2017 Semester 1 Final Study Guide (worth 1/3 of your final grade) Name: Per:

Scientific Method – Chapter 1- Define & give an example of:

1. Hypothesis: ___________________________________________________________________________________

2. Theory: _______________________________________________________________________________________

3. Independent Variable: ___________________________________________________________________________

4. Dependent Variable: ____________________________________________________________________________

5. Quantitative Data: __________________________________________________________________________

6. Qualitative Data: ___________________________________________________________________________

7. Control: ______________________________________________________________________________________

8-11- Directions: Examine the flow chart below which considers a question about water evaporation. Multiple

hypotheses are tested and conclusions drawn from the given results of the experiments. Then answer the questions

regarding the experiments.

8. What are the independent and dependent variables in each of the experiments?

9. What information should be added to the diagram to give the reader a better understanding of how these

experiments were conducted?

10. What variables should have been CONTROLLED (kept the same) in the experiments?

Experiment #1 Experiment #2 Experiment #3

Independent variable

Dependent variable

11. How much confidence would you have in the conclusion of experiment 3 if you found out that temperature was

not a controlled variable? Explain your reasoning

12. The line graph shows the number of worms collected

and their lengths.

a) What length of worm is most common? __________

b) What was the longest worm found?_______

c) How many worms were 6 cm long? _______

d) How many worms were 7.25 cm long?_______

e) The peak of the curve represents the :

[ longest worms / average worms ]

f) Write an appropriate title for this graph:

13-16. The number of absentees in grades 1-5 at a school in a month are given below. Write the appropriate scale

and draw a graph. Label the axes and write an appropriate title for this graph.

Label w/units:

Grade Number of

students

1 15

2 6

3 18

4 6

5 9

Lab

el

w\

un

its:

Evolution- Chapter 10:

Define:

17. Natural Selection: ____________________________________________________________________________

18. Species:_____________________________________________________________________________________

19. Evolution: ___________________________________________________________________________________

20. Fitness: ______________________________________________________________________________________

21. Artificial Selection: _____________________________________________________________________________

22-25 Describe and give examples of the 4 Principles of Natural Selection according to Darwin:

22. Overproduction:

23. Variation:

24. Adaptation:

25. Descent with Modification:

26. Types of Isolation (Define and give example):

a. Geographic: _____________________________________________________________________________

Ex: _____________________________________________________

b. Reproductive: ___________________________________________________________________________

Ex: _____________________________________________________

27. Why aren’t ligers considered a species? _______________________________________

28-30. Define the following terms and give examples:

28. Homologous structures: _______________________________________________________________________

Example: _____________________________________

29. Analogous structures: __________________________________________________________________________

Example: _____________________________________

30. Vestigial structure: _____________________________________________________________________________

Example: _____________________________________

31. What is embryology? Give an example. How does it provide evidence for evolution?

32. What is molecular (biochemistry) evidence? Give an example. How does it provide evidence for evolution?

33. What is camouflage? What is mimicry? Give an example of each. How do they provide evidence for evolution?

34. What are fossils? Give an example. How do fossils provide evidence for evolution?

Name:

Period:

Ecology- Chapter 13 & Community Interactions & Ecological Succession- Chapter 14:

Define:

35. Biodiversity:__________________________________________________________________________________

36. Autotroph:___________________________________________________________________________________

37. Heterotroph:_________________________________________________________________________________

38. Biomass: _____________________________________________________________________________________

39. Immigration:__________________________________________________________________________________

40. Emigration: ___________________________________________________________________________________

41. Carrying Capacity:______________________________________________________________________________

42. Invasive species: _______________________________________________________________________________

43. Describe the effect on an invasive species on an ecosystem: ____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

44-46: Complete the chart below

Symbiotic Relationship Name Meaning Example

47. Nitrogen: 78% of our air is made up N2 gas. What organism converts N2 gas into a usable form? ________________

48. What is the process called:___________________________________________

49. Carbon: What process removes carbon from the atmosphere? __________________________________________

50. Name 2 processes that return carbon to the atmosphere: _______________________________________________

51. What happens to global temps when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases? _________________

52. Communities: Identify whether each item is a biotic or abiotic factor by placing a check mark in the appropriate box.

