstratificationandhowthatcouldeventuallyleadtoacancerousphenotype.COP9isamultiproteincomplexthatfunctionstodeneddylatecullinubiquitinligases.IfCOP9isnotfunctioningproperlyitcannotinhibittheepidermalgrowthfactorreceptor(EGFR),whichpromotescellproliferationandcellgrowth.Inatissuecontextsuchasskin,thereceptorpromotescellgrowthinthebasallayeronly.Thereceptormustbeturnedoff,otherwiseitmayleadtorapiddivisioninupperlayersoftheskin,onecharacteristicofcancerousgrowth.ThisisunderscoredbythefactthatEGFRisoverexpressedincancer.Inadditiontounderstandingepithelialcellbiologyinthecontextofcancer,anotherpartoftheresearchfocusesontheeffectsthattheherbicideAtrazinehasonepithelialcells.AtrazinehasbeenidentifiedasananimalcarcinogenanditisbannedintheUnitedKingdom.TheEPAhasconsidered3-10PPBasafeconcentrationtheyarenottightlyregulatingandareassuchastheMidwestwheretherearemanyareasofagriculture.Inbothoftheseresearchproject,weutilizedvariouscelllines,westernblottingandimmunofluorescence.AsfortheCOP9misregulation,theexperimentsweredonetoidentifychangesinotherproteinsuponsilencingofthethirdsubunitoftheCOP9signalosome(Cops3).Seeingthisrelationshipcanhelpidentifypathways,andhowproteinsmightsignaltoeachother.ToseetheeffectsthatAtrazinehasontheepithelialcellsthecellsweregrownoncoverslipstreatedwithvariousconcentrationsofAtrazine.Weanalyzedchangesincell-adhesionandDNAdamage.Theresultsofbothoftheseexperimentswillgiveabetterunderstandingofepithelialcellsandidentifyingthedifferentpathwaysaswellashowatrazineeffectsepithelialcells.

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2.LaneDetectioninPoorVisibilityUnstructuredEnvironmentsEngineeringYuyiLi,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringMarkPaulik,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringTheabilitytodetectroadlanesinvariousenvironmentalconditionsreceivesmuchattentioninautonomousvehicledevelopment.Thisworkbeginswithasetof41colorimagescapturedbyarobotmovingthroughatestcourse.Challengesintheimagesetincludelowimageresolution,imagevignetting,andnoisycourseelements.Wepresentanapproachtohighlightlanecontoursandfitlinestoeachlane'scontour.ThisworkisrelevantfortheInternationalGroundVehicleCompetition(IGVC),whichinvolvesmultipleuniversityteamscompetinginthedesignofanautonomousgroundvehiclerobot.ThecompetitionistheannualseniordesignprojectforDetroitMercyelectricalandcomputerengineeringdepartmentstudents.

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3.ImportantGainsinUseofPreventiveServicesAmongImmigrantsFollowingtheAffordableCareAct,ButDisparitiesAreLikelytoContinueScienceYuyiLi,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringWassimTarraf,WayneStateUniversity,InstituteofGerontology Background:Immigrants,whoareprojectedtocomprise20%oftheUSpopulationby2065,facedisparatehealthcareaccessanduselesshealthcareservicescomparedwiththosebornintheUS.The2014AffordableCareActreductionsoffinancialandaccessbarrierstohealthinsurancecreatesanopportunitytoexaminetheimpactofamajornationalpolicychangeonimprovementsinhealthcareservicesuseandpossiblereductionindisparitiesamongimmigrants.Methods:Improvingonpreviouslypublishedwork,weuseaquasi-experimentaldesigntoprovideevidenceontheeffectsofinsurancegainsonpreventiveservicesusebyfocusingonwithin-personchangesduringtheACAenactmentsperiod.Todosoweuselongitudinal,nationally-representativedataonadultsages26-64(n=32,612)fromthe2013-2015MedicalExpendituresPanelSurvey(MEPS)tofitpopulation-averagemodelstoestimateACAeffectsonpreventiveservicesuse.Wecontrolforpredisposing,enabling,andhealthneedscharacteristicsusingtheframeworkofAndersen'sBehavioralmodel.Wecalculateyearlymarginalchangesinpreventiveservicesusefor(1)respondentswhogainedinsuranceand(2)thosethatarecontinuouslyinsured,andapplycontrastteststoexaminedifferencesbynativitygroups.Results:Amongthosewhogainedinsurance,USandforeign-bornadultsreportsignificantyearlyimprovementsinuseofprimarycareservicesincluding:routinecheckups,influenzavaccination,bloodpressurechecks,andcholesteroltests.Useofdentalcheckupsandreceiptofexerciseanddietadvicesignificantlyimproveduniquelyamongtheforeign-born.Improvementsvariedbetweentheforeign-andUS-bornforcancerpreventiveservices.Asexpected,wefoundsubstantivelytrivialorstatisticallynon-significantchangesinpreventiveservicesuseamongthecontinuouslyinsured,independentofnativitystatus.Conclusion:Ourresultssuggestthatinsurancegainstriggerpositivechangesinprimarycarespecificpreventiveservicesuse,andequallysoamongUSandforeign-bornrespondents.Thevariationsinresponsebynativitystatusforbehavioralandcancerspecificpreventiveservicesrequiresfurtherinvestigation.Overall,ourresultshighlighttheimportanceofinsuranceaccesstopreventivecare,thehallmarkofqualityandcost-efficientcare.Althoughimmigrantswereequallyor,insomecases,morelikelytobenefitfrominsurancegains,disparitiesinaccessanduseinservicesarelikelytocontinuegiventhehigherprevalenceofchronicunderinsuranceamongimmigrantsremainingfollowingtheACA.

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4.UnderstandingtheMisregulationoftheCOP9SignalosomeinEpitheliumDerivedCancersScienceSelenaCholak,BiologyVictoriaKrajcz,BiologyTheepidermis,theoutermostlayerofskin,servesasacriticalbarrieragainsttheoutsideenvironment.Acommonfeatureamongcancerousepidermalcellsisadesmosomalmutationthatresultsinthelossofcell-to-celladhesion,whichisrequiredfortheproperformationoftissues.DesmosomeshavebeenshowntointeractwiththeCOP9Signalosome.Thiscomplexservestoinhibitfunctionofepidermalgrowthfactorreceptor(EGFR),asignalingpathwayknowntomediatecellgrowthandepidermaldifferentiation.EGFRisstabilizedbyNedd8,aubiquitin-likeprotein.UpontheremovalofNedd8,EGFRisdestabilized,allowingforadampeningofitsgrowthsignalingtransductionpathway.TheremovalofNedd8occursthroughasuper-complexofthedesmosomeandtheCOP9Signalosome,aneight-subunitmulti-proteincomplexpreviouslyknowntocleaveNedd8fromcullin-ubiquitinligases.Whilethedesmosome-COP9Signalosomesuper-complexfunctionshavebeenwelldefinedforthemaintenanceofskinhomeostasis,itspotentialroleinepithelial-derivedcancershasnotyetbeenexplored.SinceEGFRoverexpressionisknowntoexistinavarietyofcancers,wequestiontheextenttowhichthedesmosome-COP9Signalosomecouldbecontributingtothisoverexpressionincancer.Throughproteinanalysisinavarietyofcancercellslines,thisresearchaimstoclarifytheprocessbywhichthedesmosome-COP9Signalosomecomplexcontributestoacancerousphenotype.

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5.InvestigatingtheroleofbindingpartnersofYorkieatdistinctstagesofDrosophilamelanogastereyedevelopmentScienceBrookeAllen,BiologyAnthonyHuffman,BiologyLeonardoRomero-Barajas,BiologyTiffanyCook,OtherJacobKagey,BiologyInDrosophilaeyedevelopmentthemorphogeneticfurrowisaprogressivepatternofdifferentiationduringeyedevelopment.Herewefocusedonhowthetimedependentdown-regulationofthetranscriptionalregulatoryproteinsYki,Mad,andSdaffectthephenotypeoftheDrosophilaeyeatdifferentstagesofdevelopment.ThefactthatYkiisahomologofYAP1,whichhasbeencorrelatedwithhumancancerdevelopment,meansthatthesefindingsmaybehelpfulinbetterunderstandinghumantumordevelopment.Yki,Mad,andSd,larvaltissuewasdissectedfromlarvaewithRNAiknockdownatdifferntnstagesofeyedevelopmentandstainedwithantibodiestoobservechangesincelldeath,cellproliferation,anddifferentiation.Additionally,theoutcomeofchangesincellgrowthanddifferentiationwereanalyzedinadultfliesbystudyingchangesineyesizeandoverallorganization.TheresultsshowedthatMadexpressionisessentialforeyegrowthandfurrowprogressionbuthadlittleeffectafterthefurrow,whereasYkiexpressionisnecessaryforsurvivalindependentofthefurrowthroughouttheentireimaginaleyedisc.ResultsforSdconfirmedaknownroleforSdasaco-activatorofYkiafterthefurrowthroughthephenocopyingofSdandYkipost-furrowdisruptions.DissectionforpupaleyediscshelpvisualizethepatternsofommatidialorganizationinpupaleyeswhichcanprovideaclearerimageofhowthedisruptionofYkiandpotentialbindingpartnerscanaffecteyedevelopment.Futureplansforthisresearchprojectinvolveslookingatthecombinatorialknockdownofmultiplegenesatonceandtheinvestigationoftheaffectthatblockedcelldeathhasoneyephenotypes.

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6.InVivoExpressionofAntifreezePeptidesHK-2andHK-3inE.ColiScienceLailaSareini,BiologyAntifreezeproteins(AFP)areuniquebiomoleculesproducedbyorganismslivinginarcticclimates.AFPshelporganismstosurviveextremelycoldtemperaturesbyinhibitingthefreezingprocessandallowingfornecessaryphysiologicalfunctionstotakeplace.Theirabilitytolowermeltingpointsinanon-colligativemannermakesthemgreatcandidatesforpotentialuseincryopreservationofcells,tissues,andorgans.ThisprojectfocusesoncloningandexpressionofshortsegmentsoftypeIAFPpeptidesknownasHK-2andHK-3inE.coli.TheAFPfragmentsHK-2andHK-3wereclonedinaninducibleexpressionvector,transformedintoE.colistrainDH5Œ±,andconfirmedusingacolonypolymerasechainreaction.AninvivoassayofantifreezeactivityofHK-2inE.coliwasconductedbystoringculturesofclonedHK-2strainsat0¬∞Coverincreasingincubationperiods.Growthafterstorageat0¬∞Cwasmonitoredbyplatingdifferentdilutionsonkanamycinplates,incubatingat37¬∞C,anddeterminingcolonynumbers.PreliminaryresultsoftheassayrevealedanincreaseincellsurvivalovertimeforHK-2clonedstrainsascomparedtocontrols,whichhadsignificantlylowercolonyformingunits(CFU/mL).TheseresultsdemonstratethattheAFPsegmentsHK-2andHK-3havepromisingpotentialforutilizationinvariouscryopreservationtechniques,whichisbeingfurtherinvestigated.

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7.ModifiedClick-styleSonogashiraCouplingReactionsInvolvingSilyl-protectedAlkynesatRoomTemperatureScienceMatthewJ.Mio,Chemistry&BiochemistryHumzaAli,Chemistry&BiochemistryNicholasBoynton,Chemistry&BiochemistrySalarBrikho,Chemistry&BiochemistryMelindaDickow,Chemistry&BiochemistryMaryM.Payne,Chemistry&Biochemistry BennettM.Ross,Chemistry&Biochemistry ChristinaN.Sayah,Chemistry&Biochemistry AmodifiedClick-styleSonogashiracouplingreactionhasbeendevelopedwhichcancouplearyliodidestosilyl-protectedalkynesatroomtemperature.Excellentyieldsarepossible,thetransformationistolerantofelectron-deficientand–richarylhalidesystems,andminimumhomocouplingproductsareobserved.ThetransformationprotocolinvolvesPd(dba)2catalyst,sodiumascorbate,copper(II)sulfate,and1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene(DBU)asthebase.Thesolventsystemmakesuseofanacetonitrile/watermixtureanditislikelythecombinationofthewaterandCu2+whichallowsforinsitusilylprotectinggroupremovalandsubsequentSonogashiracoupling.Thereactioncanalsoutilizebis-TMS-substitutedalkynestartingmaterialstogeneratetwocouplingsatonce.

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8.RacialIdentity,Depression,andPerceivedStressamongPregnantBlackWomenScienceReliciousEboh,BiologyThisstudyexaminedtheroleofracialidentityinrelationtopsychologicalstressanddepressivesymptomsamongpregnantBlackwomen.Asecondaryanalysisofdatawasderivedfromaretrospectivecohortstudyof1,410BlacknewmothersparticipatingintheLife-courseInfluencesonFetalEnvironments(LIFE)studyconductedintheDetroitMetropolitanarea.Datawereobtainedfrommaternalinterviewandmedicalrecordsabstraction.RacialidentitywasmeasuredusingtheMultidimensionalInventoryofBlackIdentity(MIBIscale.BothdirectandindirectinfluencesofMIBIwereexamined(centrality,privateandpublicregard).PerceivedstresswasmeasuredbytheCohen'sPerceivedStressScaleandstatisticallyanalyzedmeans.DepressionwasmeasuredusingCenterofEpidemiologicalStudiesDepression(CES-D)scale,withascore<22reportedaslowtomoderatedepression.Womenwithhighstressscoreshadasignificantlyhighermeanscoreontheirprivateregardtoracialidentitythanwomenwithlessstress(p=0.05,differenceinmeans0.06364).Therewasnosignificanteffectonwomen'sdepressivesymptoms(severevs.not)relativetothetwoofthethreeracialidentitysubscales,butthedifferenceinmeansforthepublicregardsubscalewasstatisticallysignificant(p<0.001).StudyfindingssuggestthatapregnantBlackwomen'sracialidentityappearstoberelatedinparttostressanddepressivesymptoms.

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9.ProvisionofTransportationforOutcomesforOlderAdultsOtherNursingVanessaLee,NursingDr.LindaKeilman,MichiganStateUniversity-CollegeofNursingDr.ZeenatKotval-K,MichiganStateUniversity-SchoolofPlanning,DesignandConstructionThepurposeofthispilotstudywastoinvestigatetheimpactofpreventivehealthcareattainmentforadults(aged65yearsandolder)todetermineifthereisasignificantrelationshipwiththepresenceoftransportationservicesgearedspecificallytowardthispopulationcohort.Bytheyear2050,oneinfivepeoplewillbeover65yearsoldintheUnitedStates(Kotval-K,2017).Whileitisadvisedthatolderadultswhoareovertheageof75yearsoldtotakealternativetransportationmethodsotherthandrivingindependently,butin2010,thestateofMichiganreportedmorethan90%ofthe70-74yearoldrangestilldroveindependently(Kostyniuk,2012).Thelackofavailableandadequatetransportationservicesposesachallengeforolderadultswhomrequirefrequenthealthcareappointments(Kotval-K,2017).Limitingtheirabilitytotravelfreelyleadstophysicalandsocialisolationanddeterioratinghealthoutcomesforthiscohort(Kotval-K,2017).TheprojectaimsifthereisasignificantrelationshipbetweenthepresencestransportationservicesandtheattainmentofpreventivehealthservicesforOlderAdultslivingintheLansing,MIarea.Wepredictthatcommunitieswithfreeorreducedratetransportationservicesforolderadultswouldhaveahigherprevalenceofolderadultsthathaveattainedpreventiveservices,comparedtoareaswithnotransportationprovisionsinplace.Olderadultsfacingatransportationburdenwouldfurtherforegoregularfollow-upappointmentswiththeirhealthcareprovidersthanmisstheirappointmentsthatareofamorespecial-carenatureorforspecifictestsandacutecomplaints.Thereisapositiveassociationbetweentransportationservicesforolderadultsandattainmentforcorepreventiveservicesformenandwomenovertheageof65yearsoldandover.Thisprojectwillenablecommunitiesandresearcherstoassociatetransportationinfrastructurewithhealthoutcomesatageographiclevel.Theresultsconstructsamoreconsistenttransportationoutlinegearedforolderadultsin3countiesaroundLansing,MI(Clinton,Eaton,Ingham)leadingtoahigherprospectofsuccessfulagingin-placeandpromotinganactivelifestyleforthispopulation.

