2018 ANNUAL REPORT - Portas Consulting · ~US$15.2bn through participation consumption (US$9.6bn)...

2018 A N N UA L R E P O R T

ACTIVE CITIZENS W O R L D W I D E A N N U A L R E P O R T 2018The material must be acknowledged as Portas Consulting Ltd copyright and the document title specified. Where third party material has been identified, permission from the respective copyright holder must be sought.

Data is published in good faith and is the best information possessed by Portas Consulting Ltd at the stated date of publication.

This report was published in July 2018 and is available on www.activecitizens.world.

Any enquiries related to this report should be sent to us at [email protected]

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TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7

MESSAGE FROM THE PARTNERS 10

SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y: HARNESSING ITS TRUE POTENTIAL 13

ACTIVE CITIZENS WORLDWIDE: TRANSFORMING ACTIVE CITIES 18

DEFINING PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y: “YOU CAN’T MANAGE WHAT YOU CAN’T MEASURE” 25

PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y L ANDSCAPE OF ACW CITIES: DIVERSIT Y AND COMMONALIT Y 29

THE SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHICS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y: PERSONAL PREFERENCE, OR SOMETHING MORE? 37

DESIGNING INTERVENTIONS: TOWARDS A BESPOKE SOLUTION 46

THE TRUE VALUE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y: INVESTING, NOT SPENDING 52

LOOKING AHEAD: BIGGER, DEEPER, SMARTER 67

BE PART OF THE SOLUTION: JOIN ACW 68

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYH A R N E S S I N G S P O R T A N D P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y ’ S T R U E P O T E N T I A LMany of today’s cities are feeling the strain of rapid and profound change. Unprecedented challenges - driven by the complex interaction of factors such as growing populations, land scarcity, social inequalities and lifestyle illnesses - are placing a heavy burden on the social infrastructure of the modern city.

ACW is the bold, ambitious response to these challenges, providing policymakers across the world with better knowledge and insights to harness the true potential of sport and physical activity in their cities.

Detailed statistical analysis informs what drives participation in sport and physical activity, generating a unique understanding of the relative importance of different factors determining a given individual’s propensity to be active. In-depth modelling of the outcomes of physical activity, building on a meta-analysis of existing academic literature and primary research, provides policymakers with a full picture of the value generated by physical activity in terms of health, the economy, and social value. Benchmarking metrics across the cities provide insights around comparative models, best practice cases, trends and anomalies.

A N E W V O C A B U L A R Y I S N E E D E DWhile physical activity is an intuitively obvious concept, its boundaries and definitions are far from clear. Currently the most commonly accepted international standard for physical activity is the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended guideline of 150 minutes of Moderate Intensity Equivalent (MIE) minutes per week.

ACW cities have highlighted the inadequacy of a binary definition (active or inactive based on a threshold). We believe there is an opportunity to design and introduce an improved way of measuring sport and physical activity participation that is non-binary, globally consistent, and incorporates measures across the three key dimensions of type of activity, duration, and intensity.

T H E U N E V E N P L A Y I N G F I E L D O F S P O R T A N D P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T YFor policymakers attempting to understand what drives sport and physical activity behaviour, the first dimension to consider is the complex socio-demographics of physical activity - such as status, income, education and employment status compared to other factors.

In ACW cities, people with lower socio-economic statuses are as much as 30% less active than people from the higher statuses. The skewed distribution of physical activity towards already well-off and more educated populations points to the danger that without carefully targeted intervention, physical activity could end up reinforcing inequalities in society.

As expected, older people tend to be less active than their younger counterparts across our cities. In Singapore, there is a significant difference (circa 30%) between the 13-15 and 25-34 age groups which may reflect local working lifestyles and family commitments. In London, the dramatic fall comes at retirement. The implication is that it is not necessarily age per se that entirely drives propensity for physical activity, but age-specific factors – such as the role of schools and education programmes for young people or the work/life decisions for adults.

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Given the complex interaction between socio-demographics, interventions and levels of physical activity, ACW has started to calculate the most influential factors on an individual’s propensity to be active. This data can then be grouped by any socio-demographic segment, showing which interventions are likely to have the greatest impact on physical activity levels of a target population.

For example, in London, the analysis showed that the availability of public facilities becomes increasingly important in communities as deprivation increases. From a policy perspective, this further reinforces the point of affordability and the right infrastructure being needed to bridge the intention gap in the most disadvantaged groups.

T H E T R U E V A L U E O F S P O R T A N D P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y In order to truly understand the social return on investment into sport and physical activity, we require a comprehensive picture of the value of physical activity to a city, and the marginal value every newly active person can generate. For the three cities, we have modelled 10 financial and non-financial indicators across the economic, health and social spheres directly associated with the beneficial impact of sport and physical activity.

Across the three cities combined, the total annual value of physical activity and participation in sport is estimated at US$16.4bn. Health-related benefits include US$513m annually in healthcare savings; US$622m boost in productivity; over 2,000 deaths prevented; and 68,000 Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) saved. The direct and indirect economic contribution of physical activity for the three Founding Cities is ~US$15.2bn through participation consumption (US$9.6bn) and workforce contribution (US$5.6bn). This represents up to 2% of GDP of the cities studied. In terms of positive societal benefits, crime prevention accounts for US$3.5m savings per year; improved educational attainment resulting in GDP gains of US$60m per year; over 1bn hours of positive social interaction; and a 4% increase on self-rated happiness.

T H I S I S O N L Y T H E S T A R TThe challenges faced by cities will not be completely understood nor addressed overnight. However, already during its first year, the ACW findings are having an impact: contributing to bigger budgets for sport and physical activity in one city and redesigning physical activity surveys in another; it has acted as a new vehicle for collaboration and discussion between cities beyond just the three Founding Cities; it has drawn interest across different parts of government, researchers and think-tanks including tourism, major events, health and education. But this is just the start.

As the ACW network grows, more cities will mean more data, better models, improved accuracy, and more best practices - the collective body of knowledge and insight will grow exponentially. Technology will also play its part. Use of machine learning and big data will be enhanced, as will technology-enhanced data collection.

We have now taken our first step, and we welcome you to join us on the journey.

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A K T I V E - A U C K L A N D S P O R T A N D R E C R E A T I O N Aktive – Auckland Sport & Recreation (Aktive) is committed to helping people and communities across Auckland to achieve sport and recreation habits for life. To do this, we advocate for legislative and policy change, develop new initiatives and work with partners to use local expertise, case studies, insights and successful practices from other projects. As a regional strategic leader, we are responsible for the investment of public funds through delivery partners, organisations and projects that get more people recreating and playing sport in Auckland, with focuses on young people and identified communities.

Active Citizens Worldwide (ACW) is creating a multi-city, multi-year benchmarking and analysis platform that can provide cities with data-driven insights, policy recommendations, and initiatives to help make a significant impact on their activity levels. ACW will provide Aktive with benchmarked advice on the most effective ways to deliver growth in physical activity, as well evidence to inform policy formation, investment decision-making and advocacy.

Our involvement in ACW provides another valuable tool that is assisting us in our dealings with government as well as on the ground in Auckland, and we are looking forward to contributing to worldwide systematic data capture, benchmarking, and analysis of drivers of physical activity in cities.

DR SARAH SANDLEY, CEO

L O N D O N S P O R TLondon is a world-leading city. Whether it’s in sustainable mobility (seventh in the world, according to the 2017 Sustainable Cities Mobility Index), ranking of places to live (fifth globally, according to the Time Out City Life Index), or extent of global influence (second, behind New York, as ranked in the A.T. Kearney Global Cities Index), London consistently emerges as a city of significant international standing. It shouldn’t be any surprise that we believe London should have similar ambitions for physical activity and sport. Indeed, our long-term vision is clear: we want London to become the most physically active city in the world.

That’s why we decided to back London’s involvement as a Founding City for the Active Citizens Worldwide initiative. As the agency working to enhance physical activity and sport in the UK capital city, it is firmly in our interests to understand at a deeper level the impact of helping Londoners of all backgrounds to lead more active lives. We know the positive role that sport can play in daily life across the city; through our involvement in Active Citizens Worldwide we hope, for the first time, to understand the true potential that different types of interventions could have now, and in the future.

We’re also excited to learn from our counterparts around the world. While our cities grew from different starting points, there are significant areas in which we share challenges, and ambitions. And while the conditions of London will never be identical to those of Singapore, Auckland, or any of the other cities that join us in the future of Active Citizens Worldwide, those shared ambitions can also point to shared solutions.

Over the coming decades, cities face a multitude of challenges; along with our Founding City counterparts, we are confident that physical activity and sport can – and will –

be part of the solution. Already the analysis contained within the first year of Active Citizens Worldwide is beginning to shape our thinking around the impact of different interventions.

We are convinced that the other Founding Cities share our belief in the value of physical activity and sport to society, and there should be no doubt that this belief is shared with a multitude of other cities around the world. We look forward to working closely with more of our global partners as we share our ambitions to put physical activity and sport at the heart of the development of the cities of the future.

