CLASS · 2017-04-07 · CLASS Crosslinguistic Acquisition of Sentence Structure Funded by the...
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CLASS Crosslinguistic Acquisition of Sentence Structure Funded by the European Research Council Ben Ambridge, Ramya Maitreyee, Tomoko Tatsumi, Laura Doherty, Anna Samara (Liverpool) Bhuvana Narasimhan (Colorado), DipB Misra-Sharma (IIIT), Rukmini Nair (IIT) Inbal Arnon (HUJ), Shira Zicherman (HUJ), Ruth Berman (Tel Aviv), Cliff Pye (Kansas), Pedro Mateo Pedro, (UVG), Kumiko Fukumura (Strathclyde), Liz WonnacoR (UCL).
Transcript of CLASS · 2017-04-07 · CLASS Crosslinguistic Acquisition of Sentence Structure Funded by the...
CLASSCrosslinguisticAcquisition ofSentence Structure
Funded by the European ResearchCouncil
BenAmbridge,RamyaMaitreyee,TomokoTatsumi,LauraDoherty,AnnaSamara(Liverpool)BhuvanaNarasimhan(Colorado),DipBMisra-Sharma(IIIT),RukminiNair(IIT)
InbalArnon(HUJ),ShiraZicherman(HUJ),RuthBerman(TelAviv),CliffPye(Kansas),PedroMateoPedro,(UVG),KumikoFukumura(Strathclyde),LizWonnacoR(UCL).
TheHumanMindandItsComplexity
What’suniqueabouthumanlanguage?Answer:ProducBvity(e.g.,Chomsky,1957)IntransiBve à TransiBve[SUBJECT][VERB] [SUBJECT][VERB][OBJECT]ThesBckbroke John brokethesBckTheballrolled John rolledtheballTheballmeeked Themousemeekedtheball
A“Produc;vityParadox”
ChildrenmustavoidapplyingthisgeneralizaBontosomeverbs,whileconBnuingtodosoforothersIntransiBve à TransiBve[SUBJECT][VERB] [SUBJECT][VERB][OBJECT]Thedoor opened John openedthedoorTheball fell *John fell theballTheman laughed*Theclownlaughedtheman
OverarchingAim:
Explainhowlearnersofanylanguageintheworld(eventually)arriveatexactlytherightgeneralizaBons,avoidingerrorwhilemaintainingproducBvity
Methods:Judgments
CurrentProposals:Theory
*TheclownlaughedthemanEntrenchment:Repeatedlyhearlaugh,butneverinthissentenceconstrucBon–inferencefromabsence(“wouldhavehearditbynow”)PreempBon:Inrelevantcontexts,hear(e.g.,)Theclownmadethemanlaughinstead.VerbsemanBcs:Verbsofinternally-causedacBons(e.g.,laugh,smile,giggle)cannotappearinthisconstrucBon(c.f,break,fall,open).
CurrentProposals:Evidence
*TheclownlaughedthemanEntrenchment:NegaBvecorrelaBonbetweenoverallverbfrequencyandratedacceptability/producBonprobabilityoferrorsPreempBon:Dissociableeffectoffrequencyincompe;ngconstruc;on(e.g.,XmakeYVERB)VerbsemanBcs:RaBngsofinternal/externalcausaBonpredictacceptabilityinthisconstrucBon(seeAmyBidgood’sthesisforallthree)
CurrentProposals:Evidence
*Isaidher“no”Entrenchment:Repeatedlyhearsay,butneverinDO-daBveconstrucBon–inferencefromabsence(“wouldhavehearditbynow”)PreempBon:Inrelevantcontexts,hear(e.g.,)Isaidnotoherinstead.VerbsemanBcs:Verbsofcausing-to-havevscausing-togofavourtheDO-andPO-daBverespecBvely(e.g.,Igaveherabook>Igaveabooktoher)
Preemp;onChi-Square
VerbinDODa;ve(e.g.,*Isaidherno)
VerbinPODa;ve(e.g.,Isaidnotoher)
Say 0 1273AlltheotherdaBveverbsweincluded(N=301)
92,705
35,077
NB:PreempBonpredictoristhesamewhetherwe’repredicBngraBngsinthePOorDOdaBve(asthecalculaBonincludesthefrequencyoftheverbineach)