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10.VariationoftheCommonCarotidArteryDiameterRelatedtoAgeScienceAlanaGarmo,BiologyTavalaLuciow,BiologySarahDeDolph,BiologyMaryTracy-Bee,BiologyInamulti-campusandmulti-yearstudy,weinvestigatedtherelationshipofthesizeofthecommoncarotidarteryversusageofdeath.Asignificantandpositivecorrelationwasidentifiedbilaterallyinthediameterofthecommoncarotidarteriesintoageofdeathinhumancadaversrangingfrom24to104yearsold(p<0.001)withasamplesizeof125.Therehasbeenanobservedrelationshipbetweentheoccurrenceandseverityofstrokestothediameterofthecommoncarotidarteryofthoseaffected.Thiscorrelationmayofferaninsightintocirculatory-relatedproceduresinthecervicalregionormaybeindicativeofarelatedgeneticpredispositiontoahighervascularflow.

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11.Exposuretoenvironmentally-relevantconcentrationsofatrazinecauseschangesincytochromeP450andglutathione-S-transferaseactivityinthehepatopancreasofcrayfish(Faxoniusvirilis)ScienceSaameraAwali,BiologySaraA.Abdulelah,BiologyKarenG.Crile,BiologyKathrineE.Yacoo,Chemistry&BiochemistryVictoriaC.Torres,Chemistry&BiochemistryDanielJ.Dayfield,BiologyAbdrhmanAlmouseli,BiologyKendraR.Evans,Chemistry&BiochemistryRachelleM.Belanger,BiologyTheherbicideatrazineiscommonlyappliedtocropsintheU.S.Midwestinordertocontrolbroadleafweeds.Atrazineenterslocalstreamsandriversthroughrunoff,seepage,evaporationandregionaltransport,subsequentlyaffectingaquaticorganisms.ToexaminetheeffectsofatrazineonexpressionandactivitylevelsoftheoxidativeenzymescytochromeP450(CYP1A1)andglutathione-S-transferase(GST),weusedtheusedthekeystonespeciescrayfishasabioindicator.Crayfishweretreatedwith0,10,40,80,100and300ppbatrazinefor1,2,4,7and10days.Accordingtoresults,therewasasignificantincreaseinCYP1A1expressionlevelssucceedingtreatmentsof100ppbforoneday,10ppbfortwodays,and40ppbforfourandtendays.Atsevendaysofexposure,therewerenosignificantdifferencesofCYP1A1expressionlevelsforallconcentrations.Moreover,ourresultsindicateasignificantincreaseinGSTexpressionfollowingtreatmentsof300ppbforone,two,four,seven,andtendays,aswellas10ppbfortwodays.Overall,detoxificationenzymeexpressionandactivitylevelsareaffectedfollowingenvironmentally-relevantexposuresofatrazine.Exposuretoatrazinemayultimatelyleadtoincreasedenergydemandsandalterpopulationfitness.

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12.Aninvestigationofolfactorysensoryneuronmorphologyinthecrayfish(Faxoniusvirilis)followingatrazineexposureScienceSaraA.Abdulelah,BiologyKarenG.Crile,BiologySaameraAwali,BiologyHoudaH.Khalil,BiologyRachelleM.Belanger,BiologyAtrazineisanherbicidethatisheavilyappliedinagriculturalareasintheMidwesternUnitedStatesandcanrun-offandseepintosurroundingaquatichabitats.Concentrationsofatrazinecanreachconcentrationsof>300ppb.Previousresearchinourlabhasshownthatexposuresto80ppbatrazinecauselastingdeficienciesinthechemoreceptionoffoodandmateodors.Duetothefactthatatrazineimpairschemosensoryresponses,thegoalofthisstudywastodeterminetheeffectofatrazineonolfactorysensoryneuronslocatedinthelateralantennulesofcrayfish.Inthisexperiment,weusedthree15-dayexposures(0,80,and300ppb)toatrazine.Posttreatment,lateralantennuleswerefixed,decalcifiedandcryoprotected.Medialsegmentswerethensectionedonacryostat.Antennulesectionswerestainedwithantibodiesagainsttubulin,aproteinfoundinneurons,andDAPI,anuclearstainandimaged.Additionally,weusedDiOtohelpdeterminethenumberofneuronspresentaftertreatment.Ourpreliminarydatasuggeststhatatrazineexposurecausesdegenerationofolfactorysensoryneuronbundlesorclusters,leadingtoimpairmentsinchemosensoryabilities.

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13.ReactionsofDeprotonatedsPEEKFuelCellMembraneConformerswithHradicalsScienceZacharyR.Smith,Chemistry&BiochemistryNikolinaOgnanovich,Chemistry&BiochemistryJonathanE.Stevens,Chemistry&BiochemistryPolymerelectrolytehydrogen-oxygenfuelcells(PEFC)areofinterestbecauseoftheirchemicalandthermalstabilityinportabledevicesandpossibleautomotiveapplications.Withinthehydrogen-oxygencell,aPEFCmembraneseparatestheanodeandcathodeofthefuelcell,whileprovidingprotontransferfromthecathodetotheanode.Sulfonatedpoly-etheretherketone(sPEEK)isonematerialproposedforuseasamembrane.ThisworkanalyzestheadditionreactionofahydrogenatomradicalwithansPEEKmodelmolecule(sPEEK1).Thesereactionsarecomputationallyanalyzedinthegasphaseandassolvatedinwater.MultipleconformersforthereactionofHydrogenwithdeprotonatedsPEEK1arestudied.Carbon-oxgyenandcarbon-sulfurbondswithinsPEEKbecomeveryweakafteraddition,andbTitlearrierstobondbreakingareextremelylow.Thedifferentconformershadlittleenergydifferencebetweenthem,andfurtherthelargestdifferenceinbarriertobondbreakingbetweenconformerswas2.0kcal/mol.Thus,furthercomputationalanalysiscanbecontinuedwithoutregardtowhichconformerisused.Also,itwasfoundthatsolvatingcausesthehydrogenadditionreactiontobecomelessendothermicandmoreexergonicwhichimpactsstability.

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14.PressurePointIdentificationandAnalysisforChildren:APilotStudyEngineeringChristopherMichaelHarness,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringMollyLaird,MechanicalEngineeringIvyJ.Razmus,Nursing-UDMGrandRapidsMeganConrad,MechanicalEngineeringPressureulcersarelocalizeddamagetotheskinresultingfromanappliedforceoveraperiodoftime.Theappliedpressure,ifnottreated,willaggregatebloodcellsaswellasdamagingcapillaries,causingnecrosisandcelldestruction.Inadults,ulcersaremostlikelytodevelopinthesacrumandheelregions.Despiterecentpediatricrecommendationspromotingpressuredistributionsurfacesincribs,fewstudiesexistassessingpeakpressurepointsinchildrenandmethodstopreventpressureulcerdevelopment.Thus,theobjectivesofthispilotstudywereto:i)Identifythelocationofpeakpressureandcorrespondingcontactareawhilechildren(age3-5)laysupine;ii)Assessthedifferencesinpeakpressure/contactareabetweentwosurfaces(cribmattress/yogamat);iii)Determinecorrelationbetweenpeakpressureandchildweight.Wehypothesizedpeakpressureforchildrenwilloccurinthescalpregion,highestpeakpressurewilloccurontheyogamatsurface,andpeakpressurewillbepositivelycorrelatedwithchildweight.Fordatacollection,children(n=4)laysupineatopaTekscan5400N(Tekscan,Inc.,BostonMA)sensorpositionedontopofthedesiredtestsurface.TekscanBPMSsoftwarerecordedandfilteredthedatapriortoanalysis.Preliminaryresultsindicatethepeakpressurepointforchildrenisatthescalpregion(73.5+/-18.45mmHg)opposedtothesacrum(33.7+/-9.34mmHg)orheel(21.6+/-8.45mmHg).Atthescalp,higherpeakpressureoverasmallercontactareaispresentontheyogamat(87.6+/-12.59mmHg,6.2+/-1.03in^2;respectively)comparedtothecribmattress(59.4+/-6.34mmHg,14.9+/-2.14in^2).Althoughbasedoffasmallsamplesize,datasuggestsdifferencesinpeakpressuremagnitudeandlocationforchildrenlayingsupinevariesfromresultspreviouslyobtainedinolderadults.Futurestudiescouldleadtowardsimprovedstandardsinpediatrichealthproductsandafirmunderstandingofcareforchildrenwithweakerskinintegrity.

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15.MorphologyoftheSemispinalisCapitisMuscleintheNeckScienceCiavaglia,BiologyAdamElturk,BiologyIbrahimAljerdi,BiologyNegarMehrabi,BiologyMaryTracy-Bee,BiologyThesemispinaliscapitismuscleisfoundintheposteriorneckofhumans.Thismuscleallowsustoextendourheadandneck.Thesemispinaliscapitismuscleisalsoknownasthebiventercervicismuscle.Themajorityofanatomytextbooksandatlasesdepictthismuscleascontainingtwobelliesofmusclewithalinearinterveningwhitetendonousbandthatneatlyseparatesthemuscleintoupperandlowerparts.Wedissectedtheposteriorneckandupperbackofthirty-sevencadaverswithatotalofseventy-twoindividualmusclesinordertoisolatethismuscleandgainbetterclarificationofthismuscle’sappearance.Wefoundthatthismuscledoesnotappearascommonlydepictedinmostanatomybooks.Insteadwefoundthatitsinterveningtendonisnotlinearlyhorizontal.Itstendonconsistsofmultipledifferentpartsthatarecommonlydisconnectedandlieeithersuperiororinferiortoeachotherinthreedifferentcategories.Thethreemainclassificationsincludetwouniformverticalbands,oneverticalwithonecurvedband,andanothergroup.54.2percentfallsinthetwouniformverticalbandclassification,26.4percentfallsintheoneverticalonecurvedbandclassification,and19.4percentfallsintheotherclassification.Ourdiscoverywillchangethewayinwhichthismuscleisdrawninanatomicaltextbooks.FuturestudiesplannedinvolvequantifyingthetendonanditsrelationshiptothemusclebellyincomparisontotheC7cervicalvertebrae.

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16.ResultsforfieldcompactiontestsofEGRPEngineeringZeinabHussein,Civil,Architectural&EnvironmentalEngineeringAlanHoback,Civil,Architectural&EnvironmentalEngineeringInfiltrationisverycrucialparameterthatisusedindifferentmeasurementofsoil’sstrength,itishighlyusedinengineering,agriculturalandmanagementfields.Therearemanyfactorsthataffectsinfiltrationratessuchassoiltype,hydraulicactivity,moisturelevel,compactionandpressure.Parajana’sEGRParesimpleengineeredtoolsthatarebeinginstalledinareasthatarebeingoverflooded,andincredibledrainageofsurfaceboundedwaterhasbeennoticed.AstudyofcompactionlevelhasbeenconductedonBelleIsleareawithbothEGRPandacontrolusingDynamicCorePenetrometer(DCP),andthroughevaluatingtheDCPPenetrationIndex(DPI)at200mm.Theresultsweremixed,howeveratrendhasbeenshowntoappear.AreaswithinstalledEGRPwerelesscompactedthantheother.Thisishighlylinkedtoincreasedinfiltrationrates.Acompactedsoilhaslessporespacewithinit,andlessporemeansrestrictedmovementofwaterduetobothcapillaryandgravitationalforces.Inadditiontocompaction,temperatureandmoisturelevelsweremeasuredandagaintheyarecorrelatedwithourresultsandtheories.FurtherstudiesaretobeheldatlocationwithEGRPinstallation,alsolaboratoryexperimentsaretobedoneinorderforustounderstandtherealmechanismbehindEGRP.

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17.FiniteelementmodelingofRing-ShapedSteelPlateShearWallsEngineeringWeinanLi,Civil,Architectural&EnvironmentalEngineeringAlanHoback,Civil,Architectural&EnvironmentalEngineeringSteelplateshearwalls(SPSW)areveryimportantinstructuraldesign.Theyarewidelyusedinmanycountriesespeciallyforseismicloading.Previousresearchershaveusedplateswithcircularholesbecauseofitsgoodenergydissipationability.SPSWmayincreasetheenergydissipationby100percentandkeeprelativelyhighstiffness.Previousresearchersusedlabtestingtodetermineperformance,buthavelimitedresultsbecauseofthecost.AdynamicfiniteelementanalysisisdonehereusingAbaqus.Theanalysisresultscomparetothelabresults.Analysisopensthepossibilityofmorethoroughinvestigationsofdesignparametersinfluencingtheenergyabsorption.

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18.GeomagneticallyInducedCurrentsinBuildingTransformersEngineeringAlgridSzumlas,Civil,Architectural&EnvironmentalEngineeringAlanHoback,Civil,Architectural&EnvironmentalEngineeringSolarflaresandcoronamassejectionscausemajordisturbancesinEarth’satmosphereandbyextension,oursensitivetechnology.Thesesolarfluxeventscauseextremegeomagneticallyinducedcurrentsthatposemanythreatstopowergrids,complexelectricalsystems,andtelecommunicationtechnology.Whilethesestormsdoputsatellitesandradioinfrastructureatrisk,themostcostlydamagesconsistoftransformerreplacements.Thisresearchisdirectedtowardsfindingcosteffectivesolutionsthatmaysavetheworldmillionsofdollarsintheeventofamajorsolarfluxevent.Modificationstopreservebuildingsystemsareproposed.

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19.SynthesisofLinearMulti-DentateLigandsIncorporatingLong-ChainAliphaticAldehydesScienceAlexandriaRogers,Chemistry&BiochemistryClaytonBlackwell,Chemistry&BiochemistryMarkBenvenuto,Chemistry&BiochemistrySeveralmulti-dentatepodandligands,including3to5nitrogenatoms,weresynthesizedinanattempttoproduceligandsusefulforremovingmetalionsfromwater-basedsolutions.Theligandswerecreatedfromthecommonstartingmaterialsdiethylenetriamine(N3),triethylenetetraamine(N4),andtetraethylenepentaamine(N5)combinedwithoctanal,decanal,anddodecylaldehydeusingSchiff’sbasecondensations.Thepurposeofthisprojectistoidentifyinexpensive,easy-to-synthesizeligandswhichcanbeusedforwaterremediation.

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20.AnalyzingtheExpressionofMaryShelleyinDrosophilaOvariesScienceIvanBarraza-Duran,BiologyJacobD.Kagey,BiologyStephanieB.Conant,BiologyInhumansthereisagenenamedCables1,whichweknowisalteredinseveralcancers.However,thecausationofCables1beingalteredhasnotyetbeenstudied.ThehomologofCables1inDrosophilaisCG6191,whichwehavenamedMaryShelley.TheovariesoftheDrosophilaarethefocusofthisprojectbecauseCables1hasbeenshowntobealteredinovariancancer.OurhypothesisisthatthepatternofexpressionofMSshouldgiveusahelpfulinsightonthefunctionofCables1inthehumanbody.FliesfromtheMS-GFPcrosswereanalyzedbecauseGFPisagoodmarkertousewhenlookingunderamicroscope.WefoundthatexpressionofMSseemedtobestrongeronthestemcellsandincreasedinexpressionasthefolliclecellsmatured.TheovarieswerethenstainedwithantibodiesGFP(green),Phalloidin(red),andDAPI(blue).WehaveobtainedseveralclearimagesshowingtheexpressionofMS-GFPintheovariesoftheDrosophila.WealsoneedtocollectmoredataonthepatternsofexpressionofMS^rnai,whichwoulddisrupttheexpressionpattern.OncewegetanunderstandingoftheexpressionpatternsofMS,wecanstudythefunctionsofMS.

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21.Gastro-IntestinalCharacteristicsofMadagascarHissingCockroaches,Gromphadorhinaportentosa:CarbonicAnhydraseLocalization&ParacrineInteractionScienceA'TeareaBoggan,BiologyJolaniPerez,Chemistry&BiochemistryDr.GregoryGrabowski,BiologyCarbonicanhydrase(CA)convertsCO2+H2O!"H2CO3

-!"H++HCO3,whichregulatesthepHofthegastro-intestinal(GI)tractandhemolymph,andaidsindigestion.Hansson’stechniquewasusedtodeterminewhereCAwasinthegastro-intestinal(GI)tract.CarbonicanhydrasewasmostprevalentinthececaresultinginanaveragepHof4.89,andgraduallybecomingalkalinereachingapHof8.5inthehindgut.Intheforeguttheaveragegradientis6.33,themidgutis6.67,andthehindgutisbetween7.33-8.ThececaandlighthindgutweremostheavilystainedforCA.CarbonicanhydrasealsocontributedtothepHofhemolymph,whichhasapHof6.30.Acetazolamide,aCAinhibitor,eliminatedthepHgradientintheGItract,aswellasinthehemolymph. MalpighiantubulesandGIrelationshipswerealsoinvestigated.Roachesweredissectedandtheinternalorgansfixedintheirsetposition,allowinganatomicalrelationshipstostayintactinordertounderstandtheendocrinerelationorganshavewithoneanother.Thesystemwasdissectedintobodysections,whichconsistofoneormoreGIorgansandallowforstainingtissuesandMalpighiantubules(MTs)associatedwiththosebodysections.PhloxineandOrangeGareusedtofindendocrinecellsandtheirrelationshipsinbodysections.Haematoxylin-EosinshowedthemorphologyoftheMTsassociatedwithbodysections.

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22.EvaluationofPreparationandDetectionMethodofTraceMetalElementsinTeaLeavesandTeaBeveragesScienceZeinabA.Bazzi,Chemistry&BiochemistryKatherineC.Lanigan,Chemistry&BiochemistryTeaisoneofthemostconsumedbeveragesintheworldbothforpleasureandthepotentialhealthbenefits.However,theuptakeoftoxicmetalionsintotealeavesfromcontaminatedsoilorwaterisapotentialhealthconcern.Theobjectivesofthisstudyweretoevaluatesamplepreparationmethodsandinstrumentalmethodsthatcanbeusedintheanalysisoftracemetalelementsindifferenttealeaves.Additionally,comparisonofmetalconcentrationsinbrewedteaversusinrawtealeaveswascarriedouttodeterminehowmuchofthemetalisinfusedintotheteawater.Brewedtea,minusthetealeaves,andrawtealeaveswerepreparedforanalysisbytwosamplepreparationmethods.Followingthesamplepreparation,instrumentalmethodssuchasinductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry(ICP-MS),flameatomicabsorptionspectrometry,andX-rayfluorescence(XRF)aretypicallyused.Whilethesemethodshavedifferentdetectionlimits,theeaseandaccessofuseareconsiderationsforchoiceofmethod.ThecopperconcentrationsinthebrewedteadidnotexceedtheupperlimitsetbytheEPAfordrinkingwater,thoughthelevelsfoundacrossthreeteabrandsvariedbyasmuchas60ppbcopper.Leadconcentrationsvariedbyasmuchas10ppbinthethreebrandsbothaboveandbelowtheEPAupperlimitforlead.Thefreshbrewedteawasexpectedtohavelowerlevelsthantheweek-oldbrewedtea,butthiswasnotfoundtobethecaseinhalfofthesamples.Theconcentrationofmetalsmeasuredinthebrewedteawasnearlythesameastheprocessedrawtealeavessuggestingnearlycompleteinfusion.

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23.ExaminationofaSeriesofJapanese100MonCoinsbyEnergyDispersiveX-RayFluorescenceSpectrometryScienceTiffanyTieuNgo,Chemistry&BiochemistryWilliamArce,Chemistry&BiochemistryMarkBenvenuto,Chemistry&BiochemistryAseriesofJapanese100moncoins,fromthe1800's,wereexaminedviaEDXRFtodeterminetheirelementalcomposition.Whileboughtandsoldontherarecoinsandantiquitiesmarketstodayas“Brass”or“bronze”coins,theyaremorecomplexthanjustabinaryalloy.Elementalfindings,includingtraceelementpresences,willbepresentedanddiscussed.

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24.AutonomousRobotwiththeAbilitytoDetectandAvoidObstaclesEngineeringKaylaHughes,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringJoseSolis,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringThedefinitionofautonomousisself-governingorindependent,sowhenavehicleisautonomous,itismakingdecisionsonitsownbytheprogrammingandcircuitryofanengineer.Autonomousvehiclesareconstantlybeingdevelopedeverydayfromvacuumcleanersandpoolcleanerstoautonomousvehicles.Asroboticsengineers,theknowledgeofautonomousrobotswillbeusefultoourcareersandeducationsbecausetheywillbecomealargepartofthefuture.Thisfinalprojectwastointroduceustoautonomousrobotsandtocombinealloftheskillsthatwegainedthroughoutthesemesterinthefundamentalsofelectricalengineeringlab.Welearnedaboutoperationalamplifiercircuits,555timers,IRsensors,servo-motors,anddigitallogicandthepurposeoftheseinstrumentsinordertoapplythemtoarobotandallowittomoveonitsown.

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25.HeartRateMonitorProjectEngineeringJoshuaCormier,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringThegoaloftheprojectwastodesignanddevelopaheartratemonitoringdevicecapableofaccuratelymeasuringtheheartrateovera60secondperiod.ThisdevicewastobedevelopedwithouttheuseofaMicrocontroller.Assuch,allfunctionsoftheheartratemonitorhadtoberealizedthroughanarrayoflogic-basedIC’sfunctioningasadders,dividers,timers,sensors,decoders,and7-segmentdisplays.ThedeviceIC’scametogetherintoseveralsub-circuitsthatinturnmadeupthelargerdevice.Eachsub-circuitwasdesigned,simulated,built,andtestedonanindividualbasis(i.e.onepieceatatime)beforebeingincorporatedintotheoverallcircuit.Difficultiesfacedbythestudentteaminclude,butarenotlimitedtodevelopmentofanaccurate555timertobethedrivingcircuitsclockinsteadofacrystaltimer,theconversionofmultiplebinarycountersintodecimalcounters,andcarefulwiringandtroubleshootingofalargenumberofIC‚Äôs.

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26.InfectionCausingAntibioticResistantPseudomonasAeruginosaBacteriaAndVirusesOnBloodInUndergraduateResearchScienceRaniaChdid,BiologyJennaDinka,BiologyOmarDlewati,BiologyCameronJohns,Chemistry&BiochemistryJamesGraves,BiologyPseudomonasaeruginosaisanantibioticresistantbacteriumthatisknowntocauseinfectionsofblood.ThisstudyexaminedgrowthofP.aeruginosaATCC13388withaphage(bacterialvirus)isolatedfromstreamsedimentinpresenceofbloodandbloodserum.Intheroutinetestdilution(RTD)assay,todiscoverthehighesttiterofphagetogivecompletelysis,carriedoutontrypticasesoyagar(TSA)withsheepblood,clearzonesonlawnsofcellsonagarfordilutionsupthrough10raisedtothepowerof-6wereapparent.ThisRTDresultwasthesameasobservedforthephagewiththeassayperformedonbrainheartinfusion(BHI)agarwithoutblood.Toexaminethelyticabilityofthephage,cellsinBHIwereinfectedatamultiplicityofinfection(MOI)ofabout1.0anddilutionsspreadonagarplates.Afterincubation,countsforsurvivorcoloniesonplatescontainingcellsandphagewerenotconsiderablylowerthanthecountsforplatesthatcontainedcellsalone.TheeffectofphageongrowthofP.aeruginosainbloodserumwasassessedbymeasurementofcultureopticaldensity(OD)withaKlett-Summersoncolorimeter.Inclusionofphageatan(MOI)ofapproximately1.0resultedinabacterialculturewithOD35,incontrasttoaculturewithoutphagewithOD160after6days.InBHI,inabsenceofbloodfactorsatanMOIofapproximately100,aculturecontainingphageproducedOD38incontrasttoaculturewithoutphagewithOD138in24h.However,whenanMOInear.01wasusedtheculturewithphagewasonlyslightlyinhibited.Asarudimentarymodelforaninfectiongauzebandagewaspermeatedwithorganicmaterial,swabinoculatedwithP.aeruginosaandtreatedwithabout10raisedtothepowerof9plaqueformingunits(PFU)ofphage.Afterincubationabacterialgrowthinhibitionzonewasevidentinthecenterofthegauze.Thisphagemaynothavebeenhighlylyticbutaninhibitorofbacterialgrowthandwasabletosurviveinserum.

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27.DoDifferentWorking-Memory-RelatedMeasuresCorrelatewithEachOther?PsychologyDa'JonaeFoster,PsychologyDavidChen,PsychologyNoaOfen,PsychologyWorkingmemoryisthementalsystemthatsupportshigh-levelcognition.Twoviewsregardingthepsychometricpropertyofworkingmemoryare1)theglobalcognitiveresourceview,predictingdifferentworkingmemory-relatedtaskswouldcorrelatewitheachotherand2)thedifferentiationview,predictingnocorrelationamongtasksthatmeasuredifferentfacetsofworkingmemory.Theprimarygoalofthisstudyistoassesswhetherourdatabasesupportstheglobalcognitiveresourcevieworthedifferentiationview.71participantsaged7-20yearsoldwereassessedwithourthreemajorworkingmemorymeasures:SizeJudgmentSpan(SJS),NumberRepetitionBackward(NRB)fromtheClinicalEvaluationofLanguageFundamentals-FourthEdition(CELF‚ÄìIV),andtheWorkingMemoryScale(WMS)fromtheBehaviorRatingInventoryofExecutiveFunction(BRIEF),aswellasvariousothermeasuresthattaponaspecificfunctionofworkingmemory.Giventhedevelopmentalnatureofourdatabase,partialcorrelationswereconductedamongthemeasureswithagecontrolledfor.TheresultsindicatethattheSJSpositivelycorrelatedwithNRBbutnotBRIEFWMS.SJS,NRB,andBRIEFWMSalsoshowsignificantcorrelationswithotherworkingmemory-relatedmeasures.TheresultsindicatethatSJS,WMS,andNRBdonotstronglycorrelatewitheachother;suggestingtheymaytapondifferentfacetsofworkingmemory,andSJSandNRBmaybetappingontomorethanonefacetofworkingmemorygiventhemildcorrelationbetweenthem.

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28.EvaluationofBrazilianRedPropolisasaTreatmentforPeriodontitisAssociatedwithHCMVScienceRachaHassanTiba,BiologyPeriodontaldiseaseisamultifactorialdiseaseofthegumstriggeredbyplaqueaccumulation,bacterialcolonization,andinflammatoryimmuneresponses.Recentstudieshavealsolinkedhumanherpesviruses,includinghumancytomegalovirus(HCMV),withchronicandaggressiveperiodontitis.Thisfindingemphasizestheneedtoevaluateantiviralsfortreatmentofperiodontaldisease.Propolisisasubstancecollectedbyhoneybeesfromvariousplantsandhashadmanybiologicalpropertiesreportedincludingantibacterialandantifungalpropertiesinadditiontoantiviraleffectsagainstherpesvirusesinvitroandinmice.BrazilianRedPropolis(BRP),whichhasshowntoprotectagainsttoothdecayandantiviralactivity,hasbeentestedforitsabilitytokillbacteriophages,atypeofviruscapableofinfectingbacterialcells.Inthisstudy,weevaluatetheantiviralpropertiesofBRP.First,BRPinactivationofStreptococcusmutansbacteriophagewastestedtogainknowledgeofBRPinactivationrates.ItwasfoundthattreatmentswithahigherconcentrationofBRPresultedinlowerpercentinfectiousphage.AdditionalstudiesareongoingtoexamineBRP'santiviralactivityagainstHCMVinvitro.

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29.TheCandidaalbicansCellWallGeneMNN45isEssentialforBiofilmFormationScienceAngelinaAntonyan,BiologyCandidaalbicansisafungalpathogenthatcansynthesizeharmfulbiofilmsoninternaldevices(pacemakers,catheters,etc.)whenahostisimmunocompromised.Acrucialstepinbiofilmformationistheadherenceofyeastcellstotheimplanteddevices.Successfuladherenceofyeastcellsrequiresfunctionalcellwallproteins.Inthisstudy,alibraryofinsertionmutantsofcellwallgeneswasscreenedfortheabilitytoformawildtypebiofilmassay.Cathetersquaresarepreppedinfetalbovineserum(FBS),whichcreatesoptimalconditionsforbiofilmformationwhilebestmimickingtheinvivoenvironment.Cathetersquaresareassessedbasedonfullorpartialbiofilmformation.Themnn45mutantwasidentifiedasdefectivemutantbasedonincompletebiofilmgrowth.FutureexperimentationincludesperformingacompletedeletionandoverexpressionoftheMNN45geneusingtheCrispR/Cas9system,aswellasaddressingbiofilmformationinotherenvironments.ResultscouldverifythefundamentalroleofMNN45inbiofilmformation.Attheendofthisstudy,itishopedthattheregulatoryrolesofthegenesidentifiedcanbedeterminedandtargetedfordrugtherapy.

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30.Aphantasia:AnEventRelatedPotentialStudyPsychologyEmilyJones,PsychologyHaroldGreene,PsychologyOverthepastfiveyears,aphenomenonknownas“aphantasia”hasslowlyreceivedmoreattentionfromvariousmedicalandpsychologicalcommunities.Currentlytherearenodiagnosticcriteriaforit,eventhoughsufferershaveself-diagnosedandcomplainedofthelackofabilitytothinkvisually.Individualssufferingfromaphantasiareportissueswithperformingcommontaskslikerecallingdetailsaboutalovedone.Itisnecessarytoforgeapathforfurtherresearchtobedonebyprovidingphysiologicalevidenceforthephenomenathatindividualsaredescribing.ThestudycomparedtheERPexperimentresultsoffourpeoplewithreportednormalvisualizingpatternstoanindividualwithself-describedapahantasia.AllparticipantswereaffiliatedwiththeUniversityofDetroitMercy.BasedonERPdatashowingextremelydecreasedactivityintheoccipitallobe,itcanbeconcludedthataphantasiamakesthesuffererunawareofthevisualizingprocessthatishappening.Insummary,apahantasiashouldbestudiedindepthinthefuturetodevelopdiagnostic criteria.

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31.APreliminaryExplorationofUrbanGreen-SpaceandRoadDamageinDetroit,MIScienceBrandonEspinoza,BiologyClaudiaHall,BiologyLissetHernandez,BiologyLeonardoHerrera,BiologySpencerLee,BiologyLeslieClaro,Biology VeronicaLemus,BiologyMadisonLove,Biology DianaMagdaleno-Leal,BiologyAnahiMercado,Biology LibertyMoore,BiologyFernandaNiño,BiologyVictorCarmona,Biology Treesinurbanenvironmentsareexpectedtogrowatanacceleratedrateduetoclimatechange.However,whilestudiesonurbangreen-spacehavelargelyfocusedoncharacterizingbioticinteractions(e.g.pathogens,ecosystemservices,etc.),morestudiesareneededevaluatinghowabioticfactorscanbesustainedinurbanenvironments(e.g.nutrientcycling,stormwaterinfiltration,etc.).WeusedGoogleMapstocountthenumberoftrees,measurepercentgreen-spaceadjacenttotheroads,andquantifypercentroad-damageof16imagesfromacrosstheMetroDetroitareainMichigan.Wehypothesizedthatimprovementsinurbangreen-spacewouldbeassociatedwithlowerlevelsofroad-damageduetobetterinfiltrationofstormwaterrunoff.Wefoundthatwhileroadsidegreen-spacedidnotcorrelatesignificantlywithroad-damage,thenumberofroadsidetreescorrelatedpositivelywithroad-surfacedamage.Ourstudysuggeststhaturbanplannersneedtobetterconsidertree-speciesselectionforcitygreen-spacesandthattherootsystemsofurbantreesmayplayaroleintheobservedvariationofroaddamageinDetroit.Weproposethatfuturestudiesonurbantreesfurtherevaluatetheroleofbelow-grounddynamics.

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32.FungalPathogenCandidaalbicansGAL10GeneisImperativetoBiofilmFormationScienceDianaMcMahon,BiologyAngelinaAntonyan,BiologyAlexJackman,BiologyMarcelioShmmami,BiologyNikolShllaku,BiologyTheopportunisticfungalpathogenCandidaalbicansisacriticalhealthissuewitha~30%mortalityrateandfewavailableantifungaldrugsfortreatment.WhileC.albicansiscommensalinthehumangut,itcanbecomevirulentandformbiofilmsinthebodyonimplanteddevicessuchasartificialjoints,catheters,andpacemakers,especiallyinimmunocompromisedindividuals.Thecellwallisthecomplex,outermostcomponentofafungalcellandiscomprisedofcellwallproteinsalongwithchitinandglucans.Thecellwallproteinsarethefirsttoencountertheenvironmentofthecell’shostandreporttheexternalenvironmentincludingwhetherthelocationisanappropriatesiteforcellularadherence.Oncetheyeastcellshaveadhered,abiofilmcandevelop.Inthisstudy,aninsertionmutantslibraryofcellwallgeneswerescreenedfortheirabilitytoformwildtypebiofilmscomparedtothatofthewildtypestrain.Themutantsweregrownoncathetersquaresinrichgrowthmediatosimulateaninvivoenvironment.Herewereportourfindingsthattwoinsertionmutantisolatesofgal10areunabletoformthewildtypebiofilm.ThisindicatesthatGAL10hasanessentialroleintheabilityofC.albicanstoformabiofilm,whichisprobableasGAL10isinvolvedintheimportantfunctionofgalactosemetabolism.