TOVE OKUNNIWA, CHIEF EXECUTIVE

S P O R T S I N G A P O R E

“We envision a Singapore where individuals and communities are strengthened through a lifetime of sporting experiences. Sport becomes a journey and celebration of our people and places, uniting the nation and inspiring the Spirit of Singapore” – Vision 2030: Live Better Through Sport

In 2012, we unveiled Vision 2030 – a bold statement of intent to use sport as a strategy in our continuing journey of nation building. Like many countries, we are challenged to adapt and thrive in a rapidly evolving and connected world that presents exciting opportunities for our people, but also the discomfort of disruption to our well-worn ways of doing things; and worse yet the looming prospect of new security threats. How well our people rise up to seize the day and together ride out the storms will shape our inescapable destiny of being both a city and country. Social resilience takes on additional meaning in this context as we balance the narrative call to be optimistic about our future as a global city, while maintaining a firm grasp of the fundamental existential imperatives of a young state.

Through the consistent investment in sport, we believe that our children, families, communities, workforce and society at large can develop the characteristics associated with a dynamic, cohesive and resilient people – communities that acknowledge natural divides and are mindful towards nurturing cohesion and care to uplift one another, an education system that develops succeeding generations with the spirit to strive towards lofty goals and to dare to fail as part of learning, an industrious, innovative and competitive workforce that instinctively plays equally hard and celebrates living in the city that we are building, a mindset that seeks opportunity and positivity from seemingly negative realities, and an evolved set of shared values that define and strengthen our sense of rootedness.

As one of the agencies involved with building social capital, it is important that Sport Singapore partners and collaborates with institutions and bodies that enable us to constantly enhance our effectiveness in navigating the complexities of policy, planning and design in this sphere; and in delivering the desired value and impact of sport. For this reason, we are excited by the prospective collaboration that the Active Citizen Worldwide (ACW) project offers and look forward to working with our partners to strengthen the tangible and quantifiable insights around the contribution of sport in social, economic and health outcomes. The common platform and language for the Founding Cities, and those participating in future, to learn from one another and to leverage the wisdom in the room would certainly enable all of us to be stronger contributors back home.

MR LIM TECK YIN, CEO

M E S S A G E F R O M T H E PA R T N E R S

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S P O R T A N D P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y: H A R N E S S I N G I T S T R U E P O T E N T I A L

Many of today’s cities are feeling the strain of rapid and profound change. Unprecedented challenges - driven by the complex interaction of factors such as growing populations, land scarcity, social inequalities and lifestyle illnesses - are placing a heavy burden on the social infrastructure of the modern city.

Amidst all this, sport and physical activity are known to improve physical and mental health, happiness and wellbeing; to contribute to the economy; and drive community and social cohesion. There is now more urgency than ever to support cities and their governments to harness the true potential of sport and physical activity. To unlock this transformation, we need more accurate data, better evidence, and a deeper understanding of what works and what doesn’t.

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I N D I V I D U A L

C O M M U N I T Y

ETHNIC DIVERSIT Y

CRIME

SOCIAL ISOL ATION

DIGITAL CONNECTIVIT Y

COST OF LIVING

DEPRESSION

INCREASED LONGEVIT Y

UNHEALTHY LIFEST YLES

AUTOMATION

C I T Y

RAPID IMMIGRATION

INCOME EQUALIT Y

AGEING AIR POLLUTION

SMART INFRASTRUCTURE

ACTIVE COMMUTING

CONGESTION

OVERCROWDING

SPRAWL

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H A R N E S S I N G T H E P O W E R O F S P O R T A N D P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T YSport and physical activity’s health, social and developmental benefits are universally recognised. This notion has become so popular that the mainstream media regularly cover the health benefits of particular exercises, or the impact of certain sports on specific disease risks. There are also the social aspects, where many sports programmes help children from disadvantaged backgrounds, and sport has even been used for post-conflict development and peacebuilding.

Given the unique potency of sport and physical activity to address many of the challenges highlighted in the previous graphic, there is no doubt that it is increasingly becoming mainstreamed into parts of education, health and social policy. But could more be done to harness its power?

While research has advanced significantly around the link between health and physical activity, there are still many aspects where we can help to bolster the knowledge and understanding of policymakers.

The first area is around a better understanding of the definition of sport and physical activity within a policy context. Different metrics offer different merits, and many cities and governments have developed various guidelines and criteria for measurement. But from a policy and impact perspective, some measures are more effective than others.

Secondly, the question of “how do we increase physical activity?” is still a difficult challenge, especially in large, diverse, multicultural urban environments. The fact is that when it comes to sport and physical activity, different interventions will affect different social and demographic segments in different ways. A detailed understanding of this complex and dynamic picture will significantly improve the effectiveness of sport and physical activity policy.

Thirdly, policymakers need the best estimates available on the value that sport and physical activity can bring. Historically, this has typically focussed on economic gross value add, but its value in terms of health and social cohesion are less easily quantified. Yet these are the areas where sport and physical activity offers a unique return on investment that is difficult to capture in other ways.

In order to harness the true potential of sport and physical activity policy for the benefit of society, the ambition of ACW is to provide accurate, statistically robust, scientifically-based insights pertaining to the local situation; a deep understanding of the causal mechanics linking policy to outcome; and proofs of concept, best practices and learnings from others. In doing so, we aim to help forward-thinking policymakers in cities across the world to improve the health, wellbeing and resilience of their citizens.

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A C T I V E C I T I Z E N S W O R L D W I D E : T R A N S F O R M I N G A C T I V E C I T I E S

ACW IS THE BOLD, AMBITIOUS RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGES FACED BY TODAY’S CITIES, PROVIDING POLICYMAKERS ACROSS THE WORLD WITH BETTER KNOWLEDGE AND INSIGHTS TO HARNESS THE TRUE POTENTIAL OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y IN THEIR CITIES. ACW IS BUILT ON BIG DATA, DRIVEN BY ADVANCED ANALY TICS, AND LED BY THE VERY POLICYMAKERS RESPONSIBLE FOR HARNESSING PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y.

THE GOALS OF ACW ARE TO HELP DEVELOP AN IMPROVED GLOBAL LEXICON FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y; TO MAP WHICH EXACT POLICY INTERVENTIONS AFFECTS WHICH T YPE OF PEOPLE TO BE ACTIVE IN WHAT WAY; AND TO CALCUL ATE THE TRUE VALUE OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y TO EACH CIT Y THROUGH ITS MULTITUDE OF HEALTH, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS.

CIT Y PROFILE

INTERVENTION

HEALTH

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

DRIVERSACW will answer the question of what exactly causes people to be physically active, and thereby offer policy makers a menu of micro and macro interventions that can maximise the physical activity levels of their population

OUTCOMESACW will answer the question of the true value of physical activity in terms of real-world outcomes – the exact contribution it can make to its economy, to health, and social outcomes

PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y ACW will create a global standard in the lexicon and vocabulary of physical activity – what it is and isn’t; what and how to measure it; and most importantly what it means in practical terms in the lives of ordinary citizens

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A C W I S A D A T A - D R I V E N S T U D Y The starting point is the collection of raw data, initially utilising publicly available sources. This data is then cleaned, organised, normalised and turned into a Master Database for each city. The data is captured under four categories: physical activity, socio-demographic, interventions and outcomes.

We conduct detailed statistical analysis of what drives participation in sport and physical activity to ascertain the relative importance and impact of different factors in determining a given individual’s propensity to be active. We can then build this into a picture of different demographic segments: by age, gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status or geographical location - at the city, community, group and personal level.

We then conduct in-depth modelling of the outcomes of sport and physical activity participation building on a meta-analysis of existing academic literature and primary research to create a full picture of the holistic value generated by physical activity beyond activity itself – both monetary and non-monetary. Throughout, we work closely to share and refine the findings, flexibly responding to the needs and priorities of the city.

A C W I S A G L O B A L B E N C H M A R K I N G T O O LEvery year, we conduct benchmarking across various metrics for all participating cities. The primary purpose is to help cities understand what is being done elsewhere – by generating best-in-class metrics, providing comparative models, uncovering trends and anomalies, and tracking progress across the ACW cohort. The benchmarking also enables analysis across global populations, meta-segments, and in time, big data analysis of individual behaviours. All participating cities will have access to the benchmarking dataset through the ACW portal and dashboard, enabling them to immediately inform decisions in their city.

A C W I S A N E T W O R K L E D B Y C I T I E S , F O R C I T I E SLed by the three Founding Cities of Auckland, London, and Singapore, and in collaboration with Portas Consulting, ACW is a global network of likeminded, aspirational cities that believe in the power of sport and physical activity to transform their cities for the better. Through the annual conferences and informal connections, ACW cities can share best practices, support each other in collaboration, and together develop solutions that benefit everyone. It is a network led by the cities, for the cities.