EntrenchmentvsDOChi-Square
VerbinDODa;ve(e.g.,*Isaidherno)
VerbinNONDATIVE(e.g.,simpletransi;ve)
Say 0 367,641AlltheotherdaBveverbsweincluded(N=301)
92,705 1,872,064
NB:ThisisforraBngsofDOsentences.WhenpredicBngraBngsofPOsentences,wecalculateentrenchmentvsPOinananalagousway
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−1 0 1 2 3 −1 0 1 2 3 −1 0 1 2 3Semantics: BROAD DO 1
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−2 0 2 −2 0 2 −2 0 2Semantic predictor: Manner (Z score)
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Stain
Figure
Age5
Figure
Age9
Figure
AgeAdult
Ground
Age5
Ground
Age9
Ground
AgeAdult
2
4
6
2
4
6
−2 0 2 −2 0 2 −2 0 2Semantic predictor: End state (Z score)
Ratin
g (ra
w) VerbTypeaaa
AlternatesFigure−OnlyGround−Only
give
costteach
denyfine
shriek
carry
haul refusescreamshow
handhand
showscreamrefuse
carryhaul
shriek
fine
deny
teachcost
give
hitremove
smashstrike tumblebreak
giggleroll
take
laugh
fallmove
laugh giggle tumble
fall
smash
rollremove
strike
movebreak
hittake
take
hitbreak
movestrike
remove
roll
smash
fall
tumble
giggle laugh
cover
fill
coat
line
spatterdribble
sprinklespray
dripsplashspillpour
pour
spill
splashdrip
spraysprinkle
dribble
spatterline
coat
fill
coverlooklikeresemblelast
patchase
weigh
push
kick
give
cost
teachdeny
fine
shriek
carry
haulrefuse
screamshow
handhandshow
screamrefuse carry
haul
shriek
finedeny
teach
cost
give
hitremove
smash
strike
tumblebreakgiggle
roll
take
laughfallmove
laugh giggle
tumble
fall
smashrollremovestrike
movebreakhit take
take
hit
break
move
strike
remove
roll
smashfalltumble
giggle laugh
coverfill coat
linespatter
dribble
sprinklespray
dripsplashspill
pour
pourspill
splash
drip
spraysprinkle
dribble
spatterline
coat
fillcover
looklike
resemble
last
patchase
weigh
push kickgive
cost
teachdeny
fine
shriek
carry
haul refusescream
showhandhandshow
scream
refuse
carryhaul
shriekfine
deny
teach
cost
give
hitremove
smash
strike
tumble
breakgiggle
roll
take
laughfallmove
laugh giggle
tumble
fall
smashrollremove
strikemovebreakhit take
take hit
break
move
strike
remove
roll
smashfalltumble
giggle laugh
cover
fill
coatlinespatter
dribblesprinklespray
dripsplashspillpour
pourspill
splash
drip
spraysprinkle
dribble
spatter
line coatfillcover
looklike
resemble
last
pat
chase
weigh
pushkick
Age5 Age9 AgeAdult
0
2
4
6
−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2Preemption: (chi−square Z score)Ra
ting
(1=U
ngra
mm
atica
l, 5=
Gra
mm
atica
l
SentenceTypeaaaaaaaa
(a) PO Dative(b) DO Dative(c) Intransitive(d) Transitive(e) Periphrastic(f) Figure locative(g) Ground locative(h) passive
carry
denycosthaul
shriekfine
screamrefuseteach
hand
show
give
carry
screamhaul
shriek deny
fine
refusecost
hand
teachshow
give
takehitremove
smash tumblestrike
giggleroll
break
laugh
fallmove
fall
move
laughgiggletumble
rollremove
strikesmashbreak
hittake
movefall
break
take
roll
removehit
strike
smashtumble
giggle laugh
cover
line
coat dribble
fill
spatter
drip
sprinklesplash
sprayspillpour
pourline
spilldrip
dribble
spattersplash