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33.CharacterizationofCandidaalbicansorf19.5267anditsRoleinBiofilmFormationScienceAlexJackman,BiologyAngelinaAntonyan,BiologyDianaMcMahon,BiologyMarcelioShmmami,BiologyNikolShllaku,BiologyJonathanFinkel,BiologyCandidaalbicansisacommensalfungusandanopportunisticpathogen.Individualsareparticularlysusceptibletoinfectionwhenimmunocompromised,suchasafterundergoingsurgeryinvolvingimplanteddevices.TheimmunesystemisnotaseffectiveontheforeignimplantsallowingC.albicanstoformbiofilmsmoreeasilythanonbiologicaltissue.ThisstudyfocusesonC.albicansstrainSC5314,whichhasbeendeterminedbyassaytoformadefectivebiofilminvitro.UsingaCRISPR-Cas9systemdevelopedforC.albicans,adeletionconstructandanoverexpressionconstructoforf19.5267willbecreated.Computermodelingpredictsthisorftobeacellwalladhesin-likeprotein,thoughithasyettobecharacterized.Abiofilmassayonthedeletionandoverexpressionconstructswilldetermineifthislocusisessentialforbiofilmformation.Anadherenceassaywillalsobeusedtodetermineifadherence,thefirststepinbiofilmformation,islacking.Lastly,aGalleriamellonellainfectionmodelwillbeusedtoconfirmthatinvitroresultsagreewithinvivoresults.Usingallthisinformation,orf19.5267willbecharacterized,andpotentiallyidentifiedasafuturetargetfordrugtherapytopreventtheformationofbiofilms.

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34.FluidJetCleaningofAutomotiveCameraLensesEngineeringMelissaKutchey,MechanicalEngineeringMarkSchumack,MechanicalEngineeringAutonomousvehiclesrequiretheuseofseveralcamerastokeepthecarlocatedinthecorrectspotontheroadandfunctioningcorrectly.Whenthecameralensesgetdirtyitisnecessaryforthemtogetcleanedasquicklyaspossible,sothecar’svisibilityisimpairedforthesmallestamountoftimepossible.Acommonwaytocleancameralensesisbyusingaliquidjet.Anadditionalairjetcanbeusedtoclearwaterdropletsleftbehindonthelensaftercleaning.Thisprojectaimstoanalyzethephysicsbehindtheinteractingfluidflowsaboveandacrossthelenscoveringthecamerainordertoprovideengineerswithareliabletoolforpredictingbehaviorofvariousdesigns.Twomodelshavebeendeveloped:ananalyticalmodelsuitableforquickparametricstudies,andacomputationalfluiddynamics(CFD)softwaremodelthatmodelsthree-dimensionaleffects.TheanalyticalmodelwillbeusedtorapidlyevaluatedesignalternativesusingempiricalinputsfromCFDanalyses.Thecameralensesorientationsandtheairflowoverthecameralensareimperativetodeterminingthespeedofcleaningthecameralens.Thisairflowwillchangedependingonthelocationofthecameraonthevehicle,soeachnozzlewillhaveadifferentoptimizedposition.BystudyingtheflowofimpingingjetsonanangleusingCFDanalysis,wewillbeabletooptimizethefluidnozzlepositionandfluidexitspeedtoprovidethenecessarycleaningforthecameralensintheminimumamountoftimeusingtheleastamountoffluid.Ourmodelingalsoattemptstocharacterizedifferenttypesofdebristhatcoulddirtythelens,includingdriedsalt,insectsplatter,birddroppings,mud,dirt,anddust.Eachofwhicheffectthecleaningtimeandcleaningmethoddifferently.

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35.DeterminingDrugTargetsinCandidaalbicansBiofilmFormationScienceMarcelioShammami,BiologyAngelaAntonyan,BiologyAlexJackman,BiologyDianaMcMahon,BiologyNikolShllaku,BiologyJonathanFinkel,BiologyCandidaalbicansisanaturallyoccurringyeastinthegutmicroflorathatcanbecomedeadlythroughtheformationofbiofilmsonmedicalimplantsinimmunosuppressedpatients.Biofilmsforminfoursteps,adherence,whereyeastcellsadheretoamedicalimplantordevice,initiation,wheretheyeastcellsbegintoclumpandcreatelargercoloniesaswellasbegintofilament,maturation,wherefilamentationcontinuousandanextracellularmatrixforms,anddispersal,whereyeastcellsbreakofffromthehyphalcellsandbeginthecycleagain.Ourresearchisfocusedonexaminingthecomponentsofadherencetodetermineadefectthatwouldbeapossibledrugtarget.Welookfordefectsinthebiofilmsbyrunninganadherenceassaywithinsertionmutations,alongwithawildtypeandnegativecontrol.Asalabwehavefoundfourmutantswithadefectinbiofilmformation.VPS28isoneofthegenesthatwasusedasaninsertionmutant,it’spossibleknownmutationsonbiofilmgrowthincludingpHresponse,filamentationdefect,pathogenesisdefect,andvacuoletransportation.ThenextstepforourlabwouldbetodeterminewhatexactlyVPS28isresponsiblefor,andwhythiscausesadefectinthebiofilm.Thiswilldetermineifitisaviablecandidateforfutureresearch.

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36.MedicationMathematicsCompetencyAndConfidenceInNursingStudentsNursingSabriyyahRicketts,DevelopmentalPsychologyNadineK.Wodwaski,NursingInordertogetintonursingschool,studentsmustdemonstratepropermathematicalcalculationskills.Mostnursingstudentsandregisterednurseshavenotsuccessfullyattainedthisskillandhaveposedasafetyconcernforpatients.Thoughpreviousstudieshavefoundmultiplefactorsthatattributetothisongoingissue,fewstudieshaveyettofindaspecificandreliablelearningandteachingstrategythathasproventobeeffective.Thepurposeofthisstudywastocomparetheeffectivenessofself-directedlearning(SDL)versustraditionalface-to-facelecturelearningonimprovingthemathematicalandmedicationcalculationskillsofnursingstudents.Aftercompletingoneofthetwomathematicalcourseoptions,onlineorintheclassroom,137participantsfromMcAuleySchoolofNursingattheUniversityofDetroitMercyweregivenapost-test.TheSDLmathmodulestudentsshowedthatnursingstudentsweresuccessfulonthefirstattempt(M=98)ontherequiredmathexamthanthefacetofacenursingstudents(M=90).Themeannumbersofstudentsrequiredtotakemathattempt#2wasM=96fortheSDLcomparedtoM=90forthefacetofacestudents.StudentstakingtheSDLmathmodulehadasignificantlyhighermeanthanthestudentstakingthefacetofacemodule.ThisstudyshowedthatSDLlearningisaneffectiveteachingstrategyandcanbeusedtoimprovemathematicalandmedicationcalculationability.

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37.HowtoPredictWhataMonkeyHasSeen?OptimizationoftheInterpretationofVisualStimuliUsingBrainWavesEngineeringAliBabolhavaeji,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringInferiortemporal(IT)cortexisoneofthemostimportantpartsofthebrainthatplaysanimportantroleinresponsetovisualstimuli.Inthisstudy,objectdecodinghasbeenperformedusingneuronspikesintheITcortexregionofmonkeys.Singleunitactivity(SUA),whichprovidesamethodofmeasuringtheelectrophysiologicalresponsesofasingleneuronusingamicroelectrodesystem,wasrecordedfrom123neuronsinITcortex.Datawasrecordedwhileeachmonkeywasshownoneofthe7objectsthatwerepresentedatthreedifferentlocations.Eachobjectwaspresentedapproximately20timesineachofthethreelocationsandattheend,420trialswereperformedforeachneuron.Pseudo-populationfiringratevectorswerecreated,thendimensionreductionwasdone,andanartificialneuralnetworkwasusedforobjectdecoding.Theobjectdecodingaccuracywasmeasuredfor50ms,75ms,100ms,150ms,and200mswindowlengthsandvariouswindowstepsizefrom25ms,50ms,75ms,and100ms.Theresultsshowthat150mslengthand50mswindowstepsizegivetheoptimumperformanceinaverageaccuracy.ThisposterwasrevisedundertheguidanceofDr.MohammadFanaei.IwishtopresentmyspecialthankstoSajadKarimiwhoassistedmetofinishthisresearch.

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38.ImplicationsofPerineuronalNetsInNeuroplasticityAndDevelopmentalEthanolExposureScienceSarahBuhay,BiologyVeronicaChiu,BiologyKellyBosse,BiologyAlanaConti,BiologyNeurodevelopmentaldisordersaffectapproximately15%oftheUnitedStatespopulation.ThisincludesFetalAlcoholSpectrumDisorder(FASD),whichhasbeenreportedinupwardsof6%ofthepopulationandsignificantlydisruptsthephysicalandpsychologicalgrowthanddevelopmentofaffectedchildren.Novelareasofstudyintohowinsults,suchasdevelopmentalethanolexposure,impactbrainmaturationcanprovideinsightsintopathophysiologicalmechanismsanddiagnosticstrategiesfordisorderssuchasFASD.Anemergingfieldofstudyinthisregardfocusesonperineuronalnets(PNNs).PNNshavebeenimplicatedinstabilizingandprotectingsynapticconnectionsformedduringcriticalperiodsofneuraldevelopment,however,theeffectofearly-lifeinfluences,suchasalcoholexposure,ontheirregulationandassociatedeffectsonneuroplasticityispresentlyunknown.ThecurrentprojectaimedtoprovideinitialcharacterizationofPNNdevelopmentandmaturationacrossbrainregionsofC57BL/6mice,aspartofalargerstudythatwillexaminetheeffectofearly-lifeethanolexposureonPNNexpressionpatterns.TheseinitialstudiesweredesignedtoquantifythePNNintensityassociatedwithmidbraindopamine-containingneuronsandparvalbumin-positive(PV+)interneuronsintheventraltegmentalarea(VTA)andmedialprefrontalcortex(mPFC)asremodelingofPNNsintheseareashasbeenimplicatedincellularprocessesunderlyingdrug-inducedneuroplasticityandinsynapticconnectionsusedformemoryandcognitiveflexibilityinadults.Todoso,Wisteriafloribundaagglutinin(WFA)wasusedtoidentifyaggrecan-containingPNNs,tyrosinehydroxylase(TH)immunofluorescenceservedtodetectdopamine-containingneurons,andantibodiesdirectedagainstPVdistinguishedPV+interneurons.WedetectedWFAadjacenttoTH-immunopositiveneuronsinasubsetofneuronsintheVTA,andacolocalizationofWFAinPV+neuronsinthePFC.Fromthefindingsofcolocalizationinsuchareas,weidentifieduniquepopulationsofPNN-associatedcellsthatmayberelevanttomechanismsinvolvedincognitivefunction.Futuredirectionsofthisstudyincludetheoptimizationofaquantitativereal-timepolymerasechainreactiontoanalyzeaggrecanmRNAinPNNsandatime-pointstudytoexaminePNNchangesacrossdevelopmentinneonatal-ethanolexposedmice.

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39.MCP-1PromotesInvasionandMigrationofOvarianCancercellsbyinhibitionofAMPKScienceJadaNelson,BiologyOvariancancercellsuseadipocytefattofueltheirgrowth.We'veshownovariantumorcellsexposedtoadipocytesincreasesMonocyteChemoattractantProtein-1(MCP-1).MCP-1aninflammatoryresponseproteinincreasesovariancancercellsadhesion.Weshowedthatahigh-fatdietinducedaggressiveovariancancertumorsinmiceincreasedMCP-1amounts,anddecreasedphosphorylatedAMPK(AminoMonophosphateactivatedKinase)expression.WehypothesizethatMCP-1promotesmigration/invasionofovariancancercellsviainhibitionofAMPK.MCP-1treatedID8ovariancancercellsweretestedforeffectsonproliferation,migration,andinvasionassessedbyMTT,scratch,andmigration/invasionassaykits.WesternblotswereperformedtoidentifypAMPK.WeinvestigatedthepreclinicalefficacyofanMCP-1neutralizingmonoclonalantibody(mAb)inhigh-fatandregulardietmice.Tumorgrowthwasmonitoredbyinsituluciferaseguidedimagingandimmune-histochemicalmarkers.In-vitroMCP-1doesn'taffecttheovariancancercellproliferationbutincreasedtherateofcellmigrationatlow(50ng)andhigh(100ng)doses(p<0.01,p<0.001),andinvasion(p<0.05).MCP-1atlowandhighdosesreducedAMPKactivity.ActivationofAMPKbyMetforminreversedtheincreaseseeninMCP-1mediatedmigrationandinvasion(p<0.05).In-vivoMCP-1mAbtreatmentslowedovariancancertumorgrowthintheimmunocompetentID8model.Weareperformingimmune-histochemical,geneexpressionandimmuneanalysistodeterminethemechanismoftumor-promotingfunctionofMCP-1.MCP-1playsacrucialroleinpromotingovariancancergrowthpossiblybyAMPKinhibition,underincreasedadiposityconditions.BlockingMCP-1maybeatherapeuticoption,inhighbodymassindexpatients.

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40.AMulti-YearQuantitativeAnalysisofDuodenalPapillaRelationshipsScienceMichaelFouad-Meshriky,BiologyPaulZakhary,BiologyAllySkinner,BiologyReemBazzi,BiologyMaryTracy-Bee,BiologyTheduodenum,thefirstpartofthesmallintestine,aidsthehumanbodyindigestionandthebreakdownoffood.Itplaysavitalroleinthebreakdownofchymefromthestomach,allowingfortheabsorptionoffoodinthesmallintestine.Theduodenumislocateddistaltothepyloricsphincterandstomach.Theduodenumisfunctionallyandstructurallyimportantforthesurvivalofthehuman.Itischaracterizedasbeingthewidestandshortestpartofthesmallintestine.Further,theduodenumcontainsthemajorandminorpapilla,throughwhichsecretionsfromnearbyorgansaredeposited.Thepurposeofourresearchwastomeasurethedistancefromthepylorustothemajorpapillaandthedistancefromtheminorpapillatothemajorpapilla.Havingasolidunderstandingofthesedistancesisofgreatimportancetogastrointestinal(GI)doctorsastheyinvestigatethepathwaysthroughwhichbileandpancreaticjuicespassupontheirfinaldrainingintotheduodenum.Thesemeasurementscanbeusedforfuturemedicalstudiesinmedicineandtoallowforabetterunderstandingofanatomicalvariationsthatoccurwithinthesmallintestine.

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41.AssociationbetweenSalivaryCortisolandExamScoresinSecondYearDentalStudentsScienceSelenaShamoon,BiologySylviaKashat,BiologyJoshuaScheys,BiomedicalSciences-UniversityofDetroitMercySchoolOfDentistryMahaAhmad,BiomedicalSciences-UniversityofDetroitMercySchoolOfDentistryObjective:Thegoalofthisstudywastodeterminewhethersalivarycortisollevels,anindicatorofoverallstress,hadanassociationwithexamperformanceinsecondyeardentalstudents.Materials&Methods:Unstimulatedsalivarysampleswerecollectedfromsecondyeardentalstudentsimmediatelyfollowinganexamorduringaregulardayofclasseswithnoscheduledexam.Allsalivasampleswerecollectedbetween10AMto12:30PM.Subjectsweregivenasurveytoevaluatetheirexampreparedness,feelingofstresspriorexam,stressduringtheexam,andactualperformanceontheexam.Sampleswerecollectedonthreeoccasions:followingtheInfectiousDiseasemidtermexam,followingtheInfectiousDiseasefinalexam,andonaclassdaywithnoscheduledexam.CortisolwasmeasureineachofthecollectedsalivasamplesusinganEnzyme-LinkedImmunoabsorbentAssay(ELISA).Results:Thesalivarycortisolinalltestedsampleswasinarangeof11-57ng/mL.Therewasasignificantdifferencebetweenthesalivarycortisolconcentrationsineachofthethreegroups(baseline,midtermexam,andfinalexam).Thiscoincidedwithdifferencesinself-reportedstress.However,therewasnosignificantassociationbetweenstudents'examscoresandtheirsalivarycortisollevels.Inexam#1,theaveragelevelofcortisoltestedis27.9ng/mLwithanaverageexamgradeof85%.Thefinalexamhadanaveragecortisollevelof34.6ng/mListestedaswellasanaverageexamgradeof82.4%.Conclusion:Somestudentsperformedextremelywellanddespitehighlevelsofcortisolintheirsaliva.Theseresultsmightindicatebecausedentalstudentshavesuccessfullypreparedforexaminationsthroughouttheireducationalcareers,theydidnotexhibitexcessivelevelsofstressorwereabletocontroltheirstresslevelsduringanexam.