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Kick-off Year 1

Collect data and build master database

Develop city profile

Analyse and model impact of drivers of physical activity Analyse and

model value of outcomes of physical activity

Build multi-city master database

ACW Conference

Conduct comparative analysis

Publish city Report

Publish benchmarking report

Develop online dashboard

Launch analytical dashboard

Agree plan for year 2

Kick off year 2

ACW CONFERENCE

CITY REPORT

ANALYTICAL DASHBOARD

ANNUAL REPORT

A C W A N N U A L C Y C L E . . . . . . A N D O U T P U T S

C I T Y R E P O R T

DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE CITY-SPECIFIC DRIVERS AND

OUTCOMES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

In-depth review across the ACW framework providing the

understanding required to set the right policies and budgets

A C W C O N F E R E N C E

OPPORTUNITY FOR THE CITIES TO COME TOGETHER TO SHARE

AND LEARN BEST PRACTICE

Thematic topics chosen each year to ensure engaging discussions around what matters most to

policy-makers around the world

A N N U A L R E P O R T

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ACROSS CITIES TO GENERATE

GLOBAL INSIGHTS

Annual publication reviewing the evolution of key metrics over time to tell the global story of physical

activity in cities

A N A L Y T I C A L D A S H B O A R D

SCENARIO CREATION TOOL TO TEST AND COMPARE IMPACT OF

DIFFERENT INTERVENTIONS

User-friendly models and graphics will allow fast, accurate analysis and visualisation to understand trends

and opportunities

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D E F I N I N G P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y“ Y O U C A N ’ T M A N A G E W H A T Y O U C A N ’ T M E A S U R E ”

While physical activity is an intuitively obvious concept, its boundaries and definitions are still contested. The starting point for helping policymakers to fully harness its potential is to provide a clear, definitive lexicon.

Our work so far with the three Founding Cities, who all employ different ways of measuring physical activity, has led to several conclusions:

• current global measures, methods and guidelines for physical activity are fragmented and often inconsistent

• there are several critical metrics that need to be measured in order to be able to accurately calculate the value of an active population.

• technology offers the opportunity to capture this data efficiently

At this year’s annual conference, the cities agreed that there is an opportunity to design and introduce an improved way of measuring sport and physical activity participation that is non-binary, globally consistent, and incorporates measures across the three key dimensions of type of activity, duration, and intensity.

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R A I S I N G T H E S T A N D A R D ?CURRENTLY THE MOST COMMONLY ACCEPTED INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y IS THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO) RECOMMENDED GUIDELINE OF 150 MINUTES OF MODERATE INTENSIT Y EQUIVALENT (MIE) MINUTES PER WEEK. MANY COUNTRIES THEREFORE USE THIS AS THE THRESHOLD FOR DETERMINING WHETHER A PERSON IS DEEMED PHYSICALLY ACTIVE OR NOT.

While the guideline itself is a helpful simplification, its rigidity and the existence of other standards or units of measurement create a complex situation. Cities face the following challenges:

• Binary assessment: The WHO guideline asserts a threshold level of activity to classify someone as “Active” or “Inactive”. This significantly reduces the understanding of how active the population is, what sports they are participating in, and does not account for an individual’s needs and environment (age, job type, weather etc.). More importantly, it fails to capture the value of doing any activity – i.e. someone who is doing 100 minutes is still gaining benefit compared to someone who is doing nothing. Academic research shows additional health benefits continue to be captured all the way throughout 750 minutes per week of moderate intensity physical activity.

• Activity through commuting: Commuting is a key part of city life, and currently this dimension is not explicitly captured. Whilst any activity is beneficial, gentle walking for under 10 minutes is unlikely to increase an individual’s heart rate enough to benefit their health in the longer term3. By having the right data relating to people’s commutes, there is an opportunity to actively encourage the most effective ways of using their commute to contribute to their daily activity.

• Activity in certain occupations: Many jobs today are sedentary - the British Heart Foundation reports that “the average man in the UK spends a fifth of their lifetime sitting”. Individuals who have sedentary jobs need to compensate for damage caused by inactivity with higher levels of physical activity than individuals who have non-sedentary jobs such as construction.

150 MINSModerate Intensity

WHO Minimum Physical Activity Guidelines1

OR

OR

OR

75 MINSVigorous Intensity


WHO Guidelines for Additional Health Benefits



Perceived level for Maximum Health Benefits in Academic Research2


• Relative intensity: Most current measures use generalised Metabolic Equivalent Time (MET) standards to calculate intensive minutes attributed to each sport. Albeit a good starting point, this again does not consider fully the individual - for example, playing an hour of football for a 25-year-old female will potentially be significantly less intensive than for a 60-year-old male.

As our understanding grows, we believe there is an opportunity to design and introduce an improved way of measuring sport and physical activity participation that is non-binary, globally consistent, and incorporates measures across the three key dimensions of type of activity, duration, and intensity.

PARTICIPATION IN SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES BENEFITS HEALTH AND SOCIAL OUTCOMES MORE THAN OTHERS4

• Cycling has been proven to lower risk of all-cause mortality by 15% vs. 47% for racquet sports

• Individuals participating in team sports develop stronger social relationships enhancing well-being

HEALTH BENEFITS BEGIN TO ACCRUE ABOVE 10 MINUTES OF VIGOROUS ACTIVIT Y UP UNTIL A CERTAIN POINT5

• 20% lower risk with up to 150 Moderate Intensity Equivalent minutes (MIE minutes) per week vs. 39% with 450 MIE minutes and above

• Higher duration increases social contact hours with other groups

HIGHER INTENSIT Y LEVELS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y RETURN ADDITIONAL BENEFITS6

• A minute of vigorous intensity activity generates equivalent benefits to 2 minutes of moderate intensity

DurationP H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y

Activity type

Intensity

Furthermore, as technology advances, there are opportunities to improve the accuracy of data that can be collected and measured. The implication for cities is to ensure that any new standard measure is future-proofed yet adaptable as technology advances e.g.:

• More powerful smartphones and personal IOT devices can help smarter cities alleviate these issues and improve understanding of an individual’s environment, needs and physical activity behaviour.

• Recent research has shown that one of the best measures of the individual’s “need for physical activity” is heart-rate variability (HRV)7. Originally used in the electrocardiogram tests for abnormal heart patients, wearable tech (e.g. KardiaBand) as part of the Quantified Self Movement has democratised this technology. Cities able to use and analyse this data will be at a significant advantage when understanding the levels and future benefits of physical activity.

• An individual’s Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) is currently captured in the Active Lives Survey in England – incorporation of similar measures could allow cities to understand the level of intensity that individuals perceive their physical activity sessions to be, and therefore be able to calculate their personalised metabolic equivalent time.

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P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y L A N D S C A P E O F A C W C I T I E SD I V E R S I T Y A N D C O M M O N A L I T Y

Participation in sport and physical activity takes many forms – be it type of activity, the setting or location – and people participate, if at all, for different reasons.

Before embarking on dynamic analysis to understand the relationship between physical activity behaviour and their drivers, we baseline the physical activity landscape of the three cities. Across the different metrics, some show remarkable commonality across the cities, while others are specific to each city.

In terms of type of activity, individual sports are more popular than team sports in all three cities, with walking topping the chart on all three. Analysis of motivation seems to point to a dynamic tension between latent demand of people wanting to be active or more active, and the lack of time preventing them from doing so. A review of the facilities points to the importance of public facilities and infrastructure while a geographical view of physical activity points to a highly variable distribution in all three cities.

This baselining is both the first step of the deeper analysis to come, but also forms the beginning of our longitudinal view on how the physical activity landscape evolves in our cities.

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T Y P E O F A C T I V I T I E SALL TOGETHER OR GOING SOLO

Across the three ACW Founding Cities, individual sports are more popular than team sports. In all three cities, walking is the most popular form of activity, with ‘Football’ the only team sport in the Top 5 Sports chart below. One of the main reasons cited for this trend towards individual sports is the growing influence of time-poor, money-conscious individuals demanding more flexible, affordable offerings compatible with busy city lifestyles.

This shift in personal preferences has been reflected by the growth of market offering of activities such as High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) classes, jogging and yoga. In response, traditional sports are also fighting back with new more popular formats such as boxing for fitness, five-a-side football and 3-on-3 basketball.

Better understanding of the type of sport and physical activity that people are doing is important due to the potential differences in benefits associated with different activities. For example, it is more likely that team or group activities foster positive interaction with others, helping to drive social integration and cohesion. Current research is very narrow in this area and will be a future focus for ACW.

M O T I V A T I O N SBRIDGING THE INTENTION GAP

The health benefits of physical activity seem to be well understood as this is cited as the main reason to participate in both Auckland and Singapore. 73% of Aucklanders say one of the main reason to be active is “for physical wellbeing” while the highest score is given to the “for physical health” motivation in Singapore. Other reasons cited include “for fun”, “looking good” and “spending time with others.” Furthermore, in London, over 65% of people surveyed said they “would like to do more sport” whilst 76% of Aucklanders say they would like to “do more exercise”. Evidently, this points to latent demand for physical activity in the cities.