sprinkle
coat
sprayfill
coverlastlooklikeresembleweigh
patpushchase
kick
carry
deny
cost
haul
shriek
fine
scream
refuseteach
hand
show
give
carryscream
haul
shriekdeny
finerefuse
cost
hand
teach
show
give
takehitremove
smash tumble
strike
giggle
rollbreak
laughfallmove
fall
move
laughgiggle
tumble
rollremovestrike
smashbreakhit takemove
fall
break
take
roll
removehit
strike
smashtumble
giggle laugh
coverlinecoat
dribblefillspatterdrip
sprinklesplash
sprayspillpour
pour
line
spilldripdribble
spatter
splashsprinklecoatspray
fillcover
lastlooklike
resemble
weigh
patpushchasekick
carry
deny
cost
haulshriek
fine
screamrefuseteach
handshow
give
carryscream
haulshriek
deny
fine
refuse
cost
hand
teach
showgive
takehitremove
smash
tumble
strike
giggleroll
breaklaugh
fallmove
fall
move
laughgiggle
tumble
rollremove
strikesmashbreakhit take
move
fall
break
take
roll
removehit
strike
smashtumble
giggle laugh
cover
linecoat
dribble
fillspatter
drip
sprinklesplashsprayspillpour
pour
line
spilldripdribble
spatter
splashsprinklecoatsprayfillcover
lastlooklike
resemble
weigh
pat
pushchasekick
Age5 Age9 AgeAdult
0
2
4
6
−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2Entrenchment: (chi−square Z score )Ra
ting
(1=U
ngra
mm
atica
l, 5=
Gra
mm
atica
l
SentenceTypeaaaaaaaa
(a) PO Dative(b) DO Dative(c) Intransitive(d) Transitive(e) Periphrastic(f) Figure locative(g) Ground locative(h) passive
Delete
LatchReelCork
BandageMaskLaceChainSnap
Wrap
Crumple
ZipBuckleButton
HookFastenTie
Roll
ScrewPackVeil
Lock
Leash
Do
ComeGivePut
Go
AskReleaseSit
Remove
StandClosePress
OpenLiftPull
Embarrass
SqueezeTightenLoosenFill
StraightenBelieve
Allow
Freeze
Bend
Delete
LatchReel
Cork
BandageMask
Lace
ChainSnap
Wrap
Crumple
Zip
BuckleButtonHook
FastenTieRoll
ScrewPack
Veil
LockLeash
Do
ComeGive
Put
GoAsk
Release
Sit
Remove
Stand
Close
Press
Open
LiftPullEmbarrass
Squeeze
Tighten
LoosenFill
StraightenBelieve
Allow
FreezeBend DeleteLatch
ReelCorkBandageMask
LaceChain
Snap
Wrap
Crumple
ZipBuckle
Button
HookFasten
Tie
RollScrew
PackVeilLock
Leash
Do
ComeGivePutGo
Ask
Release
SitRemove
Stand
ClosePress
Open
LiftPull
EmbarrassSqueeze
TightenLoosen
FillStraighten
Believe
Allow Freeze
Bend
Age5 Age9 AgeAdult
1
2
3
4
5
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3Preemption (chi−square Z score)
Ratin
g 1−
5
Typeaa
UnZero
Do CrumpleSnapDelete
BandageChain
ReelRollLatch
TieBuckleWrap
LaceHook
FastenMaskScrew
Cork
ZipButtonPack
Lock
Leash
Veil
Go
ComeGivePut
Allow
Believe
Ask
Stand
SitOpen
PullClose
RemoveFill
Release
PressLift
SqueezeStraightenTighten
Embarrass
LoosenFreeze
Bend
Do
Crumple
Snap
Delete
Bandage
ChainReelRollLatch
Tie
BuckleWrap
Lace
Hook
Fasten
Mask
Screw
Cork
Zip
Button
PackLockLeash
Veil
GoComeGive
PutAllow
Believe
AskStand
SitOpen
Pull
Close
Remove
Fill
ReleasePress
Lift
Squeeze
Straighten
Tighten
Embarrass
Loosen
FreezeBend
Do
Crumple
Snap
Delete
Bandage
Chain
Reel
Roll
Latch
TieBuckleWrap
Lace
HookFasten
Mask
Screw
Cork
ZipButton
PackLock
Leash
Veil
GoComeGive
PutAllow
Believe
Ask
StandSit
Open
Pull
CloseRemove