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42.HowdoAdultsMaximizeTheirMemoryCapacityThroughRepeatedStudyinComparisontoAdolescentsandChildren?PsychologyMinaSpryszak,PsychologyDavidChen,PsychologyNoaOfen,PsychologyImmediaterecallofalistofwordsislimitedbyworkingmemorycapacity,whichcanretainonlyafewchunksofinformation.Chunksinverbalworkingmemoryaredefinedascontainersthatholdassociatedinformation.Fromchildhoodtoadulthood,thegrowthofverbalmemoryistheorizedtobeduetooneofthreemechanisms:1.)adultsmaybeabletoholdmorechunksintheirworkingmemorycapacity,2.)adultsmaybeabletoformbiggerchunksor3.)bothmechanismsaretrue.Thisstudyexploreshowadults,incomparisontoadolescentsandchildren,maximizetheirmemorycapacitythrougharepeatedstudyofalistofwords.114participantsaged5to25years(M=16.00)weregiventheCaliforniaVerbalLearningTest-Children’sEdition,inwhichfifteenwordswerereadtoaparticipantpriortoafreerecallofthewordsandtrialswiththesamewordlistwererepeatedfivetimes.Theparticipant’sresponsesunderwentchunkanalysistodeterminehowmanychunkswereineachtrialandhowachunkinaprevioustrialbecameafragmentofachunkinthecurrenttrial.Theresultsindicatethatadultshadfewer,butlargerchunkscomparedtotheiryoungercounterpartsandexhibitedstrongerabilityinmergingoldchunkfragmentsintonewchunksthroughrepeatedstudy.Theresultssuggestthattheincreaseinverbalmemorymaybethroughincreasedstrategylevelinformingbiggerandmoresophisticatedchunksratherthananincreaseinnumberofchunks.

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43.ExpressionpatternobservationofCG6191inDrosophilamelanogasterandthelinkbetweenitshomologueCABLES-1proteinandepithelialbasedcancersinHumans.ScienceAmberElinsky,BiologyJohnSherwood,BiologyStephanieConant,BiologyJacobKagey,BiologyThegeneCG6191foundintheDrosophilamelanogastergenomehaslittleknownaboutitsfunction.However,ithasamammalianhomologue,Cables1,thatisknowntoplayaroleincellcycleregulation.ThemammalianproteinCables1hasbeenshowntobedownregulatedandfrequentlymutatedinvariousformsofcancersincludingovariancancer.Duetoobservedeyeandheadphenotypes,CG6191hasbeenreferredtoasMaryShelley(MS).InvestigatingtheMSgeneinDrosophilamelanogastercanbeusedtostudytheexpressionpatternsofMSandtheeffectsofalteringtheMSgeneexpressionwithtargetedRNAi.ExpressionpatternofMShasbeenobservedusingtheGreenFluorescentProtein(GFP)introducedtothefly’sgenomethroughtheMiMICflylines.TwodifferenttypesofflylineswereusedtovisualizetheMSexpressionpattern.ThefirstwasadirectexpressionofMSthroughaMiMIC-MS-GFPfruitfly.ThesecondlinewasacrossbetweenMS>Gal4andUAS>GFPflies.ThiscrosscreatedagenetrapenablingGFPtoonlyactivatewhereMSwasdirectlyexpressed.ThetwodifferentlineswereusedasconfirmationforMSexpressionpatterns.Preliminarydatahasbeenobservedinthreedifferenttissues(imaginalwingdiscs,imaginaleyediscs,andadultovaries)forthesecondflyline.RNAidisruptionshaveproducedphenotypicchangesinthewingdiscsbuthaveminimaltonoalterationsintheeyegrowthofthefruitflies.Whenexpressedintheposteriorcompartmentofthewing,RNAihasbeenshowntodisruptWgsignalingandhasalsoinducedapoptosis.Inmammaliancellculture,theCables1proteinhasbeenobservedinseveralmammaliancelltypes,bothepithelialtumorcelllinesandnormalepithelialcelllines,andscreenedonWesternBlots.ImplementingsiRNAtransfection,thelinkbetweenCables1lossofexpressionandepithelialtumorgrowthcanbeobservedandimplementedintohumancancertherapies.

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44.AnalyzingtheexpressionofMaryShelleyinDrosophilaOvariesScienceIvanBarraza-Duran,BiologyStephanieConant,BiologyJacobKagey,BiologyInhumansthereisagenenamedCables1,whichweknowisalteredinseveralcancers.However,themolecularconsequencesofCables1beingalteredhasnotyetbeenstudied.ThehomologofCables1inDrosophilaisCG6191,whichwehavenamedMaryShelley(MS).TheovariesoftheDrosophilaarethefocusofthisprojectbecauseCables1hasbeenshowntobealteredinovariancancer.OurhypothesisisthatthepatternofexpressionofMSintheDrosophilaovaryshouldgiveusahelpfulinsightonthefunctionofCables1inthehumanbody.FliesfromtheMS-GFPcrosswereanalyzedbecauseGFPisagoodmarkertousewhenlookingunderamicroscope.WefoundthatexpressionofMSseemedtobestrongeronthestemcellsandincreasedinexpressionasthefolliclecellsmatured.TheovarieswerestainedwithantibodiesGFP(green),Phalloidin(red),andDAPI(blue).WehaveobtainedseveralclearimagesshowingtheexpressionofMS-GFPintheovariesoftheDrosophila.WealsoneedtocollectmoredataonthepatternsofexpressionofMS>RNAi,whichwoulddisrupttheexpressionpattern.OncewegetanunderstandingoftheexpressionpatternsofMS,wecanstudythefunctionsofMS.

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45.IsRacialIdentityassociatedwithHealthBehaviorsamongBlackWomen?ScienceTaylorBays,BiologyDawnMisra,WayneStateUniversityRacialidentityamongBlackshasbeenstudiedforthepastseveraldecadeswithmostresearchfocusedonitsassociationwithphysicalandmentalhealth.Afewstudieshaveexaminedwhetherracialidentitymayberelatedtohealthbehaviors.UsingdatafromtheLife-courseInfluencesonFetalEnvironmentsstudy(2009-2012),weexaminedtheassociationsbetweenracialidentityandhealthbehaviorsofBlackwomeninmetroDetroit(N=1410;71%response).Datawerecollectedusingmaternalinterviewsduringtheimmediatepostpartumhospitalization.TheMultidimensionalModelofRacialIdentity(MMRI)assessed15itemsusinga4pointLikertscale.ThreesubscalesrepresentthesignificanceattributedtobeingBlack,andindividualsdefiningwhatitmeanstobeBlack:centrality,publicregard,andprivateregard.Healthbehaviorsstudiedwerelifetimeexposuretocigarettesmoking(26.6%)andmarijuana(45.6%).TheindependentsampleT-testwasusedtocomparethemeanscoresoneachMMRIsubscalebybehavior.Womenwhoreportedcigarettesmokingduringtheirlifetimecomparedtononsmokershadasignificantlyhighermeanscoreontheracialidentitycentralitysubscale(2.0326vs.1.9504,p=0.015).Womenwhoreportedmarijuanausehadsignificantlyhighermeanscoresonthecentralitysubscale(2.0126vs.1.9373,p=0.018)aswellasthepublicregardsubscale(2.7973vs.2.7228,p=0.007).ThesefindingsaddtoanimportantbodyofresearchonracialidentityinBlacksandincludeanexaminationinaninfrequentlystudiedsubgroup:Blackwomen,andspecificallymothers.

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46.TheImmediatePhysiologicalEffectsofVaping&SecondhandVaporScienceChanningSesoko,PsychologyMollyMcClelland,HealthProfessionsVapingisanalternativetosmokingthatiswidelybelievedtobelessharmfulthantraditionaltobaccoproducts.Vapingisthoughttobeasaferalternativetosmoking.Withinthepast5years,therehasbeenadrasticincreaseinvapeusageamongstteenagersandyoungadults.Thereisminimalpublishedresearchidentifyingthephysiologicaleffectsofvapingandwhetheritisasaferalternativetotraditionaltobaccoproducts.Currently,wearecollectingdatafromparticipants,sothatoureffectsize(N=150)ismet,asthedatausedinthisreportcomesfromonly86participantsthatwehavebeenabletoworkwith(34vapersand52non-vapers).Apilotstudywascarriedoutbeforethiswhereinwefoundvaperstohavebetterpulmonaryfunctionthannon-vapers.Thisstudyhasshownustheopposite,withvapershavingeithernodifferencefromnon-vapersintheirphysiologicalmeasuresorperformingworsethanthenon-vapersontheirpulmonaryfunctiontest.Wecreatedabriefmedicalquestionnaireforparticipants,whereintheyrespondtoquestionspertainingtotheircurrenthealth,healthhistory,andanyvapeproductsthatthey(vapers)areusing.Inconjunctionwiththemedicalquestionnaire,physiologicalmeasurementsofhealthweretakenincludingbloodpressure,heartrate,respiratoryrate,bloodoxygenationlevel,bloodsugar,andpulmonaryfunctiontest.Physiologicaldatawerecomparedbetweenthevapingandnon-vapinggroupstoseeiftherewasadifferenceamongstgroupsinbaselinevalues,post-vapevalues,orifvapingbroughtforthanysignificantchangesinphysiologicalmeasures.Thephysiologicaldatawerecollectedbothbeforeandafter20minutesofvapingforthevapegroup,likewise,datawerecollectedbeforeandafter20minutesofexposuretosecondhandvaporforthenon-vapinggroups.

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47.SyntheticBuildingBlocksforDrugDevelopmentScienceEdwinJurado,Chemistry&BiochemistryAnaLopez,Chemistry&BiochemistryTiffanyTieu-Ngo,Chemistry&BiochemistryKlausFriedrich,Chemistry&BiochemistryThelinkbetweentraumaticbraininjury(TBI),whichcanbetheresultofanaccident,druguseorderailedmetabolicprocesses,andinflammatorymechanismsiswellestablished.Inflammationinthecentralnervoussystemdrivespathologicalandconsequentlycognitiveoutcomes.ThisprojectstrivestodevelopdruggablemoleculesthatengagecellsignalingcascadesassociatedwithTBI.Inthispreliminarystudy,syntheticbuildingblocksfromthechiralpoolarebeingexaminedaspotentialstartingmaterialsforthesynthesisofalibraryofdrugcandidates.Startingwithglucoseorgalactose,asequenceofselectivefunctionalgroupinterconversionsleadstoaldehydesthatretainchiralinformationfromthestartingsugarsandcanbeusedforthesynthesisofamultitudeofhighlyfunctionalizedcompounds.ThisisacollaborativeprojectwiththeCollegeofPharmacyandPharmaceuticalSciencesattheUniversityofToledowherecompoundsarebeingtestedincelllines.

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48.SynthesisofLigandsforPlatinumDrugsScienceAdamFraeyman,Chemistry&BiochemistryNupurDixit,BiologyTyieshaHead,BiologyOohyungJang,BiologyKlausFriedrich,Chemistry&BiochemistryTheoverarchingobjectiveofthisprojectistheimprovementoftreatmentoutcomesforcancerpatientswhorequirechemotherapy.Antineoplasticdrugsbasedonthecisplatinmotiveareafirstlineofattackinthetreatmentofmanycancers.Numeroussideeffectsandtheriskofmalignanciesdevelopingresistanceagainstcisplatintreatmentarecommonplacethough.Thesynthesisofnewligandsforplatinumcomplexesderivedfromaminoacidsisdescribed.Specifically,the1,2-diaminoligandsusedherearederivedfromprote√Ønogenicaminoacidsorsynthesizedstartingwithhippuricacidandcarbonylcompounds.Oxazolonesareobtainedasintermediatesandyieldtheproductsuponamideformationandreductionsteps.Functionalgroupsthatallowfortheincorporationofreportersandthecontroloflipophilicityandwiththatcontrolofthedistributionwithincellsareintroducedwiththeligands.OnehypothesisofthisprojectisthatspecificitytowardsDNAcrosslinkingandtissuedistributionofthedrugscanbedirectedbyusingtheappropriatebuildingblocks.DNA-platinumadductsthatresultfromtheactionofthedrugswillbecharacterizedtogaininsightintothemechanismsofDNA-relatedcytotoxicityandtoconductcell-imagingstudies.Syntheticmethodologies,proceduresfortheseparationofenantiomericproductsandanalysesofplatinumcompoundsarepresented.

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49.LinkingLandUseandPovertyasaMultidisciplinaryModelforMitigatingChagasinElSalvadorScienceJoyceChoi,BiologyVictorCarmona-Galindo,BiologyChagasdiseaseisaneglectedtropicalparasiticdiseasethatiscausedbytheprotozoanTrypanosomacruziandthatistransmittedbyseveralinsectvectorsfromthetaxonomicsubfamilyTriatominae.IncollaborationwiththeResearchCenterforGlobalHealth(CENSALUD)attheUniversityofElSalvador,previousstudiesfromourlabcharacterizedlinkagesbetweenthemorphology(e.g.color,size,shape,etc.)ofthevectorspeciesTriatomadimidiataandthetypeoflanduse(e.g.agriculture,forest,urban,etc.)inElSalvador.ThesestudiessuggestedthatthevectorecologyofChagasdiseaseinElSalvadormaybealteredbythesociobiologyoflanduseacrossthecountry.Assuch,theresearchobjectiveofthisstudywastoexploreandcharacterizelinkagesbetweenpovertylevelsandthediverselandusepracticesthroughoutElSalvador.Workingatthemunicipallevel,weusedGeographicInformationSystemstointersecttwomap-layerscontainingpoverty-indexdataandlandusedata.Theresultingintersectmap-datawasthenusedtocharacterizethealpha-diversity(e.g.richness,diversity,andequitability)ofthedifferentagricultural,natural,andmixedlandusetypes.Wefoundthatbothspeciesrichnessandspeciesdiversityofagriculturalcropsnegativelycorrelatedwithpovertyindices;suchthatcropdiversity(ameasureofcroprichnessandrelativeabundance)wasalwayslowestinthepoorestmunicipalities.WealsodetectedthatcropdiversitywasalwayspositivelycorrelatedwithFemaletoMaleratios;linkingmunicipalemigrationbymalestosignificantchangeslandusepractices.GiventhebroadexploratoryconnectionsbetweenthevectorecologyofChagasDiseaseandthesociobiologyoflandusepractices,weproposethatamultidisciplinaryapproachwillbemoreeffectiveinmitigatingChagasdiseaseinElSalvador.

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50.MedicalMarijuanaEffectsonTextingWhileDrivingScienceBrianaMurdock,LiberalArtsRimzimTaneja,BiologyTyieshaL.Head,BiologyKijanaMalone,BiologyAidaHijazi,BiologyTextinganddrivinghasshownitselftobedangeroustimeandtimeagain.Anotherdangerousimpedimenttodrivingisdrugs;withtherapidriseofmedical(andinsomestates,legal)marijuanauseandtheoveruseofopioidprescriptions,drivingundertheinfluence,aswellastextingwhiledrivingundertheinfluence,isbecomingmoreandmorelikely.Inthisongoingstudy,weexaminedtherisksassociatedwithtextinganddrivingwhileundertheinfluenceofmarijuana.Twosetsofparticipants,acontrolgroup,andamedicalmarijuanagroupdroveinafixed-basedrivingsimulator(2001ChevyImpala),wherewesentfourtextmessagesandaskedthesubjectstoread,re-typeandre-sendthesamemessageswhilecontinuingtodrivenormallyonan“uncomplicated”roadway(i.e.,straightroad,nooncomingtraffic,singlepacecartofollow).Thefourmessageswerearrayedina2x2matrix,withfactorsoftextmessagelength(shortvlong)anddrivingspeedwhiletexting(55mphv75mph);thesefactorsinfluencethedetrimentaleffectsoftextingondriving.“Drives”werevideotaped,andthevideoswererated1-5,1beingperfectand5acatastrophe.Thefactorsoftextmessagelength(longmessagesfarworsethanshortermessages)anddrivingspeed(75mphfarworsethan55mph)weredramaticinbothMedicalMarijuanapatientsandcontrols.Somewhatsurprisingly,MedicalMarijuanapatientsdidnotdifferfromControlswithrespecttotheirdrivingperformance,eitherbeforeorduringtexting.