SINGAPORE’S CHANGING MOTIVATIONS ACROSS DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS8

Looking at barriers, in Singapore, “lack of time because of work/school” is cited most prominently as the reason why they do not engage in physical activity. Very few cited “too costly to participate” and “lack of motivation or interest in the activity” as major reasons. Similar studies in New Zealand and the UK have also indicated time as the main barrier to sports participation and physical activity9.

U K P A R T I C I P A T I O N B Y S P O R T S T Y P E

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Individual1 vs 1TeamW

EEK

LY

PAR

TIC

IPA

TIO

N IN

SP

OR

T BY

TYP

E (%

)

Source: Active People Survey 10 (Sport England 2016)

#1A C R O S S A C W C I T I E S ,

T H E R E I S L A T E N T D E M A N D F O R

P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y , W I T H “ L A C K O F T I M E ”

C I T E D A S T H E M A I N B A R R I E R

TOP REASONS WHY THEY DO NOT PARTICIPATE IN PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y

AGE GROUP

Long term personal health

condition or disability

60-75

Lack of time: because of schoolwork

Lack of time: because of

work

13-25


work

Lack of time: Need to care for family members

25-40


work

Lack of energy

45-60

Lack of time: Need to care for family members

Source: National Sports Participation Survey (Sport Singapore 2016)

TOP 5 SPORTS BY % OF PARTICIPANTS IN 12 MONTHS:

...FOR SINGAPORE

TOP 5 SPORTS BY % OF TOTAL ACTIVIT Y:

...FOR LONDON

TOP 5 SPORTS BY % OF PARTICIPANTS:

...FOR AUCKL AND

Walking

Gym

Jogging

Group Fitness Class

Swimming

Walking

Cycling

Running / Athletics

Gym

Dancing

Walking

Jogging

Gym

Football

Bicycle Touring

1 1 1

2 2 2

3 3 3

4 4 4

5 5 5

Source: Auckland - Active NZ Survey (SportNZ 2017); London - Active Lives Survey (Sport England 2016); Singapore – National Sports Participation Survey (Sport Singapore 2016) *Active NZ Survey weekly participation data shows ‘Gardening’ (17%) and ‘Playing games (e.g. with kids)’ (14%) as part of the top Sports and Activities and these were removed for consistency of activities considered across the cities

30 31

F A C I L T I E S U S A G E A N D D I S T R I B U T I O NHOME OR AWAY

DISTRIBUTION OF FACILITIES USED FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y BY T YPE

Facility distribution varies considerably across all three cities. For example in Auckland, facilities per person is highest in rural areas with low population density where Waiheke, Rodney and Franklin have the highest number of facilities per person. Discrepancies between facility and gym provision may reflect specific public infrastructure strategies of certain Boards.

Looking at the Auckland and Singapore data on where people take part in physical activity, private facilities and gyms only account for around 10% of all participation in both cities. In Singapore, almost three-quarters is accounted for by public facilities. In Auckland, public facilities also feature prominently with roads, walkways, parks, fields and playgrounds accounting for 43%. Finally, residential facilities account for a similar share as gyms and private facilities. Notwithstanding definitional variations, it is clear that public facilities, in some form or another, still play a critical role in the physical activity environment of our cities.

Source: Auckland - Active NZ Survey (SportNZ 2017); Singapore – National Sports Participation Survey (Sport Singapore 2016) Note: Percentages have been standardised to add up to 100% - some respondents in the surveys used visit more than one type of facility

This “intention gap” between willingness and action is positive news. If time for physical activity is being deprioritised over other leisure activities (as opposed to professional/academic commitments), participation could be encouraged with the right ‘nudges’ from delivery organisations, both public and private10. Advances in behavioural science (e.g. nudge theory11) point to the need for comprehensive approaches that simultaneously address physical activity behaviours at three levels: developing an environment which promotes sport and physical activity participation; running programmes that provide compelling opportunities to be physically active; and providing individuals with personalised support to develop sustainable active habits. Furthermore, programmes for individuals can be further enhanced by ensuring they meet four criteria - easy, attractive, social, and timely (EAST framework12).

G E O G R A P H I C A L D I S T R I B U T I O NA PATCHWORK OF ACTIVIT Y

A review of the geographic distribution of sport and physical activity shows a significant geographical variation within each of the three cities.

In Auckland, activity levels appear to be highest in the rural north and south of the harbour, while the least active areas are concentrated in the southern half of the city centre. In London, highest physical activity levels are observed closer to the city centre and, similarly in Singapore, the central region is the most active alongside the Eastern region of the island.

Whilst there is no clear pattern observed at first glance, analysis in the next chapter of the socio-demographic factors and interventions on people’s propensity to be physically active will help to provide an understanding of these geographical distributions.

School or Work FacilitiesPublic FacilitiesResidential FacilitiesPrivate Facilities

On the road, walkwaysPrivate property, home, garden or poolPublic park, field, playground, skate park or BMX trackGym or fitness centreOther

34% 32%

13%11%

10%

9%

9%

74%

8%

AUCKL AND

AUCKL AND

SINGAPORE

SINGAPORE

Source: Source: National Sports Participation Survey (Sport Singapore 2016) *planning areas with less than 100 respondents excluded

Source: NZ Quality of Life Survey 2016

LONDON

Source: Active Lives Survey (Sport England 2016)

32 33

NUMBER OF FACILITIES PER 1,000 PEOPLE

F A C I L I T Y D I S T R I B U T I O N I N A U C K L A N D

NUMBER OF GYMS PER 1,000 PEOPLE

V O L U N T E E R I N GANOTHER T YPE OF PARTICIPATION

It is well understood in the sports and physical activity sector that participation is facilitated by volunteers who give their time to allow people to be active, and their commitment is the foundation of a lot of sports and physical activity. Measurement and categorisation of this voluntary workforce differs across the cities, but a London example shows the scale of this involvement with nearly 10% of the adult population giving their time to support sports and physical activity. In New Zealand, as many as 28.6% of adults had volunteered in some capacity in the last 12 months, with coach and parent helper being the two most prevalent types of volunteering13.

Source: Core List NZ

VOLUNTEERING IN LONDON

Source: Active People Survey 10 (Sport England 2018)

Any Volunteering

9.7%

Res

pond

ents

that

vol

unte

er

over

all a

nd b

y ty

pe (%

)

Coaching

3.2%

Officiating

2.0%

Other roles

8.2%

34 35

T H E S O C I O-D E O M O G R A P H I C S O F P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y P E R S O N A L P R E F E R E N C E , O R S O M E T H I N G M O R E ?

At first glance, how much physical activity we each do is a personal preference. Some individuals will be very physically active with little encouragement, while others will remain completely inactive, whatever the prize. Understanding the details of this picture, and what it means at the city level, will significantly help policymakers design effective interventions.

Analysis was conducted to identify the relationship between different socio-economic dimensions and physical activity behaviour in each of our cities. Emerging findings point to socio-economic status, income, education and employment status being key indicators of physical activity levels.

The findings also show that gender disparities have a relatively smaller influence in comparison to other factors. Perhaps this is the successful result of concerted campaigns and programmes by the cities to address this dimension. Age and ethnicity show some clear, but mostly inconsistent trends. A clear understanding of these dimensions will become increasingly important to policymakers as cities face an ageing, and more diverse population.

36 37

I M P A C T O F S O C I O -D E M O G R A P H I C F A C T O R SAN UNEVEN PL AYING FIELD

Our analysis across the three cities shows that where you live, your occupation, your age and ethnicity along with other socio-demographic factors all play a part in defining your propensity to be physically active.

However, among these various factors, education, age and socio-economic status appear to relate to the greatest variation in physical activity rates. For example, individuals with lower socio-economic status14 can be as much as 30% less active than those from the higher statuses.

Those who are physically active are healthier and benefit economically and socially. The skewed distribution of physical activity towards already well-off and more educated populations points to the danger that without carefully targeted intervention, physical activity could inadvertently reinforcing inequalities in society.

However, targeted interventions based on a sharper understanding of the relationship between socio-demographics and physical activity behaviour should enable policymakers to better harness sport and physical activity to address social inequality.

Note: Variation of physical activity rates from three founding ACW cities’ demographic data

V A R I A T I O N S I N P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y L E V E L S B Y S O C I O - D E M O G R A P H I C F A C T O R

Education Status

Age

Socio-economic status

Ethnicity

Disability Status

Average-20% +20%

Gender

#2D I F F E R E N C E S I N A G E A N D S O C I O -

E C O N O M I C S T A T U S A R E R E F L E C T E D I N D I F F E R E N T L E V E L S

O F P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y

THE BL ACK PRINCE TRUST (BPT) COMMUNIT Y HUB IS AN INCLUSIVE, INTER-GENERATIONAL COMMUNIT Y FACILIT Y FOCUSSING ON CREATING OPPORTUNITIES IN LIFE SKILLS, TRAINING, EDUCATION, HEALTHCARE AND EMPLOYABILIT Y IN AN AREA OF HIGH MULTIPLE SOCIAL DEPRIVATION.