FillRelease
Press
LiftSqueeze
StraightenTighten
Embarrass
Loosen
Freeze
Bend
Age5 Age9 AgeAdult
1
2
3
4
5
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3Entrenchment (chi−square Z score)
Ratin
g 1−
5
Typeaa
UnZero
BandageBuckleButtonChain
CorkCrumpleDeleteDoFasten
HookLace
LatchLeash
Lock
Mask Pack
ReelRoll
ScrewSnap
TieVeil
WrapZip
AllowAsk
BelieveBend
Close
ComeEmbarrass
FillFreeze
Give
Go
LiftLoosen
Open
PressPull
PutRelease
Remove
Sit
Squeeze
Stand
StraightenTightenBandage
BuckleButtonChain
Cork
Crumple
Delete
DoFasten
Hook
Lace
Latch
Leash Lock
Mask
Pack
Reel Roll
ScrewSnap Tie
Veil
Wrap
Zip
Allow
Ask
BelieveBend
Close
Come
Embarrass
FillFreeze
GiveGo
Lift
Loosen
Open
Press
Pull
Put
ReleaseRemove
Sit
Squeeze
Stand
Straighten
Tighten
Bandage
BuckleButton
Chain
Cork
Crumple
Delete
Do FastenHook
Lace
Latch
Leash
Lock
Mask
Pack
Reel
RollScrew
Snap
Tie
Veil
WrapZip
Allow
Ask
Believe
Bend
CloseCome
Embarrass
Fill
Freeze
GiveGoLift
LoosenOpen
Press
PullPut
Release
RemoveSitSqueezeStand
StraightenTighten
Age5 Age9 AgeAdult
1
2
3
4
5
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3Rating for bare (zero) form (Z score)
Ratin
g 1−
5
Typeaa
UnZero
SnapRoll
ReelCorkDelete
Bandage
HookLace
Crumple
Button
Latch
ChainDo
ScrewBuckleVeilZip
Leash
WrapMaskTieFasten
Pack
Lock
EmbarrassAsk
BelievePressSqueeze
Put
Bend
Go
Release
Remove
Lift
Give
Straighten
Allow
LoosenPullStandFreeze
SitCome
TightenFillClose
Open
SnapRollReel
Cork
Delete
BandageHook
Lace
Crumple
ButtonLatchChainDo
Screw
Buckle
Veil
ZipLeash
Wrap
Mask
TieFastenPackLock
Embarrass
Ask
BelievePressSqueeze
Put
Bend
Go
ReleaseRemoveLift
Give
Straighten
AllowLoosen
Pull
Stand
Freeze
SitCome
Tighten
FillClose
Open
Snap
Roll
ReelCork
Delete
BandageHook
LaceCrumple
Button
Latch
Chain
Do
ScrewBuckleVeil
ZipLeashWrap
Mask
Tie
Fasten
PackLock
Embarrass
Ask
Believe
PressSqueezePut
Bend
Go
Release
RemoveLiftGive
Straighten
Allow
Loosen
PullStand
FreezeSitCome
TightenFillClose
Open
Age5 Age9 AgeAdult
1
2
3
4
5
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3Reversibility (Z score)
Ratin
g 1−
5
Typeaa
UnZero
DoRoll
Delete
Reel
Crumple
MaskVeilHook
TieSnap
ZipButtonLace
Leash
Cork
BandageFasten
Pack
Lock
Screw
Latch
BuckleWrap
Chain
Come
Go
Stand
Allow
EmbarrassAskGive
Believe
Sit
Bend
PutRelease
Straighten
OpenLiftPressRemove
FreezePullCloseLoosenFill
SqueezeTightenDoRoll
Delete
Reel
CrumpleMaskVeil
Hook
TieSnapZip
Button
Lace
Leash
Cork
Bandage
FastenPackLock
Screw
LatchBuckleWrapChain
ComeGoStand
Allow
Embarrass
AskGive
Believe
Sit
Bend
Put
ReleaseStraighten
Open
Lift
Press
Remove
Freeze
Pull
CloseLoosenFillSqueeze
TightenDo
Roll
Delete
Reel
Crumple
Mask
Veil
Hook
Tie
Snap
ZipButton
LaceLeash
CorkBandage
Fasten
PackLock
Screw
Latch
BuckleWrap
Chain
ComeGoStand
AllowEmbarrass
Ask
GiveBelieve
Sit
Bend
Put
ReleaseStraightenOpen
Lift
PressRemoveFreeze
Pull
Close
Loosen
Fill
Squeeze
Tighten
Age5 Age9 AgeAdult
1
2
3
4
5
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3Semantics (Z score)
Ratin
g 1−
5
Typeaa
UnZero
So,what’stheproblem?