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51.DevelopmentofaMulti-StageControlStrategyforOmnidirectionalMobilityinthePresenceofSlipEngineeringJinghanFu,MechanicalEngineeringJohnSlowik,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringRickHill,MechanicalEngineeringThisworkpresentsadesignandsimulation-basedvalidationofagroundmobilityconceptthatemploysindependentpodsthatcanbeattachedunderarbitraryheavyobjectsformovementandpositioning.Thesepodsaredesignedtorotatefreelyaboutaverticalaxis,andincludetwoindependently-drivenwheelswhichemployanActiveSplitOffsetCastor(ASOC)design.ThisASOCarchitectureallowstheachievementofapproximatelyomnidirectionalmotionwithminimalscrubbingbydifferentiallydrivingthetwowheelsoneachpod.Previously,arecursiveleastsquaresestimationalgorithmwasdevelopedtoestimatetherelativepositionsofeachpod.Theworkpresentedherefocusesondevelopingacontrolstrategyfor“driving”thetargetobjectwithattachedpodstoachievegoodperformanceevenunderthepresenceofsignificantwheelslip,whichmayariseinlow-frictionenvironments.Thiscontrolapproachemploysakinematic-basedfeedforwardstagecombinedwithfeedbackoneachpod’sorientationanglethatdisbursesforcecommandstoeachindividualwheel.Inordertoensurethewheelsachievethetransmittedforcecommandsfromthisfirststageofthecontroller,aforce-basedfeedbackwheelcontrollerisdevelopedwhichisrobusttolongitudinalwheelslip.Sincetheroad-tireinterfaceforcecannotbemeasuredeasily,adrivingforceestimationalgorithmisdesignedandimplemented.Thisoverallmobilityconceptandassociatedcontrolstrategyisdemonstratedinsimulation.

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52.Howdoespesticideaccumulationimpactakeystonespecies?QuantitationofatrazineinthehepatopancreasofcrayfishusingQuEChERSextractionandliquidchromatography-massspectrometryScienceAbdrhmanAlmouseli,Chemistry&BiochemistryMustafaAzam,Chemistry&BiochemistryDanielJ.Dayfield,Chemistry&BiochemistryCarlyR.Fiorido,Chemistry&BiochemistryKaitlinS.Lambert,Chemistry&BiochemistryKaramM.Marji,Chemistry&BiochemistryKaylaM.Marshall,Chemistry&BiochemistryDanielleN.Maxwell,Chemistry&BiochemistryIlaSayed,Chemistry&BiochemistryVictoriaC.Torres,Chemistry&BiochemistryKathrineE.Yacoo,Chemistry&BiochemistryRachelleM.Belanger,BiologyElizabethS.Roberts-Kirchhoff,Chemistry&BiochemistryKendraR.Evans,Chemistry&BiochemistryAtrazine(ATR),awidely-appliedpesticideintheU.S.,isknowntohavelong-termadverseeffectsonaquaticorganisms.WeareinvestigatingtheaccumulationofATRinthehepatopancreasofthevirilecrayfish,Faxoniusvirilis,akeystonespeciesinfreshwaterenvironments.Crayfishweretreatedwithenvironmentally-relevantATRconcentrations(80and300ppb),negativecontrol(0ppb),orpositivecontrol(1000ppb)for15days.Histologicalchanges,includingincreasedvacuolization,werevisualizedinthehepatopancreasfollowingsectioningandstainingwithhematoxylinandeosin.Inaddition,behavioralchangeswereobservedposttreatment.Further,whencomparedtocontrol,crayfishexposedto80ppbatrazinedemonstratedincreasesincytochromeP450(CYP450)expressionafter4days(96h)oftreatment,whereastheeffectwasdiminishedat15daysofexposure.ItisessentialtocorrelatethesephysiologicalandbehavioralchangeswithprecisequantitationofATRlevelsintissue,sowehaveimplementedasensitiveandselectivemethodtoextractandquantitateATRinthehepatopancreasofcrayfish.Hepatopancreastissuewasisolatedfromthecrayfish,andATRwasextractedusinga“quick,easy,cheap,effective,rugged,andsafe”(QuEChERS)method.Followingtheextraction,sampleswereanalyzedusingliquidchromatography-massspectrometry(LC-MS),whichallowsforthequantitationofATR,itsmetabolites,andotherpesticidesthatmayaccumulateinthetissue.Astable-isotopeinternalstandard,deuteratedatrazine(ATR-d5),wasincludedintheanalysistoimprovetheaccuracyandprecisionofATRquantitation.OurresultshighlighttherelationshipbetweenATRaccumulationintissueandassociatedbehavioralandphysiologicaleffects.

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53.DevelopmentoffuzzylogicwaterbathtemperaturecontrollerusingMATLABEngineeringAliBabolhavaeji,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringInthisproject,thedevelopmentofawaterbathtemperaturesystemtocontroltheliquid'stemperatureinthewaterbathwillbepresented.Inordertodevelopthewaterbathtemperaturecontrolsystem,MATLABfuzzylogictoolboxwillbeutilized.TheFuzzyLogicController(FLC)isdesignedtocontrolwatertemperaturebasedontheinputacquiredfromthethermaltransducersensor.Theinferenceenginesthatareusedare;Max-min(Mamdani)methodandcenterofgravitytechniquefordefuzzification.

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54.StudyofSpringBackEffectsinDeepDrawingOperationsEngineeringRamziYoussef,MechanicalEngineeringMostafaMehrabi,MechanicalEngineeringDeepdrawingisasheetmetalformingprocessinwhichmetalblankisradiallydrawnintoaformingdiebythemechanicalactionofpunch.Thisresearchworkisfocusedonanalysisofspringbackeffectsindeepdrawingprocesses.Theimpactofvariousparameterssuchaslubrication,punchspeed,punchanddienoseradius,andblankholdingforcewillbestudiedthroughdesignofexperimentmethodology.Anexperimentalsetupisunderdesignprocessthatfacilitatethisstudy.Inparticular,thisstudyisfocusedonexperimentalandsimulationstudiesofcontrolofblankholdingforcetominimizespringbackoftheprocess.

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55.PlasminogenActivatorProteaseActivityisRequiredforMaximalYopDeliverybyYersiniaPestisScienceLizbethGarcia-Leon,BiologyChristinaJones,BiologyJamalAlhabeil,BiologySarahPlecha,BiologyEricS.Krukonis,BiologyYersiniapestis,thecausativeagentofplague,mustdelivercytotoxicYopproteinstohostcellstoblockphagocytosisandimmuneresponsesinordertoestablishaproductiveinfection.Twooutermembraneproteins,AilandPla,mediatebindingtohostcells(oftenviaextracellularmatrixproteins)tofacilitateYopdelivery.Pla,plasminogenactivator,servesasbothanadhesinandprotease.Inthisstudy,weassessedtheimportanceofthePlaproteaseactivityonAil-mediatedYopdeliveryutilizingthePlanon-proteolyticmutantPla-S99A.Yopdeliverywasmeasuredbycountingthe%roundingofcellsinfectedwithY.pestis(cytotoxicity)orusingafluorescence-basedassay.Aftertwohoursofinfection,strainsexpressingwild-typePlashowedatrendtowardsincreasedYopdeliverycomparedtocellsexpressingPla-S99Abythecytotoxicityassay,butthesetrendsdidnotreachstatisticalsignificance.Usingthemorereadilyquantifiablefluorescence-basedYopdeliveryassay,atthreehourspost-infection,cellsexpressingAilandwild-typePlahadsignificantlyhigherYopdelivery(80%)thanthoseexpressingAilandPla-S99A(40%).Byfivehourspost-infectionthisdifferencediminishedasthePla-S99AderivativewasabletoeventuallyreachsimilarlevelsofYopdelivery(59%)aswild-typePla(68%).Thus,atearlytime-points,thePlaproteaseactivityisrequiredformaximalAil-mediatedYopdelivery.

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56.Determinationofthepotentialeffectivenessofbacteriophagetherapyagainstthedentalpathogen,StreptococcusmutansScienceAutumnMurry,BiologyJoshuaJ.Thomson,WayneStateUniversityTheoralcavityfostersover700microbialspecies.Withinthosespecies,Streptococcusmutansistheprimarybacterialpathogenresponsiblefortheinitiationofdentalcaries,alsoknownascavitiesandtoothdecay.Ourunderlyingresearchaimistodiscover,isolate,andcharacterizenovelbacteriophagethatspecificallytargetandkillS.mutansalongwithitsdifferentserotypesanddesignanapproachforuseasatherapeuticoptionforpatientsathighcaries-risk.Bacteriophageareself-replicatingvirusesthatinfectbacteriathroughahighlyspecificprocess,includingrecognitionofreceptorsonthesurfaceofthebacteriumandeventuallycanleadtolysisofthebacterium.TherearefourserotypesofS.mutans(c,e,f,k),differentiatedbythechemicalcompositionofextracellularpolysaccharides.PreviouslyisolatedbacteriophagethatspecificallytargetS.mutansusuallyonlyinfectstrainsofoneserotype.SalivasampleswerecollectedandscreenedfornovelphagethattargetS.mutanswithitsassociatedserotypesforuseinabacteriophagecocktailtherapy.ScreeningwasperformedbyfirstisolatingstrainsofS.mutansfromeachsalivasample.Speciesandserotypeconfirmationwasachievedusingsite-specificprimersandpolymerasechainreaction.Aftercharacterizingthestrains,phageinfectionassayswereperformedtodetermineifthesalivacontainedphagethatspecificallyinfecttheisolatedS.mutansstrainsfromthesamesample.AnadditionalgoalwastocharacterizetheparametersofbacteriophagekillingofS.mutansinapre-developedbiofilm.Todothis,weinfected24-hourS.mutansbiofilmswiththepreviouslyidentifiedserotypeephage,Œ¶APCMO1,andassessedkillingabilityusinglive/deadfluorescentstaining.DiscoveryofnewphageagainstmultipleserotypesofS.mutansandfurtherelucidationofthekillingabilityofŒ¶APCMO1inpre-formedbiofilmswillprovidekeyinsightsintotheefficacyoftherapeuticuseofbacteriophagesagainstcariogenic,biofilm-associatedpathogens.

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57.AntimicobialProductioninGiantDuckweed(Spirodelapolyrhiza)BiofilmBacteriaScienceErinSheardy,BiologyRashaAbbas,BiologyZaharaaAlhabib,BiologyLydiaShami,BiologyStokesS.Baker,BiologyBiofilmsarecomplexpolymermatrixesproducedonthesurfacesofstructurebymicroorganism.VitalstainingexperimentshaveshownthatarichbacterialcommunitylivesonthesurfaceoftheaquaticplantSpirodelapolyrhiza(giantduckweed).Studieswithisolatedstrainsfromthebiofilmmicrobialcommunityhaveshownthatsomebacteria(i.e.,membersoftheRhizobiaceae)facilitatethegrowthofduckweedwhileothersarepathogenic(i.e.,astraincloselyrelatedtoPseudomonascichorii).Manymicrobesproduceantibioticstoinhibitthegrowthofcompetingbacterialspecies.Inthisstudy,amicrobialgrowthinhibitionassayisbeingusedtoidentifyduckweedbiofilmmicrobialspeciesthatproduceantimicrobialcompounds.

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58.BiofilmBacterialCommunityhasAdvantageous,Benign,andDetrimentalImpactsonGiantDuckweedGrowthScienceMitchellMims,BiologyYamiyaLloyd,BiologyJoyceChoi,BiologyRanaElsamadouny,BiologyStokesS.Baker,BiologySpirodelapolyrhiza(giantduckweed)isafloatingaquaticplantnativetomuchofNorthAmerica.Phosphorousistheratelimitingfactorinmostfreshwaterlakeecosystems.Plantsabsorbphosphorusintheformoforthophosphate.Orthophosphatebecomeslimitingbecausedivalentcationscauseprecipitation.ThemainformoforganicphosphateinaquaticenvironmentsisDNA.OurlaboratoryisolatedseveralbacterialstrainsfromduckweedgrowinginLakeSaintClair,Michigan,USA.Previousexperimentshadshownthatduckweedinoculatedwithamixedpopulationofbacteriagrownfasterthanaxeniccultures.Thegoalofthisprojectwastodeterminetheeffectthatdifferentspeciesofbacteriahadonduckweedgrowthandtodetermineifthesebacteriahelpedmakephosphateinavailabletoplants.Bacteriagrowingonthesurfaceofgiantduckweedwereisolatedusingrichmedia,orminimalmediawithDNAasthesolephosphorussource.16SrRNAbarcodingwasusedtoidentifythebacterialgenera.GrowthstudiesshowedthatabacterialstraincloselyrelatedtoRhizobiumrhizoryzaeincreasedthegrowthrateofduckweedgrownondefineplanttissueculturemedia;while,bacteriacloselyrelatedtoPseudomonascichoriirapidlykilledinoculatedplants.Currently,nobacteriastainhasbeenidentifiedthatfacilitatesthegrowthofduckweedculturedondefinedmediainwhichDNAisthesolephosphoroussource.Morebacterialstrainsarebeingassayed.

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59.UterineMyometrialPreconditioningFacilitatesMolecularTocolyticsProducingaTermPregnancyScienceArrenSimpson,BiologyNormalgestationallengthisbetween40-42weeks,whereaspretermbirthisdeliverypriorto37weeks.Detroithasoneofthehighestratesofpretermbirthat18%versusthenationalaverageof11%.Wehypothesizethatthenormalincrementalgestationalstressesthateverypregnantuterusexperiencesmayplayacrucialroleinthemaintenanceofuterinequiescencethroughanovelpreconditioning-likeparadigm.Abroaddefinitionofpreconditioningistheactofincrementallowdosestressorspreparingcellstowithstandsubsequentmoredamagingstresses.Ourlabhaspreviouslyobservedinvitro,thatpreconditioningofhumanuterinemusclecellsenhancedcellviabilityanddecreasedapoptoticandinflammatoryparameters.Wealsodiscoveredthatuterinepreconditioningiscontrolledthroughactivationoftheunfoldedproteinresponse,whichisastressresponsemechanismhousedintheendoplasmicreticuluminallourcells.Inthiscurrentstudy,weexaminedthefunctionalroleofpreconditioningintheregulationofuterinequiescenceandgestationallengthinthepregnantmouse.UtilizinganinvivomodelofpregnantCD-1micewedisruptedendogenousgestationalpreconditioningbyadministeringphenylbutyricacid(PBA)(50mg/kg,intraperitoneal)twiceadayfromgestationday10to15(E10-15)(n=6)andcomparedtoanon-PBAtreatedcontrols(n=6).PBAisacompoundthatpreventsthedownstreampreconditioningeffectsofendogenousgestationalstresses.Allmicewerethenadministeredasmalldoseofexogenousstresslateingestation(E16,0.2mg/kgTunicamycin,intraperitoneal).Wethenmonitoredasubsetofthetreatedmiceforthetimeoflaboranddelivery.Subsequently,theuterine,ovary,placentaltissueandserumwerecollectedfromthecounter-subsetofmiceonE17.5.Stressresponseandinflammatoryrelatedproteinsfromthetissueandserumwerethenanalyzedusingwesternblot,ELIZA,TUNELassay,immunohistochemistry,andmassspectrometry.Confirmingourinvitroresults,theinvivoanalysisdemonstratedsub-preconditionedmicehadsignificantlyhigherriskforpretermdeliverycomparedtopreconditionedcontrols(57%,14%respectively).Increasedapoptoticandinflammatoryparameterswerealsoobservedinthesub-preconditionedanimalsincomparisontotheappropriatedpreconditionedpregnantmice.Inconclusion,ourresultsdemonstratedthatpreconditioningduringpregnancyenhancescellviabilityandreducesinflammationallowingforthemaintenanceofuterinequiescencetoterm.Theseresultsareimportantduetotheirprospectiveroleinpotentialtherapeuticdrugdevelopmentforthepreventionofpretermbirth.

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60.Relating4-YearOlds’EffortfulControltoTheirDevelopmentalStatus,InteractiveBehavior,&Mother-ChildConflictScienceAleksandarTasich,PsychologyMarjorieBeeghly,WayneStateUniversityPsychology DazjaJones,PsychologyMarionvandenHeuvel,CognitiveNeuroscience,TilburgUniversity,TheNetherlandsJanessaH.Manning,Merrill-PalmerSkillmanInstitute,WayneStateUniversityMoriahE.Thomason,ChildandAdolescentPsychiatry,NewYorkUniversity Effortfulcontrol(EC),oftenreferredtoasself-regulation,describesone'sabilitytoregulateattentionandemotionthroughinhibitoryoractivationalcontrol.Withinsamplescomposedprimarilyofmiddle-classschool-agedchildren,EChasbeenrelatedtoahostofdevelopmentalandbehavioraloutcomes,includingfewerinternalizingandexternalizingbehaviorproblems,highersocialcompetenceincludingprosocialbehaviorandempathy,conscienceandmoraldevelopment,aswellasmorematurelanguageandcommunicationskills.Fewerstudieshaveevaluatedtheserelationsinlow-incomepreschoolcohorts.ItisalsounknownwhetherECisassociatedwithdirectobservationsofchildbehaviorormother-childinteractionquality.Tobridgethisgap,weevaluatedwhetherECisassociatedwithpreschoolchildren'scognitiveandlanguagetestscoresorratingsoftheirinteractivebehaviorormother-childinteractionqualityduringachallengingcopytask.Analyseswerebasedondatafrom66parent-childdyadsfromlowincomebackgrounds.Mothersreportedontheirchild'sECusingPutnam&Rothbart‚(2006)Children'sBehaviorQuestionnaire-VeryShortForm(CBQ-VS).Children’scognitiveandlanguageskillswereevaluatedusingtheBayleyScalesofInfantDevelopment(Bayley-3,Bayley,2006).VideotapesofchildanddyadicbehaviorduringthecopytaskwerescoredusingtheParent-ChildInteractionCodingSystem(Beeghly,2017).ResultsindicatedthatECwassignificantlyassociatedwithchildren'sdevelopmentalscores,andwithchildanddyadicbehaviorratings.Thesecorrelationsremainedsignificantaftercontrollingformaternaleducation.Findingsarelargelyconsistentwiththosereportedinmiddle-classschool-agedsamplesandsuggestthatECisanimportantcomponentofpreschoolers'positivedevelopment.