With the help of partner organisations, BPT delivers a wide range of programmes for the community, which are predominantly free at the point of use.

Revenue generated from partnership with Powerleague (operator of small sided football artificial pitches), office rent received from local charities and small businesses and the on-site coffee shop allow BPT to make free indoor and outdoor facilities available for socially-deprived areas.

C A S E S T U D Y : B L A C K P R I N C E T R U S T C O M M U N I T Y H U B ( L O N D O N )

#3V A R I A T I O N I N

A C T I V I T Y L E V E L S D U E T O G E N D E R

A R E S M A L L E R T H A N A N Y O T H E R

D E M O G R A P H I C F A C T O R

38 39

Perhaps the takeaway here is that demographic inequalities relating to physical activity can be bridged, and it is time for policymakers to start applying the same learnings from gender to other factors such as education and income. One notable campaign is “This Girl Can” from the UK. This has been lauded as an excellent example of deep-insight driven campaigning, and showed the power of digging deep into the real underlying dynamics of behaviour and designing policy accordingly. The aim is for ACW analysis to provide policymakers with similar insight across all socio-demographic inequalities in sport and physical activity.

A G EAGE OR LIFE-STAGE?

As expected, older people tend to be less active than their younger counterparts16 across our cities. In London, old age sees a dramatic decline, in Singapore the greatest fall coincides with working life and in Auckland, changes are less pronounced and start declining from the age group 50 – 64 onwards.

The implication here seems to be that age per se does not entirely drive the propensity for physical activity, but age-specific lifestyle factors are more determinant – such as the role of schools and education programmes for young people, the work/life decisions for adults, or accessibility of activity in old age.

Given the participation lifecycle is an overall downward trend, it becomes critical that children are given a good start - we know that being active as a child strongly impacts the likelihood of being active as we get older19. There are clear implications for the importance of designing effective PE curricula and programmes for youth sport.

Globally people are living longer. On average, a 2016 new-born will live 5.5 years longer than those born in 200017. Surveys have shown that the needs, motivations and barriers of every age group are different; for example, in New Zealand, fun is the main reason for children to participate whereas adults do so for physical wellbeing. This highlights the need for policies and offerings supporting activity in each stage of life.

PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y BY AGE IN…

AGE GROUP

Weekly participation in sport and activities by age groups within three Founding Cities

Source: Auckland - Active NZ Survey (SportNZ 2017); London - Active Lives Survey (Sport England 2016); Singapore – National Sports Participation Survey (Sport Singapore 2016) *Auckland results based on national distribution SportNZ survey

AUCKL AND SINGAPORELONDON

G E N D E RTOWARDS PARIT Y

Traditionally, a lot of policy has focussed on encouraging women’s participation in sport and physical activity. While it is recognised that globally men are more active than women, two themes emerge from our analysis of our cities. First, in Auckland the gap has all but disappeared – where there is no longer a gender imbalance relating to physical activity. A similar story is found in Australia where adult men and women participate at similar levels across the life stages15. There is clearly a great opportunity to learn and understand what has been done to successfully in Australasia to help bridge this gap. Second, the earlier comparative analysis of socio-demographic factors shows that gender is the factor with the least variation in terms of physical activity.

Rel

ativ

e in

dex

of w

eekl

y pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of sp

ort a

nd

phys

ical

act

ivity

aga

inst

the

high

est r

ate

Source: Auckland - Active NZ Survey (SportNZ 2017); London - Active Lives Survey (Sport England 2016); Singapore – National Sports *Auckland results based on national distribution SportNZ survey

PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y BY GENDER IN…

Female Male

+1.0%

Female Male

+2.9%

Female Male

+10.3%

AUCKL AND LONDON SINGAPORE

Rel

ativ

e in

dex

of w

eekl

y pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of sp

ort

and

phys

ical

act

ivity

aga

inst

the

high

est r

ate

Rel

ativ

e in

dex

of w

eekl

y pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of sp

ort

and

phys

ical

act

ivity

aga

inst

the

high

est r

ate

Rel

ativ

e in

dex

of w

eekl

y pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of sp

ort

and

phys

ical

act

ivity

aga

inst

the

high

est r

ate

Rel

ativ

e in

dex

of w

eekl

y pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of sp

ort

and

phys

ical

act

ivity

aga

inst

the

high

est r

ate

Rel

ativ

e in

dex

of w

eekl

y pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of sp

ort

and

phys

ical

act

ivity

aga

inst

the

high

est r

ate

18-2

4

25-3

4

35-4

9

50-6

4

65-7

4

75+

16-2

4

25-3

4

35-4

4

45-5

4

55-6

4

65+

13-1

5

16-2

4

25-3

4

35-4

4

45-5

4

55-6

4

65+

40 41

E T H N I C I T Y

Our research shows ethnicity influences the propensity of individuals to be physically active, and to prefer some activities and sports over others, likely through differences in culture. People sharing a common ethnicity are likely to share a common culture reflected in a common language, history, religion and beliefs which shape their attitude towards certain social practices.

However, we should be careful in analysing physical activity levels based on ethnicity per se. Ethnicity boundaries are often self-identified and incredibly difficult to define, especially in cosmopolitan cities, making it difficult to directly compare ethnic groups between different cities. Moreover, two individuals sharing the same ethnicity can be dramatically different.

With this in mind, there are clear differences in physical activity levels amongst different ethnic groups in the three cities, which are all diverse cosmopolitan cities. The biggest gap between different ethnic groups is observed in London where 70% of Mixed race people are active compared to 54% of people with an Asian background, excluding Chinese. In Auckland, 58% of Māori are physically active, compared to 49% of people with an Asian background. In Singapore, 39% of Malay are physically active, compared to 50% for the non-Indian, non-Chinese and non-Malay population.

AN UNWANTED VARIANCE

PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y RATES BY ETHNICIT Y IN…

Looking at the drop-off points, in Singapore, there is a significant difference (circa 30%) between the 13-15 and 25-34 age groups which may reflect local working lifestyle and evolving family commitments. Given employers benefit from healthier employees, there is an opportunity to create more active workplaces that can mitigate this drop off.

In London on the other hand, the dramatic fall comes at retirement. Further investigation is needed, but the implication is that some aspects of working lifestyles seem to be supportive of a more physically active lifestyle, which disappear upon retirement. The next stage of study is to understand what that might be, and whether it can be replicated in retirement and old age.

PAL ACE FOR LIFE FOUNDATION’S ‘MOVE IT, LOSE IT’ (MILI) PROGRAMME HAS ENGAGED OVER 70 WOMEN AGED 40+, WHO WERE ALL CLINICALLY OVERWEIGHT. MILI WAS DESIGNED AND PROMOTED AROUND SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT AND WEIGHT LOSS.

MILI sessions contained informal weigh-in, health workshops on topics including sugar intake, diabetes awareness, food labelling, and benefits of exercise and mindfulness.

Feedback from project participants stated results including changes in relationships with food and exercise, family engagement around health and nutrition, reduction in sugar intake, and beginning to engage in exercise with family members. Of the 75% of participants that self-identified as inactive at the beginning of the project, 57% self-identified as active at the end of the project.

C A S E S T U D Y : P A L A C E F O R L I F E F O U N D A T I O N – M O V E I T , L O S E I T ( L O N D O N )

Source: Auckland - Active NZ Survey (SportNZ 2017); London - Active Lives Survey (Sport England 2016); Singapore – National Sports Participation Survey (Sport Singapore 2016) *Auckland results based on national distribution SportNZ survey

AUCKL AND SINGAPORELONDON

NZ

Euro

pean

Māo

ri

Indi

an

Asia

n

Paci

fic

Chin

ese

Sam

oan

Mix

ed

Whi

te

Chin

ese

Blac

k

Oth

er

Asia

n

Oth

er

Indi

an

Chin

ese

Mal

ay

Rel

ativ

e in

dex

of w

eekl

y pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of sp

ort

and

phys

ical

act

ivity

aga

inst

the

high

est r

ate

Rel

ativ

e in

dex

of w

eekl

y pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of sp

ort

and

phys

ical

act

ivity

aga

inst

the

high

est r

ate

Rel

ativ

e in

dex

of w

eekl

y pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of sp

ort

and

phys

ical

act

ivity

aga

inst

the

high

est r

ate

42 43

I N D I V I D U A L P R O P E N S I T Y T O B E A C T I V ENATURE AND NURTURE

#4A G E I S T H E S T R O N G E S T

D E T E R M I N I N G S O C I O - D E M O G R A P H I C F A C T O R F O R P H Y S I C A L

A C T I V I T Y I N L O N D O N A N D S I N G A P O R E

Rel

ativ

e im

pact

scor

e

Age

Educ

atio

n

Ethn

icity

Dis

abili

ty

Gen

der

Wor

k St

atus

Age

Gen

der

Educ

atio

n

Dis

abili

ty

Ethn

icity

Wor

k St

atus

0.23 0.20

0.16

0.11

0.09

0.07

0.170.16

0.06 0.05

0.03

0.00

LONDON SINGAPORE

REL ATIVE IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y

In terms of propensity for physical activity, analysis shows that an individual’s age has the most impact on their propensity for being physically active in both London and Singapore (reflected by the trends highlighted above).

Aside from age, the relative importance of other factors differs across the two cities. In London age is followed by education and ethnicity, while in Singapore it is gender and education.

This is only part of the overall picture, but what is clear is that there is a unique relationship between socio-demographics of each city and the physical activity profile of its citizens. It is early days to draw any conclusions on universal trends, but education appears as a prominent factor in both cities, implying socio-economic status could be a critical factor for consideration in physical activity policy.

The ActivAsian Volunteer Programme encourages young people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds to participate in sport and recreation through volunteering.

Its objectives include increasing physical activity opportunities, improving access and encouraging participation for Asian citizens (Chinese and Korean communities). These volunteer opportunities enable those involved to gain valuable personal and professional skills, enjoy different experiences, and meet new people; all positively contributing to community integration and social cohesion.

There are approximately 410 young people registered for around 30 events as part of Auckland’s ActivAsian Volunteer Programme. In addition, there is a database of more than 900 participants for the ActivAsian walking groups.

The 2018-2019 financial year will see ActivAsian receive just over NZ$400,000 in funding across the region.

C A S E S T U D Y : A C T I V A S I A N V O L U N T E E R P R O G R A M M E ( A U C K L A N D )

In attempting to explain any relationship between ethnicity and physical activity levels, it is crucial to note that in many cities around the world, economic status is often correlated with ethnicity. Given the strong relationship we are seeing between socio-economic status and physical activity levels, further analysis will need to consider to what extent ethnicity trends are simply a reflection of socio-economic trends, and what if any, are intrinsic to differences in ethnicity.

44 45

D E S I G N I N G I N T E R V E N T I O N ST O W A R D S A B E S P O K E S O L U T I O N

For a given individual, based on his or her socio-demographic profile, is it possible to determine their overall propensity for physical activity, and furthermore, which exact factors matter the most (e.g. access to public facilities rather than open spaces)?

With such information, we could help policymakers to design ever more tailor-made policies that can target more effectively the specific outcomes we are trying to achieve. Of course, we can’t design a policy for every individual, but we can for population segments. Knowing what works for who at the individual level makes this an alluring possibility.

A G G R E G A T E D A T C I T Y L E V E L

I N D I V I D U A L

I M P A C T S C O R E S A T I N D I V I D U A L L E V E LC I T Y

Given the complex interaction between socio-demographics, interventions and levels of physical activity, ACW has started to calculate the most influential factors on an individual’s propensity to be active. This data can then be grouped by any socio-demographic segment, showing which interventions are likely to have the greatest impact on physical activity levels of a target population.

LOCAL PROGRAMME

WORKFORCE

ACCESS TO FACILIT Y

ACTIVE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

MAJOR EVENT

LOCAL PROGRAMME

WORKFORCE

ACCESS TO FACILIT Y

ACTIVE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

MAJOR EVENT

46 47

A N A L Y S I S O F I N T E R V E N T I O N SSTARTING WITH THE INDIVIDUAL

Given the growing diversity and disparity across cities in terms of socio-demographic profiles, understanding the policy mix required to address each target demographic is incredibly difficult, especially as the landscape becomes more complex and fragmented.

One approach is to try to isolate target population segments and understand the drivers of physical activity behaviour for that segment, and thereby design corresponding policies.

Using statistical analysis and machine-learning algorithms, we have been able to isolate the impact of interventions on a given individual’s propensity for physical activity.

Using a combination of an individual’s demographic and socio-economic data, as well as data on interventions targeting that individual (e.g. availability of open spaces), we can generate an impact score for each factor for each individual. This essentially represents the relative impact each factor has on the probability of a particular individual being physically active.

We can then aggregate the individual impact of interventions at any level – local area, city, or demographic segment – to isolate and understand the relative impacts of different interventions most relevant to that group.

The power of the analysis lies in its flexibility to be able to look at the data through any socio-demographic lens – age, gender, ethnicity, income, deprivation, education, local area, occupational group etc. depending on policy objectives.

#5I N L O N D O N ,

A F F O R D A B L E P U B L I C F A C I L I T I E S A R E T H E

B I G G E S T D E T E R M I N A N T O F P H Y S I C A L

A C T I V I T Y I N T H E M O S T D E P R I V E D A R E A S

Note: Propensity analysis based on World Health Organisation’s Physical Activity Guidance of 150 moderate intensive equivalent minutes; Intervention categories based on Active Places Power for number of facilities and Local Authority budgets (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government) for investment figures. Data based on an actual individual from London.

ISOL ATING THE IMPACT OF INTERVENTIONS ON THE INDIVIDUAL’S PROPENSIT Y OF BEING PHYSICALLY ACTIVE

INTERVENTION CATEGORIES

Relative Impact Score of each intervention on an individual’s propensity to be physically active

0.23

0.17

0.16

0.06

0.06

Investment into open spaces

Number of private facilities

Investment into sport and community development

Investment into sports & recreation facilities

Number of public facilities

A G G R E G A T I N G T H E I M P A C T O F D I F F E R E N T I N T E R V E N T I O N S A T L O C A L A U T H O R I T Y A N D C I T Y L E V E L S



RANK OF INTERVENTIONS’ IMPACT FOR CIT Y X…

48 49

As individuals get older, the number of private facilities and investment into sport and community development has greater impact of physical activity, whilst investment into open spaces, sport and recreation facilities, and public facilities become less influential.

Running a similar analysis for different deprivation levels, the analysis clearly showed that availability of public facilities becomes increasingly important in communities as deprivation increases. This further reinforces the point of affordability and the right infrastructure being needed to bridge the intention gap.

Overall, this case study highlights what can be done with the right data and analysis, to start shedding light on the varying effectiveness of different policy interventions for different population segments. We believe this can significantly enhance the ability for policymakers to ensure tailor-made interventions are targeting the people who need the most help to be physically active.

We used our methodology to identify the relative impact of different drivers for different age groups and different levels of deprivation:

Investment into sports & recreation facilities Investment into sport and community development




Lowest deprivation IMD Score Highest deprivation

1 2 3 4 5

Low

est

impa

ctH

ighe

st

impa

ctIn

terv

entio

ns

IMPORTANCE OF INTERVENTIONS ON PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y IN LONDON FOR DIFFERENT DEPRIVATION LEVELS

Note: Individual propensity analysis on London’s Active Lives Survey 2016 data to understand impact of different interventions for different deprivation scores based on English Indices of deprivation 2015 using 1 – 5 scale [https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-indices-of-deprivation-2015]

IMPORTANCE OF INTERVENTIONS ON PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y IN LONDON FOR DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS19

Note: Individual propensity analysis on London’s Active Lives Survey 2016 data to understand impact of different interventions for age groups

Investment into sports & recreation facilities



Investment into sport and community development


0-20 years old

20-40 years old

40-60 years old

60-80 years old

Low

est

impa

ctH

ighe

st

impa

ctIn

terv

entio

ns

London is one of the wealthiest cities in the world with a growing and prosperous workforce. However, London is also the most unequal region in the UK in terms of wealth distribution. The wealthiest 10% of London households own more than 50% of total household wealth (£775 bn), and the bottom 50% own less than 10% of London’s total wealth (£80 bn)18. Any physical activity policy therefore needs to carefully take account of the impact on different segments of the population.

I M P A C T O F I N T E R V E N T I O N S I N L O N D O N O N D I F F E R E N T A G E A N D D E P R I V A T I O N G R O U P S

50 51

In terms of current value, we estimate the combined value of sport and physical activity across the three Founding Cities at over US$16 bn (US$15.2bn through the economy, US$1.1bn through improved health and US$70m through social benefits).

This data highlights the economic and societal value of sport and physical activity, reinforcing a narrative of ‘investing in’ rather than ‘spending on’ physical activity interventions.

In order to truly understand the social return on investment into sport and physical activity, we require a comprehensive picture of the value of physical activity to a city, and the marginal value every newly active person can generate.

For the three cities, we have modelled 10 financial and non-financial indicators across the economic, health and social spheres directly associated with the beneficial impact of sport and physical activity.

T H E T R U E VA LU E O F P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T YI N V E S T I N G , N O T S P E N D I N G

PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y

SOCIALCRIME

PREVENTIONEDUCATIONAL

ATTAINMENTSOCIAL

INTEGRATIONSUBJECTIVE WELLBEING

HEALTHHEALTHCARE

SAVINGSPRODUCTIVIT Y

GAININCREASED

QUALIT Y OF LIFEDEATH

PREVENTION

#6P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y

A C R O S S T H E A C W C I T I E S G E N E R A T E S A N

A N N U A L C O M B I N E D T O T A L V A L U E O F

U S $ 1 6 . 4 B N

ECONOMIC

PARTICIPANT CONSUMPTION

WORKFORCE CONTRIBUTION

52 53

H E A LT H I M PA C T

US$513MHEALTHCARE SAVINGS

2,430DEATHS PREVENTED

68KDALYS SAVED

US$622M PRODUCTIVITY SAVINGS

H E A L T HTHE POWER OF PREVENTION

There has been an exponential growth in lifestyle related non-communicable diseases, leading to the growing importance of prevention alongside treatment. The pressure on supply will only become more pronounced as people live longer and populations age.

Academic research has long provided evidence of the positive influence of physical activity on the health of individuals, particularly its effect on lifestyle diseases. While physical activity alone cannot solve the global health crisis, it is now widely recognised as a critical part of the overall solution.

The ACW analysis has calculated the impact of physical activity on health using four metrics across seven diseases (see infographic overleaf): healthcare cost savings, reduction in number of deaths, reduction in number of DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) and increased productivity gains20:

• Reduction in the prevalence of lifestyle diseases as a result of physical activity generates US$513m annually in healthcare savings across the three Founding Cities. Decrease in diabetes contributes most to savings as it is a disease associated with long and costly phases of treatment for healthcare systems

• In a given year, over 2,000 deaths were prevented and 68,000 DALYs were saved across the three cities due to their physically active populations. Physical activity reduces morbidity, resulting in a positive impact on active people’s lives and that of those around them. Coronary heart disease is the main component of reduction in mortality and improved life quality

• Another major contribution of physical activity and its impact on health is a boost in productivity, with reduced sick days as well as reduced labour attrition costs contributing US$622m to the economy on an annual basis across the three cities

ACTIVE HEALTH LABS, AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF THE ACTIVE HEALTH SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN SINGAPORE, IS A UNIQUELY CURATED SPACE TO EMPOWER PERSONAL OWNERSHIP OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS TOWARDS A MORE ACTIVE AND FULFILLING LIFE.

The labs provide fitness and mobility assessments, clinics and workshops to enable citizens to make educated adjustments and adopt healthy habits around physical activity, sleep, nutrition and screen time.

Active Health Sport and Exercise Experts will also conduct on-site examinations such as body composition, blood pressure measurement, and cardiovascular and metabolic assessments.

Since August 2017, two labs have been set up with the plan to roll out another four by early 2019. Approximately, over 2,500 people have benefitted from this initiative thus far.

“Our partnership with Sport Singapore is a key prong in our efforts to transform healthcare by moving beyond healthcare to health. SportSG’s capabilities and experience in fitness and wellness effectively complements CGH’s strengths in sport and exercise medicine.” – Dr Lee Chien Earn, CEO, Changi General Hospital and Deputy Group CEO, Regional Health System, SingHealth.

C A S E S T U D Y : A C T I V E H E A L T H L A B S ( S I N G A P O R E )

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1. CORONARY HEART DISEASE

1,108 DEATHS PREVENTED

16,941 DALYS SAVED

US$77M COST SAVINGS

5. COLON CANCER

346 DEATHS PREVENTED

6,191 DALYS SAVED

US$23M COST SAVINGS

P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y I S E S T I M A T E D T O A N N U A L L Y G E N E R A T E U S $ 1 . 1 B N I N S A V I N G S A S W E L L A S R E S U L T I N G I N 6 8 K A D D I T I O N A L Y E A R S O F H E A L T H Y L I F E A N D 2 , 4 2 9 F E W E R D E A T H S A C R O S S T H E A C W C I T I E S

2. STROKE


8,363 DALYS SAVED

US$83M COST SAVINGS

6. MENTAL HEALTH

N/A

14,370 DALYS SAVED

US$26M COST SAVINGS

3. T YPE II DIABETES

85 DEATHS PREVENTED

5,247 DALYS SAVED

US$223M COST SAVINGS

7. OSTEOPOROSIS

61 DEATHS PREVENTED

9,219 DALYS SAVED

US$66M COST SAVINGS

4. BREAST CANCER


7,815 DALYS SAVED

US$15M COST SAVINGS

U S $513M H E A LT H C A R E

S AV I N G S

68,146 D A LY S S AV E D

2,429 D E AT H S P R E V E N T E D

U S $622M S AV I N G S D U E TO I N C R E A S E D

P R O D U C T I V I T Y

PRODUCTIVIT Y SAVINGS DUE TO HEALTH

US$595M SAVED DUE TO REDUCED ABSENTEEISM

US$27M REDUCED FRICTION COSTS

H E A LT HT H E C U R R E N T

A N N U A L V A L U E O F P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y

T O A C W C I T I E S

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S O C I A L I M PA C T

S O C I A LBUILDING RESILIENCE AND INTEGRATION

Urban sociologists have long warned about the loss of community bonding and risks of social isolation associated with the transition to city life. This is a paradox affecting all big modern cities – the spatial concentration of people and proximity is countered by social distancing.

With globalisation, cities have become increasingly diverse. However, this diversity does not necessarily mean integration. In fact, many cities across the globe with hugely diverse populations have also become increasingly segregated, with a clear geographical separation of people of different social, economic, ethnic and religious backgrounds.

ACW has focussed on four metrics associated with the positive social impact of physical activity – crime reduction, improved educational attainment, hours of social integration and self-rated happiness21.

Sport and physical activity has the unique power to turn individuals into groups and to create positive interaction between people of different age, gender, socio-economic status and ethnic or religious background. The challenge lies in measuring and understanding this effect so it can be harnessed effectively.

From our analysis, we have estimated that in a year, sport and physical activity generates over a billion hours of positive social interaction in ACW Cities.

Research shows that sport and physical activity can reduce risk factors for criminal behaviour such as boredom, natural aggression and the demand for physical challenges, as well foster positive factors such as social support and skill development. When activities are strategically planned during hours where crime incidences are the highest, it can also be a powerful tool to avert the risk of young people being drawn into criminal behaviour.

The value of crime prevention through improved physical activity in ACW cities is estimated at US$3.5m per year.

US$3MSAVINGS THROUGH CRIME PREVENTION

US$67MGDP GROWTH THROUGH IMPROVED EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

1.7BNHOURS OF POSITIVE SOCIAL INTERACTION

4% IMPROVED SELF-RATED HAPPINESS

DESIGNED TO USE SPORT AS A FORCE FOR SOCIAL GOOD, SPORTCARES WAS L AUNCHED IN 2012 TO REACH OUT TO THE VULNERABLE SEGMENTS OF POPUL ATION THROUGH SPORT.

Pro-social sport programmes such as the Saturday Night Lights and ChangeMakers were designed to build bridges and integrate low-income and/or at-risk youths with society. SportCares has since benefited over 21,000 youths in some 250 programmes, clinics, activities and outings.

Additionally, we see more and more programme participants giving back to others in the community and attaining personal empowerment through sport.

C A S E S T U D Y : S P O R T C A R E S ( S I N G A P O R E )

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There are also strong links between physical activity and educational attainment. By improving physical and psychological health, self-confidence and skills, physical activity can improve students’ performance and reduce truancy. ACW estimates US$60M each year is added to ACW cities’ GDP through the impact of physical activity on educational attainment.

There are also wellbeing gains associated with physical activity in ACW cities – our analysis showed an estimated 4% increase on self-rated happiness in the ACW cities overall as a result of physical activity. This number comes from two main mechanisms that echo the benefits highlighted before. Participation in sport and physical activity brings health benefits which enable us to experience life and work more effectively. Sports participation connects individuals with a community of peers, and therefore enhances the quality of relationships and provides a sense of purpose - two key constituents of mental wellbeing.

Improved physical health

Increased exercise

Increased sports participation

Improved education outcomes (improved

performance and reduced absenteeism)

Improved psychological health

Increased self-confidence, esteem and efficiency

Enhanced skill development (motor, cognitive and social)

Improved physical health

Increased exercise


Enhanced wellbeing

Improved psychological health

Increased sense of purpose

Stronger social relationships

Sport in Singapore provides a unique opportunity for inter-group contact in a positive, structured way outside the working environment. For each active resident in Singapore, it is estimated that regular participation in sport contributes 119 hours of positive social contact each year, of which 62 hours is spent with individuals of a different race, 43 hours spent with individuals of a different age group and 7 hours spent with individuals with disability.

C A S E S T U D Y : S P O R T C O N T R I B U T E S ~ 1 1 9 H O U R S O F P O S I T I V E S O C I A L C O N T A C T A Y E A R P E R A C T I V E S I N G A P O R E R E S I D E N T

43HOURS

119HOURS OF POSITIVE

SOCIAL CONTACT*

62HOURS

7HOURS

On average with a person of a different race

On average with a person of a different age group

On average with a person with a disability

Assumption that 100% of sporting contact is positive

Increased self-confidence, esteem and efficiencyIncreased exercise


Reduced criminal behaviourIncreased social support

Reduction in negative influences

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E C O N O M I C I M PA C T

US$9.6BNPARTICIPANT CONSUMPTION

US$5.6BNWORKFORCE CONTRIBUTION

E C O N O M I CA BOOMING PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y INDUSTRY

A thriving sport and physical activity ecosystem can contribute as much as 2% of GDP in some of the cities studied22.