Thesearesingle-processsoluBons.NoneaRemptstoexplainfindingsaRributedtotheothers…OreventoreconciletheircompeBngpredicBons…Eventhoughweotenfindallthreeeffectsinthesamedataset
Whatweneedinstead
Anaccountthatexplainshowtheeffectsofentrenchment,preempBonandverbsemanBcsfalloutofalearningmechanismthatalsoexplains…(a)WhythesizeofeacheffectvariesacrossconstrucBonsandlanguages(b)HowchildrenformthegeneralizaBonsinthefirstplace(beforerestricBngthemàadultlike)(c)Whatlearnersbringtothetask,intermsof(evolved?)cogniBve-semanBcuniversals
The man *The clown The clown made laughed laughed the man the man laugh
Periphrastic Causative:
X make Y VERB
Transitive X VERB Y
Intransitive Y VERB
Message: CLOWN (X) CAUSE [MAN (Y) LAUGH (VERB)]
Verb
-in-c
on-f
req
Rel
evan
ce
Sem
antic
fit
Verb
in c
on. f
req
Rel
evan
ce
Sem
antic
fit
Rel
evan
ce
Verb
-in-c
onst
rctio
n fr
eque
ncy
Sem
antic
fit
WP1:Crosslinguis;ccausa;ves
Aim1:TestcrosslinguisBcpredicBonsofthisaccountforcausaBveconstrucBons• PreempBoneffectinlanguageswheretwoconstrucBonshaveverysimilarmeanings
• Entrenchmenteffectwheretheydon’t• SemanBceffectswhenlanguagemakesclearsemanBcdivisionbetweenverbs.Relatesto
Aim2:UniversalsimilariBesbetweenthetypesofverbsthatare(non/)causaBveonly/basic
Language Regular,morphosyntac;c,predictable,indirect
Irregular,lexical,semi-(un)predictable,direct
K’iche’paax
-isa*Leachix-0-u-paax-isa-jlequmub'al
zeromarkingLeachix-0-u-pax-ii-jlequmub'al
Japanesekoware
-(s)ase*Darekagatorakkuokoware-sase-ru
“lexical”Darekagatorakkuokowas-u
HindiTUT
-aa*kisi-neTrak-koTUT-aa
Vowelchangekisi-neTrak-kotoD
Englishbreak
PeriphrasBc?Someonemadethetruckbreak
TransiBveSomeonebrokethetruck
Hebrewsh.b.r
PeriphrasBcMishehugaramla-masa'itle-hishaber
Hif’ilbinyan*Mishehuhishbiretha-masa'it
Shibatani’scausaBveconBnuumNotevencausa;ve
IndirectCausa;on
Supervision Assis;ve Jointac;on Directcausa;on
Sodirect,indirectisnotevenpossible
Thechildpeed(completelyindependently)
Motherpersuadedthechildtopee(bytellinghertogotothetoilet,butnotactuallysupervisingdirectly)
Motherhadthechildpee(bysupervisingeverystep,thoughnotactuallyassis;ng)
Mothermadethechildpee(bytakingdownunderwear,providingpoZyetc
Asle[butslightlylessdirect(e.g.,justprovidingpoZy)
Mothermadethechildplay(byplayingwithher)/?Motherfelledthechild
?Motherplayedthechild(byplacingaraZleinherhandandshakingthathand)/?Thedoctorpeedthechild(bysqueezingitout!)