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61.EffectofSerotypeandCRISPRArraysonStreptococcusmutansBiofilmFormationScienceHanaaSaleh,BiologyRitaSalim,BiologyJoshuaThomson,DivisionofIntegratedBiomedicalSciencesDentalcaries,alsoreferredtoastoothdecayorcavities,iscausedbyerosionofenamelonthetoothsurfaceandwithoutinterventioncaneventuallyleadtotoothloss.Oneofthemainfactorsleadingtocariesistheaccumulationofbacterialbiofilm,alsocalledplaque.Thegrampositivebacterium,Streptococcusmutans,ishighlycorrelatedwiththeinitiationofdentalcariesduetoitsabilitytoproduceastickymatrixofextracellularpolysaccharides(EPS)whilegrowinginthepresenceofsugars.Additionally,S.mutanscanmetabolizedietarysugarsresultsintheproductionoflacticacidwhichcandirectlydegradeenamelandleadtotoothdecay.FourserotypesofS.mutansexistbasedonextracellularcharacteristics:c,e,f,andk.Almost80%ofS.mutansfoundintheoralcavityareserotypec,whileserotypeseandfarenotasprevalent,yetstillcontributetowardsdentaldisease.Moreover,serotypekiscommonlyassociatedwithcardiovasculardisease.TheobjectiveofthisstudyistodetermineifserotypeinfluencestheabilityofS.mutanstoformbiofilminvitro.Additionally,theCRISPR-CassystemofbacterialdefenseagainstforeignDNAelementshasrecentlybeenshowntocorrelatewithincreasedvirulenceinS.mutans.Therefore,weproposetodeterminetheprevalenceofCRISPRarraysindifferentserotypesofS.mutansandthecorrelationwithbiofilmformation.ThesestudieswillenhanceourunderstandingoftheimpactofS.mutansserotypeandCRISPRpresenceondisease-causingabilitypersistence/prevalenceinthepopulation,aswellasthepossibleresistancetoforeigngeneticelements.

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62.TheSociochemistryofU.S.KeroseneStandardsintheLateNineteenthCenturyScienceHaydenR.Cunningham,Chemistry&BiochemistryE.PrasadVenugopal,Chemistry&BiochemistryBy1860,kerosenehasreplacedwhaleoilastheprimarysourceofoilinilluminatinglamps.Followingthedistillationofkerosenefromcoalin1846byCanadianchemist,AbrahamGesner,thekeroseneindustrygrewbyleapsandbounds.Bytheearlysixties,therewereoversixty-coaloil-companiesthatproducednearlytenmilliongallonsofkeroseneannually,atgreatprofit.But,therapidgrowthintheuseofkeroseneforheatingandlightinghomes,cameatasteepprice.Thelackofacommonstandardonthedefinitionofkeroseneanditsconstituentcomponentsresultedinanunsafeandodorousheterogeneousmixturethatcontainedhighlyvolatilecompounds,suchasbenzeneandgasoline.Improperdistillationtechniques,aswellasthedeliberateadulterationofkerosenewithgasoline-then,awasteproductofthedistillationprocess-producednumerousfiresandexplosionsinhomesandbusinesses.Newspaperarticlesandmunicipalhealthdepartmentreportsinthedecadesfollowingitsdiscoverydecriedthelackofsafetystandardsandregulationsintheproductionandsaleofkerosenefordomesticuse.Thegrowthoftheoilindustryinthelatenineteenthcenturyproducedasteadygrowthinthenumbersofpetroleumrefiningpatentsduringtheperiod.Simultaneously,statelegislatures,andevenCongress,enactedlawsthatestablishedminimumstandardsfortheflashpointandspecificgravityofthecommerciallyproducedkerosene.Theflashpointtest,definedasthelowesttemperatureatwhichthevaporcouldigniteunderspecifiedconditions,becamethedominantstandardtodeterminethesafetyofkerosene.Inthispresentation,weinvestigatethesociochemistryofkeroseneproductionanduseinthelatenineteenthcentury.Ourresearchasks:towhatextentdidkerosenepatentsandkerosenelegislationrespondtothesocialconsequencesofkeroseneuseasanilluminatingandheatingoil?Weanalyzeoverahundredpatentsinthe1850-1890timeperiodtoidentifytheextenttowhichspecificchemistryquestionsrelatedtothesafetyandsmellofkerosenewerebeingaddressedthroughthesepatentinnovations.Wehypothesizethatthesepatentsspecificallyrespondedtothesocialpressurestoproduceasaferandmoreviablecommercialkerosene,andhelpedestablishtheflashpointstandardsthatcontinuetobeinusetoday.

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63.2017-2018InfluenzaEpidemicModelofSoutheastMichiganEngineeringJohnPetrykowski,Mathematics&SoftwareEngineeringXiaohuiZhong,Mathematics&SoftwareEngineeringAnepidemicisdefinedasawidespreadoccurrenceofaninfectiousdiseaseinacommunityataparticulartime.Themostwell-knownepidemicistheseasonalinfluenza,alsoknownsimplyasthe“flu.”Influenzaischaracterizedasacontagiousacuteviralinfectionofthenose,throat,andlungs.Typically,thevirusariseslatefallandtapersoffMarchofthefollowingyear.Thefluimpactsindividualsofallagesandithassevereimplicationsonchildrenunder5yearsold,elderlyover65years,andpregnantwomen.Mathematicalmodelingcoupledwithdifferentialequationsallowsforepidemicoutbreakstobestudied,analyzed,andpredictfutureoccurrences.AbasicmodelthatcanbeusedtostudyepidemiciscalledtheSIRmodel.Inthisstudy,anSIRmodelwasimplementedtosimulatetrendsseeninthe2017-2018seasonalfluofSoutheastMichigan.Insteadoffixingthemodelingparameters,theparameterswereestimatedwithprobabilityrandomization.ThemodelproducedcorrelatestothetrendsasseenfromdataprovidedbytheMichiganDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.AnapproximateonsetofinfluenzabeginninginearlyNovemberwithanotablemaxpeakduringendofJanuarytoendofFebruary.Undertheseapproximations,thesimulationisrepresentativeofthatwithamaxinfectivepeakstartingday100through120.TherandomizedparametersutilizedallowfortheinfectivecurvetoshiftwithinareasonablestandarddeviationthatcomplimentsthedatafromMichiganDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices(MDHHS).

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64.RoadlaneidentificationunderlimitedvisibilityconditionsforADASapplicationsEngineeringYuyiLi,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringMarkPaulik,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringIdentificationofroadlaneswithindistinctmarkingsremainsacontinuingchallengeforautonomousdrivingvisionsystems.Inthisworkwedescribeamethodologyforimagepreprocessingandlanestructureextractionwhichhasproveneffectiveforabroadsetofmonoculartestimageswithextremelyweaklanemarkers.Asetof41colorimages(theworst-casesubsetofa400-imageset)werecapturedbyanautonomousvehiclemovingthroughatestcourseborderedbyweaklypaintedlanes.Challengesintheimagesetincludelowimageresolution,strongimagevignetting,noisycourseelements(e.g.,potholesandsurfacetextureandcolorvariations),andchangingenvironmentalillumination.Thealgorithmhighlightslanecontoursandfitslinestoeach.Theapproachincludes:colorplanemanipulationtomasknoisyroadfeatures,homomorphicfilteringforilluminationandvignettingcorrection,contrastenhancement,filtering,andmorphologicaloperationstoenhancelanelines,laneextractionusingconnectedcomponenttechniques,anddirectionfilteradjustmentusinglanecontourhistory.Results,algorithmtuning,andtradeoffissuesarepresentedanddiscussed.

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65.Dochildsleepproblemscorrelatewithmaternaldepressivesymptomsormother-childinteraction?OtherDazjaJones,PsychologyMarjorieBeeghly,WayneStateUniversityPsychologyAlexsandarTasich,PsychologyMarionvandenHeuvel,CognitiveNeuroscience,TilburgUniversity,TheNetherlandsJanessaH.Manning,Merrill-PalmerSkillmanInstitute,WayneStateUniversityMoriahE.Thomason,ChildandAdolescentPsychiatry,NewYorkUniversity Purpose:Childsleepisfoundationaltochildhealthandfamilywell-being.Whilemuchisknownaboutchildsleepproblemsandmaternaldepressivesymptoms,lessisknownabouthowthetwocorrespondwithoneanother,particularlyinlow-incomesamples.Italsoisunclearwhetherchildsleepisassociatedwithmother-childinteractionquality.Thisresearchevaluatedwhetherchildsleepisassociatedwithmaternaldepressivesymptomsormother-childinteractionqualityatage4.5yearsinalow-incomesample.Methods:Analyseswerebasedondatacollectedfor66mother-childdyads.Mothersreportedontheirchild’ssleepproblemsandtheirowndepressivesymptoms.Dyadswerevideotapedduringa7-minutefree-playtaskandachallenging5-minutedyadiccopytaskusinganEtch-A-Sketch.Thevideotapeswerescoredfordyadicreciprocity,conflict,andcooperationusing5-pointratings.Results:Children’ssleepproblemswereassociatedwithhighermaternaldepressivesymptoms,poorermother-childreciprocityandcooperation,andhigherconflict,butonlyduringthemorechallengingcopytask.Whenmaternaleducationandincomewerecontrolled,childsleepcontinuedtobeassociatedwithmaternaldepressivesymptomsanddyadicconflict,butothercorrelationswerereducedtomarginalsignificance.Implications:Higherchildsleepproblemsatpreschool-agepredicthighermaternaldepressivesymptomsandlowermother-childinteractionqualityduringachallengingcopytask.Socio-demographicfactorswerealsorelatedtochildsleepandinteractionquality,andarethereforeimportanttoconsiderinfuturestudies.Futureresearchandinterventionsshouldincludeinteractivecontextsvaryinginlevelofchallengetoelicitawiderrangeofparent-childinteractivebehavior.

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66.ModelingtheElectricalDynamicsofLithium-IonBatteriesviaElectrochemicalImpedanceSpectroscopyEngineeringZhanLi,MechanicalEngineeringYashaParvini,MechanicalEngineeringThis researchmainly focuses on the experimental analysis of the impedance in a lithium ionbatterycell.Theprimarymethodforthispurpose iselectrochemical impedancespectroscopy(EIS)measurementsatawiderangeoffrequenciesandNyquistplotstodemonstratethedata.TheEISexperimentsareperformedatdifferentstateofcharge(SOC)andvarioustemperatures(-30°Cto55°C).Bothfreshandusedcellsaretestedundertheseconditions.ThisprovidesthedatatoinvestigatetheeffectofagingonthecellbytrackingthechangesintheimpedanceatvarioustemperatureandSOCs.Theresultsoftheseexperimentswillthenbeusedtodevelopelectricalmodelsforthefreshandagedcells.

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67.SecondaryTumorFormationFollowingTreatmentwithDNA-AlkylatingAgentTemozolomideforHigh-GradeGlioblastomainMiceScienceTamiaWaller,Chemistry&BiochemistryCherishColeman,BiologyGlioblastoma(GBM)isthemostaggressiveprimarycentralnervoussystemtumor,consistentwithitsclassificationashigh-gradeglioma(HGG).FactorscontributingtoGBMaggressivenessincludegenomicabnormalitiesleadingtouncontrolledcellproliferation,theabilitytoinvadethebrainparenchyma,andresistancetotherapy.ThestandardofcareforGBMpatientsconsistsofsurgeryfollowedbyacombinationofradiationtherapyandtemozolomide(TMZ)treatment.TMZisaDNAalkylatingagentadministeredorallyandisFDA-approvedforthetreatmentofgliomas,includingGBM,andothercancerssuchasmelanoma.TMZtreatmentslowstumorgrowthinasubsetofpatients,thuscontributingtoanimprovedqualityoflifeforpatientswhoseprognosisremainspoor.DNArepairpathwayssuchasthedirectDNArepairbyO6-methylguanine-DNAmethyl-transferase(MGMT)influencesresponsetoTMZ.SilencingMGMTexpressionbypromoterhypermethylationpredictssensitivitytoTMZ,whileexpressionofMGMTpredictsdecreasedTMZsensitivity.Inadditiontoitsanti-cancereffect,TMZtreatmentmayaffectothertissuesexposedtothedrug,leadingtotoxicityparticularlytorapidlyproliferatingcells.TMZtreatmentmayalsopromotegenomicmutationinsurvivingcells,consequentlypromptingthedevelopmentofsecondarycancers.Previously,ourresearchgroupimplantedpatient-derivedcancerstemcellsinthebrainsofimmunocompromisedmiceanddevelopedmousexenografts(PDX)tostudysensitivitytoTMZ.NosymptomsassociatedwithbraintumordevelopmentappearedwithinthePDXlinesthatweresensitivetoaclinicallyrelevantdoseandscheduleofTMZtreatment,butsymptomsindicativeofrespiratorypathologyweredevelopedapproximately3to5monthsaftertreatmentcompletion.Thegoalsofourstudywereto:1)determinethebaselineexpressionofgenesinvolvedinDNA-repairinmousetissuespotentiallyexposedtoTMZ,suchasbonemarrowandlungs;and2)characterizetheTMZ-inducedmouselungtumors.

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68.MaximizingEfficiencyofTrainingUndergraduateStudentsinaMolecularBiologyResearchLabusingPolymeraseChainReactionSciencePayalPatel,BiologySarahPlecha,BiologyJoshuaJ.Thomson,BiologyCommonbarrierstoproductivelyfacilitatingscientificresearchwithafull-timeundergraduatestudentmayincludelackoftimeforthestudenttoconsistentlyconductresearchandvariationsinscientificprinciplecomprehension.Therefore,maximizingtheefficiencyoflaboratorytrainingisessentialfortheprocessofdevelopingastudent’sabilitytoconductbenchtopsciencewhilelearningtoeffectivelyandcriticallyanalyzearesearchproject.Thesuccessofthetrainingperiodisofhighimportancetofosteramutuallybeneficialpartnershipbetweenfacultyandstudent.Thegoalofthisprojectwastohaveanexperiencedundergraduatelabmemberdevelopaseriesofregimentedexperimentsspecificallydesignedtoefficientlytrainnewundergraduateresearchstudentsinthefoundationalprinciplesandtechniquesofmolecularbiologyregardlessofpriorlabexperience.Theprojectfocusedondeterminingthemostefficientsequenceofinstructionandexperimentation.Theteachingdesignwasbasedononefundamentalmolecularbiologyexperiment:PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR).Usingthistechniqueasthebasisofintroductionintotheresearchsetting,thenewundergraduatemembersweretaughthowtoappropriatelywriteinalabnotebook,makesolutions,learnequationsandunitconversions,allwhilebeingtrainedintheuseofbasiclabequipment.Throughthisprocessweaspiredtodeterminethemostappropriatesequenceofinstruction,experimentaltechniques,andreinforcementneededforanincomingstudenttosuccessfullyinvestigateresearchquestions,regardlessoftheirpreviousresearchexperienceoryearofstudyinanundergraduateprogram.

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69.IdentificationofaFractionalOrderModelforaLithium-IonBatteryEngineeringYashaParvini,MechanicalEngineeringThisstudyinvestigatestheimplementationoffractionalordermodeling(FOM)forlithium-ionbatteries(LIB).Toachievethisgoal,initially,asampletransferfunctionwithaorderof0.5(1/𝒔𝟎.𝟓)isapproximatedviaphaseleadfilter,andthestate-spacerepresentationisderived.Next,acompletetransferfunctionwhichisbasisforelectricalcircuitmodels(ECMs)includingaconstantphaseelement(CPE)isproposed.TheCPE'sdynamicscanberepresentedbyafractional(1/𝒔𝜶)transferfunction.Finally,Theterminalvoltagedynamicsofsuchamodelissimulatedinordertotesttheeffectivenessandaccuracyofthestate-spaceapproximation.Ourfutureworkwillincludeimplementationofanappropriateoptimizationalgorithmsinordertoidentifytheproposedmodelsusingdatasetsthatareexperimentallygatheredbasedontheelectrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy(EIS)measurementsatdifferentoperatingconditions.

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70.HypertensionRegistryofEmergencyDepartmentPatientsScienceAliIssa,BiologyAaronBrody,BiologyAmericanHeartAssociationreportsthatHypertension(HTN)isthemostwidespreadcardiovascular(CV)diseaseintheUnitedStates,affecting33%oftheadultpopulation‚Äù(Mozaffarian2014).Newdecision-makingpathwayscanbemadewithprospectivedata.Thisdatacomesfromthepatientswhocomeintotheemergencydepartmentwithrecognizedorunrecognizedhypertension.Withthehelpofbiomarkers,betterwaysforprovidingforthepatientcouldbeimplementedintohealthcareTheobjectiveofthisstudyistoestablisharegistry,reviewchartsandtorecognizeEDusepatternsandBPsinthepastfiveyearsofenrollment.Thedesignofthisstudydesignisprospective,observational,andmulticentermeaningthatitwilltakeplaceatDetroitReceiving,HarperUniversityHospital,andSinaiGraceHospital.

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71.Reactivityofamino-acid-linkedplatinum(II)compoundswithDNA/RNAnucleosidesandoligonucleotidesScienceMarcelJones,BiologyCancerisadiseasethatinvolvesuncontrolledcelldivision,whichusuallyinterfereswiththefunctionoforgansandeventuallyleadstodeath.Weareinterestedinimprovingtheefficacyofaknowncancerdrug,cisplatin,thatiscurrentlyusedtotreattesticular,ovarian,andafewotherspecifictypesofcancer.Patientsusingcisplatinexperiencesideeffectssuchaslossofhair,weightreduction,andnephrotoxicity.Becauseoftherisksbehindusingcisplatin,wemodifythecompoundbychangingtheligandsthatarelinkedtotheplatinumcentersoastoreducethetoxicityofcisplatin,whileincreasingitspotency.Myworkinvolvedstudyingthekineticreactionsofdifferentamino-acidlinkedplatinumcompoundswithDNAoligonucleotidesofvaryinglengthsinordertounderstandthereactivityofthesecompoundsincomparisontocisplatin.Highperformanceliquidchromatography(HPLC)andcurve-fittinganalysisisusedinordertoobtainpseudo-first-orderreactionrateconstants.Thisworkmayeventuallyleadtoalternativecompoundsthathavealteredreactivitycomparedtocisplatin.Thisapproachwouldbeusefulindevelopingplatinumcompoundsthatarelesstoxicandmorepotentthancisplatin.

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72.SecondaryTumorFormationFollowingTreatmentwithDNA-AlkylatingAgentTemozolomideforHigh-GradeGlioblastomainMiceScienceTamiaM.Waller,Chemistry&BiochemistryAbstract-Glioblastoma(GBM)isthemostaggressiveprimarycentralnervoussystemtumor,consistentwithitsclassificationashigh-gradeglioma(HGG).FactorscontributingtoGBMaggressivenessincludegenomicabnormalitiesleadingtouncontrolledcellproliferation,theabilitytoinvadethebrainparenchyma,andresistancetotherapy.ThestandardofcareforGBMpatientsconsistsofsurgeryfollowedbyacombinationofradiationtherapyandtemozolomide(TMZ)treatment.TMZisaDNAalkylatingagentadministeredorallyandisFDA-approvedforthetreatmentofgliomas,includingGBM,andothercancerssuchasmelanoma.TMZtreatmentslowstumorgrowthinasubsetofpatients,thuscontributingtoanimprovedqualityoflifeforpatientswhoseprognosisremainspoor.DNArepairpathwayssuchasthedirectDNArepairbyO6-methylguanine-DNAmethyl-transferase(MGMT)influencesresponsetoTMZ.SilencingMGMTexpressionbypromoterhypermethylationpredictssensitivitytoTMZ,whileexpressionofMGMTpredictsdecreasedTMZsensitivity.Inadditiontoitsanti-cancereffect,TMZtreatmentmayaffectothertissuesexposedtothedrug,leadingtotoxicityparticularlytorapidlyproliferatingcells.TMZtreatmentmayalsopromotegenomicmutationinsurvivingcells,consequentlypromptingthedevelopmentofsecondarycancers.Previously,ourresearchgroupimplantedpatient-derivedcancerstemcellsinthebrainsofimmunocompromisedmiceanddevelopedmousexenografts(PDX)tostudysensitivitytoTMZ.NosymptomsassociatedwithbraintumordevelopmentappearedwithinthePDXlinesthatweresensitivetoaclinicallyrelevantdoseandscheduleofTMZtreatment,butsymptomsindicativeofrespiratorypathologyweredevelopedapproximately3to5monthsaftertreatmentcompletion.Thegoalsofourstudywereto:1)determinethebaselineexpressionofgenesinvolvedinDNA-repairinmousetissuespotentiallyexposedtoTMZ,suchasbonemarrowandlungs;and2)characterizetheTMZ-inducedmouselungtumors.

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73.VasomotorSymptomSeverity:ImpactoftheMetabolicClinicalProfileScienceAnthonyCroft,NursingEmergingevidenceregardingwomeninamenopausalstatesuggeststhathotflashsymptomseveritymaybeasurrogatemarkerforcardiovasculardisease(CVD),theleadingcauseofdeathinwomen.Emergingevidencealsosuggestsahypotheticallinkbetweentheclinicalvaluesthatcharacterizethebody’smetabolicstate(fastingglucose,insulin,lipidlevels)withhotflashsymptomseverityhasbeenproposedastheunderlyingmechanism.Todate,onlytwostudieshaveevaluatedthisassociationwithconflictingfindings.Thepurposeofthisprojectistoevaluatetherelationshipbetweenhotflashsymptomseverityandserumlevelsofglucose,insulin,andcholesterolinwomen.Asecondaimoftheprojectistoassesstheprevalenceandseverityofothermenopausesymptomsamongtheparticipants.Anexploratorycorrelationaldesignwasutilizedtoconcludethat:MSLsymptomseverityscoreisinverselyrelatedtoage(r=-.433;p=0.03),hotflashseverityscoresaredirectlyrelatedtourinaryincontinencescores(r=0.60;p=0.002)andmemoryscores(p<0.001),muscleachesarerelateddirectlytoanxiety,sadness,irritabilityandmoodscores.MSLtotalscoreswerenotrelatedtothelipidorglucoseparameters.However,BMIdemonstratedanindependentpositiveassociationwiththeHOMA-IRlevel(p<0.001),glucose(r=.44;p=0.04)andinsulin(r=.67;p=.001)concentrations.Theaverageageofmenopausewas51.9+4.6years;subjectswere3.3+2.4yearspostmenopause.Themostprevalentmenopausesymptomswerehotflashes(96%),muscle/jointaches(87.5%)andtroublesleeping(71%).Themostseveresymptomsreportedbythewomenwere:sleepdisturbances,muscleaches,andhotflashseverity.Thedailyactivitiesmostaffectedfromthevasomotorsymptomsweresleep,workandconcentration.ScoresontheHFRDISshowedanoverallqualityoflifevalueof1.52ona0-10scalemeaningthatmenopausesymptomsdidnotaffectparticipantsperceivedenjoymentofdailylifeandperceivedoverallqualityoflife.

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74.RobotControlUsingaHapticInterfaceEngineeringKaylaHughes,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringWileyDressell,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringKaeganKumnick,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringZacharyRizzo,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringNickDimkovski,ElectricalandComputerEngineeringRobotsareplayinganincreasingroleintheworldtodayoftenrequiringreal-timeinteractionwithhumans.Oneofthemostnaturalwaysforsuchinteractiontotakeplace,specificallytoissuecommandstoarobot,isthroughhandgestures.Forexample,rollingthewristandfingersleftorright,etc.ThisprojectinvolvesdesigninganinterfacebasedonhardwareandsoftwarethatallowsaPioneerP3DXmobilerobottobedrivenwithnaturalhandgesturesthroughcommonmaneuvers.Asensorwithsixdegreesoffreedomconsistingofanaccelerometerandgyroscopeismountedonaglovetocapturethegesture.Softwareisdesignedandrunonamicroprocessor(alsomountedontheglove)thatdistinguishesandidentifiesthespecificgesture.Thisisthenwirelesslytransmittedtotherobotwhichcouldbeasfaras15metersaway.Areceiveronboardtherobotpicksupthesignalandasecondmicroprocessoronboardtherobottranslatesittotheintendedcommand.Thisthenresultsintherobot’smotorsbeingdrivenaccordingly,torealizethedesiredmotion.Thecutting-edgetechnologyusedinthissuccessfully-completedprojectisalsorepresentativeofmanyothersimilarapplicationsrequiringnaturalman-machineinteractions.

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75.CognitiveBiasTestinginMiceScienceJacePaupert,PsychologyIanMoore,PsychologyElizabethHill,PsychologyThepresentstudyexaminedsexdifferencesincognitivebias,exploratorybehavior,andimpulsivityamongmice.Cognitivebiastestsareusedtoassesshowoptimisticorpessimisticananimals‚Äôresponsetoanambiguousstimuliis.Cognitivebiasisalsoknowntoberelatedtohumanemotions(MacLeod,1994).Basedonpreviousresearch,itwashypothesizedthatmaleswouldshowmoreexplorationandimpulsivity,alongwithamore“optimistic”learningbias.Thisstudyincluded20SwissWebstermice,10malesand10females.Themiceweretrainedtodiscriminatebetweenanegativeandapositiveodorstimulusandlaterexposedtoa50/50mixtureofeachodorastheambiguousstimulus.Eachmousewentthroughhabituation,odordiscriminationtraining,exposuretoanambiguousstimulus,anopenfieldtest,andanovelitemtest.Defensivebehaviorswererecordedduringeachoftheseprocedures.Analysescomparedmalesandfemales.Overallthehypothesisofsexdifferencesincognitivebiaswasnotsupported,butfindingspertainingtodefensivebehaviordopartiallysupportpreviousresearch.Theaveragefrequencyofdefensivebehaviorappearedtobehigherforfemalesbutthedifferencewasstatisticallysignificantonlyfortheambiguousday(Males,M=8.14,SD=7.15;Females,M=23.25,SD=10.77;t[12.2]=-3.236,p=.007).Thebehaviorsrecordedduringopenfieldtestingwerenotstatisticallydifferentbetweenmalesandfemales(allp>.05).Resultsandimplicationswillbefurtherdiscussed.

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76.VirusPurification:PorcineParvovirus(PPV)inAqueousTwo-PhaseSystem(ATPS)inthePresenceofOsmolytesEngineeringBiancaJones,Chemistry&BiochemistryPratikJoshi,ChemicalEngineeringCarynHeldt,ChemicalEngineeringDownstreamprocessingofviralvaccinesisconductedwiththeuseofconventionalunitoperationssuchasultrafiltration,ultracentrifugation,andchromatography.Issuespresentedwiththepreviousmethodsconsistofvirusyieldandcostofproduction.Aqueoustwo-phasesystems(ATPS)havebeenproposedasanalternativetoimprovethevaccinepurificationatlowercostsandhigheryields.ATPS,formedbyaqueouspolymer/polymerorpolymer/saltsolutions,providesamildenvironmentforvirusesascomparedtotraditionalmethods.Theaqueousphasescontain>70%waterandhavethepotentialtobeoperatedinacontinuousmode.Thoughuseful,ATPShasnotbeenwidelyimplementedinindustryduetoalackofpredictabilityinthepartitioningofsolutes.However,theHeldtlabhaspreviouslyshownthat,outofallthedrivingforces,hydrophobicityplaysasignificantroleinapolymer/saltsystemforvirusrecovery.Thesaidwasinferredas~75%porcineparvovirus(PPV),anon-envelopedvirus,wasrecoveredinthePEG-richphaseathighertielinelength(TLL)ofPEG12kDa/citratesystem.TLLrepresentedthegroupofdifferentglobalsystemcompositionshavingthesameequilibriumphasecompositions.TobuildonthehydrophobicitynotionandachievehigherPPVrecoveries,wehavehypothesizedthattheadditionofosmolyteswillincreasethesystemhydrophobicityandtherebythedrivingforceforpartitioning.Osmolytes,generallycomprisingofsugaralcohol,aminoacid,amineoxides,etc.,havetheabilitytochangethewaterstructureinsolutions.WestudiedtheinclusionofmannitolandTMAO,inthePEG12kDa/citrateATPS,onPPVrecoveryattwoTLLseach.Ourresearchwasabletorecover90%ofporcineparvovirus(PPV)inthePEG-richphasewiththeuseofmannitol(sugaralcohol)andTMAO(amineoxide).Inconclusion,theuseofosmolytesintheATPSpromotedthesaltingoutandhydrophobicinteractionfromthecitrate-richandPEG-richphasesrespectivelyatlowercompositionsofPEGandcitrateascomparedtoosmolyte-freesystems.

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77.Bcl-2ExpressingCancerousCellsEvadeProgrammedCellDeathCouldaChimericBcl-2BaxGeneDecreasetheCellDeathEvasionMichaelDurgham,Biology NathanielNunez,BiologyMichelleAndrzejak,BiologyManycancertreatmentstargetcellswithhighproliferationrates;however,healthycellsthatmaintainhomeostasisalsoexhibithighproliferationrates.Forexample,bloodcells,immunecells,skincellsandstemcellsareallhighlyproliferative.Targetinghighlyproliferatingcellsisnonspecificandleadstoseveresideeffects;thus,thereisapressingneedfordevelopingamorespecifictargetedtreatment.Manytargetedtreatmentsexistbutfurtherresearchneedstobeexplored.ThegoalofthisresearchistotesttheideaofcreatingachimericgenewheretheBaxgene(apro-apoptoticproteintriggeringcelldeath)isplacedunderthecontrolofafulllengthBcl-2promoter.Bcl-2isananti-apoptoticproteincausingevasionofcelldeath.Innormalcells,BaxandBcl-2areinastateofequilibrium.Theratioofthetwoproteinsdeterminesifapoptosisoccursthroughamechanismthatregulatesmitochondrialporeopening,whichleadstocytochromecrelease,caspaseactivationandapoptoticcelldeath.ThecellbecomescancerouswhenBcl-2isover-expressedinhibitingapoptosisandcausingtheaccumulationofunwantedcells.Intheory,thechimericgenewillpromptcancercellstoactivateorcausetranscriptionofproteinsthatleadtoapoptosis(programedcelldeaththatleavesthesurroundingcellsunharmed).ThisstudywillseehowcellsthatexpressvariouslevelsofBcl-2expressionreacttothechimericgeneusingBcl-2promoteractivatingBax.Thisportionofthestudyinvolvescreatingthechimericgene.

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78.MotionControlofaMobileRobotUsingHandSignalsEngineeringJoshuaCormier,Electrical&ComputerEngineeringMichaelElriachi,Electrical&ComputerEngineeringJaaferSaleh,Electrical&ComputerEngineeringJiyangGuo,Electrical&ComputerEngineeringMohanKrishnan,Electrical&ComputerEngineeringThegoalofthisprojectwasthedesignofamotioncontrolsystemforarobotusinghandsignals.Specifically,thiswasasystemthattranslatesmotionofthehandintodirectionalcommandsforasmalldifferentially-steeredPioneerP3-DXwheeledrobot.Suchasystemplaysavitalroleinhuman-machineinteraction,evenastheuseofrobotsinday-to-daytaskssteadilyincreases.Itwasachievedthroughtheintegrationof3primarysub-systems:abasicMPU60506DegreeofFreedommotionsensor,2ArduinoUnomicrocomputers,and2XBeeradiocommunicationunits.AllcodingandcontrolwasachievedthroughtheArduinoIDEinterface.OnthePioneerendofthesystemtheArduinowaslinkedtothePioneerthroughthePioneer’sinbuiltserialcommunicationportviaanadapter.InthiswaytheArduinocouldprovidebasicsteeringcommandstothePioneer.ThosecommandscamefromtheArduinomountedontheuserendthroughtheXBee’swirelesscommunicationsystem.Ontheusersideofthesystem,theArduinoismountedontotheforearmjustabovethewrist,attachedtoaglovethatcanbeslippedonandoff.WiresconnectittotheMPU6050sensor(alsomountedontheglove),whichcapturesdistinctpre-designedhandsignalsthatencodevariouscommanddecisions.ItisthisdatathattheArduinointerpretsandsendstotherobottoallowmotionofthehandtotranslatetocorrespondingmovementofthePioneerrobot.

2018 Research Symposium ABSTRACT BOOKLET · the epithelial cells the cells were grown on cover...

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