There are two main ways participation in physical activity contributes to the economy. The first is direct consumption of goods and services (through sport-related consumption and subscriptions) and indirect benefits to upstream industries involved in the production of sports goods and services. The second is economic value generated through the additional workforce required to support participation.

Other sectors also benefit indirectly from physical activity – such as industries involved in the production process (the textile suppliers in the case of footwear purchases for example), media (content service providers), advertising firms and even the gambling sector. While we have not included these yet as part of our analysis, there is no doubt that the total economic contribution for the entire value chain is greater than the number we have calculated.

The estimated direct and indirect economic contribution of physical activity for the 3 Founding Cities combined is ~US$15.2bn. This is broken down into:

• US$9.6bn from participation consumption, made up of US$5.1bn in direct contributions from participants (79% through purchases of equipment, subscription and fees and 21% coming from clothing)

• US$5.6bn in workforce contribution, made up of US$3.5bn from employment in the sports sector, and US$2.1bn in equivalent economic value for the estimated 239m annual volunteering hours

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T H E E C O N O M I C C O N T R I B U T I O N O F P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y I S E S T I M A T E D T O B E U S $ 1 5 . 2 B NTHE CURRENT ANNUAL ECONOMIC VALUE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y ACROSS THE ACW CITIES

P A R T I C I P A N T C O N S U M P T I O N

EQUIPMENT, SUBSCRIPTIONS AND FEES

CLOTHING

W O R K F O R C E C O N T R I B U T I O N

36%63%

U S $ 3 . 2 B NFULL-TIME EMPLOYEES

U S $ 0 . 2 B NPART-TIME EMPLOYEES

U S $ 4 . 0 B N

U S $ 3 . 8 B N

U S $ 7 . 8 B N

DIRECT CONTRIBUTION INDIRECT CONTRIBUTION

U S $ 1 . 1 B N

U S $ 0 . 7 B N

U S $ 1 . 8 B N

U S $ 2 . 1 B NVOLUNTEERING HOURS (CUMUL ATIVE 268M HOURS ANNUALLY)

U S $15.2B N

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LO O K I N G A H E A DB I G G E R , D E E P E R , S M A R T E R

The challenges faced by cities will not be completely understood nor addressed overnight. However, during just its first year, the ACW findings are having an impact, contributing to bigger budgets for sport and physical activity in one city and redesigning physical activity surveys in another. It has acted as a new vehicle for collaboration and discussion between cities beyond just the three Founding Cities. It has drawn interest from different parts of government, researchers and think-tanks including tourism, major events, health and education. But this is just the start.

Next year ACW will be bigger - the number of ACW cities will grow. More cities will mean more data, better models, improved accuracy, and more best practices. We will also start the longitudinal journey, measuring the year-on-year changes to unearth new trends and get a better grasp of the dynamics associated with people becoming, or ceasing to be, physically active.

ACW will go deeper - this year, we started to systematically quantify the positive social benefits of physical activity. Next year, we will probe even deeper into the complex relationship between sport, physical activity and positive social contact.

ACW will get smarter - ACW is a network of knowledge. Already the Founding Cities have started to share and learn. As the network grows, the collective body of knowledge and insight will grow exponentially. Technology will also play its part. Use of machine learning and big data will be enhanced, as will technology-enhanced data collection. We aspire to incorporate social media data to better understand mindsets and campaigns. We will work with transport data to better understand the active commuter.

ACW is the bold, ambitious response to the challenges faced by today’s cities, providing policymakers across the world with better knowledge and insights to harness the true potential of sport and physical activity in their cities.

We have taken our first step.

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B E PA R T O F T H E S O LU T I O N J O I N A C W

We welcome cities from all around the world to join the ACW network at any time - irrespective of their size, location, or level of advancement on the physical activity topic. The only thing that matters is the commitment to work with other cities around the world to make a step change in physical activity levels, and ultimately the wellbeing of citizens.

We will kick off the next ACW cycle in September 2018.

If you are interested in joining the ACW network, or to find out more about ACW, email us at:

I N F O @ A C T I V E C I T I Z E N S . W O R L D

P O R TA S C O N S U LT I N G F O U N D I N G P A R T N E R O F A C W

PORTAS IS A GLOBAL MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY DEDICATED TO THE WORLD OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVIT Y

“Passionate about what we do; committed to making a difference; always acting with integrity”

CORE CAPABILITIES

Strategy

Planning

Implementation

Analysis & Research

Evaluation

Organisation

WHO WE SERVE

Federations

Governments

Commercial businesses

Clubs & Teams

Charities & Foundations

EXAMPLE CLIENTS:

5 national governments

Strategic framework partner for UK Government

22 federations funded by Sport England on participation

2 Olympic Bid Committees

2 top global sports equipment firms

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1. World Health Organisation: Global Recommendation on Physical Activity for Health. Published in 2011.

2. Lear SA, Hu W, Rangarajan S, et al. The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17 high-income, middle-income, and low income countries: the PURE study. Published in The Lancet in September 2017.

3. Taking at least 1 brisk 10 minute walk a day has been shown to reduce the risk of early death by 15%. Government Press Release: 6 million adults do not do a monthly brisk 10 minute walk Published in August 2017.

4. British Journal of Sports Medicine: Swimming, racquet sports, and aerobics linked to best odds of starving off death. Published in November 2016.

5. JAMA Internal Medicine: Leisure time physical activity and mortality: a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship 175(6):959-67 Published in June 2015.

6. World Health Organisation: Global Recommendation on Physical Activity for Health. Published on 2011.

7. Heart-rate variability: A new way to track well-being. Published by Harvard Health in November 2017.

8. Portas analysis from Singapore National Sport Participation Survey 2016 results

9. Higher Education Sport Participation and Satisfaction Survey, Sport England, TNS. Published in 2016.

10. Sport and active recreation in the lives of Auckland adults, Sport NZ, Published in 2016.

11. Richard H. Thaler & Cass R. Sunstein: Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth and Happiness. Published in April 2008.

12. The Behavioural Insights Team: Four simple ways to apply behavioural insights. Published in July 2015.

13. Sport And Active Recreation In The Lives Of New Zealand Adults; SportNZ. Published in 2014.

14. Socio-economic status analysis uses dwelling type categories in Singapore, socio-economic classification categories in London (from Office of National statistics definition) and income bands in Auckland for the comparison. Office of National Statistics: The National Statistics: Socioeconomic classification (NS-SEC).

N OT E S15. Australian Sports Commission: AusPlay Summary Report. Published in December 2016.

16. Public Health England: Everybody active, every day. Published in 2014.

17. Global average life expectancy increased by 5.5 years between 2000 and 2016, the fastest increase since the 1960s. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Life expectancy.

18. Economic Evidence Base for London: London’s socio-economic issues. Published by GLA Economics in 2016.

19. The ACW programme looked at six particular interventions: Number of private facilities (facilities explicitly for private or registered membership use); number of public facilities (facilities designated as sports club / community association, pay and play for those with free public access); investment into sports and recreation facilities (both indoor and outdoor sports and recreation facility development, including golf courses); investment into open spaces (includes community parks and open spaces, including play areas, nature corners and sports facilities ‘that are an integral part of the park’ as well as countryside and recreation management facilities and allotments); investment into sport and community development (Includes development of sports staff, grants to voluntary groups, sports events, purchase and maintenance of sports and recreational equipment).

20. Relative risk, disease prevalence, healthcare and disease costs information for health impact modelling conducted by Portas includes data from Global Health Data Exchange and the Lancet. Data on prevalence, DALYs and number of deaths for each disease group provided by Global Health Data Exchange, Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Online tool. Data on friction and sickness costs provided by Global Health Data Exchange, Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Online tool, the Lancet and the Guardian. More information on these particular sources available on request.

21. Equipment spend, participant spend on sports clothing and workforce income information for economic impact modelling conducted by Portas includes data from national offices of statistics and household surveys for the three founding ACW cities.

22. Information for social integration and impact modelling conducted by Portas includes data from national offices of statistics and sports participation and physical activity surveys for the three founding ACW cities. Data on crime provided by the offices of national statistics within the three Founding Cities and Spruit et al, Sports Participation and Juvenile Delinquency: A Meta-Analytic Review, 2016. Data on wellbeing provided by Paul Downward & Simona Rasciute (2011) Does sport make you happy? An analysis of the wellbeing derived from sports participation, International Review of Applied Economics, 25:3, 331-348, and Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2017). World Happiness Report 2017, New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.

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V I S I T U S AT W W W.A C T I V E C I T I Z E N S .W O R L D

E M A I L U S AT I N F O @A C T I V E C I T I Z E N S .W O R L D

2018 ANNUAL REPORT - Portas Consulting · ~US$15.2bn through participation consumption (US$9.6bn)...

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