Motherkilledthechild
Shibatani’scausaBveconBnuumCompletelyregular/predictable
Notatallregular/predictable
Analy;c/Syntac;c Agglu;na;ve Fusional LexicalEnglishperiphrasBccausaBvewithcause/persaude/force(whichretaintheirliteralmeaning)
EnglishperiphrasBccausaBvewithget/make/have(which"showthesemanBcbleachingcharacterisBcofgrammaBcalizaBon")
CausaBvemorphemewhichisetymologicallytraceabletoaverblikemake/do(e.g.,Japanese-(s)aseislikesu,'do')
AggulBnaBvecausaBvemorpheme(like-(s)ase),whichcanbeclearlysegmentedfromtheverb,butisnotnecessarilyetymoligicallytracabletomake/do
Fusional/InflecBonalmorphologicalcausaBves(e.g.,internalvowel/consonantchange;e.g.,tofall/tofell;tosit/toseat)
LexicalcausaBvesthatseemtoincludeanaggluBnaBve/fusionsalcausaBvizaBonprocess,butnotinaregular/predictableway
LexicalcausaBve-Labile(e.g.,Englishopen/breakthatdon'tchangeform)
LexicalcausaBvesthatarecompletelyunpredictable;i.e.,arenotatALLsegmentableintostem+aggulBnaBve/fusionalcausaBvemarkerORrelated(eveninalabileway)tothenon-causaBve
Methods:Judgments
Dogtoy:Thecluewordis“lit”Experimenter:MargelitedtheboxDogtoy:ThecluewordisgiggleChild:*Homergiggledthegirl
Methods:Produc;on(priming)
teehee!!!
WP1:PredictorVariables
*TheclownlaughedthemanEntrenchment:OverallfrequencyoflaughineachlanguagePreempBon:Frequencyofwhatevercompeteswiththeerror(e.g.,English:Theclownmadethemanlaugh)VerbsemanBcs:RaBngsofextenttowhichparBcularverbs(or,rather,meanings)areinternallyvsexternallycaused
PreviousaZempt20semanBcproperBescondensedtofivebyPCAàResultsuninterpretable
Crosslinguistic Causatives
• Prediction: The greater the extent to which a particular event scores higher on the event-merge measure, the greater the likelihood that
• (a) languages will lexicalise this event with a causative-only / causative-basic verb (i.e., the less transparent / predictable / regular the causative form will be)
Crosslinguistic Causatives
• Prediction: The greater the extent to which a particular event scores higher on the event-merge measure, the greater the likelihood that
• (b) children will correctly prefer an irregular/vowel change/lexical form over a regular/periphrastic/morpho- syntactic form in judgments/production
Thecausa;vecon;nuum:Pilot
alter
bakeboil
breakburnchangeclose
cookcrack
crash
crease
deflatedefrostdissolve
enlargeexpand
foldfreeze
frygrow
improve
inflatemelt
openripshatter
shrinksmash
splittear
arrive
ascendchortlechuckle
climbcome
descend
drink
eat
enterexit
fall
frown
gigglego
grin
groan
hop
jump
laughmoan
rise runsing
sleep smile
swim
talk
tumble
amuse
bitebring
chopcrush
cut
drop
hithoist
kick
kissleavelift
lower
mashnudgepeck
punch
raisesawslashslicesquash
strike
stroketake
tap
tickle
touch
whack
alterbakeboil
break
burnchange close
cookcrack
crashcrease
deflatedefrost
dissolve
enlargeexpand
fold
freeze
fry
growimproveinflate
meltopen
rip
shattershrink
smashsplit
tear
arrive
ascendchortle
chuckle
climbcome
descend
drink
eat
enterexit
fall
frowngigglegogrin
groan
hop
jump
laughmoan
rise
runsing
sleep smile
swim
talktumble
amuse
bite
bring
chopcrushcut
drop
hithoist
kickkiss
leavelift
lowermash
nudge
peck
punch
raisesawslashslice
squash
strike
stroke
take
tap
tickletouch
whack
alterbakeboil breakburnchangeclosecook
crackcrashcreasedeflatedefrostdissolve
enlarge
expand
foldfreeze
frygrow
improve
inflatemelt openripshatter
shrink smashsplittear
arrive
ascend
chortle
chuckle climbcome
descend
drink
eat
enterexit
fallfrowngiggle go
gringroan
hop
jump
laughmoan
rise
run
singsleep smileswim
talktumble
amuse
bitebring
chop
crush
cut
drop
hit hoistkick
kissleavelift
lowermash
nudgepeck
punch
raisesawslashslicesquash
strike
stroketake
tap
tickle touchwhack
Age5 Age9 AgeAdult
−5.0
−2.5
0.0
2.5
5.0
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100Semantics (Event Merge)
Diff
eren
ce s
core
(Int
rans
itive
min
us T
rans
itive
)
VerbTypeaaa
ALT
INT
TRN
Crosslinguistic Causatives
We also plan to use three other semantic predictors from Shibatani and Pardeshi: 1. We are interested in how A would usually cause this type ACTION/ EVENT/ CHANGE. On a scale from 1-100, please rate the extent to which A … can ensure that the ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE happens by physically manipulating B (higher numbers)… … can only ask/tell/instruct B to undergo the ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE (lower numbers)
Crosslinguistic Causatives
We also plan to use three other semantic predictors from Shibatani and Pardeshi: 2. We are interested in how much choice B has over the ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE. On a scale from 1-100, please rate the extent to which…. …B chooses to carry out/undergo the ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE (lower numbers) VERSUS …A forces B to carry out/undergo the ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE, whether B likes it or not (higher numbers)
Crosslinguistic Causatives
We also plan to use three other semantic predictors from Shibatani and Pardeshi: 3. We are interested in the extent to which A is necessary in bringing about this ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE. On a scale from 1-100, please rate the extent to which…. …B's ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE could come about with absolutely no involvement from A (lower numbers) VERSUS …B's ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE requires A's involvement, and could not happen without A (higher numbers)
CLASSCrosslinguisticAcquisition ofSentence Structure
Funded by the European ResearchCouncil
BenAmbridge,RamyaMaitreyee,TomokoTatsumi,LauraDoherty,AnnaSamara(Liverpool)BhuvanaNarasimhan(Colorado),DipBMisra-Sharma(IIIT),RukminiNair(IIT)
InbalArnon(HUJ),ShiraZicherman(HUJ),RuthBerman(TelAviv),CliffPye(Kansas),PedroMateoPedro,(UVG),KumikoFukumura(Strathclyde),LizWonnacoR(UCL).
ModelingAim1:MoststringenttestofCLASSaccount(muchmoresothanispossibleforverbalversion).CancomputaBonalmodelwithrealisBcinputsimulatejudgmentandproduc;ondataacrossWP1-3?Aim2:CanthemodelsimulatedevelopmentsolelyasafuncBonoflearning,ordoweneedqualitaBvechanges(e.g.,increasedsensiBvitytosemanBcs/increasedworkingmemory)?
ModelingS14-15:CanthemodelsimulatethecrosslinguisBcjudgmentandproducBondatafrom(in)transiBveconstrucBons(S1-6)andother,language-specificgeneralizaBons(S7-9)?S16:Whyarelanguagesthewaytheyare?CanthemodelacquirelanguageswithparBcularlyfew/manyexcepBons,high/lowskew,high/lowtypefrequencyetc?S17:CanthemodelsimulatedevelopmentsolelyasafuncBonoflearning,ordoweneedqualitaBvechanges(e.g.,increasedsensiBvitytosemanBcs/increasedworkingmemory)?
ConstrucBons(e.g.,A=IntransiBve,B=TransiBve,C=PeriphrasBc)
24lexicalinputunits(oneperverb,orthogonal)
SemanBcinputunits(eachverbratedfor8semanBcproperBes)
A B C
Hiddenunits
Message=CAUSEY/N
ConstrucBons(e.g.,A=IntransiBve,B=TransiBve,C=PeriphrasBc)
Message=CAUSEY/N
000000010000000000000000.81.22.10.41.89.32.73.09
A B C
Trialcorrespondstocorpusinputsentence:(e.g.,V=laugh;C=IntransiBve,Message=Nocause)
Hiddenunits