Item Average temp. pH of soil Amount of CO2 Number of prey Precipitation Invasive species

Biotic

Abiotic

53. What are 3 ways that humans impact the environment? Explain how those actions affect the stability and

biodiversity of specific ecosystems (i.e. a forest, the deep ocean, lakes, etc.).

54-63. Look at the food web and use it to complete the chart and

trophic pyramid:

Mutualism

Name:

Period:

Trophic

Level

Autotroph or

heterotroph

Consumer or

Producer

Example of an

organism on

this level

What it eats: omnivore,

herbivore, carnivore,

makes own food

Calculate the amount of

energy transferred to

each level

4th

3rd

2nd

1st 25,000 kcal

Which way does energy flow in an Energy Pyramid? (UP or DOWN)__________________

What is the main difference between primary and secondary succession? (think about amount of time and

pioneer species) _____________________________________________________________________________

Biochemistry (Macromolecules and Enzymes):

Define:

64. Polymer:_____________________________________________________________________________________

65. Monomer: ___________________________________________________________________________________

66. Catalyst: _____________________________________________________________________________________

67. Activation Energy: _____________________________________________________________________________

68. Molecule: ____________________________________________________________________________________

69. Compound: __________________________________________________________________________________

70-73: List the 4 macromolecules and complete the chart:

Macromolecule Monomer Function Examples

74. Enzymes are a type of _________________ (which macromolecule). Their job is to increase/decrease the speed of a

chemical reaction by raising/lowering the activation energy required. Enzymes are _____________________ which

means when they finish breaking up one bond, they can move to the next. The three things that can slow down or

stop an enzyme are ____________________, _________________________ and ionic conditions.

1) Label one organism per level from

the food web above

2) Write the amount of energy at

each level.

25,000 kcal

75. Describe and draw the lock and key model of enzymes (there are 3 steps): Make sure you are labeling everything

in the diagrams

76. Enzyme Graph: Use the graph to answer the questions that follow.

a. Which letter represents the reaction without an enzyme? ______

b. Which letter represents the reaction with an enzyme? _________

Cells:

Describe the characteristics:

77. Prokaryote: _________________________________________________________________________________

78. Eukaryote: __________________________________________________________________________________

79. Viruses: ____________________________________________________________________________________

80. Virus: why is it not considered living? ______________________________________________________________

81-90: Describe the function of the following organelles:

Nucleus: ___________________________________________________________________________________

Nucleolus: __________________________________________________________________________________

Chromatin/Chromosomes:_____________________________________________________________________

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: _________________________________________________________________

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: ________________________________________________________________

Ribosomes: _________________________________________________________________________________

Golgi Apparatus: _____________________________________________________________________________

Chloroplasts: ________________________________________________________________________________

Mitochondria: _______________________________________________________________________________

Cell Membrane: ______________________________________________________________________________

Cell Wall: ____________________________________________________________________________________

A B

C

Name: Per:

91. Describe the characteristics cell membrane (what is it made of, how many layers, why it makes those layers)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

92. What does semi-permeable mean? _______________________________________________________________

List the 3 types of passive transport and define them:

93. __________________ = ______________________________________________________________________

94. __________________ = ______________________________________________________________________

95. __________________ = ______________________________________________________________________

96. What is active transport? How is it different from passive transport (think of energy/proteins/concentration)?

97. Label each of the following diagram below with one of the following terms: exocytosis, active transport,

endocytosis, facilitated diffusion, & diffusion. Draw a star next to the processes that require energy.

98. Osmosis: For the pictures below, identify what type of solution the red blood cell is in and explain what is

happening with water molecules.

A:

B:

C: